Vestnik UFO - 2009 No 4

Magazine Overview

This issue of "Vestnik NLO" (UFO Herald), issue No. 4, published in April 2009, is dedicated to the critical examination of ufology. The cover prominently features the title in Cyrillic script and identifies A. V. Tulin as the editor.

Table of Contents

The issue includes a list of articles covering various aspects of ufology:

• Problems of Ufological Research by Ya. Sochka
• Some Problems of Modern Ufology by F. Yu. Zigel
• Ufology in Russia: What Has Been Done and Where Is It Going? by A. Petukhov
• The UFO Phenomenon. Arguments of Ufology by M. Gerstein
• Skepticism as a Global Phenomenon by P. Kurt
• The Title of Academician at a Bargain Price by A. Vagonov, V. Pokrovsky
• The Future of Domestic Ufology by A. V. Tulin

Editor's Note

The editor, Aleksey Tulin, introduces the issue's theme of ufology criticism, stating its enduring relevance. He addresses the conflicts within the ufological community, including instances of self-appointed academics and fraudulent organizations charging for training. Tulin defends his right to critique, asserting that if others can label certain ufologists as purveyors of disinformation, he also has the right to express his informed opinions, especially after nearly 10 years of studying the UFO phenomenon.

Problems of Ufological Research (Ya. Sochka)

This article critiques the current state of ufological research, emphasizing the need for evidence. Sochka argues that while ufologists collect vast amounts of data, they often lack skepticism, leading to a "garbage" of contradictory and often outlandish information. He criticizes the tendency to focus on collecting more evidence rather than critically analyzing existing data, comparing it to separating grain from chaff. The author laments that many ufologists are too quick to embrace extraordinary explanations, such as aliens collecting specimens or engaging in intimate relationships with humans, rather than seeking rational explanations. He suggests that official science's reluctance to engage with the topic is not due to outright disbelief but rather a lack of credible evidence and a rational approach.

Sochka points out that ufologists often fail to grasp the fundamental principles of scientific inquiry, leading to unproductive debates. He contrasts the scientific method of forming hypotheses based on empirical data with the ufological tendency to rely on speculation and anecdotal evidence. He criticizes the use of vague language like "probably" or "it is not excluded" in ufological claims, highlighting that while indirect evidence can be a starting point, it requires rigorous verification. The author warns that without a solid foundation of evidence, ufology risks remaining a pseudoscience.

Errors are Inevitable

This section discusses the fallibility of human perception and memory, which can lead to errors in eyewitness accounts. The author uses the example of Orson Welles' 1938 radio dramatization of "The War of the Worlds," which caused widespread panic due to listeners mistaking it for a real news report. A similar incident is recounted by Sergey Kurguzov, involving a radio program about UFOs that led to numerous calls from listeners claiming to have seen the described phenomena. The article emphasizes that our senses can deceive us and that even direct eyewitness testimony can be unreliable due to assumptions and the subjective nature of perception. Factors like weak or unclear sensory input, divided attention, and the tendency of memory to simplify and dramatize events can all distort accounts. The author stresses the importance of recording events as soon as possible after they occur, but even these records must be critically examined.

The article also touches upon the challenges of identifying UFOs, noting that many sightings can be explained by conventional means such as weather balloons or meteorological phenomena. It advocates for the principle of assuming natural explanations first, only resorting to extraordinary ones when all natural explanations have been exhausted. The author stresses that a ufologist must possess broad knowledge, not only of UFOs but also of aviation, atmospheric phenomena, and astronomy, to effectively investigate such cases.

Statistical data from various projects (US Air Force "Sign," "Grudge," "Project Blue Book," and the French "GEPAN" group) are presented, showing the percentage of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) or unidentified aerospace phenomena (UAP) that remained unexplained. These percentages range from 5.5% to 25% or more, with some studies indicating a much lower percentage of genuine unidentified objects.

Logical Errors in Ufology

This section delves into the logical fallacies commonly found in ufological theories. The author explains that these errors can arise from misinterpreting premises, violating logical laws, or drawing incorrect conclusions. Examples include circular reasoning, where a hypothesis is used to prove itself, as seen in cereology and contactology, where the existence of aliens is assumed to explain crop circles or alleged alien contacts. The article criticizes the tendency to explain the unknown through the equally unknown, such as attributing poltergeist activity to extraterrestrial psychological tests without first proving the existence of such visitors.

