Zetetic Scholar - No 02

Magazine Overview

Title: Zetetic Scholar
Issue: Volume 1, Number 2
Date: November 1978
Publisher: Marcello Truzzi
Focus: An Independent Scientific Review of Claims of Anomalies and the Paranormal.

Editorial

The editorial expresses gratitude for the positive response to the journal, acknowledging criticisms from both parapsychologists (for being too conciliatory) and paranormal critics (for being too soft). The editor aims to strike a balance with a commitment to science and skepticism. The resignation of Martin Gardner from the Board of Consulting Editors is noted, stemming from his objection to giving further consideration to Immanuel Velikovsky's conjectures, which Gardner deems scientifically discredited. The editor, while not a supporter of Velikovsky, believes the debate is not closed due to ongoing criticisms of Velikovsky's critics. The editorial emphasizes that the views expressed by consulting editors do not necessarily reflect the journal's stance, as they were chosen for their diverse opinions.

A Word on Terminology

This section aims to explicate the terminology used in discussing extraordinary claims. Extraordinary events are categorized as empirical (e.g., a unicorn explained by mutation) or non-empirical (e.g., a mystical state explained by divine intervention). A typology of extraordinary events is presented, distinguishing between:

• Abnormal: Extraordinary events explained by empirical (scientific) theories.
• Paranormal: Extraordinary events not yet explained by empirical theory (scientists aim to transform these into abnormal events).
• Supernatural: Events explained by non-empirical theories (e.g., metaphysical causes like "the will of the gods").
• Preternatural: Events seemingly beyond any explanation, even non-empirical ones.

The editor notes that science seeks to convert preternatural and supernatural events into paranormal ones, hoping for eventual empirical explanation. The typology is presented as a tool for consistency, acknowledging its imperfections.

Articles

• "Anomalies: A Bibliographic Introduction with Some Cautionary Remarks" by Ron Westrum & Marcello Truzzi (pp. 69-90): This article discusses the central importance of scientific anomalies in understanding the growth and change of science, referencing key figures and works in philosophy and sociology of science, including Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, Imre Lakatos, and Paul Feyerabend. It highlights Willard C. Humphreys' "Anomalies and Scientific Theories" as a neglected work. The sociology of knowledge, particularly the sociology of science, is shown to be deeply engaged with defining, validating, and incorporating anomalies. The psychological and social psychological literature, dealing with cognition and perception, is also deemed relevant, with Graham Reed's "The Psychology of Anomalous Experience" noted. The article also touches upon forensic and criminalistics literature concerning evidence and eyewitness testimony. The definition of an anomaly is explored, starting with Webster's definition of "deviation from the common rule" or "something that deviates in excess of normal variation." It is noted that the term is often synonymous with "abnormality" or "irregularity." In the context of strange phenomena, an anomaly is something unexplained that seems to defy current understandings. The article emphasizes that an anomaly is a relative term, dependent on pre-existing explanations. Examples are given, such as an anthropologist viewing a coelacanth as just a fish versus an ichthyologist recognizing it as a long-extinct species. Three basic types of anomalies of scientific interest are identified: 1. Accepted anomalies: Phenomena within a science considered legitimate puzzles needing solutions. 2. Validated anomalies: Unexplained phenomena given low priority, seen as scientific curiosities. 3. Alleged anomalies: Phenomena claimed to exist but not yet thoroughly documented or validated by the scientific community (e.g., UFOs, psi phenomena, sasquatches). The article concludes that the term "anomaly" is relative and multidimensional, suggesting it might be better treated as a "constructed type" or "fuzzy set" due to overlapping definitions.

• "What Factors Can Account for UFO Experiences?" by Michael A. Persinger (pp. 91-94): This article is not fully detailed in the provided scans, but its title suggests an exploration of psychological, environmental, or other factors contributing to reported UFO experiences.

• "Prescriptive Epistemic Ethics" by W. Teed Rockwell (pp. 95-106): This article is not fully detailed in the provided scans, but its title indicates a discussion on ethical considerations within the framework of knowledge acquisition and belief formation.

Features

• Editorial: (pp. 64-65) Discussed above.
• Letters & Communications: (pp. 67-68)
• A letter from Al H. Morrison, Executive Secretary of the Congress of Astrological Organizations (CAO), invites Zetetic Scholar, its committee, and readers to design an experiment satisfying both scientific and astrological criteria. Morrison notes that the CAO represents thousands of astrologers.
• An announcement from PROJECT GRENDEL, described as a proto-scientific or crypto-scientific group, details their work in studying alleged large unknown primates (sasquatches) in the Pacific Northwest. They aim to gain acceptance for their findings within primatology, anthropology, and zoology. They believe their claims are less bizarre than spoon-bending claims and have faced less debunking. Their primary goal is to find skeletal remains, while a secondary goal is ecological and behavioral study. They encourage correspondence and offer membership at $11/yr, including a newsletter, the "Gigantopithecus Gazette."
• A letter from Jon Beckjord, Director of Project Grendel, discusses the analysis of primate hairs and blood samples in the current issue.
• A letter from Aimé Michel raises questions for discussion, including whether the discovery of radioactivity or the ultraviolet collapse in black body radiation were considered "anomalies" or contradicted "well established theory" at the time. Michel also questions the current status of quasars and Nessie as anomalies and probes the distinction between unexplained phenomena and those that contradict established principles. The letter concludes by questioning if physics is a "parascience" given the contradiction between relativity and quanta, and whether Hume's Rule is scientific or psychological.

Book Reviews

• "The Dark Side of Knowledge" by A. Shadowitz & P. Walsh, reviewed by Laurent A. Beauregard (pp. 127-130).
• "Hostage to the Devil" by M. Martin, reviewed by Laurent A. Beauregard (pp. 131-135).
• "Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church" by F. Sontag, reviewed by Roy Wallis (pp. 136-137).
• "The New Soviet Psychic Discoveries" by H. Gris & W. Dick, reviewed by Martin Ebon (pp. 137-139).
• "Space-Time Transients and Unusual Events" by M. A. Persinger & G.F. Lafreniere, reviewed by William R. Corliss (pp. 139-140).
• "The UFO Enigma: The Definitive Explanation of the UFO Phenomenon" by D.H. Menzel & E.H. Taves, reviewed by J. Richard Greenwell (pp. 140-144).
• "L'Hôte Inconnu Dans Le Crime Sans Cause" by E. Tizané, reviewed by Ron Westrum (pp. 144-145).

