Ufologisk Tidsskrift - 1997 09 no 2

Magazine Overview

Title: UFOLOGISK TIDSSKRIFT
Issue: NR. 2
Date: SEPTEMBER 1997
Publisher: SKANDINAVISK UFO INFORMATION
Country: Denmark
Language: Danish
ISSN: 1396-5697

This issue of Ufologisk Tidsskrift is a Danish-language publication focusing on UFO research, both domestic and international. It is published by Skandinavisk UFO Information (SUFOI) and aims to provide a platform for high-quality, scientific contributions to the Danish UFO debate.

Table of Contents

The issue features a table of contents listing the following articles:

• Leder: Er ufovidner normale? (Editorial: Are UFO Witnesses Normal?) - page 4
• Redaktionelt (Editorial) - page 6
• Er ufo-bortførelser fup eller fakta? (Are UFO Abductions Hoax or Fact?) - page 7
• Porten til drømmeland (The Gate to Dreamland) - page 35
• Undersøgelse af en glaskugle fundet ved Kasimov, Rusland (Investigation of a glass sphere found near Kasimov, Russia) - page 52
• Artikler i andre tidsskrifter (Articles in other journals) - page 65

Editorial Stance and Publisher Information

Publisher: Skandinavisk UFO Information (SUFOI)
Address: Postboks 6, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark
Registration Number: 314813149

SUFOI is an organization dedicated to understanding UFO phenomena. Its goals include collecting and analyzing source material (reports, research findings, books), and disseminating knowledge through publications, lectures, and other outreach activities. SUFOI believes that source material is crucial for investigations and public education, and defines a UFO phenomenon as an aerial event that remains unexplained even after careful investigation by competent individuals. The organization remains neutral regarding specific theories about the nature or origin of these phenomena.

SUFOI's vision includes identifying and demystifying all observed aerial phenomena, fostering familiarity with the sky so that all can recognize known aerial phenomena, ensuring that all observers of unknown aerial phenomena contact SUFOI, and being the primary source for UFO information.

• Editorial Team:
• Editor-in-chief: Toke Haunstrup (Kristianiagade 10, 2100 København Ø, Denmark)
• Editors: Lars Thomas (Ægirsgade 49, 3. th., 2200 København N, Denmark) and Per Andersen (Klingseyvej 28, 2720 Vanløse, Denmark).

The magazine is published irregularly, with an aim of three issues per year. Subscriptions are handled by Toke Haunstrup, with payment made per issue via a giro card. Subscriptions continue until cancelled.

The editorial board is responsible for selecting manuscripts to produce a journal of a high professional standard. However, they disclaim responsibility for the results, information, or opinions expressed in submitted manuscripts. The editorial stance is indicated in the lead editorial or articles signed "redaktionen".

Copyright: Citations from signed articles are permitted with proper source attribution. Full reproduction of articles requires written agreement from the responsible editor and author(s). Copying from Ufologisk Tidsskrift is subject to agreements between the Ministry of Education and Copy-Dan.

Manuscript Submissions: The editorial board welcomes manuscripts from readers and others, provided they are serious and scientifically oriented. Prospective authors are encouraged to contact the editorial team with their proposals first. A writer's guide is available upon request from Toke Haunstrup.

SUFOI Activities

SUFOI's activities range from public information to research-oriented work. Research activities include:

• Report Work: A network of approximately 20 reporters across the country interviews observers and investigates cases. SUFOI receives 200-400 inquiries annually, most of which are explained, with about 5% remaining unidentified.
• Project PORT: This project examines theories about UFO phenomena from a socio-psychological and cultural perspective. It aims to analyze and evaluate the psychological, social, and cultural influences on UFO witnesses, potentially stemming from societal development, the witness's personal profile, or indirect influences from media and other sources.
• Project PADUR: This project focuses on statistical analysis of UFO phenomena.

Article Summaries

Editorial: Are UFO Witnesses Normal? (Page 4)

This editorial discusses the question of whether UFO witnesses constitute a special group in society, potentially more prone to seeing UFOs due to personal beliefs, psychological profiles, mental illnesses, or unique perceptual abilities. It notes that while significant research exists on this topic, it has not reached a broad audience, partly because the subject is sensitive and challenges the personality of witnesses. The editorial argues that understanding the witnesses is key to understanding the phenomena themselves. It introduces SUFOI's "Project PORT," which aims to analyze the psychological, social, and cultural influences on UFO witnesses, considering factors like societal development and media exposure.

