Vestnik UFO - 2009 No 9

Magazine Overview

Title: ВЕСТНИК НЛО (Vestnik NLO)
Issue: №9
Date: September – October 2009
Publisher: МОСКОВСКОЕ НЕЗАВИСИМОЕ УФОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО (МНУФО) - Moscow Independent Ufological Society
Type: Scientific-Popular Internet Journal
Editor: Алексей Тулин (A. V. Tulin)

This issue of the internet journal 'Vestnik NLO' presents a collection of articles focusing on ufology, space, and related phenomena. The materials are sourced from the website of Mikhail Gershtein, although the site no longer exists.

Contents

The issue features several articles:

• "Инопланетяне" (Aliens) by Ж. У. Перейра (J. U. Pereira). This is a shortened translation from the 2nd special issue of the journal "Phenomenes Spatiaux", November 1974. The article is based on J. U. Pereira's work since 1968 and includes drawings based on witness descriptions. It details a classification of alien types based on 334 observations.
• "Космос: наука и мифы" (Space: Science and Myths) by А. В. Леснов (A. V. Lesnov).
• "Деятельность группы по изучению неопознанных аэрокосмических явлений при национальном центре космических исследований Франции" (Activities of the group for the study of unidentified aerospace phenomena at the national center for space research of France) by М. Ю. Шевченко (M. Yu. Shevchenko).
• "Межконтинентальная сеть по исследованию НЛО (ICUFON)" (Intercontinental Network for UFO Research (ICUFON)).
• "Америка родина фальшивых НЛО" (America: The Motherland of False UFOs) by М. Б. Герштейн (M. B. Gershtein).
• "НЛО и наблюдение странных существ в Пельсильвании" (UFOs and the observation of strange creatures in Pennsylvania) by С. Гордон (S. Gordon).

Editorial Note

Editor Alexei Tulin introduces the issue, noting that the materials are taken from Mikhail Gershtein's website. He highlights the interesting articles dedicated to space, aliens, and UFOs.

Article: Aliens (Инопланетяне) by Ж. У. Перейра

This extensive article classifies alien types based on 334 observations, with 230 cases analyzed and 103 rejected due to uncertainty or contact with humanoids. The classification parameters include body shape (95.8% humanoid), presence of spacesuits, and distinctive facial features.

Classification Types:

• Type 1: Humanoid appearance, 90 observed cases. Described as very similar to humans, indistinguishable when dressed normally. Found in Brazil, Argentina, USA, France, England, and New Zealand. Height 1.60-1.70m. Clothing is uniform-like, dark blue, brown, or gray, sometimes khaki or shiny. Boots are short. Appearance: light hair (short for men, shoulder-length for women), normal or brown skin. Some had transparent legs. These are the only type with female proportions. Behavior: generally non-aggressive, no weapons. In one case, a beam from a 'tube' paralyzed an observer. Some communicated with witnesses, some telepathically.
• Type 2: Found in Brazil and Argentina. 5 cases, 10 humanoids. Height 1.70-2.00m. Clothing: tight-fitting, dark or shiny. Appearance: bald or hooded head, normal or yellow skin, normal or thin build. Behavior: can be aggressive or friendly. Aggressive types use 'tubes' with burning rays causing helplessness. Did not communicate.
• Type 3: All observations in Argentina. 4 cases, 7 humanoids. Height over 2 meters. Clothing: one-piece, tight-fitting, with glowing scales. Weapon: a glowing sphere. Appearance: light short hair, white or greenish skin. Behavior: always friendly. Holding the sphere caused weakness. One case of communication in the witness's language.
• Type 1 (revisited, page 6): Humanoid appearance, 20 cases, 93 humanoids. Appear human-like but resemble children due to short stature. Observed in Canada, USA, Brazil, France, England, Italy, and Denmark. Height 1.20m. Clothing: white or light blue uniform-like, sometimes shiny stripes. Helmets. Appearance: white or normal skin, slightly slanted eyes, normal face, broad shoulders. Behavior: usually flee, sometimes friendly, no hostility or weapons. One case involved a light beam causing chest compression. One case of communication.
• Type 2 (revisited, page 6): Observed in Brazil, Italy, and France. 4 cases, 11 humanoids. Height just over 1 meter. Clothing: loose or tight-fitting jumpsuit. No weapons observed.
• Type 3 (revisited, page 7): Observations in Canada, USA, Argentina. 3 cases, 30 humanoids. Small height. Clothing: tight-fitting. Appearance: green skin, sometimes elongated face and dark hair. Behavior: aggressive, tendency to abduct. No weapons or communication.
• Type 3 (revisited, page 7): 13 cases, 32 humanoids. All male appearance but with long hair. Observed in Brazil and Australia. Height 1.65-1.72m. Clothing: dark brown jumpsuit, no spacesuit. Appearance: light hair falling to shoulders, young faces. Skin normal or white. Body: strong. In one case, heels seemed absent. Behavior: friendly, no weapons. One case of communication in the witness's language.
• Type 2 (revisited, page 8): Observed in Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and England. 6 cases, 18 humanoids. Height 1.25-1.50m. Clothing: jumpsuit with a wide belt. Appearance: light or dark hair, white skin. One case noted a prominent chin. Behavior: indifferent, but one case involved a paralyzing weapon and telepathic speech.
• Type 3 (revisited, page 8): Observed in Brazil and Argentina. 3 cases, 5 humanoids. Height 2m. Clothing: one-piece jumpsuit. In one case, aliens were barefoot. Appearance: light hair, white skin, fleshy face. Body: strong. In one case, limbs appeared excessively long. Behavior: indifferent, no weapons or speech.
• Type 5 (revisited, page 10): Aliens with abnormally large heads. 11 cases, 20 humanoids. Observed in Germany, France, Peru, and USA. Variant 1: Clothing: tight-fitting, gray or green, sometimes with a bag on the back or a beret. Appearance: normal-sized head, bald, fleshy face, round eyes, wrinkled yellowish skin, almost normal body. Behavior: two friendly, one hostile with attempted abduction. No weapons. English speech heard in one case. Variant 3: Clothing: two-piece, greenish, gray or blue. Sometimes hooded. Appearance: wrinkled black or reddish skin, almost round eyes, large bald head, prominent chin. Long arms, short legs. Behavior: flee, no weapons or conversation.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The journal consistently focuses on UFOs and alien encounters, presenting detailed classifications and observations from various global locations. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious investigation and documentation of paranormal phenomena, aiming to popularize ufological research.

This issue of "UFO" magazine delves into a detailed classification and statistical analysis of extraterrestrial beings and their observed phenomena. It presents a comprehensive breakdown of different "types" of aliens, meticulously cataloged based on physical characteristics, attire, and behavior. The content is heavily reliant on data compiled by a researcher named Pereira, who has studied a significant number of cases.

Alien Types and Descriptions

The magazine outlines several distinct types of aliens, each with specific attributes:

Type 1 (Variant 2)

Observed in Venezuela, France, Italy, Spain, and Sweden, these beings are 90-120 cm tall, wear jumpsuits and heavy footwear, and lack spacesuits. They have large, bald heads, large eyes, sharp noses, broad chests, and short legs. Their skin can be normal or dark. Their behavior ranges from friendly to hostile, with some instances of communication in an unknown language.

Type 6

This type includes short, hairy aliens. Observations occurred in France and Venezuela in 1954.

Type 7

These aliens are characterized by breathing masks resembling gas masks and tight-fitting jumpsuits. They are 0.9-1.2 meters tall. Some wear robes, and some are armed with "tubes" that emit bright flashes. Their bodies are covered in fur, including their faces, and they have large eyes. Their behavior varies from fleeing to friendly to hostile, with some instances of communication in an unknown language.

Type 8

Small aliens in spacesuits, with a total of 32 observed. Variant 1 (0.9-1.2m tall) were seen in France, Brazil, USA, Canada, Chile, Italy, and islands in the Indian Ocean. They wear spacesuits, with some helmets being transparent. Skin color can be white or dark. Behavior is usually fleeing, but sometimes friendly, with dialogue in English reported.

Variant 2 (1.0-1.6m tall) were observed in Brazil, France, Italy, Germany, and USA. They wear spacesuits with a lower part resembling a jumpsuit, and a lamp on the chest. They carry tube-like weapons but have also used a flashlight as a weapon. Behavior is fleeing or aggressive, with one case of paralysis caused by a light beam.

Type 9

Medium-sized aliens in full spacesuits, 1.8-2.0m tall, observed in Argentina, Spain, Brazil, Bolivia, Philippines, Italy, and USA. Six cases involved shiny spacesuits, and three had transparent helmets. They possess long faces, deep-set eyes, and white skin. Their behavior is generally friendly, with one instance of being taken inside a craft and returned. Dialogue in an unknown language occurred in three cases.

Type 10

Tall aliens in full spacesuits, 2.0-2.5m tall, seen in Argentina, Brazil, and USA. They wear shiny or transparent spacesuits. One had a tube, but it wasn't used as a weapon. They have large, almost bald heads, large round eyes, and skin that can be red or white. Behavior is friendly, with dialogue in an unknown language reported.

Type 11

Tall aliens in spacesuits with a single eye, 2.5m tall, observed in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. Spacesuits are dark or have a metallic sheen, with transparent helmets. A glowing object was seen on the head in three cases. They do not carry weapons. They have normal, bald heads, but one case noted long hair. Noses and ears are absent. One case mentioned abnormally long canine teeth, and red skin was noted in one instance. Behavior is friendly, even when attacked, with attackers being paralyzed.

Type 12

Very tall aliens (up to 3m) in spacesuits, observed in Argentina, Portugal, Scotland, and England. They have normal body proportions but are exceptionally tall. Behavior is friendly, with one instance of dialogue.

Isolated (Special) Cases

Six cases that do not fit the previous 12 types are described:

1. Case #85: 1m tall, grey clothing, frog-like face, greyish skin, asymmetrical body, and claws.
2. Case #87: 1m tall, naked, normal head, large round eyes, slit mouth, bat-like ears, short legs, long arms with claws.
3. Case #129: 4-5m tall, dark clothing, helmet with antenna.
4. Case #154: 80cm tall, one eye.
5. Case #158: 80cm tall, body covered in silver and gold ribbons, one eye.
6. Case #213: Described as a "little woman" with a large mouth and pointed ears.

Mixed Crews

Three cases involved groups of beings from different types.

Particularly Noteworthy Cases

Cases of contact deemed credible include #12, 33, 95, 137, and 147 (5 cases). Hypothetical cases include #121, 168, 178, and 195 (4 cases). Particularly important cases are #14, 167, and 222 (3 cases).

Non-Humanoid Forms

Several cases describe beings with non-humanoid shapes:

• Case #42: "Sugar cube" shape, shiny surface.
• Case #88: Ghost-like, 1m tall, large red eyes and mouth, transparent body.
• Case #103: 1.20m tall, quadrilateral head, bell-shaped body.
• Case #110: Grey, amorphous, gelatinous, 1m tall, 40cm wide, with small balls for hands.
• Case #118: 1m tall, wearing spacesuit-like jumpsuits, with wing-like appendages instead of arms.
• Case #124: Round body, small head, short limbs, 1.20m tall, upper clothing glows.
• Case #135: 1.7m tall, black skin, bat-like wings, no head.
• Case #163: Cylindrical boxes 15cm high, with matchstick-like arms.
• Case #224: Three times human height, amorphous, purple, with sharp limbs.

Another type mentioned is 80cm tall, one-eyed, and without a spacesuit.

New Type

Pereira has identified a new type of alien, not yet classified, based on cases #154 and #158 (80cm tall, one eye). A specific sighting occurred on October 9, 1969, in Argentina, where a witness saw beings about 80cm tall with long, light-colored hair and a single eye, resembling "hippies." The object they were in caused branches to bend and emitted multi-colored light. The tree where the object was located was scorched.

Statistical Analysis of Sightings

The issue provides extensive statistical data on UFO sightings based on Pereira's credible cases (230 in total):

• Geographical Distribution: South America (104, mostly Brazil and Argentina), Europe (62, mostly France and Italy), North America (47, mostly USA), and other regions (17).
• Time of Day: Most active at night (98 cases), with activity peaking around midnight. Activity starts around 16:00 and decreases to zero between 15:00 and 16:00.
• Duration of Observation: Ranging from seconds to several hours, with the longest durations coinciding with peak activity times.
• Distance: Most observations were at close range (within 5 meters), particularly for aliens without spacesuits. Aliens in spacesuits appeared less accessible.
• Yearly Trends: Sightings near ground level were high in 1954 (60%) and 1955 (74%), with a decrease and then increase in later years. There's an observed increase in sightings near cities after 1965.

Additional Evidence and Witness Data

• Types of Evidence: Landing traces (27 cases), materials found at landing sites (9), footprints (10), damaged objects (11), step traces (3), car damage (3), photos (2), written messages (1), unusual fungi (1).
• Number of Witnesses: Single witnesses (140 cases), 2 witnesses (38 cases), 3 witnesses (19 cases), and larger groups.
• Confirmation: 52 cases had confirmation from witnesses in other locations.
• Witness Age: Mostly adults (187 cases), with some youth (16-20 years) and children.
• Witness Professions: Farmers, workers, merchants, students, police officers, drivers, engineers, medics, and others.
• Witness Behavior: Most initially observed (159 cases), with some approaching (48), fleeing (22), or showing hostility (22). Some witnesses were paralyzed (29) or received telepathic commands.
• Simultaneous UFO Observations: In 211 cases, a flying object was observed concurrently with aliens. In 15 cases, no object was seen, but unusual phenomena occurred.
• Number of Objects: Mostly single objects (194 cases), with some cases of 2, 4, or 5 objects.
• Object Shapes: "Saucer" shape is most common (98 cases), followed by cigar (23), sphere (17), and egg/half-egg (17).
• Alien Weapons: Reported in 20 cases, used in 12. Common weapons include tubes (13 cases), glowing spheres (3 cases), and streams of flame (1 case). Effects include paralysis, loss of strength, loss of consciousness, burns, and falls.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently presents a scientific and analytical approach to UFO phenomena, focusing on classification, statistical data, and detailed descriptions of observed entities and craft. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious investigation into the subject matter, aiming to categorize and understand these encounters through empirical observation and data collection. The recurring theme is the diversity of alien types and the systematic nature of their appearances and interactions with humans.

This issue of "КОСМОС: НАУКА И МИФЫ" (Cosmos: Science and Myths), published by "Знание" in 1991 as part of the "New in Life, Science, Technique" series, specifically the "Cosmonautics, Astronomy" section (No. 2), is authored by L. V. Leskov. The publication, identified by ISBN 5-07-001617-2, delves into the complex relationship between scientific understanding and mythological interpretations of the cosmos throughout human history.

The Concept of Cosmos and Human Inquiry

The issue begins by exploring the fundamental question of 'What is the cosmos?', tracing its definition from ancient Greek philosophers like Pythagoras, who used the term to signify 'order, harmony, and the universe'. It highlights how this concept is intertwined with the human quest to understand our place in existence: 'Who are we? Where did we come from? Where are we going?'. The text notes that these questions have evolved over millennia, reflecting the changing perspectives of humanity.