The author argues that many ufological assumptions are based on blind faith rather than empirical evidence. He likens the approach to identifying any unexplained archaeological find as evidence of ancient alien visitation, or interpreting photographic artifacts like emulsion smudges as proof of invisible worlds. The article suggests that ufology, or rather "ufomania," has become a dogmatic field where assertions are treated as unquestionable truths, similar to some arguments for the existence of God. Three main arguments for God's existence (cosmological, teleological, and ontological) are presented and then paralleled with ufological arguments, such as the idea that life on Earth was brought by extraterrestrials or that the complexity of nature implies a supernatural designer. The author concludes that while discovering that a proof is flawed does not automatically prove a thesis false, it does highlight the need for more robust, probabilistic evidence.

He distinguishes between unintentional logical errors (due to ignorance) and intentional ones (sophistry), noting that sophistry is prevalent in ufology, where distorted facts and phenomena are used to create seemingly true but baseless conclusions. The article posits that certain groups, both political and ufological, have an interest in concealing the truth about UFO origins. The author attributes these logical errors to a weak sensory-empirical reflection of the studied object and the presence of unqualified researchers, such as theologians who speculate about the spiritual state of aliens in other galaxies.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is a critical and skeptical examination of ufology. The articles consistently advocate for rigorous scientific methodology, empirical evidence, and logical reasoning. The editorial stance is clearly one of caution and critical inquiry, urging readers and researchers alike to approach the UFO phenomenon with a healthy dose of skepticism and to demand verifiable proof rather than accepting unsubstantiated claims. The issue highlights the dangers of pseudoscience, dogmatism, and the unreliability of human perception and memory when investigating anomalous phenomena.

This issue of 'UFO Investigations' (Issue 11) delves into the multifaceted nature of ufology, exploring its relationship with science fiction, scientific methodology, and various theoretical frameworks. The publication critically examines the field, distinguishing between genuine research and unsubstantiated claims.

Fantastica and Reality

The opening section highlights the significant role of human imagination in ufological literature, noting how minor details can be exaggerated into grand theories, while some seemingly compelling cases are later debunked, only to resurface in other sources. It posits that ufology, originating in 1947, emerged alongside a cultural surge in fantasy fueled by rapid scientific and technological progress. The article questions whether ufology is merely a form of fantasy, noting its academic consideration as a popular science fiction genre. It suggests that humanity, burdened by environmental crises, nuclear threats, and political instability, may be drawn to the idea of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations offering salvation, a theme frequently explored in science fiction literature and cinema.

The text acknowledges that ufology does contain genuine accounts, but these are often indistinguishable from mythological narratives, science fiction, and cinematic portrayals of aliens and their societies. A significant trend observed is the tendency for UFO literature to present cases that are not substantially different from Earth's own realities. The author criticizes a segment of ufologists who specialize in analyzing 'idiotic revelations and dreams,' labeling them as 'geniuses,' and likens this to 'tumors' on the body of ufology.

However, the article also recognizes scientific fiction as a sensitive 'indicator' of promising directions in natural sciences. It suggests that ufology's emergence at the dawn of space exploration is not coincidental, as space exploration implies not only advancements in weather forecasting and satellite communication but also the potential for contact with extraterrestrial civilizations.

The Verdict on UFOs

This section addresses the critique of ufology as a form of fantasy, acknowledging its validity while also asserting that reality can be more astonishing than fantasy. It cites the high accuracy of predictions made by science fiction writers like Jules Verne, Herbert Wells, and A. Belyaev as evidence that 'fantastic' ufology might serve as an 'indicator' of future REAL prospects. The existence of criticism towards ufology compels ufologists to be more responsible in their research, as it suggests that collected evidence and arguments are unconvincing, and that finding concrete proof is like searching for a needle in a haystack.

The author laments that many ufologists eventually realize they have wasted years on information based on human flaws and fabrications. This state of ufology, characterized by delusion and fabrication, is attributed to its status as a young science with a lack of methodology and unhealthy public interest. The article calls for a scientific approach, integrated efforts, and a persistent desire for accurate results.

It asserts that the UFO phenomenon is real, but the question of 'what is a UFO?' remains unanswered. The text highlights the need to eliminate fabrications and delusions, to remove the 'supernatural component,' and to 'cleanse the research platform' of 'anti...' elements. The responsibility for this lies with ufologists themselves, who must understand that they share a common problem requiring immediate resolution. Ufologists are urged to be open-minded but not to believe blindly, to gather information without blind devotion, to analyze without recklessness, and to rely on established laws. They must be honest in their assessments, conscientious with facts, and, most importantly, self-critical. They should trust their personal experience and knowledge, avoiding the spread of unverified information. Skepticism is encouraged, not to deny the phenomenon, but to avoid 'anti-UFO' dismissals and to consider possibilities.