Books Briefly Noted (p. 145)

Bibliographies

• Scientific Studies of Classical Astrology (pp. 79-87)
• Vampires: Studies and Organizations (pp. 88-99)
• Velikovsky & His Critics: A Basic Bibliography (pp. 100-101)
• Random Bibliography on the Occult & the Paranormal (pp. 102-105)
• Supplements to Bibliographies (p. 66)

Corrections

• A correction is noted for ZS, Vol. 1, #1, page 36: "Krupp, E. C., In Search of Ancient Astronauts" should have been listed as "In Search of Ancient Astronomies."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the nature of anomalies, the scientific study of the paranormal, and the demarcation between science and pseudoscience. The editorial stance is one of critical inquiry and a commitment to scientific skepticism, while remaining open to examining claims that fall outside conventional understanding. The journal actively engages with its readership, publishing letters and communications that introduce new research groups and pose challenging questions about scientific paradigms. The inclusion of extensive bibliographies suggests a dedication to providing resources for further research into anomalous phenomena.

This issue of *The Zetetic Scholar*, Volume 2, Issue 1, dated September/October 1975, focuses on "Scientific Studies of Classical Astrology" compiled by Marcello Truzzi. It also includes extensive discussions on the nature of anomalies and the reliability of anomaly literature.

The Nature of Anomalies

The issue begins by defining an anomaly as something that actually occurs, is not explained by accepted scientific theory, is perceived as demanding an explanation, and contradicts scientific expectations. However, it notes that anomalies can vary along numerous dimensions, including being alleged but not validated, being a variable or a relationship, being merely strange but explainable, or having no explanation but causing no special interest. Anomalies also vary in frequency, visibility, perception as natural or supernatural, and their degree of bizarreness.

The Reliability of Anomaly Literature

Two major problems are identified in anomaly literature: literary issues related to proper writing and the more fundamental problem of the psychology of anomalous experience, specifically the use of sources and the reliability of human testimony. The authors critique the common practice of relying on seventh- or eighth-hand references, incorrect citations, and unidentified sources, which often render the material worthless. The "Salzburg Steel Cube" is presented as an example of a widely circulated but inaccurate story due to careless citation and lack of original research.

Further issues discussed include authors citing their own works incorrectly, the lack of proper citation creating unnecessary mysteries, and the common practice of writing without footnotes, which hinders verification. The "dirty linen principle" is introduced as a useful check, where criticism between anomaly writers in periodicals can reveal missing information and hoaxes.

Academic credentials are also cautioned against, as degrees can come from various institutions, and even highly credentialed individuals may not apply the same rigor to anomaly research as they do to their scientific work. The psychology of anomalous experience is explored, questioning the reliability of human testimony and suggesting literature on forensic psychology.

Key Figures and Works in Anomaly Research

The issue highlights several key figures and their contributions to anomaly research:

• Charles Hoy Fort: Considered the founder of modern anomaly research, he collected narratives of incredible events in books like "The Book of the Damned." His work is discussed alongside biographies and critical essays.
• Rupert Thomas Gould: A former British Navy officer, he wrote readable books on anomalies, including "Oddities" and "Enigmas."
• Ivan Terrence Sanderson: A maverick naturalist who increasingly focused on anomalies, authoring books on topics like "Abominable Snowmen" and UFOs.
• Bernard Heuvelmans: A zoologist who has written extensively on cryptids, including "On the Track of Unknown Animals" and works on sea-serpents and anomalous hominids.

General works on anomalies are also reviewed, with a focus on compilations like William Corliss's "Source-books" series, which draw from scientific journals. Other notable works mentioned include Charles Gould's "Mythical Monsters" and Willy Ley's "Exotic Zoology."

Journals and Periodicals on Anomalies

A list of specialized journals and newsletters covering anomalies is provided, including:

• *Pursuit: The Journal of the Society for the Investigation of the Unexplained*
• *INFO Journal*
• *Fortean Times*
• *Chaos: The Review of the Damned*
• *ARB (Anomaly Research Bulletin)*
• *Res Bureaux Bulletin*
• *Watsup Journal*
• *Vestigia Newsletter*
• *Lantern*
• *Mpossibilities*
• *Forteana*

These sources are noted for providing data, articles, references, bibliographies, and listings of new anomaly publications.

Scientific Studies of Classical Astrology

The main section of the issue is dedicated to "Scientific Studies of Classical Astrology," compiled by Marcello Truzzi. It includes a "Word of Explanation" detailing the challenges of researching astrological literature, which is often scattered and found in difficult-to-obtain periodicals. Truzzi acknowledges the help of various specialists and clarifies that the focus is on strictly scientific and science-relevant articles, excluding the history of astrology.

The compilation includes a bibliography of studies that favor classical astrology, listing numerous articles and books with their authors, publication details, and sometimes brief descriptions. Notable entries include works by John Addey, V.V. Bhujile, Donald A. Bradley, Vernon Clark, H. J. Cooper, D. C. Doane, Hans J. Eysenck, R.C. Firebrace, Paul Foght, and Gary L. Freedman.

The issue also references a critical analysis of empirical studies of astrology by Geoffrey Dean and Arthur Mather in their book "Recent Advances in Natal Astrology: A Critical Review 1900-1976."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critical examination of anomaly literature, the importance of rigorous scientific methodology, and the challenges of researching fringe topics like astrology. The editorial stance emphasizes skepticism, the need for verifiable evidence, careful citation, and a substantive approach to controversial subjects, as exemplified by the inclusion of quotes from Carl Sagan and the "Objections to Astrology" statement. The issue advocates for a critical yet open-minded approach to anomaly research, distinguishing between genuine scientific inquiry and unsubstantiated claims.

This document, titled "VAMPIRISM: STUDIES AND ORGANIZATIONS," is a compilation by Marcello Truzzi, likely from a publication focused on folklore, the supernatural, or related academic fields. The issue date is October 31, 1977. It is structured into two main sections: a comprehensive list of studies related to vampirism and a directory of organizations dedicated to the study of vampires.

Studies on Vampirism

The first section presents an extensive bibliography of books, articles, and papers concerning vampires. The entries cover a broad spectrum of topics, including:

• Literary and Cultural Analysis: Works examining the vampire in literature, Dracula as a figure, and the Dracula theme in European literature (e.g., Ansen, "Dracula Lives"; Brokaw, "A Night in Transylvania"; Nandris, "The Historical Dracula").
• Psychological and Sociological Perspectives: Studies exploring vampirism from psychological, sociological, and even psychiatric viewpoints, including connections to schizophrenia and personality (e.g., Kayton, "The Relationship of the Vampire Legend to Schizophrenia"; van den Bergh & Kelley, "Vampirism: A Review with New Observations").
• Historical and Mythological Accounts: Research into the historical origins of vampire myths, including werewolf transformations and the broader context of the supernatural (e.g., Hamel, "Human Animals: Werewolves and Other Transformations"; Hill, "The History of Ghosts, Vampires & Werewolves").
• Specific Vampire Figures and Phenomena: Works focusing on particular aspects like the Highgate Vampire, vampire cats, and the "Dracula Cult" (e.g., Manchester, "The Highgate Vampire"; X, "Vampire Cats"; Henderson, "Exorcism, Possession, and the Dracula Cult").
• Film and Media: Studies analyzing the vampire in cinema (e.g., Pirie, "The Vampire Cinema"; Silver & Ursini, "The Vampire Film").
• Cross-Cultural Studies: Investigations into vampire beliefs in different regions, such as Roumania and among the Ontario Kashubs (e.g., Murgoci, "The Vampire in Roumania"; Perkowski, "Vampires, Dwarves, and Witches among the Ontario Kashubs").