Modern Perceptions and the Rise of UFO Interest

Leskov observes that contemporary approaches to understanding the cosmos are contradictory. On one hand, there's rapid advancement in scientific understanding, while on the other, a growing consumerist view of space as a resource. This dichotomy, he suggests, may have fueled public interest in phenomena like UFOs and alien encounters. Paradoxically, while sensational reports of UFOs garner attention, significant scientific achievements in space exploration often leave the majority of the population indifferent.

Historical Perspectives on the Cosmos and Myth-Making

The publication examines how early humans, faced with a world full of dangers and uncertainties, developed myths to explain the unknown. This myth-making process, distinct from fairy tales, was seen as truth by ancient peoples and served as a way to impose order and meaning on their environment. The text discusses the role of myths in early societies, particularly natural myths and astral mythology, and how they influenced early cosmologies. It also touches upon the importance of esoteric knowledge and magic in ancient belief systems, where unseen connections were believed to exist between things.

The Evolution of Human Consciousness and Language

Drawing on the work of historians and philosophers, the issue posits that the emergence of speech was a pivotal moment in human development, enabling true human labor and the regulation of social relations. The development of consciousness is linked to the ability to share knowledge and ideas, creating a 'world of ideas' (World 3, as described by Karl Popper) distinct from objective reality and individual experience. The text quotes scholars like P. V. Simonnov and M. M. Bakhtin on the nature of consciousness and dialogue as its foundation.

UFOs and Alien Encounters: A Statistical Analysis

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to a statistical analysis of reported UFO encounters and alien behaviors. Based on 230 cases, the document details:

• Alien Behavior Towards Witnesses: Approaching (24 cases), fleeing (27), hostile (19), friendly (37), observing (17), indifferent (13).
• Alien Behavior Towards the Environment: Collecting materials (26 cases), observing (5), indifferent (3).
• Interactions Among Aliens: No observed quarrels; mutual assistance (4 cases) or subordination (5 cases). In 4 instances, aliens were seen inspecting their craft.
• Alien Height: In 198 cases, heights ranged from 70 cm to 1.6 m (62%), with specific breakdowns for smaller and larger ranges. A small percentage were described as 'microscopic' (15 cm).
• Alien Skin Color: Out of 77 cases, colors reported included white/pale ('normal'), dark, black, grey, 'saffian' or brown, yellow, purple, and green. Some were described as 'hairy'.
• Appearance of Aliens Over Time: A classification of alien types is presented, noting the emergence of new types between 1955-1964 and after 1965, suggesting a stable classification.
• Hostile Behavior: Detailed breakdown includes attacks on humans (12 cases, 2 doubtful), attacks by humans on aliens (8 cases), fights (3 cases), and accidental violence (4 cases).
• Friendly Behavior: Includes smiling (7 cases), placing a hand on the shoulder (6 cases), and gesturing (22 cases). Conversations with witnesses are also noted.
• Paranormal Effects: Telepathy (6 cases) and psychic influence causing witnesses to become 'tele-controlled' (7 cases) are reported. Some witnesses reported feeling threatened by the aliens' gaze.
• Alien Language: In 24 cases, aliens were observed communicating amongst themselves, with their language described as 'strange' or having 'indecipherable sounds'. Specific descriptions include guttural sounds, animal-like sounds ('dog bark', 'frog croak'), and sounds described as 'German-like', 'high and low sounds', or a 'terrifying noise'. One case involved a 'thin cry'.
• Conversations with Witnesses: In 40 cases, conversations occurred. These included unknown languages (20 cases, some with specific words like 'alamo' for Sun and 'ork' for the 7th planet), Spanish (8 cases), English (7 cases), Portuguese (3 cases), and French (2 cases). In one case, aliens left a written message: "You will know the world. L. Tareлки".
• Physical Traces: Out of 230 cases, 57 (25%) left subsequent traces. These included scorched grass, flattened or twisted vegetation, broken bushes/trees, compressed earth circles, and triangular or rectangular tracks. Materials found at landing sites included oily substances, soot, and analyzed materials containing iron, aluminum, silicon, coal, lime, and carbonates. Radioactivity was also reported in some cases.
• Physical Effects on Witnesses: Cases of skin diseases, weight loss, burns, leukemia, blood changes, injuries, and even death were reported.

Conclusions and Hypotheses

The issue concludes with several key findings and hypotheses:

1. Unity in UFOs: A similarity exists between alien beings and their flying objects.
2. Universal Nature of UFO Observation: UFO sightings and alien encounters are a global phenomenon.
3. Technological Understanding: While alien technology is largely understandable, much of it surpasses current human scientific knowledge.
4. Post-1947 Increase: UFO sightings increased significantly after 1947.
5. Human-like Aliens: Most aliens possess physical and social characteristics similar to humans.
6. Alien Types: Three main types are identified: without spacesuits, with masks, and in spacesuits.
7. Lack of Inter-type Cooperation: Typically, only one type of alien is observed in a single encounter, suggesting no cooperation between different types.
8. Alien Weapons: Alien weapons appear to be for self-defense, indicating vulnerability.
9. Non-lethal Weapons: Most alien weaponry is non-lethal.
10. Intellectual Contact: Intellectual contact with aliens is considered possible.
11. Low Risk of Contamination: Physical contact with aliens does not appear to pose a significant risk of microbial contamination.
12. Unusual Abilities: While most aliens do not exhibit abilities beyond human capacity, some have displayed extraordinary talents.
13. Varied Behavior: Alien behavior ranges from friendly to passive and hostile.
14. Reluctance to Contact: A consistent feature across all alien types is their refusal to make official contact with humans on a global scale.

Possible Hypotheses: The increase in UFO sightings and the diversity of alien types suggest a diverse range of advanced civilizations in the universe. The human-like form of many aliens might point to a universal evolutionary force leading to such morphology. The reluctance to contact could be due to alien laws, human developmental stage, or cosmic factors, such as foreknowledge of a planetary cataclysm.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the intersection of scientific inquiry and mythological interpretation of the cosmos. The editorial stance appears to be one of objective analysis, presenting statistical data from UFO reports alongside philosophical discussions on human consciousness and our place in the universe. The publication aims to explore the enduring questions about existence, the nature of reality, and humanity's potential encounters with extraterrestrial intelligence, acknowledging both the scientific and the mythical dimensions of these topics.

This issue, titled "Science and Religion," delves into the historical evolution of cosmological thought, tracing its development from ancient civilizations through the Middle Ages, Renaissance, and into the modern scientific era. It examines how humanity's understanding of the universe has been shaped by philosophical, religious, and scientific paradigms.

From Mythological Perception to Ancient Cosmology

The issue begins by describing the earliest forms of understanding the cosmos through mythological language, where the surrounding reality was translated into a generalized, abstract image. This mythological perception was characteristic of the communal-tribal stage of human development.

The subsequent era, antiquity, marked the emergence of the first scientific worldview. Practical needs like geography, navigation, and calendar systems spurred scientific inquiry. Pythagoras is credited with coining the term "cosmos" and formulating a heliocentric system where celestial bodies moved around a central fire, governed by the music of the spheres. His emphasis on numbers influenced magic and astrology but also laid the groundwork for quantitative analysis in science. Aristotle's philosophy, based on essentialism and deductive reasoning, posited an ordered cosmos with inherent essences discoverable through reason. His concept of "logos" as a unifying principle and "entelechy" as a driving force for purposeful motion shaped the understanding of a harmonious and perfect universe. This view, where the cosmos was seen as immutable and perfect, mirrored the static and hierarchical social structure of ancient societies.

Medieval Cosmology: Faith and Reason

The Middle Ages saw the rise of Christianity and a profound crisis in the Roman Empire, leading people to seek spiritual salvation. Christianity, with its emphasis on human dignity, represented a significant ethical and moral advancement over pagan religions. Scholasticism, influenced by mythology and Aristotelian thought, dominated European science for over a millennium. This system was characterized by closure, hierarchy, and stasis, reflecting the social structures of the time. The cosmos was understood through two main sources: the Bible and Aristotle. Arab science played a crucial role in preserving and transmitting Greek astronomical works. Medieval cosmology, particularly through Thomism (Thomas Aquinas), sought to reconcile reason and faith, creating a hierarchical worldview. However, this era also grappled with the concept of an absolute monotheism and the absolute power of a creator God. The influence of the devil was also a significant aspect, leading to the integration of magic and occultism into a demonological framework. Astrology flourished, with figures like Paracelsus and Agrippa considering it a foundation for medicine, linking the macrocosm (universe) and microcosm (human) through celestial influences.

University science in Europe explored cosmological questions, often interpreting the Bible and ancient texts. Despite the limitations, deep philosophical insights were achieved. The method of knowing was largely based on the "apology of the Logos," seeking truth in scripture and the writings of church fathers. A common characteristic of medieval cosmology was a profound pessimism and an expectation of the end of the world, particularly in the pre-Reformation era.

Late scholasticism and nominalism, emerging in the 14th century, challenged the prevailing views. William of Ockham, a key figure, emphasized the unlimited potential of human reason for understanding earthly phenomena while asserting the incomprehensibility of God. He developed formal logic as a tool for understanding the world.

The Renaissance: A New Humanistic Perspective

The Renaissance marked a revolutionary shift, driven by the rise of bourgeois society and a reevaluation of humanity's role. The universe, previously seen as static, began to be perceived as dynamic. Humans, no longer passive recipients of fate, felt empowered as masters of their own lives, believing in the boundless potential of human thought and reason. This anthropocentrism was a hallmark of the era. Humanist thinkers like Erasmus of Rotterdam championed the idea that "man is the measure of all things." Martin Luther's teachings also significantly influenced the perception of human agency. The era was tragic for many of its "titans" like Dante, Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Bruno, as new ideas clashed with old ones. The central idea of Renaissance natural philosophy was the self-movement of matter. The divine truths of creation were deemed accessible to human reason, leading to a quest for methods to understand them. This journey involved a blend of ancient philosophy, Christian mysticism, magic, and cabbalism, eventually leading to experimental methods and theoretical generalizations. Key developments included the concept of dual truth (theological and scientific) by Averroes, and Nicolaus of Cusa's ideas challenging the absolute center of the universe and advocating for empirical methods. Giordano Bruno expanded the concept of an infinite cosmos populated by inhabited worlds.

The Scientific Revolution and the Dawn of Modern Physics

The year 1543 was pivotal with the publication of Copernicus's "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" and Vesalius's "On the Fabric of the Human Body." These works signaled a break from medieval views and the adoption of a causal explanation of natural phenomena based on objective mechanical laws. Copernicus's heliocentric system demystified space and time, interpreting them through mechanical motion. The transition was not easy, as evidenced by the poetry of John Donne and the philosophy of Blaise Pascal, who expressed the disorientation and uncertainty of the era. Mystical systems like Agrippa's "Occult Philosophy" and Jakob Böhme's cosmology emerged alongside scientific inquiry. Even astronomers like Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler integrated astrological and political events with cosmic phenomena.

The late Renaissance saw the emergence of a mechanistic worldview, ushering in the first scientific revolution. The period from roughly the 17th to the mid-18th century witnessed the establishment of a new scientific paradigm through the work of figures like Bacon, Galileo, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, and Newton. Newton's work, particularly his laws of classical mechanics and universal gravitation, formed the pinnacle of this era's natural philosophy. Newton's "Principia Mathematica" presented a universe of absolute space and time, governed by universal laws of attraction. However, his model was static and required a divine "agent" to maintain its stability, a concept criticized by Leibniz. Newton also engaged in theological studies, viewing God as a Pantocrator whose power was evident in nature. He believed true religion was revealed through the study of nature, with science as the instrument for understanding divine providence.

Post-Newtonian Developments and the 19th Century

Following Newton, the 18th century saw further efforts to displace theology from cosmology. Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach, in his "System of Nature," argued for a purely materialistic universe where nature was the ultimate reality and humans its highest product. However, materialistic views were not universally dominant, and many still viewed humans as divinely inspired creations. Buffon's "Natural History" raised the question of the distinction between living and non-living matter, and Lamarck developed the first comprehensive theory of organic evolution, introducing the term "biology." Thomas Malthus formulated a law of diminishing returns in the reproduction of living matter, a concept later used by Ernst Haeckel in ecology.

The 19th century, the era of capitalism, saw continued progress in constructing a scientific worldview, largely within the framework of classical natural science. Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species" introduced the concept of historical development and evolutionary forces in the biosphere, contrasting with the second law of thermodynamics. Geology also developed an evolutionary perspective with Charles Lyell's work. Alexander von Humboldt's "Cosmos" provided a systematic physical description of the world. Advances in physics by Faraday, Maxwell, Carnot, Joule, Thomson, and Boltzmann led to the brink of a new revolution, with only two major unresolved issues: black-body radiation and the nature of the ether. These would be addressed by quantum mechanics and relativity theory in the 20th century.

Philosophically, G.W.F. Hegel viewed the cosmos as being in continuous motion and development, driven by contradiction. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels applied dialectical laws to nature, formulating the concept of global evolutionism.

The 20th Century and Beyond

The 20th century ushered in an era of social revolutions, the information age, and a future-oriented world. Profound social and scientific changes occurred, influencing each other and accelerating global transformations. The understanding of the cosmos, the meaning of existence, and humanity's role underwent significant reevaluation.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently highlights the dynamic interplay between science and religion throughout history. It shows how scientific understanding has evolved from mythological and religious frameworks towards empirical and rational explanations. The editorial stance appears to favor the progression of scientific inquiry while acknowledging the historical and philosophical contexts that have shaped our understanding of the universe and humanity's place within it. Key themes include the development of cosmological models, the philosophical underpinnings of scientific thought, and the ongoing dialogue between scientific discovery and religious belief.

This issue of 'Nauka i Religiya' (Science and Religion), identified as issue number 41, delves into the complex relationship between scientific understanding and mythological interpretations of the cosmos, humanity's place within it, and the nature of reality. The content is primarily in Russian and appears to be from the late 20th century, likely the 1990s, given the references to contemporary philosophical and scientific debates.

New Ideas About the Cosmos

The issue begins by presenting a list of twelve key conceptual ideas that have emerged in understanding the cosmos. These include:

1. K. E. Tsiolkovsky's concept of humanity as an active creative force shaping space.
2. V. I. Vernadsky's concept of the noosphere, a new state of the biosphere influenced by scientific thought and technology.
3. The concept of globalism and the co-evolution of the noosphere and nature.
4. The revolution in informatics and the emergence of an informational cosmos.
5. N. Bohr's complementarity principle, which provides a methodology for investigating contradictory phenomena using mutually exclusive classes of concepts.
6. The concept of the universe as a single, self-organizing, evolving system, bridging cosmology and microphysics.
7. I. R. Prigogine's concept of irreversibility in physical and chemical processes, leading to synergetics and catastrophe theory.
8. The concept of multiple worlds in an ontological or substantial sense, where not only physical manifestations but also types of attributive properties are multiple.
9. Revolutionary advances in life sciences (genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, biophysics, psychology).
10. Quantum cosmology and various interpretations of the observer's role.
11. The anthropic principle, linking large-scale cosmic parameters and fundamental constants to the properties of the biosphere.
12. The beginning of industrial space exploration, shifting the paradigm from the 'cosmic triad' to a 'quadrivium': Universe - meaning of existence - human - space industrialization.