Er ufo-bortførelser fup eller fakta? Nogle ret almindelige personlige oplevelser (Are UFO Abductions Hoax or Fact? Some Quite Common Personal Experiences) (Page 7)

This article, by Robert A. Baker, an American professor of psychology, examines the phenomenon of UFO abductions. Baker argues for a psychological explanation, linking abduction experiences to phenomena such as sleep paralysis, hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations, hypnosis, suggestion, and "missing time." He critiques the claims made by proponents of alien abductions, such as Budd Hopkins and David Jacobs, suggesting that many reported symptoms can be explained by known psychological and sleep-related disorders. Baker cites research from MEDLINE, indicating numerous studies on sleep disorders, sleep paralysis, and related phenomena, which he believes offer a more plausible explanation than extraterrestrial involvement. The article outlines a "syndrome" of experiences reported by those who believe they have been abducted, including waking with a sense of a presence, experiencing missing time, feeling of flying, seeing unusual lights, and finding unexplained marks on the body. Baker suggests that these experiences are often rooted in psychological states and are not necessarily evidence of alien encounters.

Porten til drømmeland (The Gate to Dreamland) (Page 35)

This article, authored by SUFOI chairman Per Andersen, presents findings from an extensive literature study on the social-psychological field, potentially related to UFO phenomena. It focuses on the concept of "Fantasy Prone Personalities," or fantasy-proneness. The article discusses SUFOI's "Project PORT" and its aim to assess the psychological concept of fantasy-proneness in relation to SUFOI's general UFO reports. Unlike previous studies that often focused on extraordinary UFO cases like abductions, this study intends to address more "ordinary" UFO reports, such as sightings of night lights.

Undersøgelse af en glaskugle fundet ved Kasimov, Rusland (Investigation of a glass sphere found near Kasimov, Russia) (Page 52)

This article details the results of an investigation into a glass sphere discovered seven meters underground near Kasimov, Russia. The study was conducted by the Ukrainian group RIAP (Research Institute on Anomalous Phenomena) and received financial support from SUFOI.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the psychological interpretation of UFO phenomena, particularly UFO abductions. The magazine emphasizes a scientific and critical approach, seeking to explain reported events through known psychological and physiological mechanisms rather than immediately accepting extraterrestrial hypotheses. SUFOI's commitment to rigorous research, as exemplified by Project PORT and Project PADUR, underscores its stance on demystifying phenomena and providing evidence-based understanding. The editorial board actively encourages scholarly contributions and maintains a neutral position on specific theories, prioritizing factual analysis and scientific inquiry.

This issue of "UFO" magazine, identified as issue number 11, delves into the complex relationship between sleep paralysis, hypnopompic hallucinations, and the phenomenon of alleged alien abductions. The content, primarily in Danish, explores psychological and neurological explanations for these experiences, while also critically examining the role of therapeutic practices, particularly hypnosis, in shaping abduction narratives.

Sleep Paralysis and Hypnopompic Hallucinations

The magazine begins with a personal account of sleep paralysis, describing a terrifying experience of being unable to move while sensing a presence and hearing strange sounds. This is followed by a detailed description from Dr. Donald Siegal, a psychologist and professor, who recounts his own personal experience with sleep paralysis and hypnogogic hallucinations. Siegal describes waking up at 4:20 AM to the sound of footsteps and heavy breathing, feeling paralyzed with a heavy weight on his chest. He perceived a dark figure and an unpleasant, old odor, experiencing a sensation akin to breathing through a thin straw. He heard a voice speaking in a foreign language, which somehow formed images in his mind, such as swamps and reptiles. Despite the terrifying nature of the experience, he noted the familiar objects in his room, confirming he was awake and it was not a dream.

Dr. Siegal's analysis suggests that these experiences are a combination of sleep paralysis and hypnopompic hallucinations. He posits that the brain, in the hypnopompic state (the transition from sleep to wakefulness), misinterprets dream signals as external stimuli. This can lead to vivid sensory experiences, including visual apparitions (ghosts, demons, aliens), auditory hallucinations (voices, breathing), and tactile sensations (pressure, touch). The article emphasizes that these are mental events, with images, thoughts, and memories forming the basis of the perceived reality.