The list includes authors such as David Ansen, Wanda Bonewits, R.S. Breene, Kurt Brokaw, Phillip Carden, Margaret L. Carter, Basil Copper, Robert Cramer, Daniel Farson, Radu Florescu, Donald F. Glut, Peter Haining, and many others, citing publications from various journals and presses.

Organizations Dedicated to Vampire Studies

The second section details organizations focused on the study of vampires and related phenomena:

1. The Vampire Studies Society: This society publishes the quarterly "Journal of Vampirism" and is highly recommended for serious students of the vampire legend, literature, and psychology. Its address is P.O. Box 205, Oak Lawn, IL 60454.
2. Vampire Research Center of America: Directed by Stephen Kaplan, its address is 76-03 445th Ave., Elmhurst, Queens, NY 11373.
3. The Dracula Society: Founded by Bernard Davies and Bruce Wrightman, this organization memorializes Bram Stoker and maintains a Dracula Archives. Its address is 31 Cambridge Gardens, London W10, England.
4. The Count Dracula Society: Founded by Donald S. Reed, this organization is dedicated to horror films and Gothic literature and presents the Mrs. Ann Radcliffe Awards annually. Its address is 334 West 54th St., Los Angeles, CA 90037.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The document's stance is that of a comprehensive academic or enthusiast's resource, aiming to catalog existing research and scholarly communities. The sheer volume of listed studies suggests a significant academic and popular interest in the topic of vampirism. The inclusion of organizations dedicated to the subject further underscores the depth and breadth of this interest. The editorial tone is neutral and informative, presenting the information as a factual compilation rather than an argumentative piece.

This issue of the magazine features articles exploring the nature of UFO experiences, the scientific method, and the philosophical underpinnings of scientific inquiry. The primary focus is on understanding the factors that contribute to UFO reports and the ethical considerations within the scientific community.

Article 1: What Factors Can Account for UFO Experiences?

This article, authored by Michael A. Persinger, delves into the limitations of scientific measurement and the complexities of human perception and memory when it comes to unusual experiences, particularly UFO sightings.

Psychological Factors: Persinger highlights that behavioral scientists often find verbal reports of unusual or infrequent events to be unreliable. Memory, the primary tool humans use to measure their experiences, can be significantly altered. The labeling of an event, such as a neutral observation of a round light being labeled 'UFO,' can lead to the recall being confounded by pre-existing associations with 'extraterrestrial aliens' or other related concepts acquired through media or common usage.

Luminous Displays and Cultural Interpretation: One common form of report involves luminous displays, often described as column-like or spheroid-like. These phenomena have been reported across cultures and time. However, cultural differences in language and perception can mask similarities in these reports. A phenomenon might be labeled a 'dragon' in one culture, a 'religious event' in another, or a 'flying saucer' in a third, demonstrating how interpretation shapes the reported experience.

Geophysical Explanation: Persinger proposes a geophysical explanation for some of these luminous phenomena. He suggests that they might be manifestations of tectonic pressures, conceptualized as electromagnetic columns. These columns are hypothesized to be localized (within 100 meters) and short-lived (a few minutes), with their shape and direction determined by subsurface tectonic activity. They would exhibit enhanced electromagnetic characteristics. Such phenomena could be little different from historical reports of 'luminous masses,' 'pillars of fire,' or 'glowing spheroids,' often associated with earthquakes or seismic strain release. The columns' appearance would be predictable from physics principles and correlated with the seismic history of an area.

Direct and Indirect Effects: The intense electromagnetic fields associated with these phenomena could have direct and indirect effects on humans. Indirect effects might include visual and emotional alterations, leading to phenomena like the 'sudden disappearance' or 'reappearance' of a 'UFO' as field potentials fluctuate. The kinetics of the luminosity could be interpreted anthropomorphically, as 'attack' or 'surveillance.' Direct effects could be more severe, potentially causing 'tingling sensations,' 'apprehension,' piloerection, and even paralysis or unconsciousness due to induced currents. Stimulation of the brain's electrically unstable portions, like the hippocampus, could lead to vivid imagery, potentially indistinguishable from reality, followed by amnesia and confabulation based on personal beliefs and fantasies.

Ionizing Radiation and Symptoms: Direct exposure to more intense ionizing radiation associated with these luminogenic potentials could lead to symptoms such as erythema, edema, temporary blindness, nausea, malaise, sleep difficulties, and endocrine disturbances. In extreme cases, death could occur, with peripheral symptoms resembling electrocution from a lightning strike.

Historical Context: Persinger draws a parallel to historical misinterpretations of natural phenomena, such as ball lightning being seen as spirits or solar eclipses as divine anger, suggesting that current UFO reports might also be subject to misinterpretation based on the beliefs of the time.

Article 2: Prescriptive Epistemic Ethics

Authored by W. Teed Rockwell, this article argues for the necessity of 'Prescriptive Epistemic Ethics,' a set of rules that scientists ought to follow to obtain knowledge, as opposed to 'Descriptive Epistemic Ethics,' which merely describes how scientists currently behave.

Defining Epistemic Ethics: Epistemic ethics, in general, refers to maxims related to obtaining knowledge. The Scientific Method, with its emphasis on statistically significant data and minimizing experimenter influence, is presented as a set of maxims accepted by many as epistemic ethics.

The Moral Obligation of a Scientist: Rockwell posits that a scientist has a moral obligation to adhere to the Scientific Method as closely as possible, equating a failure to do so with fraud. This principle is extended to all individuals, suggesting a moral obligation to conscientiously pursue whatever one has decided to do.

Prescriptive vs. Descriptive Approaches: While philosophers have historically focused on descriptive epistemic ethics, Rockwell advocates for a prescriptive approach. He argues that descriptive methods are insufficient when there is disagreement within the scientific community about what constitutes proper scientific behavior. In such cases, prescriptive ethics are needed to propose and evaluate standards.

The Crisis in Science: Rockwell identifies a significant disagreement within the scientific community, which he labels a 'crisis.' This crisis is characterized by two opposing descriptions: (1) the discovery of rigorously researched facts being ignored or repressed by the Scientific Establishment, and (2) the rise of 'kooks' and 'pseudoscientists' making extravagant claims that are believed by the public despite disapproval from qualified scientists.

The Core of the Controversy: The heart of this controversy, according to Rockwell, is a dispute over epistemic ethics: Are certain researchers scientists or not? Are established scientists preserving scientific purity by excluding newcomers, or hindering its growth? He argues that simply defining established researchers as scientists and newcomers as pseudoscientists is circular and begs the question.