The author acknowledges that this list is debatable but focuses on some of these points. The emergence of intelligent life is presented as the pinnacle of cosmic development, requiring an exceptionally precise set of physical and chemical conditions. Even minor changes in fundamental physical constants could render life impossible, a fact that underpins the anthropic principle, formulated by figures like A. Dirac, G. M. Idlis, B. Carter, R. Dike, and A. Wheeler.

While most physicists and philosophers reject a creationist interpretation of the anthropic principle, some see it as a selection rule for microphysical theories and cosmological models. Notably, some theorists like Stephen Hawking and Fred Hoyle believe that unified theories of the cosmos will eventually be developed, potentially rendering the anthropic principle unnecessary. The text raises a historical parallel, questioning if theoretical physics is repeating past instances where theories were considered nearly complete.

Quantum Cosmology and Interpretation Challenges

The issue highlights the difficulties in interpreting quantum cosmology, particularly the Copenhagen interpretation based on Bohr's complementarity principle. Applying these principles to the entire universe presents significant challenges, leading to discussions about revising the materialistic philosophical tenet that 'matter is primary, consciousness is secondary.' The text suggests a shift towards recognizing being as a more fundamental category.

Solutions are sought in the 'many-worlds' interpretation, initially proposed by H. Everett, which posits that all objects obey quantum mechanics and are described by wave functions. This interpretation suggests that every event causes the universe to branch into parallel, non-interacting worlds. Another approach is I. R. Prigogine's theory of irreversibility, which introduces a 'microscopic' second law of thermodynamics. The article notes that these approaches are radically different and a choice between them is yet to be made.

Humanity's Return to Space and the Rise of New Mythology

The text discusses humanity's re-engagement with the cosmos, contrasting it with the post-Newtonian view that isolated humans from the universe. It traces this re-engagement back to the 'Russian cosmism' movement in the late 19th century, with thinkers like N. F. Fedorov, A. V. Sukhovo-Kobylin, Vladimir Solovyov, P. A. Florensky, and K. E. Tsiolkovsky. Tsiolkovsky is credited with developing the first scientifically grounded program for space exploration.

The interconnectedness of human life with cosmic processes is emphasized, citing the influence of solar phenomena on the biosphere, researched by A. L. Chizhevsky. Past catastrophic events, like meteorite impacts, are mentioned as having potentially devastating effects on Earth's biosphere. Vernadsky's concept of the noosphere further highlights humanity's significant impact on geological and biosphere processes, necessitating a principle of 'cosmic ecology' for sustainable development.

A paradox is presented: the idea of multiple inhabited worlds versus the lack of observable evidence for extraterrestrial civilizations. N. S. Kardashev's classification of civilizations based on energy consumption is mentioned, yet no signs of such advanced civilizations are detected. The author suggests that civilizations might evolve through qualitative changes and information acquisition rather than solely through increased energy consumption. This aligns with Earth's current transition to an information-based society, leading to the concept of an 'informational cosmos.'

The issue acknowledges that scientific understanding of the cosmos is rapidly evolving, with theories exploring parallel worlds with potentially different physical laws. The properties of the physical vacuum are also discussed as a unique object from which the universe may have originated. Cosmologists like I. D. Novikov and Kip Thorne are exploring possibilities for faster-than-light travel and time travel.

The Role of Myth in the Space Age

The article then shifts to the resurgence of myth, particularly in the context of space and the cosmos. It challenges the notion that myth has been superseded by scientific worldview, citing N. A. Berdyaev who argued that rationalism itself can become a myth and lead to an 'illusory worldview.'

Several factors are identified for the persistence of mythological consciousness:

• Psychological roots: Humanity's innate desire to impose order on perceived chaos.
• Prejudice against science: A widespread distrust of strict scientific worldview.
• The 'playful space' of civilization: The inherent human capacity for imagination and creative play.
• Social and political interests: Ruling classes may promote ideological schemes based on myth to maintain social structures.

The text notes that crisis periods often see a rise in new myth-making, irrationalism, occultism, and mysticism. Examples include the 'world ice theory' of Hanns Hörbiger, which was adopted by the Nazis, and the mechanistic concept of the cosmos presented in Stalin's 'Short Course of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks),' which was used to persecute scientific theories like relativity and genetics.

Categories of Cosmic Myths

The issue categorizes contemporary cosmic mythology into six groups:

1. Cosmogonic myths: Examples include Oleg Berdnik's essay 'The Fall of Lucifer,' which posits a pre-existing star named Lucifer and a planet called Prageya, destroyed in a cosmic catastrophe.
2. Eschatological myths: The article cites an article by V. Blokhin in 'Novosti' that interprets the Bible's Apocalypse as a cybernetic program for 'Civilization' managed by a 'cybernetic god,' with Armageddon scheduled for the year 2000.
3. Myths about extraterrestrial visitors: This category includes UFOlogy (modern sightings) and paleovisitology (ancient visits).
4. Myths of cosmic unity: (Not detailed in the provided text).
5. Informational myths and anti-myths about cosmonautics: (Not detailed in the provided text).
13. Pragmatic myths about cosmonautics: (Not detailed in the provided text).

Analysis of Specific Myths

Cosmogonic myths are exemplified by Berdnik's speculative narrative about the solar system's past, which lacks scientific evidence and dismisses scientific inquiry. The text also references the work of theologian Archpriest Alexander Men, who attempts to reconcile science with religious arguments for the existence of a Creator, a line of reasoning that the author finds flawed, citing Immanuel Kant and N. A. Berdyaev.

Eschatological myths are illustrated by Blokhin's interpretation of the Apocalypse, which frames biblical prophecy in cybernetic terms and predicts Armageddon. The author critiques this by pointing out the lack of evidence and the reliance on speculative interpretations.

Myths about extraterrestrial visitors are divided into two main versions: modern UFO sightings and ancient 'paleovisits.' While acknowledging that a physical phenomenon related to UFOs likely exists, the author states that there is insufficient factual material to discuss hypotheses linking them to parallel universes or unusual electromagnetic fields. The article asserts that while extraterrestrial visits are possible, current evidence, including photographs and drawings of UFOs, does not constitute scientific proof. The comparison is drawn to the 'Martian canals' phenomenon, which was initially observed but later dismissed as an optical illusion.

The issue contrasts the scientific community's acceptance of phenomena like black holes (supported by theory and observation) with its skepticism towards UFOs, despite numerous sightings. This difference is attributed to the well-developed theoretical framework for black holes versus the lack of a robust theory and verifiable evidence for UFOs as extraterrestrial craft.

Paleovisitology and Mythical Interpretations

The concept of 'paleovisitology' is examined, with researchers like I. S. Lisevich, V. V. Rubtsov, and V. I. Avinsky applying scientific methodology. However, conclusive proof of past extraterrestrial visits remains elusive. The text critiques attempts to interpret ancient myths as evidence, highlighting the vague nature of myths and their tendency to refer to historical periods where myth served as the primary mode of understanding reality.

An example is the analysis of Homer's 'Odyssey,' where the advanced technology of the Phaeacians (human-like automatons, artificial lighting, self-operating ships) is interpreted by some as evidence of extraterrestrial influence. The author notes that while this hypothesis is testable through archaeological excavation (e.g., on the island of Kerkyra), it remains unverified without such evidence, drawing a parallel to Heinrich Schliemann's work at Troy, where myth was used as a guide for scientific investigation.

The Persistence of Myth and Scientific Skepticism

The article discusses the skepticism of the scientific community towards UFO reports and the resulting distrust of 'official science' in public consciousness. It contrasts the scientific approach to UFOs with that of black holes, noting that despite numerous UFO sightings and few definitive proofs, many scientists accept the existence of black holes, which have a strong theoretical basis and observational support. Conversely, UFOs, while numerous, lack such theoretical grounding and verifiable evidence of alien visitation.

The text emphasizes the importance of collecting objective information on anomalous atmospheric phenomena (UAPs/UFOs) as a basis for future theoretical understanding. It warns against hasty theories built on insufficient data, citing examples of 'ufological' hypotheses that posit multiple dimensions and inter-world connections, often drawing from mystical traditions.

Ufological Theories and Mystical Origins

Ufological theories are presented as often borrowing from ancient mystical and religious teachings. The article mentions A. V. Martynov's book 'Confessionary Path,' which describes UFOs as belonging to a 'noumenal' (unmanifest) world of five dimensions and discusses 'ethereal life forms.' The author dismisses such theories as '100% mythology,' questioning their origins.

The text points to G. Dourville's book 'The Ghost of the Living' as a precursor, discussing ethereal and astral bodies. It suggests that modern ufological 'theories' are closely related to ancient Eastern religious-mystical teachings, such as Krishna's teachings in the Bhagavad Gita and the worldview of Judaism as presented in 'The Rose of 13 Petals.' These traditions speak of countless parallel universes and beings inhabiting them, including angels.

Conclusion on Ufological Theories

The author concludes that ufological 'theories' are essentially borrowed from ancient mystical and religious myths. They are presented as being diametrically opposed to a scientific worldview. Despite this, the article notes that there are ongoing efforts, even in the US, to study 'astral flying objects' (ALO), and a sense of grievance that science dismisses such reports.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the evolving understanding of the cosmos, the tension between scientific rationalism and mythological thinking, and humanity's place in the universe. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical engagement with both scientific theories and mythological interpretations, emphasizing the need for empirical evidence and logical reasoning while acknowledging the persistent human inclination towards myth. The issue advocates for a scientific approach to understanding phenomena like UFOs, while also recognizing the psychological and cultural factors that contribute to the enduring appeal of myths and speculative theories about the cosmos and extraterrestrial life.

This issue of the magazine, identified by page number 51, delves into the complex relationship between myth, science, and humanity's understanding of the cosmos and its place within it. The central theme revolves around "Myths of Cosmic Unity," exploring both scientific and pseudoscientific perspectives on the interconnectedness of all things.

Myths of Cosmic Unity

The concept of cosmic unity, understood as deep internal connections uniting humanity, nature, and the universe, is presented as a long-standing idea. It is linked to the "Russian cosmism" movement, with figures like V. I. Vernadsky and Daniil Andreev being mentioned for their contributions to exploring these connections. The article acknowledges that modern science recognizes numerous links between biosphere processes and cosmic phenomena, citing A. L. Chizhevsky and V. P. Kaznacheev as researchers in this field. However, it contrasts this scientific approach with a "mythologized perception of the cosmos," exemplified by astrology and magic, which claim to influence natural phenomena and individuals through supposed organic unity.

The magazine critically examines astrology, quoting the Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary's definition and noting its prevalence in capitalist countries. It then points out that astrology is also gaining traction in the Soviet Union, with lectures, courses, and even associations of astrologers emerging. The article also touches upon the spread of beliefs in "cosmic biopoles" and psychic energy, as well as the rise of mediums and psychics who claim extraordinary abilities, questioning the era in which these beliefs are flourishing.

Informational Myths and Anti-myths

This section discusses the shift in public perception towards space exploration, from initial enthusiasm to current criticism regarding the vast expenditures. The article attributes this change partly to "myth-making" surrounding Soviet space achievements, which initially presented an overly optimistic picture with few failures. More recently, "anti-myths" have emerged, highlighting the perceived inefficiency of Soviet space research. The role of N. S. Khrushchev in promoting the idea of surpassing the US in space is mentioned, as is the practice of celebrating every significant date with new space "victories." The article contrasts this with the real-world challenges faced by Soviet cosmonautics, including the failure of the N-1 rocket, and criticizes the secrecy surrounding these setbacks.

It is argued that the Soviet leadership used space achievements to prove the superiority of state-monopolistic socialism, leading to poorly thought-out decisions and significant financial losses. The lack of truthfulness in reporting on space research is seen as having caused moral damage. The article contrasts this with historical examples of transparency, such as the "Chelyuskin" expedition, where failures were openly addressed and used to unite people.

The pervasive secrecy surrounding Soviet space endeavors is also linked to the proliferation of jokes and anecdotes that served as a means of expressing public opinion. This myth-making ultimately led to the widespread belief in the inefficiency of Soviet space programs. The article counters this by presenting figures on space research spending in the USSR and the USA, suggesting that the expenditures were not as excessive as often portrayed.

Pragmatic Myth

This section addresses a more subtle but potentially dangerous myth: the view of space as a "nature's workshop" and an inexhaustible source of resources. The article notes the shift in terminology from "cosmos" to "cosmic space" and reflects on the potential consequences of this utilitarian approach. The growing problem of space debris is highlighted as a direct result of this pragmatic exploitation, posing a significant threat to functioning spacecraft. The article warns that an uncontrolled chain reaction of destruction could occur if space debris levels increase further.

It also criticizes proposals for lunar mining using nuclear explosions, linking this approach to a historical tendency to exploit nature without regard for consequences, a tendency rooted in ideological misinterpretations of dialectical and historical materialism. The article cites the example of the Don-2 canal project, which was halted due to public and scientific opposition, yet construction continued, demonstrating the power of bureaucratic interests over rational decision-making.

Myth, Science, and Humanity

This section explores the constructive power of myth and its relationship with scientific methodology. It acknowledges that while scientific methodology is highly effective, myth has played a significant role in shaping human culture and understanding. The article suggests that myth can explore areas where science has not yet provided definitive answers, citing parapsychology, astrology, and ufology as examples. However, it strongly criticizes astrology as "100% charlatanism," noting its widespread belief in the US and its potential to spread ignorance and mysticism.

The article posits that while myth and scientific worldview are opposing poles of cognition, they can coexist. Myth often pioneers new cognitive territories before science can fully explore them. However, this coexistence breaks down when myth becomes politicized and integrated into an ideological system, becoming antagonistic to scientific worldview, as seen in the examples related to cosmonautics.

The View of the Future: Cosmic Millennium?

This section looks towards the future, drawing on the concept of the noosphere, proposed by V. I. Vernadsky. The noosphere is described as the sphere of reason, the highest stage of biosphere evolution, characterized by humanity's scientific and production activities becoming a major planetary force. It also emphasizes the growing recognition of global, common human values and the need for consensus to ensure civilization's survival in ecological balance with nature.

The article identifies humanity's entry into space as a third characteristic of noosphere evolution, marking the expansion of industrial activity into a fourth environment. It discusses the challenges of maintaining a stable state (homeostasis) within the noosphere, which relies on a single biological species, Homo sapiens. The noosphere must adapt by actively reshaping the environment or seeking new ecological niches.