Methodological Basis of Ufology

The article emphasizes that the world is not always as it appears, drawing parallels with Copernicus's principle. It states that all information gathered by ufologists requires thorough study to understand the essence of anomalous phenomena. The criterion for scientific validity is practice, encompassing experience, observation, experimentation, and the practical application of results. The author satirically suggests that those who engage in fanciful dialogues with aliens should form groups and pursue their fantasies elsewhere, perhaps building a starship to prove their claims, thereby advancing ufology on Earth.

Ufologists have a significant responsibility to ensure the accuracy of the information they disseminate. A honest, consistent, and responsible research approach is crucial for a 'healthy' ufology. This 'healthy' ufology should be guided by scientific methods and focus on studying unusual phenomena, which may require new methodologies due to the limited information available and the need to revise traditional scientific concepts. The goal is not a scientific revolution but a new style of scientific thinking that combines healthy conservatism with respect for established scientific principles and the freedom to explore new ideas.

Crucially, this new style of thinking requires tolerance for diverse viewpoints and hypotheses, the ability to listen to dissenting opinions, and the extraction of rational elements from them. Ufology must be grounded in natural sciences and independent of ideological influences. It should become a science on par with other fields, not a domain of occultism or parallel reality.

Paths of Scientific Progress

Scientific progress, the text explains, occurs through gradual evolution (building on previous research) or sudden revolution (rapid insight that re-examines facts). The goal of any science is to discard misconceptions and accurately define what new knowledge reveals about the universe. The UFO phenomenon, already a part of human culture, may present a reality that contradicts our current assumptions. While we hypothesize about the nature of UFOs, we know very little. The author predicts that modern ufology will eventually make a breakthrough, leading to a revolution that will fundamentally alter our current understanding.

Despite the imperfections of human memory, observation, and potential psychological issues, the author argues against abandoning the study of UFO sightings. Scientific research into phenomena is a difficult struggle, necessitating collaboration to find better and more reliable methods of investigation. The journey is arduous but worthwhile, as "what we know is limited, and what we don't know is infinite."

Some Problems of Modern Ufology

This section, authored by F. Yu. Zigel, discusses the nature of UFOs and the challenges in their study. Zigel notes that science progresses through hypotheses, and since the nature of UFOs is unknown, any hypothesis is permissible. He observes that many proposed hypotheses have been outcompeted by the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (ET H). According to ET H, the 'magical' nature of UFOs, their appearance, the use of biorobots, and residual biopoles at landing sites are understandable. The 'uncommunicativeness' of humanoids and the lack of official contact are also explained by the hypothesis of 'hidden contacts.' While the technology behind UFO 'miracles' is not understood, the overall impression suggests that humanity has long been visited by extraterrestrial civilizations.

Zigel expresses his long-held adherence to the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis but now sees its limitations and considers alternative viewpoints. He questions the intense interest of extraterrestrial civilizations in our seemingly insignificant planet, given the vastness of space and the limitations of current and future space technology. He dismisses faster-than-light travel as a solution for interstellar communication due to the resistance of interstellar medium. He criticizes cults that focus on collecting dubious messages from 'Celestial Brothers,' deeming them products of earthly authors with flawed reasoning. He agrees with Jacques Vallee that the anticipation of contact with aliens has become a social phenomenon.

He notes that UFO sightings have varied throughout history, from dirigibles and bearded pilots in 1897 to gnomes and fairies in the mid-century, and even ancient accounts of sailing ships and shields. This suggests that the UFO phenomenon may adapt to the psychological level of each era, rather than strictly beginning in 1947. He questions whether humanoid 'cosmonauts' are merely a form of camouflage.

Zigel then explores the possibility of interstellar travel through four-dimensional space, citing U. Corliss's work on rocket engines. He suggests that other dimensions might exist and could significantly reduce distances, such as to Mars. He concludes that the concept of multidimensional space could potentially resolve the challenges of long-distance travel for ET H proponents.

The Reality of UFOs and Their Implications

This section delves into the nature of UFOs, suggesting they might be psychophysical entities that leave biopoles at landing sites. The author references K. E. Tsiolkovsky's concept of the 'animal of the cosmos,' a self-sufficient being adapted to space. Tsiolkovsky's writings are cited, suggesting that ancient epochs also produced beings of great perfection and that unseen forces might influence human thoughts and actions. The article highlights recent research in biophysics and parapsychology, including studies on biopoles and their potential influence on physical processes like timekeeping and weight. A. V. Zolotova's work on biopoles is mentioned, proposing the concept of a 'biophysical telescope' for studying universal biopoles.