The Need for Prescription: Rockwell asserts that to resolve this crisis, science needs prescriptive principles based on intuitions about what it means to be scientific, informed by the history of great science. These principles should guide how scientists ought to behave, acknowledging that scientists, like all people, do not always act as they ought.

The Role of Institutions and Dialogue: Institutions that bestow legitimacy on scientists (journals, universities, foundations) have not yet provided clear criteria for scientific excellence. Rockwell suggests that the current situation necessitates articulating these standards precisely. He believes that dialogue and the examination of exemplary scientific work are crucial for developing and justifying prescriptive epistemic ethics.

The Question of 'Truth': Rockwell concludes by noting that the scientific community is now permanently tasked with asking not only 'What is true?' but also 'What is truth?', a question that has no easy or universally accepted answer.

Bibliography: Velikovsky & His Critics

This section provides a basic bibliography related to Immanuel Velikovsky and the criticisms he faced. It lists various publications, articles, and recordings that discuss his controversial theories and the scientific community's response.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine appears to engage with topics at the intersection of unexplained phenomena, psychology, and the philosophy of science. The articles in this issue suggest a critical examination of how experiences are interpreted, the reliability of scientific observation and reporting, and the internal debates and ethical considerations within the scientific community. There is a clear interest in exploring alternative explanations for phenomena often relegated to the fringes of mainstream science, while also engaging with rigorous philosophical arguments about the nature of scientific inquiry itself. The editorial stance seems to favor critical analysis and open discussion of complex and sometimes controversial subjects.

This document is an issue of the "Zetetic Scholar," a publication focused on skepticism, science, and the paranormal. The issue, identified as Volume 1, Number 1, was published in Spring 1975 and is described as a quarterly journal. The content consists primarily of extensive bibliographies and a dialogue discussing scientific methodology and the nature of paranormal claims.

Bibliographies on the Occult & the Paranormal

The bulk of the document comprises several pages of bibliographical entries, meticulously listing articles, books, and papers relevant to the occult and paranormal. These entries span a wide range of topics and publications, with a notable concentration on the works and theories of Immanuel Velikovsky. The bibliographies cover subjects such as:

• Velikovsky's Theories: Entries related to "Worlds in Collision," "Ages in Chaos," and "Earth in Upheaval" by Immanuel Velikovsky, as well as analyses and critiques of his work by various authors (e.g., George Grinnel, Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, C. J. Ransom, D. Walton).
• Ufology and UFO Reports: Articles discussing UFO sightings, their implications, and scientific investigation (e.g., Frederic B. Jueneman, James Oberg, R. Leo Sprinkle, David Stupple).
• Parapsychology and ESP: Research and discussions on extrasensory perception, psychic phenomena, and related studies (e.g., Samuel Moss, Donald C. Butler, Charles Honorton).
• Occult Beliefs and Practices: Entries on witchcraft, demonology, spiritualism, conjuring, tarot divination, and other occult subjects (e.g., Alan Anderson, Raymond Gordon, Irving Kirsch, James Randi).
• Fringe Sciences and Pseudosciences: Articles examining topics like phrenology, astrology, psychic metal bending, and critiques of pseudoscientific claims (e.g., R.J. Cooter, James S. Trefil).
• Sociological and Psychological Perspectives: Studies analyzing the social and psychological aspects of belief systems, cults, and paranormal phenomena (e.g., James A. Beckford, Colin Campbell, Randall Collins, Michael J. Mulkay).

The bibliographies are presented in a standard academic format, listing authors, titles, publication venues, dates, and page numbers. The editor's note on page 106 clarifies that these bibliographies are intended to highlight articles in less commonly overlooked sources, rather than the standard journals in parapsychology, thus introducing a potential bias towards less visible but potentially interesting research.

Dialogue: Comments on Marcello Truzzi's Paper

This section features a discussion between Laurent A. Beauregard and John Palmer, commenting on Beauregard's article "Skepticism, Science, and the Paranormal" from the same issue.

Beauregard's Argument on Skepticism and Burden of Proof

Laurent A. Beauregard argues that the burden of proof for extraordinary claims is heavy and requires extraordinary proof. He defends a skeptical "Humean" bias toward the paranormal, grounding it in a Bayesian conception of scientific confirmation. Beauregard contends that this bias is reasonable and necessary for scientific rationality, but warns against lapsing into dogmatic skepticism. He points out that critics sometimes demand evidence of such extraordinary character that it becomes impossible to satisfy them. Beauregard discusses C.E.M. Hansel's work, suggesting that Hansel's skepticism, while seemingly extreme, might be interpreted as requiring an extremely high standard of evidence for ESP experiments, specifically that fraud and self-deceit must be demonstrably impossible.

Beauregard distinguishes between two logically independent aspects of the "burden-of-proof principle":

1. Bayesian Schema: A skeptical bias is reasonable, but not dogmatically negative.
2. Methodological Position: For an ESP experiment to be scientifically valuable, the likelihood of alternative (non-paranormal) explanations, such as fraud or self-deceit, must be extremely small.

He concludes that the believer bears a heavier burden than the skeptic to explain how a phenomenon might be explained.

Palmer's Response and Disagreement

John Palmer, a parapsychologist, agrees with Beauregard's general approach and the idea of expressing conclusions as a continuum of probability statements. He also agrees that background knowledge should be viewed as neutral with respect to paranormal hypotheses. However, Palmer disagrees with Beauregard's definition of a paranormal event.

Beauregard defines a paranormal event as "any event which seems to contradict some well-established theoretical principle or fundamental law of nature." Palmer argues that paranormal events do not necessarily contradict the theories and laws of normal science; rather, they fall *outside* the domain of these theories and laws. He uses the analogy of wave-particle duality in physics, where two seemingly incompatible theories were accepted for different domains without refuting each other. Palmer suggests that paranormal events might require new theoretical principles that expand, rather than contradict, our current understanding of nature. He believes that scientists are tempted to infer that theories accounting for a certain domain also account for all events, which is an unjustified leap.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Zetetic Scholar revolve around the critical examination of claims related to the paranormal, the occult, and fringe sciences. The publication clearly adopts a skeptical stance, emphasizing rigorous scientific methodology, the burden of proof, and the need for extraordinary evidence for extraordinary claims. However, as highlighted in the dialogue, the journal also aims to engage with these topics in a nuanced way, distinguishing between legitimate skepticism and dogmatic dismissal. The editorial stance appears to be one of promoting critical thinking and a thorough investigation of phenomena, even those that challenge conventional scientific understanding, while maintaining a high standard of evidence and logical coherence.

This document contains pages from a publication featuring commentary on Laurent Beauregard's paper concerning the debate between paranormal believers and skeptics, analyzed through the lens of Bayes' Theorem. The primary articles are "BELIEVERS VERSUS SKEPTICS: COMMENTS ON LAURENT BEAUREGARD'S PAPER" by Ray Hyman and "SOME FACETS OF THE PARANORMAL GAME: COMMENTS ON THE TRUZZI AND BEAUREGARD PAPERS" by W.E. Danforth. The content delves into the logical frameworks, biases, and methodologies employed by both proponents and detractors of paranormal claims.