Historical examples are used to illustrate how humanity has overcome crises by finding new frontiers, such as the discovery of America and the use of coal and iron during a medieval crisis, and the shift to an information society during the 1970s energy crisis. The article then presents a list of scientific problems that need to be addressed in the 21st century, ranging from creating non-linear models of the universe to understanding extraterrestrial intelligence and developing a general theory of civilization's intensive evolution.

Conclusion

The issue concludes by discussing the potential futures for humanity, contrasting the idea of natural decline with the possibility of optimistic evolution through an ecologically balanced path. It highlights the inherent contradictions within the noosphere, particularly the tension between the interests of the noosphere as a whole and those of the individual. The article suggests that while the noosphere has internal contradictions, its overall trajectory is towards a multi-layered society of positive humanism, characterized by free association and liberation from alienation. The final question posed is whether this future will be a millennium of universal well-being or bring new, unexpected turns in humanity's cosmic destiny.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue include the exploration of cosmic unity, the critical examination of pseudoscientific beliefs like astrology, the role of myth in shaping human understanding, and the scientific and societal challenges of space exploration. The editorial stance is clearly pro-science, advocating for critical thinking and a rejection of unfounded beliefs, while acknowledging the potential for myth to influence societal perceptions and the importance of transparency in scientific endeavors. The magazine also emphasizes the need for humanity to adopt an ecologically balanced and globally conscious approach to its future development, particularly in the context of space exploration and the evolution of the noosphere.

This document is a scanned issue of a publication, likely a magazine or journal, focusing on the activities of the French Group for the Study of Unidentified Aerospace Phenomena (GEPAN) at the National Center for Space Research (CNES). The issue is dated 1980 and is primarily in Russian, with some French terminology and names.

Theoretical Scenarios for Human Evolution

The first page discusses the potential for human self-evolution, posing the question of whether Homo sapiens can undergo autoevolution. It presents three theoretical scenarios:

1. Rehabilitation (Dowell's Model): This involves eliminating diseases, correcting genetic defects, and utilizing "spare" or artificial organs.
2. Computerization (Cyborg Model): This scenario envisions artificial organs controlled by electronics, electronic senses, and human-machine systems interconnected with an electronic "super-intelligence."
3. Modernization (Ichthyander Model): This refers to adapting humans to live in different environments, such as space or the ocean.

The author deems the Ichthyander model highly improbable due to social and ethical reasons. However, the first two scenarios are considered to have existing scientific and technical prerequisites. The advancement through these scenarios could lead to two significant outcomes:

• Preservation of Individuality: Solving the problem of maintaining personal identity over indefinite periods, a concept explored by Russian cosmists like Vl. S. Solovyov, N. F. Fyodorov, P. A. Florensky, and K. E. Tsiolkovsky.
• Transition to a New Evolutionary Stage (Noo-unitary Stage): This stage would involve the maximum unfolding of creative potential in liberated individuals, coupled with a diffusion of interpersonal boundaries and a highly integrated collective intelligence.

The transition to these higher states is seen as aligning with the fundamental law of the noosphere's evolution. This process will likely involve overcoming societal contradictions, ensuring that future generations will not face boredom or complacency. The issue concludes this section with a quote from Polish satirist S. E. Leц, warning that technology is advancing to the point where humans might become obsolete. The author stresses the importance of prioritizing universal interests, humanizing civilization, and adhering to the principle of co-evolution between the noosphere and nature.

GEPAN's Activities and Structure

The main body of the document details the activities of GEPAN, a group established within CNES to study unidentified aerospace phenomena (UAP), commonly known as UFOs. The article is an authorized and slightly expanded translation of a brochure published by CNES.

Background and Formation of GEPAN:

• Unexplained aerial phenomena have been observed throughout history, with a significant increase in reports after World War II.
• The stability of the UFO phenomenon led to growing scientific interest.
• Early official studies were conducted by the Battelle Institute (1952) for the US Air Force and the Condon Commission at the University of Colorado (1966-1969). These commissions, despite not explaining all reports, drew unfavorable conclusions regarding further research.
• In France, CNES took on the task of scientific study by creating GEPAN. The group was officially decided upon in March 1977 and began its work on May 1, 1977, at the Space Center in Toulouse.
• GEPAN's formation was influenced by:
• Interest from government officials, including a statement by Defense Minister R. Galley in 1974 about inexplicable radar and pilot sightings.
• Growing public curiosity.
• CNES's specific expertise, with several employees already interested in the subject. Claude Puer (Doctor of Science) was the first head of GEPAN (May 1977-September 1978), succeeded by Dr. Alain Esterl.

GEPAN's Operational Framework:

• Currently, GEPAN has two full-time staff members. Additionally, 40 technical staff from the Toulouse Space Center contribute to tasks like on-site investigations and case analysis. Another 40 individuals from various public sections are also involved.
• GEPAN differs from previous international official groups in several ways:
• It operates under a civilian state organization, not military contracts.
• Its creation was based on preliminary dossier analysis, not public pressure.
• It prioritizes studying reports classified as Type D (unexplained) rather than systematically analyzing all reports.
• Its members are scientists who volunteered for the study.

CNES Overview:

• CNES was established by law on December 19, 1961, and became operational on March 1, 1962, to direct and conduct national space research.
• It is a state scientific and technical institution with industrial and commercial functions, funded by government subsidies (approximately 1.5 billion francs in 1979).
• CNES employs nearly a thousand people, with a similar number from other centers.
• Its mission includes developing national space assets, creating space research programs, defining French space policy, and participating in international cooperation, including with the Soviet Union.
• CNES has facilities in Paris, Toulouse, Evry, Kourou (French Guiana), Er-sur-l'Adour, and Gap/Tallard.
• By this time, CNES had launched 18 satellites, over 300 research rockets, and about 1500 stratospheric balloons.

GEPAN's Work in 1977

From May to September 1977, GEPAN focused on establishing cooperation with external governmental organizations. These included:

• National Center for Scientific Research (KNRС)
• National Meteorology
• Air Force
• Navy
• National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA)
• Laboratory of Social Psychology, University of Paris V
• Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of A. Poincaré
• Center for Technological Research of the National Directorate of Aerospace Research (CERT/ONERA)
• Strasbourg University

Numerous specialists also offered their services as consultants.

A Scientific Council, composed of 8 secret members from various scientific fields (astronomy, plasma physics, high-energy physics, atmospheric physics, meteorology, geodesy, psychology), was formed to advise GEPAN. The council meets twice a year.

GEPAN had already accumulated a large number of initial reports, exceeding 15,000, with one-third concerning French territory. These were organized into several card files:

1. Official Card File: Over 1,000 reports from the Ministry of Defense (Gendarmerie and Army), largely unprocessed but cataloged and classified.
2. Private Card Files: Approximately 10,000 reports collected by individuals and amateur groups.
3. "Specialized Journals" Card File: Containing reports from various private groups' publications.
4. "Specialized Literature" Card File: Books on UFOs, including detailed descriptions of observations.
5. Information Card File: Created in 1971 by K. Puer, this file uses punch cards for about 800 observations with 60 coded characteristics, forming the basis for statistical analysis.
6. UFOCAT France Card File: A magnetic tape from D. Saunders (involved in the Condon Commission) containing about a thousand French UFO observations with coded parameters.

GEPAN stated that none of the collected dossiers were "secret," and any non-publication was due to their volume.

In the autumn of 1977, GEPAN experts began selecting official reports, primarily from the Gendarmerie and Air Force. Each report was analyzed by two experts independently and assigned a category. The adopted classification system included:

• Type A: Fully identified phenomena (e.g., CNES balloons, aircraft, celestial bodies).
• Type B: Phenomena that could not be definitively identified but whose characteristics suggested known phenomena (e.g., balloons, aircraft, meteors).
• Type C: Phenomena that could not be identified due to unclear reports or insufficient information.
• Type D: Phenomena that could not be identified despite relatively complete and accurate reports.

When a phenomenon was classified as Type D, further classification based on observation characteristics was applied:

A. Relatively Distant Observations:

1. Night Lights: Well-defined night lights whose appearance or movement cannot be explained by known sources.
2. Day Discs: Daytime aerial objects, often egg or disc-shaped with a metallic sheen, capable of hovering silently and moving at "extraordinary" speeds.
3. Instrumental Observations: Observations made with instruments (radar, binoculars, telescopes) accompanied by visual sightings.

B. Close Observations: (Defined as within approximately 200 meters)

4. Close Observation Type 1: Observations within 200 meters with no observed physical effects on the witness or environment.
5. Close Observation Type 2: Reports mentioning interaction with the environment, such as engine or radio interference, ground traces, or effects on plants/organisms.
6. Close Observation Type 3: Reports involving the presence of "crew" beings, with rare direct or indirect contact, and instances of temporary "detention" or "paralysis" of witnesses.

This classification was proposed by American astronomer Dr. J. Allen Hynek.

Analysis of GEPAN's Findings

Detailed analysis of observation reports allows experts to reconstruct location, terrain, time, and phenomenon characteristics. This often involves additional research into astronomical data, flight patterns, and meteorological conditions. The analysis revealed that most modern observations are attributable to natural phenomena or misidentified human technology (Type A).

A significant portion of reports (Types B and C) could not be fully analyzed due to lack of information or inability to interview witnesses in detail.

However, it was noted that 20-25% of reports remained genuinely unexplained. These are considered "true UFO sighting reports" and form the primary focus of GEPAN's work. Despite variations in detail, these reports share common observational data regarding shape, maneuverability, appearance, and color, prompting deeper scientific study.

By early 1978, GEPAN had analyzed 354 reports from the Gendarmerie, with the following distribution:

• Type A: 4%
• Type B: 37%
• Type C: 34%
• Type D: 25%

Of the 89 Type D cases:

• Night lights: 42%
• Day discs: 4%
• Instrumental observations: 1%
• Close Observation Type 1: 21%
• Close Observation Type 2: 28%
• Close Observation Type 3: 4%

An attempt to classify Type D reports by "relative witness credibility" yielded:

• High credibility: 23%
• Medium credibility: 67%
• Low credibility: 10%

This indicates that nearly a quarter of detailed, unexplained reports come from highly credible witnesses.

In 1971, K. Puer conducted a statistical analysis of 825 reports, expanded in 1976. This work, which did not offer interpretations, found that French and foreign observations yielded similar statistical results.

Key findings from this statistical analysis include:

• 70% of observations were made by at least two witnesses, and 50% by at least three.
• Most observations (70%) were made by adults, with a wide range of professions represented.
• The majority of observations occurred in clear weather with clear skies.
• Most sightings lasted only a few minutes, with longer durations being rare.
• 30% of observations were made from less than 150 meters.
• 70% of observed objects were round or disc-shaped.
• Color comparisons between day and night observations showed patterns: glowing red-orange objects were more common at night (46%) than day (12%); metallic objects were more common during the day (30%) than night (3%); objects with light effects were prevalent both day (86%) and night (98%).
• 40% of observed objects were seen to be stationary before moving away rapidly; in 20% of these cases, the speed was described as "lightning-fast."
• 50% of cases involved anomalous trajectories with stops or sharp turns.
• 20% of reports related to landings.
• Most objects (70%) were silent.
• Landings occurred away from populated areas (70% in isolated areas, 20% near solitary houses).
• Reports exist worldwide, irrespective of culture, religion, lifestyle, or political system.
• The geographical distribution of French sightings seems to depend on population density and visibility conditions.
• Observations occur in waves, with a correlation to seasons. Peaks are generally in October, and minima in February, with 70% of all observations being nocturnal.

In 1977, GEPAN aimed to verify if Type D reports corresponded to objective observations or potentially hallucinatory phenomena. This study involved comparing witness testimonies for Types A and D, analyzing physical laws of optics in relation to atmospheric conditions, and examining the correlation between the number of reported details and the distance to the phenomenon.

When these methods yielded positive results, it suggested that Type D reports were based on objective observations that experts could not explain, even when detailed and made at close range. The possibility of witnesses fabricating such detailed accounts under normal physical laws was deemed impossible.

GEPAN's Work in 1977 and 1978

In December 1977, GEPAN prepared two detailed questionnaires for the Scientific Council. The council's first meeting in December 1977 concluded that GEPAN's creation was justified, as the time had come for serious scientific investigation to curb speculative activities by unqualified individuals. The council found it impossible to dismiss the anomalous nature of the presented facts and questioned their scientific interest.

Scientific Council Recommendations:

1. Improve data collection by reducing delays between observation and reporting to GEPAN, allowing direct consultation with the Gendarmerie.
2. Refine the statistical processing and selection of data.
3. Propose a potential intermediary group with a broad range of specialists and a clearly defined task.
4. Emphasize that conclusions cannot be drawn solely from statistical methods, though they remain essential tools.
5. Develop a precise methodology for studying and surveying cases.
6. Continue GEPAN's activities within CNES, serving as a coordinating body for national data collection and study.
7. Exercise caution regarding the dissemination and publication of results, requiring consultation before any publication.

GEPAN's Activities in 1978:

The Scientific Council's recommendations led to increased funding for GEPAN in 1978. Support from the Toulouse Space Center grew, with 43 individuals dedicating 5-10% of their professional time or working voluntarily.

The first half of 1978 focused on six key areas:

1. Seeking and collecting the freshest objective information.
2. Developing and implementing a detailed case analysis methodology.
3. Conducting a detailed analysis of ten cases.
4. Determining material resources for the tasks.
5. Preparing operational tools for creating a national UFO sighting card file.
6. Defining a methodology for modeling the phenomenon.

GEPAN's structure was reorganized into 7 groups:

1. Rapid Response Group: Instructed Gendarmerie units to quickly report interesting UFO sightings (close encounters, landings). This group, comprising 6 people, is on standby for immediate deployment. In 1978, it received 7 calls but deployed only twice.
2. Trace Analysis Group: Activated when gendarmes find physical traces (ground or vegetation) after a suspected UFO landing. This group of 7 specialists conducts on-site measurements and collects samples for laboratory analysis. They aim to respond within 1-2 days of a suspected landing but were delayed in their two call-outs.
3. Radar Warning Group: (Details not provided in the excerpt).

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The document consistently emphasizes a scientific and methodical approach to studying UFO phenomena. It distinguishes between unexplained observations and misidentified conventional phenomena. The formation of GEPAN within a national space research center highlights a move towards official, scientific investigation rather than public speculation. The article also touches upon broader philosophical themes of human evolution and the potential impact of technology. The editorial stance appears to be one of cautious inquiry, seeking objective data and rigorous analysis to understand unexplained aerial phenomena, while also acknowledging the potential for profound implications for humanity's future.

This document details the work and structure of GEPAN (Group for the Study of Unidentified Aerospace Phenomena), a French research group established under the National Center for Space Studies (CNES). The issue, dated April 26, 1979, with the cover headline "GEPAN: WHY? HOW?", outlines the group's mission, methodologies, and early findings.

GEPAN's Structure and Mission

GEPAN was created on May 1, 1977, to address the growing public interest and scientific curiosity surrounding unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP). The group's creation was motivated by the interest of some government officials, public curiosity, and the CNES's role as a leader in French space research. The initial head of GEPAN was Claude Poher, followed by Alain Esterle.