This idea resonates with the research of psychologist V. N. Pushkin, who, along with V. I. Vernadsky, believed in a 'Living Universe' permeated by biopoles. The article references Pushkin's work on psychohygiene, psychophysiology, and psychoenergetics, particularly his research on biologically active points and their influence. Pushkin's concept of 'form' as a fundamental component of nature is introduced, defining it as a hologram carrying information about an object's properties. For living beings, these form-holograms are more complex, and thinking beings generate mental images that reflect the external world. These form-holograms interact to create an 'informational field' of the universe. The interaction of form-holograms differs from matter interaction as it does not involve energy transfer. The hypothesis suggests the existence of undiscovered components in electromagnetic fields, possibly energy-less waves, requiring energy expenditure at transmission and reception points.

The article discusses evidence for the physical properties of forms, including data on a 'charge layer' around the human body and the effectiveness of influencing biologically active points. Pushkin and other authors propose that biologically active points are part of the mechanism forming the hologram of a living being. The concept of panspermia is revisited, suggesting that life on Earth might have originated from informational form-holograms that influenced evolution. This could explain the psychophysical nature of UFOs and their occupants.

Ufology and the Scientific Worldview

This section addresses the perception of ufology as pseudoscience and its compatibility with a materialist worldview. It discusses the work of V. V. Nalimov on the continuous nature of consciousness, contrasting it with the discrete nature of computers. Nalimov suggests that meditation allows access to these continuous streams of consciousness, justifying practices like hesychasm. The article notes the limited range of parapsychological research tools available to Soviet ufologists, highlighting psychometry as a particularly effective method, referencing the Bulgarian psychic 'Baba Vanga.'

It criticizes skeptics like V. V. Migulin for attempting to dismiss UFO phenomena as trivial natural occurrences, urging Soviet ufologists to expand their research to include physical and parapsychological methods. The 'Gissar-32' expedition is cited as evidence that UFOs possess vast and unknown properties. The authors counter the argument that a psychophysical approach to UFOs is incompatible with materialism, quoting V. I. Lenin's definition of matter as objective reality existing independently of consciousness. The article concludes that a materialist's understanding of the world is shaped by the scientific knowledge of the era, not by philosophical definitions of matter.

This issue of "Ufologiya v Rossii: chto sdelano i kuda ona idet?" (Ufology in Russia: what has been done and where is it going?) explores the history, development, and current state of ufology in Russia, alongside broader discussions on physics, cosmology, and the nature of reality. The content is primarily text-based, with a strong emphasis on theoretical and philosophical arguments.

Philosophical Foundations of Reality

The opening section discusses the philosophical concept of matter as the basis of objective reality, citing academician B.M. Kedrov and V.I. Lenin. It emphasizes that matter is an objective reality independent of human consciousness. The text then delves into the paradigm shifts in modern physics, particularly in microphysics, where concepts like wave-particle duality and the uncertainty principle challenge classical logic. The inadequacy of traditional concepts like 'inside' and 'outside' in the microworld is highlighted, along with the development of new mathematical tools like "probability waves" (Schrödinger's equation).

The article posits that if the microworld differs from our macroscopic experience, then the megaworld (galaxies) might also operate under different laws, citing the work of Professor B.A. Vorontsov-Velyaminov on interacting galaxies. It also touches upon the expanding universe hypothesis, noting its initial dismissal as "idealism" but its later development with strong physical and mathematical frameworks.

Parallel Worlds and Multiverse Hypotheses

A significant portion of the text explores the concept of "parallel worlds" or a multiverse. Drawing from the principle of the inexhaustibility of matter, the authors suggest the existence of multiple, relatively autonomous "worlds" or "metagalaxies." This idea is supported by references to V.V. Kazyutinsky, A. Tursunov, and A.S. Karmin. The concept of parallel worlds is linked to modern ufology, with models involving hyperspheres in a four-dimensional Euclidean space. The text suggests that the perceived impossibility of transitioning between dimensions might be a limitation of our current understanding.

Ufology in Russia: History and Development

The issue provides a detailed historical overview of ufology in Russia. The public ufology movement began in 1967 with a meeting to establish a scientific committee. Over the years, various groups and programs emerged, including unofficial research groups at MAI, state programs like "Setka AN/MO" and "Galaktika AN/MO," and the creation of the "Union of Ufologists" and the "All-Union Ufological Association." The text notes the challenges faced, including the dissolution of the USSR, financial difficulties, and the unofficial status of many groups.