Ray Hyman's Commentary

Ray Hyman begins by agreeing with Beauregard's objective of logically analyzing the controversy using Bayes' Theorem, but takes exception to Beauregard's assertion that the believer's position construes paranormal hypotheses as irrefutable. Hyman argues that a reasonable construction of a believer's claim requires positive evidence, and that the paranormal hypothesis is not inherently unfalsifiable. He points out a logical error in Beauregard's statement that P=½ is contradictory to P>½, suggesting that a conclusion of P=½ refutes the paranormal hypothesis.

Hyman critiques Beauregard's application of Bayes' Theorem, particularly the "Skeptic's PAL" and "Believer's PAL." He contends that Beauregard's model for the skeptic can imply that a skeptic's prior belief is practically unaffected by new evidence, making it irrational. Similarly, the believer's model, which can only strengthen convictions, is also deemed irrational. Hyman believes Beauregard has confused different aspects of the argument, such as the probability of evidence occurring under normal versus paranormal conditions, and the reliability of reports.

Hyman uses the example of Uri Geller bending a key under laboratory supervision to illustrate his point. He argues that both skeptics and believers would likely assign a low probability to such evidence occurring under normal conditions, meaning the controversy stems from the reliability of the report itself, not necessarily the interpretation of the evidence once accepted.

He further discusses the "Humean bias," which suggests postulating human error is more reasonable than admitting a paranormal event. While Beauregard rejects a strong version of this bias, Hyman finds Beauregard's own formulation of the skeptic's rationality problematic. Hyman concludes that Beauregard's framework creates "monsters" of irrationality for both believers and skeptics, failing to capture true rational behavior.

W.E. Danforth's Commentary

W.E. Danforth frames the discussion as a "paranormal game" with "claimants" and "critics" as the primary players. He notes that the phrase "claim of the paranormal" is inherently polemic. Danforth distinguishes between an idealized game where only reason and empirical determination are used, and the "real game" which involves five kinds of players, each with subgroups characterized by emotional tenor. He emphasizes that understanding the interactions between these subgroups is crucial.

Danforth then focuses on "THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY AND ITS SUBDIVISIONS." He defines this community as primarily college graduates, often with Ph.D.s, who stand on one side of the field, while others with overlapping interests but not necessarily academic credentials occupy the other side. He notes that the scientific community often has "intellectual hang-ups" and may not fully appreciate the nuances of psychical research.

Danforth's commentary suggests that the "believer-skeptic" dichotomy is an oversimplification. He observes that within the "believer" camp, there are strong polarizations, with some seeking normal explanations for phenomena (like John Taylor) and others insisting on paranormal ones (like Zoellner, Richet, Wallace, and Lodge). He highlights that a common thread among believers is the acceptance of the phenomena as reported, while skeptics often agree that if the data were as reported, it would be miraculous, leading to disagreements primarily over the trustworthiness of the evidence.

Danforth also touches upon Beauregard's second objective: showing how skeptics can reject paranormal claims rationally. He expresses confusion about Beauregard's writing on this point, suggesting that while a priori biases are understandable, true rationality requires that new evidence should lessen the degree of belief against a hypothesis, not be impervious to it. He questions Beauregard's definition of rational "rejection," distinguishing between a skeptical stance based on prior beliefs and an open attack on claims that requires thorough consideration of evidence.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in these articles revolve around the nature of belief and skepticism, the application and interpretation of Bayesian probability in evaluating paranormal claims, the definition of rationality and objectivity in science, and the assessment of evidence and its reliability. Both Hyman and Danforth critique Beauregard's framework for oversimplifying the complex dynamics of the paranormal debate, arguing that it can lead to irrational positions and fails to adequately account for the multidimensional nature of the issue. The authors emphasize the importance of rigorous scientific methodology, critical thinking, and a nuanced understanding of evidence and human testimony when evaluating extraordinary claims. There is an underlying editorial stance that promotes a more sophisticated approach to understanding the paranormal debate than a simple dichotomy between believers and skeptics, suggesting that common interests and overlapping goals exist across these categories.

This issue of The Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 1, No. 1, published in 1987, focuses on "The Paranormal Game," exploring the nature of scientific acceptance, empirical evidence, and the challenges of investigating paranormal claims. The journal is published by The Society for Scientific Exploration and is in English.

Scientific Acceptance and the Social Nature of Science

The issue begins by discussing the social nature of science, referencing Stefan Strasser's concept of "research societies." Acceptance by the scientific community is presented as acceptance by one of these component research societies. If a society rejects a candidate for acceptance, it is generally regarded as rejected by the entire community. Acceptance by one society might influence another if it creates a logical difficulty in the latter's theorizing, such as the empirical acceptance of psychokinesis by parapsychologists causing theoretical unease among physicists.

The text distinguishes between scientific facts and individual reports. While an individual's report of an extraordinary event might eventually prove scientifically true, it is not science itself. Science requires a consensus and a framework that can be tested and verified. The crucial point is made that "TO BE A SCIENTIFIC FACT, THE MATTER MUST BE STATABLE IN PRESENT TENSE."

The Role of Empirical Evidence and Consensus

The article argues that a report of an extraordinary event, even if from a reputable source like an eminent zoologist, is not automatically scientific fact. Instead, it would prompt other members of the relevant research society to investigate. True scientific acceptance relies on an assumed consensus within a society. The only claim of the paranormal that should be considered for scientific scrutiny is one that can be phrased as a repeatable phenomenon: "When circumstances are arranged to be thus-and-so, such and such a phenomenon occurs." The question of whether Uri Geller bent spoons by thinking is presented as pre-scientific, paving the way for a scientific question about the circumstances under which a physical object can be bent by thought, requiring empirical consensus from a reputable parapsychology society.

Extraordinary Claims and Proof

The principle that "an extraordinary claim requires extraordinary proof" is discussed, noting the protest it often elicits. The concept of an "essential connection" between a lower prior probability of an event and the need for more special evidence is highlighted. However, the authors suggest this principle can be grounded empirically rather than solely on a priori grounds. For scientific acceptance to occur, an extraordinary claim must be taken up by the appropriate research society, leading to a consensus through time, effort, and overcoming hassles. The extraordinary naturally attracts more attention than the normal.

Claimants and Critics in the Paranormal Game

The issue categorizes claimants and critics within the "Paranormal Game." Claimants are divided into Rational (seeking new facts) and Affect motivated (with a dominating interest in the outcome). Affect motivated claimants are further split into those whose interest is reasonable (due to lack of experience) and those whose interest is not subject to reason (spiritual thirst or a desire to discredit the scientific establishment). Critics are also divided into Rational and Affect motivated. This leads to five types of claimant-critic encounters, with situation 5 (claimant with strong affective bias) being deemed widely prevalent, suggesting a need for more emphasis on experimental efforts and empirical studies for progress.