The organization is structured into several specialized groups:

• Radar Warning Group: Monitors radar networks (military and civilian) to detect and analyze potential UAP echoes, focusing on characteristics like echo stability, radar response, speed, and trajectory. This group consists of four people.
• Expertise Group: Analyzes hundreds of UAP sighting reports submitted by the Gendarmerie. This group studies new reports and existing archives, handling an average of 100-200 cases per month with a team of 12.
• National File Group: Codes and organizes sighting reports classified as type D, creating a national UAP observation database. Each observation is characterized by 30 parameters, developed in collaboration with statistical analysis groups. This group has 17 specialists.
• Statistical Analysis Group: Composed of statisticians and mathematicians (seven people), this group analyzes the national database to identify patterns and characteristics of UAP phenomena.
• SIMOVNI Group: Develops a specialized optical device called SIMOVNI (UAP simulator) to aid in recording UAP characteristics like shape, size, and color. This device uses slides to project various forms onto a landscape, allowing witnesses to 'imitate' their observation and provide digital data.

Methodology and Data Collection

GEPAN's methodology emphasizes scientific rigor and objectivity. The group selects interesting cases for detailed analysis, prioritizing recent, type D observations with multiple witnesses and Gendarmerie involvement. The selection criteria also consider the availability of witnesses and their accessibility.

In 1978, GEPAN focused on analyzing 10 particularly unusual cases, aiming to identify unique aspects of the UAP phenomenon. The initial analysis involved 82 individuals contributing 9000 hours of work, with three volumes dedicated to analyzing these cases.

A key aspect of GEPAN's work is training new investigators. Expert groups are formed based on specific observation characteristics, often including a psychologist to assess witness testimony. GEPAN aims to broaden its team to include diverse perspectives.

The group has developed a method for obtaining precise quantitative data, which is now systematically used. The American journal IUR praised GEPAN's thoroughness in assessing distances, angles, and psychological factors, calling its research a guide for similar investigations.

Scientific Council and Recommendations

The Scientific Council of GEPAN, meeting in June 1978, reviewed the work done since December 1977. They approved GEPAN's structure and methods, emphasizing the importance of an objective approach. The Council recommended:

• Utilizing a larger pool of employees to enhance competence.
• Strengthening permanent teams within GEPAN.
• Improving information collection by adding a meteorological questionnaire to Gendarmerie forms and ensuring feedback from GEPAN to Gendarmerie units.
• Expediting on-site visits for recent close-range observation cases.
• Including a chemist in the Trace Analysis Group to study soil parameters and acting quickly on close-range observations.
• Ensuring the Radar Warning Group maintains an updated record of radar systems and addresses false echoes.
• Continuing statistical work, incorporating psychological analysis, and refining the methodology for assessing witness credibility.
• Investigating rare phenomena observed by other French and international laboratories, potentially for a film.
• Delaying the formulation of any hypothesis for explaining UAP phenomena, instead focusing on reviewing possible physical theories.
• Publicizing GEPAN's work by preparing a brochure detailing its methodology and analysis results.

External Collaboration and Information Dissemination

GEPAN held a meeting on September 12, 1978, with representatives from 30 French private UAP study groups. GEPAN presented its structure, activities, and results, aiming to define areas of useful collaboration. Private groups shared their difficulties in data collection and suggested improving their questionnaires. They also recognized the need to involve GEPAN specialists for specific cases and offered their archives.

GEPAN committed to regularly informing these groups of its progress and offered training in questionnaire design and coding methods.

A brochure titled "GEPAN and the Study of UAP" was published in February 1979, and the first "Information Bulletin" was released in April 1979, serving as an official periodic publication.

Key Findings and Conclusions

After two years of work, GEPAN's experts concluded that no known natural phenomenon or technology can satisfactorily explain the properties of UAP. They stressed that it is too early to propose any hypotheses. Claude Poher stated that while initial reactions to GEPAN were skeptical, the evidence suggests the phenomenon is serious and warrants investigation. Alain Esterle emphasized that the time for debate is over and the focus is now on research.

Literature and Appendices

The document includes a comprehensive list of literature related to UAP studies, primarily from French sources. It also contains appendices detailing the GEPAN observation report card and the GEPAN Information Bulletin, which elaborates on the group's scientific approach.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this document are the scientific approach to studying UAP, the importance of rigorous data collection and analysis, the distinction between physical and psychological factors in witness testimony, and the need for objectivity. The editorial stance is one of cautious but determined scientific inquiry, acknowledging the complexity of the phenomenon while advocating for continued research and investigation.

This issue of "Special Report" (page number 81) delves into the complex subject of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs), presenting a multi-faceted approach that combines scientific analysis, historical accounts, and international efforts. The content suggests a 1978 publication date based on references to UN sessions and historical events.

JEPAHN: Data Collection and Analysis

The magazine introduces JEPAHN, an organization dedicated to collecting and analyzing scientific documents related to unidentified phenomena. The task is described as challenging due to the scarcity and scattered nature of available documents. JEPAHN's process involves classifying and coding these documents to facilitate information management and statistical analysis. The analysis is broken down into three parts: spatio-temporal study, study of witnesses (types and behavior), and study of descriptions (types and attitudes). Physicists are noted to be particularly interested in the third category, while psychologists focus on the second.

Physics Perspective on UFO Phenomena

The article explores the physicist's role in understanding UFOs. It posits that physicists cannot treat witness accounts as objective information but must engage in theoretical reasoning. This involves examining the frontiers of physics, such as elementary particles and the universe's models, to identify potential new explanations for unexplained phenomena. Alternatively, physicists can start with observations, making a crucial hypothesis: that the witness's psychological state does not distort the perception of the objective phenomenon. This allows for fruitful research, as ordinary observation conditions should adhere to classical physics laws. The key question then becomes whether the described phenomena contradict known physical laws. The article mentions observed effects like bent light beams, silent movement without aerodynamic effects, and interactions with the environment (stopping engines, causing unease).

The Need for a Global Approach

The issue emphasizes the problem of unidentified aerospace phenomena and concludes that a dual approach—physical and psychological—is necessary. The current phase of research aims to 'position' the problem within natural and humanitarian sciences through systematic data collection and rigorous research. The magazine acknowledges the limited resources of JEPAHN but asserts their suitability for the current understanding of the problem. It stresses the importance of a narrow path between requesting significant funding without clear objectives and leaving the problem in a nascent state due to insufficient resources.

Intercontinental Network for UFO Research (ICUFON)

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to the Intercontinental Network for UFO Research (ICUFON). This section references a 1978 UN General Assembly resolution (item 128) proposing the establishment of a UN agency for UFO research. ICUFON is presented as an organization that seeks to address the threat posed by extraterrestrial forces, referred to as Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs), which are perceived as having alien objectives threatening Earth.

ICUFON, based in the USA, is led by Director Colman von Keviczky. Other related organizations mentioned include DUIST (German International Society for UFO Research) from Wiesbaden, FRG, chaired by Karl L. Veit, and IGAP (International Information Program) from Melcholm, Denmark, chaired by Major (retired) Hans K. Petersen. Colman von Keviczky is highlighted as a former UN Press Center employee and an initiator of the first UFO-UN project.

The magazine includes excerpts from a UN General Assembly Special Political Committee meeting (35th session, November 28, 1977) concerning the establishment of a UN agency for UFO research. A statement by Sir Eric M. Gairy, Prime Minister of Grenada, is referenced, advocating for international cooperation in UFO research.

ICUFON's efforts since 1966 to bring the UFO issue before the UN are detailed, highlighting their struggle against opposition to unite global efforts. The document includes a memo from K. V. Narasimhan, Head of Cabinet, to Mr. von Keviczky, acknowledging receipt of documents related to the "UN-UFO" project and expressing gratitude for his initiative.

Project UN-UFO (Unidentified Forces and Flying Cosmic Objects)

This section outlines the "UN-UFO" project, which recognizes UFOs as an objective reality posing a problem for international security. It posits that UFOs are created for astronavigation, possess technology significantly superior to Earth's, and are of extraterrestrial origin. The project aims to establish a system of international control and observation of UFOs.

Analysis of International Events and UFOs

The magazine presents an analytical overview of international events related to extraterrestrial forces and UFOs, describing it as a "non-legal operation encompassing the entire Earth." It includes a document from the UN Secretariat dated May 12, 1966, confirming receipt of materials from Mr. von Keviczky regarding the "UN-UFO" project.

Colman von Keviczky, a US citizen of Hungarian origin and a UN Secretariat member, submitted a military-scientific and technological study on the international UFO problem in February-March 1966. This led to the development of the "UN-UFO" project for international control and observation.

USAF Secret Research and Findings

The issue reveals that the US Air Force (USAF) conducted extensive research into UFOs. A declassified report from General Nathan Twining, Chief of Materiel Command, USAF, is presented, stating that the "flying disc" phenomenon is real and not an illusion. The report, dated September 23, 1947, details the findings of a committee that analyzed reports and preliminary studies. The objects were described as disk-shaped, with visible dimensions comparable to aircraft. While some cases might be explained by natural phenomena like meteors, others suggested controlled flight. The objects were noted to have metallic or light-reflecting surfaces, exhibit high speeds and maneuverability, and often fly in formation. The report also mentions that the objects were usually silent, with speeds up to 550 km/h. The analysis suggested the possibility of creating a piloted flying apparatus with similar characteristics, capable of long-range flight and high speeds, but requiring significant time and financial investment as a standalone project.

The report also considered the possibility that these objects were created in the USA as part of secret projects unknown to the Air Technical Intelligence (ATI) and command. However, the lack of physical evidence like wreckage maintained uncertainty about their reality. Another possibility was that a foreign power possessed advanced propulsion systems, possibly nuclear, unknown to the US. The report recommended that the USAF issue directives for a detailed research program, including a full review of available information and subsequent recommendations.

Historical Incidents and Testimonies

The magazine recounts several historical incidents:

• The Los Angeles Air Battle (February 25, 1942): US Navy reconnaissance detected 20-25 "cosmic ships" heading towards military bases. Anti-aircraft batteries fired extensively, but no aircraft were hit, and no bombs were dropped. The event was initially suspected to be Japanese aviation.
• General J. K. Marshall's Memo to President Roosevelt (February 26, 1942): This memo confirms the air raid over Los Angeles, detailing that unidentified aircraft were fired upon by anti-aircraft units, with approximately 15 planes participating. The speeds varied, and altitudes ranged from 3000 to 6000 meters. The memo concludes that if unidentified aircraft were involved, they could be commercial or operated by enemy agents for psychological warfare.
• General Douglas MacArthur's Warning (October 9, 1955): MacArthur issued a stark warning that future wars would be interplanetary and urged nations to unite against extraterrestrial invaders.
• Carl Hart's Photographs (August 31, 1951): Hart captured four photographs of V-shaped formations of "light spots" flying in waves over Texas.
• Fred Steckling's Film (September 7, 1966): Steckling filmed 45 torpedo-shaped spacecraft in formation over Germany. This film was later viewed by high-ranking US defense officials.
• The "O'Cruzeiro" Magazine Incident (May 7, 1952): Two journalists in Brazil photographed a disc-shaped craft. A subsequent incident on November 4, 1957, involved an orange glowing object that downed and set fire to two guards.
• "Homo Cosmicus" Sighting (July 31, 1952): An engineer in the Bernese Alps photographed a "homo cosmicus."

Global Confrontation and UN Involvement

The magazine links UFO activity to a potential "cosmic war." It highlights the 1952 period as significant for UFO reconnaissance operations in Europe and America. President Harry Truman's proclamation of military action against UFOs in July 1952 is mentioned, occurring concurrently with the US and UK's nuclear weapons development.

The document argues that the consistent global presence of UFOs suggests an extraterrestrial control center and bases. It references astronomical observations of luminous objects and groups around Earth. ICUFON's analysis suggests that some atmospheric phenomena attributed to ionization are actually artificial effects created by spacecraft to mask their solid hulls.

Recommendations for the UN

The magazine proposes several recommendations for the UN, including:

1. Establishing an international observation system for space forces, involving national defense agencies and scientific societies.
2. Achieving a ceasefire and halting any armed conflict that could escalate into a global cosmic war.
3. Finding ways to communicate with beings conducting galactic reconnaissance and establishing contact with Galactic Powers.
4. Conducting scientific study and informing the international community through UNESCO and the UN.
5. Disseminating analyzed information to governments and the public.
6. Investigating incidents, such as the deaths of military and civilian personnel, as warnings to the UN about the need for serious measures to ensure international security.

It concludes that establishing a UN UFO apparatus (Center for Cosmic Security and Communication with Extraterrestrial Civilization - "SETI") would guarantee global peace, security, and progress into the space age.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the reality of UFO phenomena, the need for rigorous scientific investigation, the potential threat posed by extraterrestrial intelligence, and the crucial role of international cooperation, particularly through the United Nations, in addressing this global issue. The editorial stance appears to be one of urgency and advocacy for a proactive, unified approach to understanding and potentially confronting the challenges presented by UFOs and extraterrestrial forces. There's a strong emphasis on declassifying information and fostering transparency, while also acknowledging the sensitive and potentially classified nature of much of the research.

This issue of the magazine, identified as issue number 9 from 1973, focuses heavily on official government and military involvement with Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs). The cover headline, 'PENTAGON SPEAKS OUT,' immediately signals the theme of official pronouncements and documents related to UFO phenomena. The magazine presents a collection of translated documents, witness testimonies, and reports, primarily from the 1950s through the early 1970s, detailing investigations, official stances, and military procedures concerning UFOs.

Pentagon Speaks Out

The issue opens with a significant statement from January 26, 1953, attributed to the Ministry of Defense's Public Information Office. This document, labeled 'DOCUMENT 4,' confirms that the research committee for USAF's 'Project Blue Book' concluded that the origin of UFOs could only be 'INTERPLANETARY.' The document is a response to a letter from Henry Holt regarding a proposed book by retired USMC Major Donald E. Keyhoe. The USAF acknowledges Keyhoe as an authoritative civilian expert and states that information in his book has been verified for secrecy and provided from aviation intelligence archives. While acknowledging the possibility of extraterrestrial origin, the USAF also notes that some personnel believe UFOs could be unknown natural phenomena. However, when credible observers report clearly controlled maneuvers, extraterrestrial origin is considered the sole explanation. The document is signed by Albert M. Chop of the USAF Press Office.

Maneuvers and Trajectories

An illustration caption describes an event on May 23, 1971, when Rudolf Nagora, a programmer for Siemens in Munich, Germany, captured a series of 12 color photographs of UFO maneuvers over San Lorenzo, Austria, near the Yugoslavian border. The ten-minute photo series reportedly allowed for a complete reconstruction of the object's trajectory relative to cloud formations.