It highlights the significant efforts of numerous Russian ufologists, including Alexander Kazantsev, Felix Zigel, Vladimir Azhazha, and many others, who have contributed to collecting data, conducting research, and attempting to give ufology a scientific status. The article acknowledges the vast amount of collected data, including thousands of UFO sighting reports and investigations of alleged landing sites.

Challenges and Criticisms in Ufology

The text critically examines the current state of ufology, pointing out a "deep crisis." It criticizes the lack of rigorous scientific methodology, the reliance on anecdotal evidence, and the tendency for information to be recycled across publications. The authors lament the disconnect between ufologists and academic science, attributing it to the perceived low scientific level of ufological research and the academic establishment's reluctance to accept the extraterrestrial hypothesis as the sole explanation for UFOs.

Alternative Hypotheses and Scientific Rigor

The issue questions the prevailing extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH) for UFOs, suggesting that the behavior of UFOs differs significantly from known terrestrial technology. It proposes that UFOs might be "time machines" or phenomena related to "temporal worlds," citing instances where time changes were recorded at landing sites. The text also explores other hypotheses, such as Earth being a "cosmic crossroads" or a "human zoo," implying that direct contact with humanity might not be the primary goal of these phenomena.

The Need for Scientific Verification

A recurring theme is the call for rigorous scientific verification of ufological hypotheses. The authors emphasize that no hypothesis has been seriously tested and that the field suffers from a lack of access to information due to secrecy. They argue that genuine scientific research requires free access to data and that the current state of ufology is hindered by a lack of systematic field expeditions and instrumental measurements.

The Role of K.E. Tsiolkovsky and Scientific Recognition

The text references K.E. Tsiolkovsky, the pioneer of astronautics, and the challenges he faced in gaining recognition. It also touches upon the desire of some ufologists to obtain academic titles and recognition, criticizing the creation of self-proclaimed "academicians" within ufology. The article advocates for a more humble approach, similar to Tsiolkovsky's, and stresses the importance of training new researchers and fostering inter-group cooperation.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently advocates for a more scientific and rigorous approach to ufology. It criticizes the current state of the field for its lack of empirical evidence and theoretical depth, while acknowledging the vast amount of anecdotal data collected. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-mindedness towards unconventional ideas, such as parallel worlds and time travel, but with a strong emphasis on the need for scientific methodology and verification. The underlying philosophy leans towards materialism, viewing matter as the fundamental basis of reality, but acknowledges the complexities and potential limitations of human understanding when exploring phenomena beyond everyday experience.

This issue of the Russian Ufological Digest "UFO-Navigator" (No. 11, November 2006) features an article by Mikhail Gerstein titled "Phenomenon of UFOs. Arguments of Ufology." The issue also includes a section on the history and development of skepticism towards paranormal phenomena.

"Phenomenon of UFOs. Arguments of Ufology." by Vladimir Azhazha and Vladimir Zabelishinsky

This article is a scathing critique of the book "Phenomenon of UFOs. Arguments of Ufology" by Vladimir Azhazha and Vladimir Zabelishinsky. The author, Mikhail Gerstein, argues that Azhazha, who has long been considered a ufologist, is actively discrediting the nascent scientific field. The book is described as a "rare gift to the enemies of ufology."

Gerstein highlights several points of contention:

• The Napoleon I 'Implant' Claim: The most egregious example cited is the claim on the book's back cover that an "implanted chip the size of 12 millimeters was found in Napoleon's skull: the great emperor was a carrier of artificial intelligence." Gerstein refutes this by stating that Napoleon I's tomb has not been opened since his body was moved, and that his cause of death has been scientifically determined as cancer. He points out that the claim is unsubstantiated and sensationalist.
• Lack of Russian Ufologist Unity: Gerstein expresses bewilderment that Russian ufologists have not managed to unite into a single scientific structure over 40 years, despite the need for organized field research, theoretical development, and training. He suggests that such an organization could be a catalyst for genuine scientific study.
• Misrepresentation of Western Research: The author criticizes Azhazha and Zabelishinsky for seemingly ignoring or downplaying Russian and Soviet research while promoting Western findings. For instance, they are accused of being unaware of or deliberately omitting data from Russian public opinion polls on UFOs, despite Azhazha's own previous book referencing such polls.
• Invented Terminology and Laissez-faire Approach: Gerstein criticizes the authors for using jargon and inventing terms like "ufosphere" or "informational field" to define the subject of ufology. He argues that this approach, which focuses on information rather than material evidence, makes it easier but does not lead to the truth.
• Lack of Scientific Rigor: The article points out the authors' apparent ignorance of basic facts, such as the existence of automated UFO observation stations (like the one in Hessdalen, Norway) that have been collecting data for years. The authors' definition of ufology as a "place of the most difficult self-contradiction of non-Euclidean geometry" is also ridiculed.
• Reliance on Sensationalism and Yellow Press: Gerstein suggests that the book relies heavily on sensational claims and information from the "yellow press," citing the "Komsomolskaya Pravda" incident involving a fabricated crop circle as an example of how the authors have been misled.
• Critique of Contactee Accounts: The article touches upon the case of Anatoly Malyshev, a contactee whose experiences are cited by Azhazha. Gerstein questions the veracity of these accounts, particularly those involving alleged travel to other planets, and suggests that if such evidence were verifiable, it would undermine the extraterrestrial hypothesis for UFOs.