Book Review: The Dark Side of Knowledge

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to a review of "The Dark Side of Knowledge" by Albert Shadowitz and Peter Walsh. The reviewer, Laurent A. Beauregard, critically examines the book, which explores the occult from the perspective of physicists. The authors' premise is that widespread beliefs must reflect nature. However, the reviewer questions their approach, particularly their attempt to link modern physics concepts (like Dirac's theory of the positron) to paranormal phenomena. The reviewer argues that the authors confuse metaphorical interpretations with scientific theories and fail to distinguish between subjective belief and objective evidence. They are criticized for not offering help in dealing with questions of evidence for paranormal claims and for not appreciating that scientific skepticism toward the paranormal is rationally justifiable. The review highlights the authors' open-minded agnosticism towards figures like Daniel Dunglas Home, Eusapia Palladino, and Uri Geller, but criticizes their lack of conclusive findings and their tendency to rely on subjective permissiveness. The reviewer finds the book's attempt to legitimize paranormal studies through interpretations of modern physics to be an "intellectually shady, shabby business."

Future Issues

Upcoming topics include articles on Velikovsky, talking dogs, a symposium on science and astrology, and a bibliography on lycanthropy.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the rigorous application of the scientific method to paranormal claims, the importance of empirical evidence and consensus, and the critical examination of how paranormal phenomena are investigated and understood. The editorial stance emphasizes skepticism, the social construction of scientific knowledge, and the need for clear distinctions between scientific fact and personal belief or speculation. There is a strong advocacy for empirical investigation over theoretical speculation when dealing with anomalous phenomena.

This issue of The Humanist, Volume 38, Number 131, published in 1978, features a collection of book reviews that delve into topics ranging from demonic possession and religious fundamentalism to parapsychology and UFO phenomena. The magazine's focus appears to be on critically examining claims and methodologies within these often controversial fields, maintaining a skeptical yet open-minded perspective.

Book Reviews

Hostage To The Devil by Malachi Martin

Reviewed by Laurent A. Beauregard, this book is described as an intriguing exploration of the possession and exorcism of five Americans. Beauregard notes that while the stories are claimed to be true, Martin may have fabricated them. The book's primary interest lies in its conveyance of a fundamentalist Catholic mentality. Martin, a former Jesuit professor, posits a conservative theology where "Pure Evil" or "Evil Spirit" exists independently of the human mind. The review highlights Martin's view that embracing certain heretical ideas, such as the denial of Jesus' divinity or the idea that all values are subjective, can invite demonic possession. The review details three of the five stories: Marianne, who exhibits violent behavior during exorcism and is linked to a past sexual experience of the priest; Father Jonathan, a priest who becomes possessed due to flirting with heresy regarding sacraments; and Father David, an anthropologist who grapples with the conflict between science and religion. The review also touches upon the demon "Mister Natch" and its influence on Father Jonathan, and the demon "Girl-Fixer" and its encounter with Father Gerald, which involves graphic and disturbing imagery. The reviewer suggests that Martin's work exhibits anti-science sentiments and warns against the dangers of "intellectual freedom" taken too far, particularly in relation to evolutionary theory.

Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church by Frederick Sontag

Reviewed by Roy Wallis, this book is characterized as a "surprisingly feeble" account of Sun Myung Moon and his followers. Despite having access to Unification Church centers, documents, and Moon himself for a nine-hour interview, the book is criticized for offering a "bland and superficial defence on theological grounds" with "no addition of any substance at all to our empirical knowledge of the movement." Wallis notes a "complete lack of any analytical insight into the movement, its development, or the motivations of its members." The extensive quotations from members and Moon are described as "illustrative and descriptive 'filler'" rather than providing evidence or explanation. The reviewer concludes that the book is only useful for those concerned with whether the Unification Church is truly religious or if Moon is divinely inspired, and a waste of time for those seeking insight into its origins, development, or social control mechanisms.

The New Soviet Psychic Discoveries by Henry Gris and William Dick

Reviewed by Martin Ebon, this book's opportunities and limitations are framed by its acknowledgments, thanking the National Enquirer for funding and the Novosti Press Agency for facilitating access. Ebon notes that the Enquirer's "aggressive entertainment journalism" and Novosti's role as a Soviet government news agency set the stage for what to expect. While the authors did not aim for rigorous scientific reporting, the review points out occasional "touches of genuine three-dimensional reporting," such as the encounter with Semyon Kirlian and the development of "Kirlian Photography." The book covers various topics, including extraterrestrial civilizations, "the missing Planet Phaeton," and "Abominable Snowman" sightings, alongside chapters on hypnotherapy for children and adults. The review mentions the arrest of Los Angeles Times correspondent Robert Toth in Moscow for receiving a "secret" parapsychology paper, suggesting Petukhov may have been a plant. The review highlights the Soviet parapsychologists' dual stance: promoting phenomena while also discrediting fakery. Ebon concludes that Gris and Dick have done an "extensive reportorial job" within their self-imposed limits, providing impressive details of personalities and settings.

Space-Time Transients and Unusual Events by Michael A. Persinger and Gyslaine F. Lafreniere

Reviewed by William R. Corliss, this book collects 6060 "unusual" events and analyzes them using computer-sorted coordinates. Corliss expresses contentment with computer analysis and cosmic speculations but finds issues with the selection of events. He questions why only "unusual," "anomalous," or "Fortean" events are considered, arguing that common events could also be triggered by space-time transients. A major drawback identified is the lack of references for many of the events, making it impossible to verify their source or quality. Corliss acknowledges the fascination of many events but emphasizes the difficulty in judging data quality without knowing the source (e.g., newspapers vs. scientific journals). He notes that the book's title implies "unusual" events, but his opinion is that many are merely curious, not truly unusual, fading when expertise is applied. Despite these criticisms, Corliss finds the book "glorious entertainment" and recommends it for its speculations on cosmic glitches, while still wondering about the reliability of the data.

The UFO Enigma: The Definitive Explanation of the UFO Phenomenon by Donald H. Menzel and Ernest H. Taves

Reviewed by J. Richard Greenwell, this book is noted as one of only four published since 1950 that attempts to explain UFO phenomena as simple misidentifications or hoaxes. Donald Menzel, an astronomer with extensive expertise in various scientific fields, co-authored the book with psychoanalyst Ernest Taves. Greenwell highlights Menzel's qualifications, including his background at Harvard's astronomy department and his wartime work on wave mechanics and planetary atmospheres. The review implies that Menzel's background uniquely equipped him to analyze UFO reports.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical examination of phenomena that lie at the fringes of conventional science and belief systems, such as demonic possession, parapsychology, and UFOs. The editorial stance, as reflected in the reviews, is one of intellectual rigor, skepticism towards unsubstantiated claims, and a demand for sound methodology and verifiable evidence. There is a clear emphasis on distinguishing between genuine inquiry and sensationalism or pseudoscience. The reviews consistently assess the authors' approaches, their sources, and the depth of their analysis, often highlighting the limitations of books that rely on anecdotal evidence or lack critical perspectives. The issue also touches upon the perceived conflict and potential reconciliation between science and religion, particularly in the review of Malachi Martin's work.