UFO Crash on US Territory

'DOCUMENT 5' presents a written testimony from Fritz Werner. He attests that on May 21, 1953, during a special assignment for the US Air Force, he assisted in investigating the crash of an unknown object near Kingman, Arizona. The object was made of an unknown metal, similar to aluminum, and had penetrated 50 cm into the sand without apparent structural damage. It was oval, approximately 9 meters in diameter, with an entrance hatch lowered vertically. Werner was able to speak with a member of the investigation team who had examined the object's interior. This team member described two soft seats, an oval cockpit, and numerous instruments. A tent stretched over the object covered the remains of the sole pilot, who was about 120 cm tall, had dark brown skin, two eyes, two ears, a small round mouth, and wore a silver-metallic suit and headgear. Werner's testimony is dated June 7, 1973, and certified by witness Raymond E. Fowler.

Excerpts from a 65-page report by Mr. Fowler for NICAP (National Investigating Committee for Aerial Phenomena) are also included. These excerpts describe the object as two deep plates stacked rim to rim, about 9 meters in diameter, made of dull silver metal resembling matte aluminum. The report mentions two bright spots on the crashed object and notes a curved hatch that was lowered vertically, not a ramp. The investigator recalls being sworn to secrecy by a USAF colonel.

Illustration 7: Pearl Harbor Again?

This section mentions two photographic incidents. The first is on April 25, 1974, when Tsutomu Nakayama, a Japanese photographer, captured a fast-moving object over Honolulu, Hawaii. The second is from June 5, 1956, when F. Gilbert Mulderman photographed a similar object with a smoke trail in Namur, Belgium. The Belgian photograph was enlarged, analyzed, and its authenticity confirmed before publication.

Part Two: Is There a Threat to International Security?

This section shifts to a broader perspective on the international implications of UFOs.

USA

In February 1953, General Benjamin Chidlaw, head of Continental Air Defense Command, stated that UFO reports were taken very seriously due to the loss of personnel and aircraft attempting to intercept them.

In June 1967, UN Secretary-General U Thant described UFOs as a critical issue facing the UN, second only to the Vietnam War.

In March 1968, Professor Felix Siegel of the Moscow Aviation Institute emphasized the seriousness of UFO research and the necessity of international cooperation.

Actions of Major Powers Against UFOs for Security Purposes

The magazine details how military and civilian intelligence actions related to UFOs during and after World War II, over Europe, the Far East, and the US, compelled the US and USSR, in strict secrecy, to take defensive measures against 'extraterrestrial' visitors.

In July 1952, President Harry S. Truman and General Omar N. Bradley issued an order to fire upon UFOs that refused to land. This directive arose from a series of incidents and accidents involving UFOs, particularly their appearances near Washington D.C. in July 1952, which caused public alarm.

Written Testimonies

March 1954: The US Joint Chiefs of Staff issued JANAP 146/1952, the first high-level US document concerning urgent national security measures related to UFOs. This document, later revised as JANAP 146/C, was part of the SIRVIS (System for Reporting Vital Intelligence Sightings) instructions for reporting critical aerial and ground observations. MERINT (Maritime Intelligence) covered similar phenomena at sea.

August 12, 1954: USAF General Nathan Twining signed USAF AFR 200-2, detailing procedures for reporting to the USAF.

June 1959: Admiral James S. Russell of the US Navy updated MERINT instructions, indicating that since 1952, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in cooperation with Canada, had expanded the early warning network for threats across the North American continent.

Document 6: USAF Instructions

This document, dated March 1966, is a replacement for a previous instruction (JANAP 146(E)) and provides more detailed guidance for UFO observations, intended for the Analysis and Planning Division to enhance 'health' measures globally. SIRVIS instructions emphasized full cooperation between US and Canadian forces.

Document 7: USAF Instruction AFR 200-2

Issued August 12, 1954, this instruction from the USAF outlines procedures for reporting Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs). Its purpose is to establish a reporting system for UFO-related information and define responsibilities within the USAF. A UFO is defined as a flying object whose aerodynamic characteristics and behavior are unlike any known aircraft or missile, or which cannot be identified for any reason. Known objects include balloons, celestial bodies, and birds. The USAF's interest in UFOs stems from two primary reasons: potential threat to US security and the need to understand the technical characteristics of these craft. While UFOs were not considered an immediate threat, the possibility of misidentification as enemy craft necessitated prompt reporting. The analysis of collected observations was insufficient, prompting continued data collection to explain sightings and assess advancements in new aircraft designs.

Document 8: US Navy Prospectus

Issued July 1959, this prospectus from the US Navy's MERINT program aims to inform merchant and fishing vessel captains, as well as radio officers, about reporting procedures for vital intelligence. These reports are crucial for early warning of the North American defense system. The document emphasizes the importance of reporting any foreign, suspicious, or unidentifiable moving air or sea craft approaching the continent, as such a report could be the first and only vital warning of an approaching enemy.

Document 9: JANAP 146(E)

This document, dated March 31, 1966, is a Canadian-American joint instruction on reporting vital intelligence observations (SIRVIS). It covers the scope of reporting, which includes information related to the security of the USA and Canada and their armed forces. The publication is intended for American and Canadian civilian and commercial aircraft, government and military aviation, merchant ships, government and military vessels, other vessels including fishing boats, and military bases. It also applies to government and civilian agents who may receive information from ground, air, or sea observers. Chapter II details SIRVIS reporting, specifying circumstances under which observations should be reported, including enemy or unidentified aircraft, missiles, submarines, surface vessels, and any unusual phenomena that could indicate a potential attack on Canada or the USA. It also covers reporting after landing, including messages that cannot be transmitted from aircraft, unmarked airfields, fortifications, weather stations, navigation aids, and mail-type communications (photos, films).

Document 10: DOD Flight Information Materials

From December 17, 1969, a group at the University of Colorado's 'Scientific Study of UFOs' concluded that no intelligent life from outside our solar system could visit Earth within the next 10,000 years. The US Department of Defense officially stated there was no evidence that 'unidentified' sightings represented extraterrestrial craft. A later DOD report from three years prior expressed the opinion that Pentagon-funded research at the University of Colorado held no scientific value.

Document 10: DOD Flight Information Materials (Continued)

Dated September 25, 1972, this document from the Department of Defense (DOD) is titled 'Flight Information Materials: Ordinary Flights.' It was prepared and published by the DOD's Cartographic Center.

Document 11: NASA Information Sheet

On February 8, 1978, NASA officially acknowledged that unidentified objects entering US airspace were a matter of special concern to the US National Defense Committee. NASA serves as the primary source for public inquiries regarding UFOs, but it does not conduct research on the phenomenon itself.

Document 12: UFO Observation Network

This document describes the UFO observation network of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, presented as a schematic diagram. The widely known 'Project Blue Book' is described as a minor, preliminary stage of research within the vast Pentagon mechanism for national and international security.

USSR

Preventive actions and notification of UFO activities in the USSR are severely restricted by military secrecy and censorship. Information on scientific and security problems related to UFOs, both domestic and foreign, is limited, with exceptions only for clearly obvious cases that cannot be concealed.

Initial Measures by USSR Military Command Against UFOs

Brief excerpts from the USAF Academy textbook 'Introduction to Space Science,' Vol. II, Physics, p. 370, are cited. Document 13, Chapter XXXIII, 'Unidentified Flying Objects,' section 33.3, 'Human Fear and Military Act,' mentions that presumed alien visitors were killed in Lyons, France. It also notes that on July 24, 1957, Russian anti-aircraft batteries on the Kuril Islands fired at a UFO, which glowed brightly and moved very fast, though no shots hit the target.

Scientific and Military Activity in the USSR Regarding UFO Information

Alexander Kazantsev, a Soviet science fiction writer, sent a letter to Dr. Robert Pinotti in Italy, indicating that the USSR Armed Forces Command had assigned General Porfiry Andreevich Stolyarov to Dr. Felix Siegel, a professor at the Moscow Aviation Institute, to organize a committee on the UFO problem.

Document 14: Letter from Alexander Kazantsev

In this letter to his 'dear friend Robert Pinotti,' Kazantsev expresses regret at being unable to attend an international congress in Milan on UFO problems due to his health. He also states that Professor F. Yu. Zigel will be unable to attend due to his teaching duties. They both express regret and wish to cooperate remotely. An organizing committee for UFO problems has been established at the All-Union House of Aviation and Cosmonautics, chaired by aviation General Stolyarov, with F. Yu. Zigel as deputy and a secretary who is known to Pinotti through correspondence.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the official acknowledgment and investigation of UFOs by major world powers, particularly the USA and USSR, during the Cold War era. There's a strong emphasis on military and governmental procedures for reporting and analyzing UFO sightings, highlighting the perceived security implications. The magazine presents a narrative that suggests a significant, albeit often secret, level of governmental concern and activity regarding UFOs, ranging from official pronouncements of extraterrestrial origin to military directives for engagement. The editorial stance appears to be one of presenting documented evidence and official statements, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions about the nature and significance of UFO phenomena. The inclusion of witness testimonies, crash reports, and photographic evidence alongside official documents suggests an effort to provide a comprehensive, though potentially biased, overview of the UFO topic from a historical and governmental perspective.

This document appears to be a compilation of reports and articles detailing UFO sightings and military encounters, primarily from the 1940s through the 1970s. It is presented in a chronological and incident-based format, with a focus on events involving military forces and alleged extraterrestrial technology.

Key Incidents and Reports

The document begins with a personal letter from Alexander Kazantsev dated June 2, 1967, expressing his involvement in an organizing committee for UFO research and his scientific contact with Dr. Valle of Chicago.

Document 15: United Nations General Assembly

A report from a UN Special Political Committee meeting on November 28, 1977, in New York, details a speech by Grenada's Ambassador, Dr. Wellington Friday, regarding a proposed UN-sponsored International UFO Observation Network (IKUFON). The proposal, first made in February 1966, aimed to establish a global research and analytical system to study unidentified flying objects, extraterrestrial beings, and communication. Despite some follow-up from the UN Secretariat, the initiative received limited traction.

University of the UN for Research and Education

On April 17, 1974, IKUFON proposed an international research program to the UN University. However, neither the UN Secretariat nor the University considered UFO research a priority.

UFOs and Unannounced Military Actions Between Earthly and Galactic Forces

Armed Clashes - Combat Reconnaissance?

• December 14, 1944 (New York Times): Reports of floating mysterious spheres, described as a new Nazi aerial weapon, appearing singly or in groups, sometimes semi-transparent.
• February 25, 1942: The first officially confirmed defensive action against a UFO during the 'Battle of Los Angeles'.
• December 23, 1944: General Eisenhower issued a directive treating 'Floating Mysterious Spheres' as a secret fascist aerial weapon.
• February 1945: A US Navy battleship and escort destroyers fired on a silver object, estimated to be the size of a two-story house, near Iwo Jima. The object was identified as the planet Venus to prevent panic.

List of Fatalities from Discoveries

• July 1947: USAF Captain William L. Davidson died in a crash while pursuing a UFO.
• January 7, 1948: Fort Knox, Kentucky. USAF Base Commander Colonel Guy F. Hicks sent Captain Thomas F. Mantell to observe a large metallic UFO. Mantell's F-51 fighter exploded, with suggestions that a UFO's ray weapon was responsible.

Testing the Effectiveness of the US Air Force Against UFOs

• Summer 1952: According to Captain Edward J. Ruppelt's book 'The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects', a USAF F-86 fighter jet fired at a flying saucer. Ruppelt confirmed the ineffectiveness of US efforts against UFOs.
• The document details an incident where an F-86 fired at a UFO, which then accelerated away. The pilot attempted to shoot it down with a missile, but it was unsuccessful.

The Power of UFO Ray Weapons

• July 2, 1954: Two 'Starfighter' jets were sent to intercept a UFO. The UFO fired a ray weapon at one of the jets, causing the pilot and radar operator to eject and the plane to crash, killing two people.

Air Combat Over a US Far East Base

• October 1956: Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands. A jet fighter pilot was killed after opening fire on a UFO over a major US military base.

Attack by UFO Ultrasonic Cannons

• November 4, 1957: Fort Itaipu, Brazil. Two sentries were attacked by a large orange glowing disc and injured by a ray weapon, possibly an ultrasonic beam, causing third-degree burns.

UFO Alert on the American Fleet

• December 20, 1966: Tonkin Gulf, Vietnam. Guided missiles and aircraft from the cruiser 'Long Beach' and carrier 'Kitty Hawk' failed to intercept 'North Vietnamese aircraft' maneuvering over US fleet ships. The report implies these were UFOs.

Surface-to-Air Missiles Against Mysterious Objects Over Hanoi

• September 29, 1972: Hanoi, North Vietnam. An orange glowing object hovered at high altitude. Three surface-to-air missiles were fired but could not reach the UFO due to its altitude.
• A reprint from the 'State Journal' in Lansing, Michigan, dated September 30, 1972, describes the object as spherical, glowing orange, and stationary despite a breeze. It was at a very high altitude, and the missiles could not reach it.

Depth Charges Against Underwater UFOs

• November 12-27, 1972: Norway. The Norwegian and NATO Atlantic fleets used depth charges against an unidentified 'submarine' operating in Norwegian fjords. The attack disabled all electronic equipment on the ships, including radar and radio.

US Helicopter and Unknown Forces

• October 18, 1973: Mansfield Air Force Base, Ohio, USA. A cigar-shaped, slightly dome-shaped metallic object appeared near an army helicopter. The helicopter was lifted from 500m to 1300m in 4 minutes by an unknown force from the object.

Department of the Army

• June 13, 1974: A letter from Major General L. Gordon Hill of the Army Information Office to Mr. von Kewitzky, confirming that the Army had received reports of unidentified objects seen by observers. He clarified that while the object was unidentified, it did not necessarily mean it was of extraterrestrial origin.

Frenzied Attack on a Japanese 'Phantom'

• June 9, 1974: Hyakuri, near Tokyo, Japan. A 'Phantom' fighter jet piloted by Lieutenant Colonel Toshio Nakamura was scrambled to intercept a red-orange disc-shaped object. The object descended rapidly, forcing the jet to dive to avoid a collision. The UFO collided with or shot down the jet, resulting in the pilot's death. The Japanese Air Defense stated that the F-4E fighter crashed after colliding with an 'aerial vehicle' or 'unknown object', which was never found.

The Most Terrible UFO Weapon

• Autumn 1974: Binn, Korea. A disc-shaped metallic craft, approximately 100m in diameter, approached a South Korean coastal artillery battery. A 'Hawk' missile fired at it was destroyed by a 'white beam' from the craft. Subsequently, two more 'Hawk' missiles and the launch platform were fused into an unrecognizable mass.

Duel Over the Mediterranean Sea

• Autumn 1974: Sardinia, Italy. A camera on a missile trajectory control apparatus recorded a huge disc-shaped craft with a dome hovering over the sea. When a missile was launched, a laser-like beam from the craft destroyed it.

Tactical and Technological Superiority of UFOs

• September 19, 1976: Mehrabad, Iran. The pilot of an F-4 interceptor pursuing a UFO was paralyzed during an engagement while attempting to launch a missile.