Physical and Psychological Aspects

The physical manifestations of sleep paralysis include open eyes, muscle paralysis, and difficulty breathing, often leaving the victim pale and frightened. The hallucinations arise from the brain's inability to switch from the dream state to full wakefulness. The article explains that the brain's circuits active during dreams continue to send signals to the cortex, which then interprets them as coming from the external world. This can lead to the perception of seeing, hearing, smelling, and feeling things that are not physically present. The text also touches upon the physiological responses, such as hyperventilation due to the feeling of pressure, leading to reduced oxygen supply to the brain and hyperacusis (oversensitivity to sound). Furthermore, it suggests that stimulation of the brain's sexual pleasure center can occur, potentially explaining some of the erotic or sexual elements reported in abduction experiences.

The Hypnopompic State

The hypnopompic state, occurring as one falls asleep, is characterized by a reduction in proprioceptive impulses from muscles, which the brain can misinterpret as a loss of balance, causing a sudden jolt. As the brain waves slow down, individuals may feel as if they are floating, out of their body, or a free-floating soul. This state can also involve unusual visual phenomena, such as blinking lights or fireballs, which grow larger as they approach the dreamer. These are known as the Isakower phenomenon, named after the Austrian psychoanalyst who first described them. These experiences can be accompanied by strange sensations around the mouth and a metallic or salty taste.

Stern's Concept of "Black Hallucinations"

The article references Dr. Stern's description of "black hallucinations," which are sensory impressions lacking appropriate external stimuli. These can range from vague impressions like sparks or flashes to more defined, yet still non-specific, phenomena. Stern also notes that many hallucinatory phenomena, such as dizziness, feeling engulfed by clouds, or altered spatial perception, are similar to what patients with vestibular disorders report.

Case Studies and Interpretations

The magazine presents several case studies that illustrate the overlap between sleep paralysis, hallucinations, and alleged UFO abductions. One client describes seeing a grey, almond-shaped face with black, protruding eyes on their toilet table, which reappeared shortly after. The client's son also experienced similar phenomena. The article notes the striking similarity between the client's drawing of the "grey face" and the cover illustration of Whitley Strieber's book "Communion."

Hopkins and Strieber's Accounts

Budd Hopkins and Whitley Strieber's accounts are presented as examples of experiences that are often interpreted as UFO abductions. Sandy recounts a dream of being woken, paralyzed, and taken by three alien beings with large heads. Andrea describes a dream of a small grey-skinned being by her bed, floating out of her room and into a UFO. Ed recalls waking up paralyzed in his truck and later remembering being taken into a UFO and forced to mate with an alien. Dan remembers seeing three beings with large heads and black eyes in his room, feeling the experience was both real and dreamlike.

The Role of Hypnosis and Suggestion

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to the critical examination of hypnosis and suggestion in the context of UFO abductions. The article argues that hypnosis, particularly when used by therapists who already believe in alien abductions, can lead clients to believe they have been abducted. This is termed "iatrogenesis," where the therapist inadvertently plants or reinforces the idea of abduction through leading questions and suggestive techniques.

Dr. Martin Reiser, a psychologist and hypnosis consultant, reviewed a video of Budd Hopkins interviewing a client under hypnosis and concluded that Hopkins led the client to believe that abductions were real and that aliens existed. Reiser suggested that the experiences could be better explained without involving UFOs.

Dr. Mack's technique is described as starting by exploring the client's beliefs about abduction, often using regression hypnosis to elicit details. The article implies that this approach pre-determines the outcome, with both the hypnotist and client agreeing that an abduction occurred before the hypnosis even begins.

Iatrogenesis and Misinterpretation

The magazine asserts that many UFO abduction cases are iatrogenic, meaning they are caused or influenced by the therapist. It suggests that other explanations for these experiences include suggestion (Baker 1990), fantasy (Ring 1992), fantasy constructs (Wilson and Barber 1983), personal gain, misinterpretations of sleep paralysis and hypnopompic hallucinations, or a desire for attention and money.

Merskey's Research on Dissociative Identity Disorder

The article references the work of Canadian psychiatrist Merskey, who studied dissociative identity disorder (DID). Merskey found that many cases of DID, particularly those that emerged after the 1950s, were likely iatrogenic, resulting from poor treatment by untrained therapists. He noted that early cases involved amnesia and mood swings, while later cases were often influenced by hypnosis, with patients exhibiting new personalities. Merskey concluded that the diagnosis of DID is largely due to poor treatment by untrained therapists.