Gerstein concludes that Azhazha's activities are "adventuristic" and contribute to the "great problem" of ufology, echoing a sentiment expressed by F. Yu. Siegel in 1978.

Skepticism as a Global Phenomenon: A Brief History of its Last Quarter Century

This section, authored by P. Kurtz, delves into the history and methodology of scientific skepticism, particularly in relation to paranormal phenomena.

Scientific Research

The author frames the debate between proponents of paranormal phenomena and skeptics. He notes that skeptics are often accused of dogmatic disbelief, while skeptics argue that proponents often rely on a "leap of faith" without sufficient evidence.

• Early Investigations: The article traces the roots of scientific investigation into the paranormal back to the late 18th and early 19th centuries, mentioning the commissions that investigated Franz Mesmer's "animal magnetism" and the study of "sky stones" (meteors).
• The Rise of Spiritualism: The 19th century saw a surge in spiritualism, with phenomena like table-turning, levitation, and automatic writing being investigated. Skeptics like Michael Faraday attempted to explain these phenomena through natural means, such as involuntary muscle movements.
• Establishment of Skeptical Organizations: The founding of the Society for Psychical Research (1882) and the American Society for Psychical Research (1885) marked a significant step in organizing skeptical inquiry. These societies aimed to find empirical evidence for paranormal claims but often encountered difficulties in separating skepticism from belief.
• Key Figures in Skepticism: Prominent figures mentioned include William James, Henry Sidgwick, and later, John E. Coover, who criticized "metapsychism" for not meeting scientific criteria. The article also highlights the work of psychologists and scientists who critically examined claims of ESP and psychokinesis, such as J. L. Kennedy, W. S. Cox, and B. F. Skinner.
• J.B. Rhine and the Duke Experiments: The research of J.B. Rhine at Duke University, which claimed to prove ESP through statistical methods, is discussed. However, Rhine's experiments were met with significant criticism regarding their methodology and potential for fraud.
• The CSICOP Era: The establishment of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) in 1976 is presented as a pivotal moment in the development of modern skepticism. CSICOP, later renamed the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, aimed to provide a scientific and critical evaluation of paranormal claims.
• "Objections to Astrology" Statement: The article mentions a statement signed by 168 scientists, including Nobel laureates, that challenged the validity of astrology, highlighting the growing scientific consensus against pseudoscientific claims.
• The Challenge of Postmodernism and Fundamentalism: Kurtz notes that contemporary society faces challenges from postmodernism, which questions the objectivity of science, and from resurgent fundamentalist religions, both of which can undermine scientific reasoning.
• The Role of Skepticism: The author emphasizes that skepticism is not about outright denial but about demanding evidence and rigorous investigation. He advocates for a constructive and positive skepticism that is an integral part of the scientific process.

"Some Results"

This section summarizes the findings of skeptics after decades of research:

• The Term "Paranormal" is Contested: Skeptics prefer to find natural explanations for phenomena, viewing "paranormal" as a term used by opponents. They aim to investigate anomalies rather than dismiss them outright.
• Focus on Natural Explanations: The core principle is to seek understandable and natural explanations for all phenomena, rather than accepting supernatural or unexplainable causes.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue strongly advocates for a scientific and critical approach to the study of UFOs and other paranormal phenomena. It criticizes sensationalism, unsubstantiated claims, and the lack of rigorous methodology in the field of ufology, particularly as exemplified by the book reviewed. The article champions scientific skepticism as a vital tool for discerning truth from falsehood, tracing its historical development and highlighting the importance of organizations dedicated to critical inquiry. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of evidence-based research and a rational understanding of the world, contrasting this with pseudoscientific claims and the challenges posed by irrationalism in society.