Teletype Message (Iran)

• September 19-20, 1976: Tehran, Iran. Four reports from citizens described strange objects in the sky. One described a bird-like object, another a helicopter with lights. A pilot of an F-4 'Phantom' was dispatched to investigate an object resembling a star, but brighter. The F-4's instruments failed when it approached within 45 km. Upon retreating, the instruments returned to normal. A second F-4 was launched and detected the object approaching at 250 km/h. The object then accelerated away. The object's radar signature was comparable to a Boeing-707. Its light emitted rectangular pulses. Another object detached from the first and headed towards the F-4. The pilot's missile system failed, and he lost VHF and internal communication. The object followed the F-4, and the two objects merged. A third object then descended rapidly. The F-4 crew observed the object land softly, illuminating the area. The F-4 experienced instrument malfunctions and communication interference.

2. ABDUCTION OPERATIONS

The Missing Regiment

• August 21, 1915: Gallipoli Peninsula, Turkey. During WWI, eight strange light-gray torpedo-shaped clouds, 200-250m long, hovered over a road. Soldiers entering the clouds disappeared and did not emerge. The clouds then ascended and moved north.

Loss of Six US Navy Aircraft

• December 6, 1948: Fort Lauderdale, Bermuda Triangle. Five torpedo bombers on patrol disappeared under mysterious circumstances. A rescue aircraft with thirteen crew members also vanished.

USAF Chief of Staff Acknowledges Abductions

• Summer 1968 and 1969: Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), Vietnam. General George S. Brown, USAF Chief of Staff, acknowledged battles with an 'invisible enemy' in the DMZ and Pleiku. The number of missing soldiers was not disclosed.
• In response to a press query about the USAF's stance on UFO activity, General Brown stated that they were referred to as 'enemy helicopters' and were seen only at night in specific locations. He recounted an incident in the DMZ in 1968 that led to a battle, and a similar event in Pleiku in 1969.

Missing Station and 'Black Monks'

• April-May 1975: Haimasker, Hungary. A temporary observation station and its guard were found missing. The guard was later found in a state of mental distress, muttering about 'black monks'.

Patrol Chief Abducted

• April 25, 1977: Pampa Luskuma, Arica, Chile. A military patrol observed two shining objects. Corporal Armando Valdez approached one object and disappeared. He reappeared 15 minutes later, disoriented, stating, "You don't know who we are or where we came from - but we will return soon." He then lost consciousness. The Chilean military authorities refused to provide further information.

3. MANEUVERS AND GENERAL STRATEGY OF UFO FORCES

Observations of Military Base Evacuation on Okinawa

• May 15, 1972: Okinawa. During the partial evacuation of a military base, an unidentified flying craft was observed. It moved at an angle of 32° above the horizon at speeds exceeding sound, performing sharp maneuvers, and stopping instantly.
• March 7, 1972: Naha, Okinawa. Power outages occurred near the naval base, with reports of UFOs near the power station. Interceptor aircraft were scrambled multiple times due to UFOs within a 3000 km radar range.

Large-Scale Maneuvers Over the USA

• October 11-19, 1973: A systematic invasion maneuver was conducted over the Central-Eastern USA. The operation demonstrated the tactical and strategic ineffectiveness of US air defense. This was preceded by reconnaissance operations in the Gulf of Mexico by 'galactic submarines'.
• October 11: Pascagoula, Mississippi. Three robot-like beings reportedly abducted two shipyard workers for biological examination aboard a spacecraft.
• October 17: Alabama. An invasion operation focused on the US's largest military and space industry center. A police chief photographed a robot-like being that had disembarked from a spacecraft.
• October 16-17: Georgia. Reports of landings and beings in silver clothing. One individual was met with gunfire in Athens.
• Tennessee, Oklahoma. Objects paralyzed a police car and caused traffic jams.
• Fort Knox, Kentucky. US Treasury gold reserve.
• Indiana. US Navy ammunition depot, fuel tanks.

Willing, West Virginia: Hundreds of reports of visual sightings of galactic ships led to panic.

• October 17-18: Ohio. A NASA nuclear power plant was of interest. A torpedo-shaped craft, approximately 20m long, approached a military helicopter.

Lake Erie. Cyclotron in Sadsaki Bay.

• October 18: Michigan. The Governor of Ohio and his wife observed a 'vertically oriented object of amber color' for 35 minutes.

Manistee: The acting sheriff reported a mother ship with torpedo-shaped modules detaching smaller craft.

Two-Week Surveillance of a US Strategic Base

• 1975: The US Air Force declassified several reports concerning 'UFO Activity Over USAF Strategic Command Bases'. These reports confirmed reconnaissance operations by UFO forces between October 27 and November 10, 1975.
• October 27, 28, 31: Loring Air Force Base, Maine. UFOs were observed hovering over weapons storage areas. They were tracked by radar and intercepted by helicopters.
• October 30: Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan. Two 'cosmic ships' were tracked by radar. An interceptor pilot reported visual contact with several UFOs.
• November 7: Lewistown, Montana. A UFO with red and white lights was observed hovering at low altitude near a Minuteman missile launch control center.
• November 8: UFOs reconnoitered eight missile bases in Montana. Interceptors were dispatched but the UFOs turned off their lights and became invisible upon approach.
• November 10: Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota. A glowing object, approximately the size of a car, flew silently over a radar installation.

Strategic Reconnaissance Over the European Continent

• The document notes that UFO observations over Europe and the Middle East suggest significant activity by 'Galactic Special Forces' monitoring arms shipments to the Middle East. The provided map is based on public information but could be supplemented by classified data.

A. Vigilant Control of Navigational and Strategic Key Routes to the Middle East

• Skagerrak and Kattegat Straits: Key points controlling the USSR's maritime route to the Atlantic.
• English Channel: Frequent UFO flights between Dover and Calais, covering major international shipping routes for Britain and France.
• Gibraltar: The gateway to the Mediterranean, with constant UFO flights from Gibraltar to Cyprus, covering NATO, US, and Soviet naval and air bases.
• Bosporus and Dardanelles: Sea gates to the southern industrial regions of the USSR.
• Suez Canal: Under military censorship in Egypt and Israel.

B. Systematic Control of Energy Sources, Industrial Areas, Military Installations, and Trade in Europe

• The Saar region of West Germany, a major energy and industrial hub, shows few UFO symbols on the map, but surrounding areas are highlighted.
• Oil-rich territories near Ploiești, Romania, and its Black Sea port are noted.
• Zaporizhzhia Hydroelectric Power Station on the Dnieper River is identified as a source of energy for the steel industry in Dnepropetrovsk, USSR.

Industrial Areas: Aveiro-Viseu, Bragança-Viana do Castelo (Northwest Portugal); Saar region (West Germany); Styria (Austria); Turin-Genoa-Milan-Padua-Spezia (Italy); Leningrad and Dnepropetrovsk (USSR).

Military Installations: Brussels, Belgium (NATO tactical operations headquarters); Riga, USSR (submarine and warship production); Leningrad, USSR (military industry and port).

Military Trade and Industry

• Capitals of European countries are subject to constant UFO inspection due to their airports being equipped for large modern aircraft, making them suitable bases for NATO and Warsaw Pact air forces.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this document are the persistent presence and advanced capabilities of UFOs, often in direct or indirect conflict with military forces. There is a strong implication of advanced extraterrestrial technology, including weaponry and stealth capabilities. The document also touches upon the idea of systematic surveillance and control by these forces over strategic locations and resources. The editorial stance appears to be one of documenting and presenting these events as credible phenomena, often highlighting the perceived ineffectiveness of human defenses and the potential for a covert extraterrestrial presence influencing global affairs. The inclusion of UN proposals for research and military reports suggests an attempt to legitimize the subject matter within official or semi-official contexts.

This issue of "UFO International" (Volume 1, Issue 11, dated 1979) is a Russian-language publication focusing on UFO phenomena, alleged alien encounters, and government investigations. The magazine presents a critical perspective on official explanations and suggests a pattern of downplaying or concealing information related to UFOs.

Key Articles and Content

International UFO Activity and Military Interests

The issue begins by listing countries that are major exporters of weaponry and have significant military bases, suggesting these are areas of interest for UFOs. Countries like Great Britain, France, Sweden, Switzerland, and West Germany are mentioned, along with their key industrial and military sites such as naval ports and tank factories.

Encounters with Humans

This section details several incidents where humans reportedly encountered non-human entities. A prominent case is the August 21, 1955, incident in Kelly, Kentucky, where farmer Sutton and his son fired upon and wounded two humanoid creatures described as approximately one meter tall, wearing silver suits, and possessing large heads and long, webbed fingers with claws. The creatures were reportedly hit but managed to escape.

Another case from August 13, 1967, in Goias, Brazil, describes farmer Souza firing at three humanoid beings emerging from a disc-shaped craft. A green beam from the craft paralyzed Souza, and he later died of leukemia, attributed to unknown radiation.

Other incidents include a November 1968 event in Nevada, USA, where a truck driver named Franca Harmona fired at a bright object that then emitted a blue beam, burning him and his truck. On July 4, 1969, in Anolaima, Colombia, Anesio Bermudez was hit by a gamma ray from a silver object, leading to his death.

Physical Injuries and Encounters

The magazine details cases of physical harm sustained by individuals due to UFO-related events. The January 7, 1970, incident in Imjärvi, Finland, describes forester Aarvo Heinonen and farmer Esko Villjo being exposed to a dense fog and sparks from a hovering object. Both men suffered paralysis, vomiting, and other severe symptoms, eventually dying from radiation poisoning.

Another case from August 9, 1953, in Palm Beach, Florida, USA, recounts how scout leader Sonny Desverges was burned by a fiery red beam from a circular craft. A March 19, 1969, incident in Wilson, Ohio, USA, involved 13-year-old Gregory Wells being struck by a beam that ignited his jacket. On February 7, 1969, in Pirasananga, Brazil, Tiago Machado was burned by a 'flame' from a Saturn-shaped object, causing paralysis.

George Wheeler, a retired police chief from Elmwood, Wisconsin, USA, lost consciousness for 14 days after being exposed to a blue beam from a large orange object on April 22, 1976.

Abductions for Specific Purposes

• This section lists several alleged abductions:
• September 19, 1961, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA: Barney and Betty Hill were abducted for medical examination.
• December 3, 1967, Ashland, Nebraska, USA: Patrolman Herbert Schirmer was abducted for a conversation and exchange of information.
• October 11, 1973, Pascagoula, Mississippi, USA: Charles Hickson and Calvin Parker were abducted for biomedical research.
• August 13, 1975, Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, USA: Staff Sergeant Charlie L. Moody was taken aboard a reconnaissance-type disc-shaped craft.
• November 5, 1976, Heber, Arizona, USA: Travis Walton, a logger, was abducted for biomedical research and released after 8 days.
• October 15, 1957, San Francisco de Sales, Brazil: Antonio Villas-Boas was abducted and allegedly forced into sexual relations with an extraterrestrial woman.

Mysterious Cattle Mutilations

The issue discusses the phenomenon of cattle mutilations, citing the September 9, 1967, case of a horse named Snippy found mutilated on Frank Leveck's farm in Colorado. The horse's flesh was removed with surgical precision, and its organs were missing. The magazine notes that thousands of cattle were found mutilated in a similar manner throughout the late 1960s and again in 1974-75 across several US states. Authorities were unable to find a terrestrial explanation, with some government statements blaming 'satanic occultists'. Scientist Jerome Eden questions how such a group could acquire the means for such operations and evade detection.

Part III: Reality Hidden by Disinformation

This section critiques the way UFO research is often presented, suggesting that sensationalism and illusory beliefs obscure the true nature of the phenomenon. It criticizes parapsychology and metaphysics for monopolizing the UFO topic and reframing real evidence into 'parallel universes' or 'paranormal worlds'. The article asserts that throughout history, threats have come from humans, not invisible worlds. It references Project Blue Book and the significant physical traces left by UFO landing sites, some weighing up to 30,000 tons, which are incompatible with the idea of ghosts or disembodied entities.

Dr. J. Allen Hynek and his colleagues, Jacques Vallée and Lee Spiegel, are mentioned. Hynek's position is quoted: "I seriously believe that UFOs are real – but I still don't know what they are." The magazine implies that these scientists, while acknowledging the reality of UFOs, may be contributing to the confusion.

Official Scientific Disinformation

This part of the magazine examines official studies on UFOs, particularly the Condon Committee's research conducted for the US Air Force. The committee's conclusion, as summarized in their report, was that extraterrestrial intelligent life was unlikely to visit Earth for at least 10,000 years. The National Academy of Sciences supported these findings. The magazine questions the official stance, noting that despite years of study, little new scientific knowledge had been gained, and there was no compelling reason to attribute observed phenomena to extraterrestrial sources.

The review of the Condon report by the Academy is presented, highlighting its praise for the objective methods used but its skepticism about widespread federal UFO investigations. The Academy supported studying specific UFO-related phenomena, particularly in atmospheric optics and sociology, but did not advocate for a full-scale federal inquiry.

The report's findings on official secrecy, the potential threat of UFOs to security, and future government policy are discussed. The magazine agrees with the conclusion that there is no evidence of official secrecy surrounding UFOs and that the Air Force's stance is that UFOs do not pose a threat to national security.

US Air Force and NASA Responses

The magazine presents typical responses from the US Air Force (USAF) to public inquiries about UFOs. A letter from October 17, 1974, indicates that the decision to cease UFO research was based on evaluations by the University of Colorado, the National Academy of Sciences, and the USAF's own two decades of experience. The USAF concluded that no UFOs studied posed a threat to national security, provided no evidence of technology beyond current scientific knowledge, and offered no proof of extraterrestrial origin.

NASA's position is also presented. A statement from August 17, 1977, indicates that if there were clear evidence of extraterrestrial beings near Earth, NASA would investigate, but currently, there is only a collection of anecdotal evidence. A later statement from February 8, 1978, suggests that reports of unidentified objects entering US airspace are based on defense intelligence and that the USAF is no longer investigating UFO sightings.

Jimmy Carter's UFO Sighting

The issue details Jimmy Carter's reported UFO sighting. While governor of Georgia in October 1969, he claimed to have seen a bright, moving object for 10-12 minutes, which shone brighter than the moon at times. Despite Carter becoming President of the USA, NASA officially classified his sighting as an observation of the planet Venus. The magazine questions this classification, noting that some atmospheric researchers suggested Venus could appear much brighter than a first-magnitude star.

US Security Agencies Warn the Public

Statements from US security officials are included, such as Michel Michaud, Assistant Director of the US State Department, who stated that "Aliens from other Solar Systems represent a potential threat to us, and we represent a potential threat to them." Irvin Pikus, Assistant Director for Space Research, echoed this sentiment, emphasizing the need to be prepared for potential threats from extraterrestrials.

IKUFON Proposals to the UN

The organization IKUFON, along with collaborating international research groups, has been working for 13 years on UFO-related issues for the UN. Their memorandum to the UN highlights the threat to international peace and security posed by extraterrestrial forces. They propose several measures:
1. International observation and coordinated registration of UFO activity.
2. Establishment of a "UN Center for Security and Communication in Space."
3. Convening an International UFO Congress under UN auspices to discuss the reality of extraterrestrial civilizations and the potential threat they pose, as well as safety measures.