Narkolepsi and Katapleksi

The magazine also touches upon narcolepsy and cataplexy. Narcolepsy is described as a sleep disorder, and cataplexy is a sudden loss of muscle tone that causes a person to collapse without losing consciousness. It is noted that individuals with narcolepsy often experience cataplexy and may also suffer from hypnopompic hallucinations. The article explains that during REM sleep, the brain normally paralyzes the body to prevent acting out dreams. In individuals with narcolepsy, this paralysis mechanism can malfunction, leading to cataplexy or the sensation of being paralyzed while awake.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the psychological and neurological explanation for experiences commonly attributed to alien abductions. The magazine strongly advocates for understanding sleep paralysis and hypnopompic hallucinations as natural, albeit frightening, sleep-related phenomena. It adopts a critical stance towards the interpretation of these experiences as actual alien encounters, particularly highlighting the influence of suggestion and the potential for iatrogenic effects in therapeutic settings. The editorial stance appears to be one of debunking or re-contextualizing UFO abduction claims through scientific and psychological perspectives, emphasizing that individuals are not "crazy" but are experiencing known physiological and psychological states.

This issue of UFO-Aktuelt, dated April 1993, delves into the controversial topic of UFO abductions, presenting a critical perspective that leans heavily towards psychological explanations rather than literal extraterrestrial encounters. The magazine questions the validity of abduction claims, suggesting they are often products of suggestion, media influence, and therapeutic practices. It draws parallels between UFO abduction experiences and dissociative identity disorder, sleep paralysis, and hypnopompic hallucinations.

The Psychological Nature of Dissociative Identity Disorder and UFO Abductions

The issue begins by examining the rise of dissociative identity disorder (DID), formerly known as multiple personality disorder. It notes the dramatic increase in diagnoses, particularly in certain treatment centers, and links this rise to the alleged prevalence of sexual abuse. The article cites McHugh (1992) who suggests that the epidemic-like spread of DID might be comparable to the Salem witch trials, implying that the phenomenon could be influenced by societal factors and professional beliefs.

Further, the text references the work of Dr. C.H. Thigpen and Dr. H.M. Cleckley, authors of 'The Three Faces of Eve.' They reported that in the 25 years following their book's publication, they received hundreds of patients diagnosed with DID, yet only found one truly suffering from the condition. This suggests that many diagnoses might be heuristic or influenced by social expectations.

Dr. Merskey is quoted extensively, arguing that DID diagnoses are often influenced by psychological factors or social expectations. He proposes alternative diagnoses such as mania, depression, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Merskey asserts that there is no evidence of DID arising from unconscious processes, but rather from external factors like doctors, therapists, or the media. He likens the phenomenon of UFO abductions to DID, suggesting that suggestion, social encouragement, and the desire for attention can trigger beliefs in both.

Merskey outlines four explanations for the development of dissociative states:
1. Misinterpretation of organic or bipolar illness.
2. Conscious development of fantasies as a solution to emotional problems.
3. Development of hysterical amnesia followed by therapist training.
4. Creation of a credible scenario under hypnosis or repeated interviews.

Similarly, for UFO abductions, the magazine posits that popular narratives are created by suggestion, social encouragement, expectation, and the desire for attention. It suggests that therapists and doctors who believe in and expect to see these phenomena are more likely to diagnose them.

'Missing Time' Experiences Explained

The article then shifts focus to the phenomenon of 'missing time,' particularly as reported by long-haul truck drivers. It argues that these experiences are common and not limited to professional drivers. 'Missing time' is described as periods of amnesia, 'black outs,' or 'lost time' while driving. The magazine cites Williams (1963) and Reed (1974) who explain these experiences as a normal psychological phenomenon. Reed suggests that when driving becomes automatic, the brain can enter a state of reduced awareness, leading to a feeling of a 'hole in time' or a lack of conscious registration of events, rather than actual time loss. Singer (1975) supports this, stating that 'blank periods' are normal and occur when tired, drowsy, or deeply concentrated. The article concludes that 'missing time' experiences are mundane mental events unrelated to UFO abductions.

Critiques of UFO Abduction Claims and Evidence

The issue presents a strong skeptical stance on UFO abduction claims. It questions the physical evidence, such as scars, marks, and wounds, often cited by believers. The article points out that the number of people reporting such marks (14.8 million, according to Bigelow) is not as high as one might expect if it were a widespread phenomenon, and suggests that such marks are common and can have mundane explanations. It highlights the lack of documented evidence for claims of children being found in fields or unusual beings being seen.