This document, a scanned magazine issue, is written in Russian and focuses on the critical examination of paranormal phenomena from a skeptical perspective. It explores various aspects of belief in the supernatural, the methods of investigation, and the psychological underpinnings of such beliefs. The content is primarily analytical and argumentative, aiming to provide a rational counterpoint to claims of the paranormal.

Skepticism and Paranormal Phenomena

The issue begins by defining skepticism not as prejudice, but as a commitment to unbiased investigation of anomalies, provided claims are reliable and substantiated. It highlights that many paranormal claims are based on oral accounts, which require careful filtering due to the potential for subjective experience, faulty memory, and embellishment. Skeptics aim to determine if events occurred as described and if the proposed interpretation is the most adequate explanation.

Eyewitness Testimony

The text emphasizes the unreliability of eyewitness testimony, particularly in emotionally charged situations, citing psychologist Elizabeth Loftus's work on memory distortion. It notes that UFO sightings, like other paranormal accounts, often lack objective verification and are sometimes explained by skeptics as misinterpretations of natural phenomena like meteors or aircraft.

The Burden of Proof

A central theme is the burden of proof, which skeptics argue lies with the claimant of a paranormal event. They insist that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence and that anecdotal evidence alone is insufficient. The issue of fraud is also discussed, with examples of mediums and psychics being exposed for deception. Skeptics advocate for stringent experimental protocols, including independent observers, to guard against falsification.

Psychological Interpretations

Many researchers believe that the key to understanding paranormal beliefs lies in human psychology. Factors such as suggestibility, fantasy, and magical thinking are seen as contributing to the acceptance of paranormal claims, even in the absence of empirical evidence. The text uses astrology and palmistry as examples of phenomena that are popular due to their vague and universally applicable interpretations.

The "Temptation of the Otherworldly"

The issue explores the concept of the "temptation of the otherworldly" as a driving force behind paranormal beliefs, suggesting it may stem from a human desire to escape the mundane realities of life and death. This is linked to a tendency towards magical thinking and a rejection of scientific explanations.

Hypnosis and Regression

Hypnosis is discussed as a tool that can be misused, leading to false memories or the reinforcement of existing fantasies. Skeptics argue that claims of past-life regression or alien abductions under hypnosis can often be explained by the hypnotist's suggestion rather than actual past events.

Pseudoscience vs. Protscience

The distinction between pseudoscience and protscience is addressed, with a caution against prematurely dismissing ideas that are not yet fully integrated into mainstream science. However, the text stresses that for a phenomenon to be considered scientific, its theories must be falsifiable and its claims verifiable through reproducible experiments.

The Role of Skepticism

Skeptics are presented as playing a vital role in society by challenging unsubstantiated claims and promoting critical thinking. They are seen as necessary "brakes" or "sanitizers" against the spread of irrational beliefs, especially in an era of mass media that often sensationalizes paranormal topics. The article argues that while skepticism can sometimes be perceived as mockery, it is a legitimate tool for dissecting and debunking unfounded claims.

Alternative Explanations

The core of scientific research, according to the text, is not just description but explanation of causes. Skeptics are encouraged to be creative in seeking prosaic explanations for anomalous events, recognizing that many seemingly inexplicable occurrences can be attributed to coincidence, suggestion, or other natural factors.

The "Duck Effect"

The phenomenon of paranormal beliefs persisting despite strong skeptical critiques is termed the "duck effect," likening it to targets in a shooting gallery that resurface after being hit. This highlights the enduring human susceptibility to such beliefs.

Media Influence

The role of mass media in the rapid spread of paranormal beliefs is examined. The article criticizes media outlets for prioritizing sensationalism and profit over accuracy, often presenting paranormal claims without critical evaluation and blurring the lines between illusion and reality. The lack of skeptical viewpoints in media discussions is also noted.

The Scientific Approach

The issue concludes by reaffirming the commitment to scientific methods and technologies for understanding the world. It advocates for a cautious approach to new claims, demanding falsifiability and rigorous testing. While acknowledging the limitations of science, the authors assert that objective methods provide the most reliable path to knowledge and that a naturalistic interpretation of the universe is preferred, without denying the value of other forms of human experience.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical evaluation of paranormal claims, the importance of scientific methodology (reproducibility, falsifiability), the psychological factors influencing belief, the role of skepticism in combating pseudoscience, and the impact of mass media on public perception. The editorial stance is clearly pro-skepticism and pro-science, advocating for rational inquiry and evidence-based reasoning over anecdotal evidence and unsubstantiated claims.