The proposals are supported by statements from representatives of various countries and organizations.

Acknowledgements and Good Wishes

The magazine thanks the US State Department, Department of Defense, and various other government agencies and archives for declassifying documents that enabled the coverage of UFO issues. It also acknowledges numerous international UFO research organizations and individuals for their expertise and contributions.

America – Motherland of False UFOs

This article by Mikhail Gerstein examines historical UFO sightings in America, particularly the "airship" wave of 1897. It suggests that people at the time interpreted unknown aerial phenomena through the lens of their contemporary technology, imagining "airships" with wheels, wings, and sails. The article posits that this wave of sightings led to one of the greatest hoaxes of the past: the first fake UFO photograph. The author describes a specific sighting in Illinois in April 1897, where witnesses saw a craft with a "shiny steel hull" and "wings." The article concludes by suggesting that the phenomenon of UFO sightings in America has often been intertwined with deception and misinterpretation.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue include the physical effects of UFO encounters on humans and animals, the alleged abduction of people for various purposes, and the phenomenon of cattle mutilation. A strong undercurrent throughout the magazine is the skepticism towards official government explanations and a belief that there is a deliberate effort to conceal or downplay the reality and significance of UFO phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be that UFOs are real, potentially pose a threat, and that governments are not being transparent with the public. The magazine actively promotes the idea that independent research and international cooperation are necessary to understand and address the UFO issue, advocating for a more open and proactive approach from global authorities.

This issue of the magazine, identified by page numbers 121-130, focuses on UFO sightings and encounters with strange creatures, primarily in Pennsylvania during the 1970s. The content is presented in Russian and delves into specific cases, eyewitness accounts, and investigations into these phenomena.

The Rogers Park UFO Hoax

The issue begins by detailing a widely reported UFO sighting in Rogers Park, Illinois, where a newsstand owner named Mac-Cann claimed to have photographed a large, cigar-shaped object. The account includes interviews with Mac-Cann and other witnesses like George Overocker, E. Osborn, and William Hudlis, who corroborated seeing the object. The photographs taken were initially considered strong evidence. However, the narrative then reveals that this incident was a deliberate hoax. Railroad signalman William Hudlis confessed that the photographs were taken with a small, painted canvas model of a UFO, approximately 1.2 meters long, suspended by threads. The intention was to create a sensation and have some fun. The article notes that the original photographs were lost.

Strange Creatures in Pennsylvania

The bulk of the magazine is dedicated to reports of encounters with unusual, ape-like creatures, often referred to as 'Bigfoot' or 'Sasquatch,' primarily in Pennsylvania. The author, Stan Gordon, presents numerous cases investigated by himself and other UFOlogists.

Early Reports and Descriptions

Reports of these creatures date back to the early 19th century, with descriptions of them being upright-walking, hairy beings, typically between 5 to 9 feet tall, with long arms. Some accounts mention a strong, unpleasant odor and piercing screams. The phenomenon gained more public attention after the 1900s, with reports emerging from various regions.

Physical Characteristics and Behavior

Witnesses consistently describe the creatures as having glowing red eyes, often without visible pupils or whites, and a flat, ape-like nose. Their bodies are covered in dark or dirty white hair. They are described as being muscular, with long arms that can reach below their knees. Their gait is noted as being unusually large. Some reports mention a strong, chemical smell, likened to rotten eggs or sulfur, which could linger for days and affect people and animals. The creatures are generally not perceived as aggressive, often fleeing when confronted or shot at. They show curiosity towards children and have been observed to follow people and animals, sometimes over long distances. There are also mentions of three-toed footprints found at sighting locations.

Notable Incidents and Locations

Several specific incidents are detailed:

• Springfield and Decatur: Reports of bright lights and cigar-shaped objects.
• Lincoln: Sightings of a V-shaped object and white and green lights.
• Westmoreland County: A significant number of reports of both UFOs and creatures, particularly in the Greensburg area near a cemetery. These sightings occurred in 1972 and continued.
• Near Route 30: A woman reported a creature with glowing red eyes outside her window, and a three-toed footprint was found.
• Greensburg Area: Multiple sightings of ape-like creatures around 5 feet tall near a forest.
• Derry: A woman reported a creature looking into her window, and a similar UFO was observed in the area.
• Herminie: A man reported a large, ape-like figure near his property.
• Verona: Sightings of ape-like creatures jumping in trees and running on the ground, with associated UFO activity.
• Trailer Parks: Many sightings occurred near trailer parks, with creatures sometimes peering into windows.

Investigation and Organization

The magazine highlights the efforts of organizations like the UFOlogical Group (VPFOSG) and the State Police in investigating these phenomena. The Westmoreland County Civil Defense established a group to study UFOs and related phenomena without prejudice. These investigations involved interviewing witnesses, examining evidence such as footprints, and documenting reports. The article notes that while many reports are explained, a significant percentage remains unexplained, suggesting advanced technology beyond current human capabilities.

Association with UFOs

A recurring theme is the correlation between UFO sightings and the appearance of these strange creatures. The article suggests that UFOs might be involved in deploying these beings for unknown purposes, possibly for collecting biological samples. A large disk-shaped UFO observed in 1972 near Greensburg is presented as a potential link between UFO sightings and creature appearances in the region.

Skepticism and Credibility

The author acknowledges that many initial reports were met with skepticism, even from investigators. However, the sheer volume of consistent eyewitness accounts from diverse geographical areas, including from individuals who were previously skeptical, lends credibility to the phenomenon. The article emphasizes that many witnesses were ordinary people who had no prior interest in UFOs or the occult.

Potential Explanations and Theories

While not definitively concluding, the article explores possibilities such as these creatures being a form of extraterrestrial life. The advanced technology of the UFOs observed suggests a highly intelligent source. The creatures' behavior, such as their apparent lack of aggression and their interest in children, is noted as puzzling.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the investigation of unexplained aerial phenomena (UFOs) and encounters with cryptids, specifically ape-like creatures. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious inquiry into these phenomena, presenting eyewitness testimony and investigative findings as credible evidence, while also acknowledging the possibility of hoaxes. The magazine encourages a scientific and open-minded approach to studying these mysteries, suggesting that they represent a significant and potentially advanced intelligence interacting with Earth.

This issue of UFO International, dated January-February 1974, focuses on a series of unusual sightings and encounters in Pennsylvania involving unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and mysterious, hairy, ape-like creatures. The magazine presents detailed witness testimonies and the findings of an investigative team.

Key Incidents and Investigations

October 25th Incident

On October 25th, a case was reported that clearly linked UFOs with hairy creatures. The investigation was led by Dr. Bertold E. Schwarz, a psychiatrist from Montclair, New Jersey, who was studying unusual events. The report, to be published in FSR in January-February 1974, detailed an incident where a UFO was observed, and two tall, ape-like beings with shiny gray eyes emerged. The creatures emitted screams and a smell of burning rubber. A witness fired shots at them, but they retreated into the woods. A police officer later found a glowing circular area on the ground, approximately 150 feet in diameter.

Uniontown Police Report

Around 10:30 PM, the Uniontown Police Department received a call from an officer who had just investigated a UFO landing. The officer reported seeing something unusual and confirmed the sighting. A field team was dispatched, consisting of George Lutz (second director of VSUFOSG, former Air Force pilot), Dave Smith (physics teacher), Dennis Smeltzer (sociologist), Dave Baker (photographer), and the author. They met with the main witness and his father. The witness described seeing a large red ball descend towards a pasture around 9 PM. He and two friends drove to the location and observed a bright white object, about 100 feet in diameter, near the ground. They heard piercing sounds from the landing zone and a noise from the object itself, resembling a lawnmower. Two ape-like creatures, described as tall with shiny gray eyes, approached. The creatures emitted screams, and the air smelled of burning rubber. The witness fired shots, but the creatures did not stop. One creature emitted a mournful cry and moved towards the other. The UFO then disappeared.

Post-Incident Observations

After the creatures retreated into the woods, the witnesses returned home and contacted the state police. A police officer arrived and observed a glowing white patch of ground, 150 feet in diameter, which did not reach the ground and was avoided by horses and cattle. The officer and witness followed the creatures' path and heard something moving in the woods, which stopped when they did. The officer noted the witness was on the verge of hysteria.

Further Investigation and Phenomena

Upon arrival at 1:30 AM, the investigative team found no radiation. The glowing ring was gone, but animals remained outside the zone. The ground was hard, with no visible tracks. Later, a bull in a neighboring field appeared frightened by something in the field. The witness's dog also reacted. The witness then began to rub his head and face, becoming agitated and making animal-like sounds. He then knocked over George Lutz and his father. The dog approached him but ran away. The witness ran around the field, making sounds, and then collapsed. Dennis Smeltzer felt dizzy and fell. Dave Baker and Dave Smith assisted, with Baker experiencing difficulty breathing. A sulfur smell was detected. The author notes that the sounds made by the witness were difficult to replicate and similar to cries recorded in Westmoreland County. He considers the possibility of psychological causes but is swayed by the animals' reactions and the sulfur smell. He also notes that two members of the team, who are psychologically strong, reacted to the event.

Midland Incident (November 2nd)

About a week later, near Midland, Beaver County, another incident occurred. Around 100 witnesses, including the police chief, saw a large disc-shaped object flying over Industry and Ohioville. This coincided with police investigating reports of a 'strange animal.' The next morning, a three-toed footprint, similar to one found in Greensburg in July, was discovered. The tracks were 11 inches long and 5 inches wide. Two hunters found a suspected UFO landing site in a wooded ravine. They discovered ring-shaped indentations in the grass, 42 feet in diameter, and several triangular depressions, suggesting a landing device. A local woman reported seeing a large, hairy, ape-like creature with glowing green eyes.

Fayette County Incident (February 6, 1974)

This section details a highly unusual case from February 6, 1974, in Fayette County, near Uniontown. Mrs. A. heard a noise like rattling cans on her porch. She went out with a 16-gauge shotgun, expecting to scare away wild dogs, but instead saw a 7-foot tall, hairy, ape-like creature. When she turned on the light, the creature raised its hands and then disappeared in a flash of light, described as similar to a camera flash. There was no sound or smell.

Witness's Son's Encounter

Mrs. A.'s son-in-law, who lived nearby, heard the shot and came over. He reported seeing 4-5 hairy figures, about 7 feet tall, resembling apes with long arms and red glowing eyes, approaching him. He fired twice and ran back into the house. A bright red light, resembling a Christmas tree light or a police car's rotating beacon, hovered over the woods. This caused panic, and state police and National Guard were called. Despite frozen ground, no tracks were found. The animals' reactions were significant: four dogs, including an Eskimo Spitz, were found trembling. Cats hid, and a horse refused to eat. Mrs. A.'s grandchild was restless and cried all night.

The Son-in-Law's Previous Encounter

The son-in-law had a previous encounter in November 1973. While walking his dog, he saw a dark figure he initially thought was a poacher. It turned out to be a tall, hairy, ape-like creature. He fired six shots, and the creature disappeared. He heard it running away but couldn't determine the direction. He returned home for his rifle, determined to confront it. Upon returning to the woods, he saw the creature again and fired. It emitted a cry like a child's or a person in extreme pain. His wife, hearing the cry, described it as a human cry of sharp pain.

Other Incidents and Observations

• A cat disappeared mysteriously from a locked cage with no tracks around it, despite fresh snow.
• Lights were observed hovering over the woods.
• Mrs. A. was awakened by a bright light and saw a round white object hovering near her daughter's trailer.
• 13 witnesses in Demosville pursued a creature they thought was a person in disguise. The creature approached their car, then moved away and peered from behind a rock. Witnesses were surprised by its ability to move rapidly and disappear.
• A police chief in a district with numerous sightings initially dismissed a report of a creature disappearing.
• A man reported that a creature suddenly appeared in front of his car on a country road, and he was unable to stop. The creature disappeared upon impact.
• In August, near Allegheny County, boys investigating a 'Bigfoot' sighting near a mine shaft encountered a spiral-shaped object and a beam of light. One boy was drenched in sweat. His mother believed he was being watched by occupants of a flying saucer and feared punishment if he spoke about it. Both boys were later involved in car accidents.

Common Characteristics and Theories

Many witnesses reported an invisible presence in their homes, feeling touched, or being woken by unseen entities. Objects were sometimes moved, and in some cases, figures materialized. One woman reported an invisible entity trying to communicate with her, which she compared to an 'incubus.' The magazine notes that since the early 1950s, some UFO researchers and witnesses have reported being threatened by individuals claiming to be government agents who confiscated physical evidence.

Several men and women posing as members of the investigative group visited witnesses, even those who had not reported sightings. Some witnesses reported being interviewed by government officials prior to the team's arrival. The magazine states that no government agency was officially studying these cases.

One incident at a trailer park involved a man with an Ohio license plate posing as a government employee. He took hair samples from a witness but later destroyed the tracks and took the film from a photographer. The hair samples were sent for analysis but their origin could not be determined.

Many letters from field investigators did not reach the bureau. One investigator sent a report three times for a mysterious case but received no confirmation.

Common characteristics observed include unusual animal behavior: dogs barking, horses refusing food, and cats hiding. However, as the creatures approached, the animals would become silent and hide. Cows would huddle together, and horses would try to escape. Children often cried all night when these creatures were near their homes.

The author theorizes that these creatures are controlled by radio signals, similar to how dolphins are guided. He suggests that children and animals may be more sensitive to high-frequency sounds. He also speculates about the possibility of UFO bases underwater, near areas with frequent sightings, as some hairy, ape-like creatures were reported to have swum in areas where UFOs were seen emerging from water.

Distinguishing from Bigfoot

The author believes that the creatures associated with UFOs are distinct from 'Bigfoot' or 'Sasquatch,' despite their similar characteristics.

Significance of Gestures

In cases of close encounters, when creatures were shot at, they would step forward and raise their hands, which the author interprets as an international sign of surrender. He emphasizes the importance for UFO researchers to consider all reports without prejudice, as these 'UFO-creatures' are observed nationwide.

Hair Samples and Unresolved Mysteries

Hair samples were sent to Fred Ulmer, former head of mammalogy at the Philadelphia Zoo, and Professor Georges Agozino of New Mexico University. Two samples' origins remain undetermined. The mystery of these phenomena continues, with the author suggesting that some answers may only be revealed in the next century or even later.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the direct correlation between UFO sightings and the appearance of mysterious, hairy, ape-like creatures, the unusual and often fearful reactions of animals to these entities, and the potential for these beings to possess intelligence and exert psychological influence. The magazine adopts a stance of serious investigation into these phenomena, presenting witness accounts and expert opinions while acknowledging the unexplained nature of the events. There is an underlying suggestion of possible government secrecy or interference, with individuals impersonating officials and confiscating evidence. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded inquiry into unexplained aerial phenomena and encounters with non-human entities.