Dr. John Mack's work on UFO abductions is discussed, particularly his 'breathing technique.' The article notes that breathlessness is often a symptom of sleep paralysis and hypnopompic hallucinations, suggesting Mack may be influenced by the very phenomena his clients report. The case of an Australian housewife reporting a UFO abduction experience is presented, but Basterfield's analysis is countered by the argument that the experience aligns with the psychological nature of the UFO abduction syndrome.

The magazine critiques the idea of alien implants, referencing an incident where a man claimed to have an alien implant in his nose, which turned out to be a ball bearing. This is used as an example of how easily people can create and maintain bizarre, status-giving illusions.

The Unlikelihood of Extraterrestrial Intelligence

Drawing on evolutionary biology, the article argues against the likelihood of finding human-like extraterrestrial intelligence. It posits that evolution is a series of random events, and that the specific path leading to human intelligence is not guaranteed to repeat. Coffey is quoted stating that evolution's goal is adaptation, not the creation of a pinnacle of intelligence, making the existence of other human-like intelligences highly improbable.

The Role of Therapists and Skepticism

The issue criticizes therapists who uncritically accept and reinforce UFO abduction beliefs, arguing that this can increase a client's anxiety and trauma. It questions why professionals would disregard their scientific and clinical experience. The article also notes that organizations like MUFON have archives suggesting that abductions rarely happen, despite the attention given to the phenomenon. Wright is quoted criticizing self-proclaimed experts for mishandling evidence and failing to follow scientific norms.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the skepticism towards literal UFO abduction experiences. The magazine consistently promotes psychological explanations, emphasizing the roles of suggestion, iatrogenesis, false memories, and the influence of popular culture and media. The editorial stance is clearly that UFO abductions, as commonly reported, are not evidence of extraterrestrial visitation but rather complex psychological phenomena that require careful, critical investigation. The issue advocates for a scientific approach, urging readers to question sensational claims and consider mundane explanations for unusual experiences.

This issue of Ufolog, dated October 1992, features an article titled "PORTEN TIL DRØMMELAND" (The Door to Dreamland) by Per Andersen. The magazine's focus appears to be on UFO phenomena, with this particular issue delving into the psychological and sociological aspects of UFO witnesses.

Article: "PORTEN TIL DRØMMELAND" by Per Andersen

The article begins by questioning the variations in descriptions of alien beings across different cultures, contrasting the 'little grey men' of American UFO lore with golden-haired beings in Nordic countries and reptilians in Italy. It suggests that these depictions are heavily influenced by popular culture, citing movies like 'Close Encounters of the Third Kind' and books like 'Communion.' The author posits that much of the literature on UFO abductions is created to generate mystery and fear rather than to uncover truth, quoting Eddy Clontz of Weekly World News who stated their aim is to mystify rather than demystify.

The author argues that the entire UFO abduction scenario has evolved into a "well-staged fraud" or production, fueled by naive, sensation-seeking fanatics and misguided psychotherapists. This phenomenon, while presented altruistically, has allegedly caused neurosis and increased anxiety in many people, particularly those suffering from sleep disorders. The article criticizes the way UFO phenomena have been used to discredit science, medicine, psychology, and psychiatry, calling it a "dangerous game."

References

The article is supported by an extensive list of references, primarily academic and journalistic works related to UFOs, psychology, sleep disorders, hypnosis, and personality studies. Notable references include works by Robert A. Baker, Philip J. Klass, John E. Mack, Whitley Strieber, and numerous academic papers on sleep paralysis and related psychological phenomena.

Summary of Research on UFO Witnesses

The document provides an overview of existing research on the personality traits of UFO witnesses and the areas that will be the special focus for SUFOI's project PORT.

#### Introduction

Since 1947, numerous attempts have been made to understand the UFO phenomenon. However, the article contends that research, particularly the conventional, spaceship-oriented approach, has yielded little new knowledge about UFOs as physical phenomena. Projects like Hessdalen in Norway and Project Identification in the USA are mentioned as attempts to understand UFOs physically, but they did not significantly alter the perception of the phenomena.

The author suggests that the physical approach might be a misdirection, and the true framework for understanding UFOs lies in the socio-psychological dimension. The core belief system that UFOs are extraterrestrial vehicles has remained largely unchanged for 50 years. Furthermore, UFOs and their occupants are often interpreted as 'good' or 'evil' with a specific mission. The common question asked is not "What do you know about UFOs?" but "Do you believe in UFOs?"