This issue of Skeptical Inquirer, dated July/August 1998, focuses on "The Future of New Skepticism." It features articles that explore the evolution of skeptical thought, its methodologies, and its societal importance, alongside discussions on the proliferation of non-state academic institutions and the terminology used in ufology.

The Nature and Future of New Skepticism

The lead article, authored by Paul Kurtz, a Professor Emeritus of Philosophy and Chairman of CSICOP, outlines the principles of the "new skepticism." Kurtz emphasizes the use of objective scientific methods to ascertain the truth of claims, distinguishing it from mere denial of the miraculous. He argues that while science has expanded our understanding of the universe, intuitive and speculative theories require empirical validation. The new skepticism relies on interdisciplinary research rather than the opinions of self-proclaimed experts in fields like astrology or ufology.

Kurtz reflects on the history of the skeptical movement over the past 25 years and looks towards its future. He asserts that society continues to need a skeptical viewpoint to counter the constant emergence of new, often absurd, claims. The movement's mission is to emulate Socrates by challenging conventional thinking and promoting critical inquiry. This involves refining critical research methods and fostering public respect for scientific investigation and a scientific worldview, primarily through education and enlightenment.

Kurtz acknowledges the difficulty in reaching the general public and the frequent ineffectiveness of skeptical efforts. However, he remains convinced of the movement's value and stresses the need to persuade politicians, industrialists, and media leaders of the importance of skepticism and critical thinking for a flourishing democratic society.

Academic Titles and Non-State Academies

Another significant section of the magazine addresses the phenomenon of non-state academic institutions, particularly in Russia. The article highlights that obtaining academic titles (like academician or corresponding member) can be a lengthy and arduous process within official state academies. However, a parallel system of "public academies" has emerged, offering titles for a fee, sometimes as low as 50 to 1000 dollars for "academic diplomas."

The article points out that while the official Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) views these public academies with disdain, many members of the RAS also hold positions in these non-state organizations. The president of the International Association of Non-State Academies of Sciences (MANAN), Vladimir Traynev, notes that the system of awarding academic titles is often flawed, with some individuals accumulating numerous academic degrees from various public academies, which he believes devalues the academic title itself. He estimates that only about 18 of these public academies truly meet the criteria for academic institutions, with the rest functioning more as industry associations.

The article mentions the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (RAEN) as an example of a more established non-state academy, with its geophysics department even considered stronger than that of the RAS by some. The author also shares a personal anecdote about almost becoming a member of the New York Academy of Sciences by simply filling out an online form and paying a fee, suggesting that such titles may be more about self-gratification than genuine academic achievement.

Ufology and Terminology Debates

A section titled "The Future of Domestic Ufology" by A. V. Tulin expresses a pessimistic outlook on the field. Tulin criticizes contemporary UFO researchers for their incompetence and for discrediting the field, citing an example from a book that describes ufology as a realm of "difficult self-contradiction" and "monstrous combinations of non-Euclidean geometry."

The article then delves into a debate about terminology in ufology, specifically the term UFO (Unidentified Flying Object). V. G. Azhazha proposes replacing UFO with "moving object of aliens" (DOП - dvizhushchiysya ob'ekt prishel'tsev), arguing that "flying" is too restrictive given that objects can also be submerged or move in space. He suggests that the term "unidentified" is also problematic since the objects are being identified as alien. Azhazha's efforts to preserve the acronym UFO by finding new descriptive terms are presented as an example of forced terminology.

Another group, "Cosmopoisk," led by V. A. Chernobrov, has introduced the term "Cryptophysics" (from Greek 'krypte' - secret, 'physis' - nature) to study the hidden phenomena of nature. Chernobrov claims this term, introduced in 2000, replaces "ufology" and "anomalistics." The author questions the need for this new term, given the relatively recent establishment of ufology and anomalistics.

The author concludes this section by lamenting the perceived lack of progress and the focus on terminology rather than substantive research in ufology, suggesting that the core problems remain unchanged regardless of the labels used.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes a rigorous, evidence-based approach to understanding phenomena, advocating for scientific skepticism as a vital tool for critical thinking and societal progress. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of empirical research and against unsubstantiated claims, particularly in areas like paranormal phenomena and ufology. The issue also highlights concerns about the integrity of academic titles and the potential for pseudoscience to infiltrate legitimate scientific discourse.