This issue of ZEITGEIST, identified by its page number 141 and context from surrounding pages, appears to be from 1979, focusing on topics related to UFO phenomena, paranormal research, and scientific skepticism. The magazine features reviews and discussions of books by prominent figures in these fields.

Book Review: Donald Menzel's UFO Analysis

The primary focus of the scanned pages is a review of a book by Donald Menzel, a leading physical scientist, which offers an analysis of UFO phenomena. The reviewer notes that while Menzel has a strong scientific background, including his work with the Joint and Combined Chiefs of Staff and the American Astronomical Association, his book lacks depth and balance. Menzel's previous works, "Flying Saucers" (1953) and "The World of Flying Saucers" (1963, co-authored with Lyle Boyd), are mentioned, where he rejected the extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH) for UFOs, comparing it to invoking ghosts or hob-goblins and dismissing the idea of advanced civilizations developing such technology as "irrational."

The reviewer highlights that Menzel's new book covers topics such as radar anomalies, meteorological optics, meteorics, and physiological optics. It also touches upon diverse subjects like the Bible, parapsychology, Erich von Däniken, and the Bermuda Triangle. However, only two chapters and an appendix are dedicated to the analysis and explanation of UFO reports, particularly those left unresolved by the University of Colorado UFO project. While some explanations are deemed satisfactory by the reviewer, others are not.

The review points out Menzel's "irritation" with Air Force UFO personnel and sharp criticism of the news media for being "enormously irresponsible" in misleading the public. A chapter on the origin and evolution of life concedes the probability of advanced intelligence in the galaxy and speculates on their physio-anatomical characteristics, aligning with evolutionary anthropology. However, the reviewer notes that Menzel and Taves reasonably assume carbon-based life with ATGC nucleotides but ignore gene flow and genetic drift in their discussion of evolutionary forces.

The book's conclusion states that it is "most unlikely that we have been, or shall be, visited by aliens from other planetary systems," citing vast interstellar distances, energy requirements, and time constraints. The reviewer criticizes the authors for branding open-minded individuals as "believers" who "are unable to accept obvious scientific explanations because of near-religious need to believe in the ETH."

Menzel's interest in UFOs dates back to the late 1940s when the Air Force was concerned about foreign powers deploying new weapons systems. This military concern overshadowed scientific inquiry. The UFO project, housed within the Air Technical Intelligence Center (later Foreign Technology Division), became a small public relations office susceptible to higher Air Force directives. Its scientific consultant, Allen Hynek, reportedly tolerated this approach to maintain access to data.

In 1953, the CIA convened a scientific panel, including physicists H.P. Robertson, Luis Alvarez, Lloyd Berkner, and S.A. Goudsmit, and astronomer Thornton Page. The panel concluded that UFOs posed no direct physical threat to national security and did not necessitate revising current scientific concepts. They warned, however, that false UFO reports could clog national security communications channels and that a potential enemy could generate UFO hysteria for psychological warfare during the McCarthy era.

The Air Force maintained a low-key interest until the mid-1960s, when public pressure led to a contract with the University of Colorado for a two-year study. Directed by Edward Condon, who reportedly considered the subject "nonsense" and preferred the term "oofo," the project resulted in accusations of whitewash and the firing of staff. Condon's final report concluded that further UFO study was likely unjustifiable and that no intelligent extraterrestrial visitation was probable within the next 10,000 years. A subsequent review by a National Academy of Sciences panel, chaired by Gerald Clemence, approved the Colorado methodology and conclusions, adding that extraterrestrial visitations were the "least likely explanation" of UFOs. The Air Force then disbanded its Aerial Phenomena Branch.

The reviewer questions whether proponents of Menzel's school of thought would recognize evidence for the ETH if presented, citing a statement in Menzel and Taves' book that compares UFOs with intelligent behavior to rainbows, suggesting that such behavior implies it is not a material object but a visual image, thus automatically ruling out intelligent control.

With Menzel's death, Philip Klass, an aerospace journalist, is identified as the leading UFO debunker. The Menzel and Taves book is described as a reinforcer for those who favor the skeptical viewpoint and a "blasphemy" for ETH proponents, while being educational for those with an open mind.

Book Review: Émile Tizané's Poltergeist Research

Another section reviews "L'Hôte Inconnu Dans Le Crime Sans Cause" by Émile Tizané, a former commandant of the French Gendarmerie. Tizané investigated poltergeist cases concurrently with his Gendarmerie career. His position allowed him access to many police files, and he has written several books on these cases, often involving sworn affidavits from witnesses. The reviewed work is a reprint of a 1950 book, "Il n'y a pas de Maison Hantés," which details his entry into poltergeist research. The book categorizes poltergeist cases into five groups, moving away from a simple "real versus fraudulent" dichotomy towards a continuum of involvement.

Tizané believes that poltergeists are distinct entities, not merely spontaneous psychokinesis, and attributes certain impulsive crimes to their actions. The reviewer notes the book's strength in presenting data accessible through Tizané's unique position but finds his explanations weak, particularly his inclusion of Kirlian photography and "plant consciousness" experiments.

Books Briefly Noted

The issue also includes a section titled "BOOKS BRIEFLY NOTED," which provides short summaries and reviews of numerous other books. These cover a wide range of topics including:

• Deviant Psychotherapy Cults: William Sims Bainbridge's "Satan's Power: A Deviant Psychotherapy Cult."
• Parapsychology and Out-of-Body Experiences: Susan Blackmore's work, which is skeptical of subtle body and ESP hypotheses.
• Knowledge and Imagination: Jacob Bronowski's "The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination."
• Amulets and Superstitions: E.A. Wallis Budge's classic work.
• Magic: Milbourne Christopher's "Milbourne Christopher's Magic Book."
• Strange Creatures: Jerome Clark and Loren Coleman's "Creatures of the Outer Edge."
• Werewolf Lore: Basil Cooper's "The Werewolf in Legend, Fact and Art."
• Philosophy of Mind: James T. Culbertson's "Sensations, Memories and the Flow of Time."
• Vedanta: Joseph Damrell's "Seeking Spiritual Meaning: The World of Vedanta."
• Astrology: Geoffrey Dean's "Recent Advances in Natal Astrology: A Critical Review 1900-1976."
• Sea Serpents: Graham J. McEwan's "Sea Serpents, Sailors & Sceptics."
• Psychic Arts Directory: Donald McQuaid's "The International Psychic Register."
• New Age Communities: Ted A. Nordquist's "Ananda Cooperative Village."
• Druids: Stuart Piggott's "The Druids."
• Cosmobiology: Guy L. Playfair and Scott Hill's "The Cycles of Heaven."
• Superstitions: Owen S. Rachleff's "The Secrets of Superstitions."
• Illusions: Edi Lanners' "Illusions."
• Holistic Medicine: Jack LaPatra's "Healing: The Coming Revolution in Holistic Medicine."
• Witchcraft and Satanism: Theodor Laurence's "Satan, Sorcery and Sex."
• Lunar Effects: Arnold L. Lieber's "The Lunar Effect: Biological Tides and Human Emotions."
• Parapsychology: Jan Ludwig's "Philosophy and Parapsychology."
• Wolf Children: Charles McLean's "The Wolf Children."
• Spontaneous Combustion: Michael Harrison's "Fire From Heaven."
• Dowsing: Francis Hitching's "Dowsing: The Psi Connection."
• Placebo Effect: Michael Jospe's "The Placebo Effect in Healing."
• Alternative Therapeutics: Leslie Kaslof's "Wholistic Dimensions of Healing."
• Non-Medical Healing: Stanley Krippner and Alberto Villoldo's "The Realms of Healing."
• Scientific Research Programmes: Imre Lakatos' "The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes."
• Ghosts: Martin Ebon's "True Experiences with Ghosts."
• Spirit Photography: Fred Gettings' "Ghosts in Photographs."
• Sociology of the Paranormal: Andrew M. Greeley's "The Sociology of the Paranormal."
• Occult Bookstores: Edward N. C. Griggs and Gerald M. Born's "Occult Bookstores and Suppliers Directory."
• Indigenous Therapy: Alan Hardwood's "Rx: Spiritist as Needed."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical examination of paranormal phenomena, particularly UFOs and poltergeists, through a scientific lens. There is a clear emphasis on skepticism towards extraordinary claims and a preference for naturalistic explanations, as exemplified by the review of Donald Menzel's work. The magazine appears to provide a platform for both detailed reviews of books that challenge conventional scientific paradigms and for books that offer debunking or skeptical analyses. The "Books Briefly Noted" section indicates a broad interest in occult, paranormal, and fringe science topics, with a tendency to evaluate them based on their scientific rigor or lack thereof. The editorial stance seems to favor critical inquiry and evidence-based reasoning, while acknowledging the existence and interest in these diverse subjects.

This issue of The Zetetic Scholar, spanning pages 151-154 and dated 1978, primarily consists of book reviews and an editorial invitation for a parapsychology experiment. The publication focuses on topics related to the paranormal, occultism, and skepticism.

Book Reviews

The issue presents a series of book reviews, offering brief summaries and critical assessments:

• Eastern Definitions by Edward Rice (Doubleday, 1978): A useful short encyclopedia on oriental religions, noted for its esoteric information but lacking scholarly references.
• The Magician of the Golden Dawn: The Story of Aleister Crowley by Susan Roberts (Contemporary Books, 1978): A biography of Aleister Crowley, offering some new information but surprisingly omitting references to the Symond biographies.
• The Haunted Universe: A Psychic Look at Miracles, UFOs and Mysteries of Nature by D. Scott Rogo (Signet, 1977): An entertaining overview of anomalous literature, often suggesting parapsychological explanations.
• Minds & Motion: The Riddle of Psychokinesis by D. Scott Rogo (Taplinger, 1978): A survey of psychokinesis literature, praised for its scope but criticized for Rogo's decision criteria. It includes a chapter on Uri Geller.
• Poltergeist by William G. Roll (Signet, 1974): A major study of poltergeist phenomena, described as well-presented and annotated.
• Occultism Update: An Inter-Edition Supplement to Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology edited by Leslie Shepard (Gale Research Co., 1978): A supplement to Shepard's encyclopedia.
• The Lore of the Unicorn by Odell Shepard (George Allen and Unwin, 1978 [1930]): A recommended reprint of a classic study of the unicorn.
• The H. P. Lovecraft Companion by Philip A. Schreffler (Greenwood Press, 1977): A useful work exploring Lovecraft's fantasy writings and their connection to contemporary occult groups.
• TM in Court by Spiritual Counterfeits Project (Berkeley, CA, 1978): A publication detailing the Federal Court's ruling against teaching TM in New Jersey public schools.
• What Is the Name of This Book? The Riddle of Dracula and Other Logical Puzzles by Raymond Smullyan (Prentice Hall, 1978): A collection of logical puzzles.
• Forget Your Sun Sign by Anthony Standen (Legacy Publishing Co., 1978): A debunking of astrology that is criticized for lacking familiarity with serious astrological literature, though it makes valid points.
• The Search for Lost America: The Mysteries of the Stone Ruins by Salvatore Michael Trento (Contemporary Books, 1978): A recommended, though controversial, introduction to the study of "America B.C." and standing stones.
• The Hills of Faraway: A Guide to Fantasy by Diana Waggoner (Atheneum, 1978): A guide to fantasy fiction, noted for its overlap with paranormal literature.
• Guide to Psi Tape Recordings edited by Elizabeth M. Werner (Inner-Space Interpreters, 1978): A list of purchasable tapes on paranormal subjects.
• Guide to Psi Periodicals edited by Elizabeth M. Werner (Inner-Space Interpreters, 1978): A compilation of information on periodicals dealing with paranormal claims.
• Experimentation in American Religion: The New Mysticisms and Their Implications for the Churches by Robert Wuthnow (University of California Press, 1978): An analysis of social surveys concerning religious institutions, with chapters on astrology and psi attitudes of particular interest to readers.

AN INVITATION: A New Experiment in Parapsychology

The editorial section, titled "AN INVITATION," proposes a new experiment in parapsychology spearheaded by The Zetetic Scholar. The primary goal is not to prove or disprove psi phenomena but to create a model for cooperative communication between proponents and critics. This collaborative effort aims to develop a research design that is acceptable to both camps, thereby avoiding typical criticisms of fraud or incompetence. Proponents are encouraged to suggest methods for maximizing psi effects.

The proposed experiment involves obtaining guesses from a large sample of subjects regarding the outcome of a future, unpredictable event (e.g., final digits of New York Stock Exchange closing figures). These guesses would be statistically analyzed according to predetermined criteria and published prior to the event to preclude fraud. The editorial emphasizes the importance of agreeing on what constitutes convincing evidence *before* an experiment is conducted, drawing an analogy to proving the existence of a unicorn. It argues that even a negative result does not disprove psi, just as an empty trap doesn't disprove unicorns. The ultimate aim is to achieve intersubjective knowledge and convince others of the existence of phenomena.

Suggestions and help are solicited from readers to aid in developing this experimental model and improving cooperation in adjudicating paranormal claims.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are diverse, encompassing paranormal phenomena (UFOs, psychokinesis, poltergeists), occultism, religious studies, and critical examination of claims. The editorial stance, particularly in the "AN INVITATION" section, promotes a rigorous, evidence-based approach to parapsychology, advocating for clear definitions of evidence and cooperative research between skeptical and believing communities. The reviews generally offer balanced perspectives, noting both the strengths and weaknesses of the reviewed works.