Similarities between UFO beliefs and religion have been explored in academic studies, with theories suggesting UFOs may be stress symptoms from the Cold War or have emerged from modern Christian mythology. Some researchers have focused on the non-physical dimensions of UFOs, exploring altered states of consciousness and visual perception. Scandinavian UFO Information's Project PORT aims to expand understanding of UFO phenomena within a sociological and psychological context, investigating how psychological, social, and cultural factors influence witnesses.

#### Pathology

In the 1970s, discussions about UFO witnesses' psychology often focused on pathological traits. Early arguments incorrectly suggested that because some psychopathic individuals reported UFO sightings, all UFO sightings must be due to psychopathic witnesses. While some studies have indicated that a small subgroup of witnesses may exhibit psychopathic tendencies, most research concludes that UFO witnesses, in general, are not psychopathic. The article notes that conditions like schizophrenia can produce symptoms similar to UFO experiences, and that researchers do occasionally encounter mentally ill individuals seeking help for 'alien' encounters.

#### Personality Traits

Despite general findings that UFO witnesses are not psychopathic, studies often reveal specific personality traits among different groups of witnesses. However, characterizing these traits and fitting them into a clear model has been challenging. One study of nine alleged abductees, blind-tested by Dr. Elizabeth Slater, found them to be unusual, eccentric, and possessing a high degree of flexibility in their perception, sensitivity to influences and fantasy, and a rich inner life. Some experienced transient psychoses under stress. Another study by psychologist William Cone noted that many abductees struggle to separate fantasy from reality and show signs of identity crisis or mental disturbance.

For 'ordinary' UFO witnesses (those with less extraordinary experiences), research has also identified distinct personality traits. Dr. Leo Sprinkle's 17-year study of 225 witnesses revealed high psychic energy, a tendency to question authority, self-sufficiency, higher-than-average IQ, and a tendency towards unconventional thinking. Contactees, in particular, showed a greater tendency towards unusual emotions, creativity, fantasy, and possibly schizoid tendencies. A study of 264 individuals found no significant differences between types of UFO witnesses but noted a general openness to non-normal realities and a tendency towards personality dissociation, similar to those reporting near-death experiences.

Significant correlations have been found between UFO experiences and personal belief systems, including beliefs in occultism and science fiction. Similar links exist between ordinary observations and esoteric beliefs. Some studies also suggest connections between UFO experiences and other paranormal events, such as ESP, and potential links to childhood abuse and intelligence.

#### Fantasy Proneness

The concept of 'fantasy proneness' was developed by Sheryl C. Wilson and Theodore X. Barber, who identified a personality type characterized by a strong inclination towards fantasy. These individuals are easily hypnotized, had imaginative childhoods, believed in supernatural beings, had imaginary playmates, often fantasize as adults, believe they have psychic abilities, experience out-of-body experiences, and have vivid dreams. While the initial study had limitations (e.g., only female participants), subsequent research has supported the concept. Studies suggest that many abductees and contactees possess these fantasy-prone traits. However, research on whether witnesses of less extraordinary phenomena are also fantasy-prone is limited. Some studies have yielded mixed results, with methodological issues affecting the reliability of findings.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the psychological and sociological interpretations of UFO phenomena, challenging the purely physical or extraterrestrial explanations. The editorial stance appears critical of sensationalism and the uncritical acceptance of UFO abduction narratives, suggesting that many such accounts may stem from psychological factors, sleep disorders, or cultural influences rather than literal alien encounters. The magazine advocates for a more nuanced understanding of UFO experiences, emphasizing the importance of psychological research and the socio-psychological dimension.

This issue of UFO-Nyt, dated 1996/04, focuses on the psychological trait of "fantasy proneness" and its potential connection to UFO experiences and witnesses. The magazine is published by SUFOI and is in Danish.

Fantasy Proneness and UFO Witnesses

The issue delves into research exploring the personality characteristics of individuals who report UFO experiences. It highlights studies, such as those by Spanos (1993), which found a positive correlation between the perceived strangeness of a UFO observation and the witness's fantasy proneness. Witnesses reporting more unusual sightings scored higher on fantasy proneness scales.

An aspect of the Ottawa studies is noted: UFO witnesses were not examined for their own observations, leading to a lack of analysis regarding their potential for fantasy. In contrast, SUFOI can explain approximately 90% of reported phenomena as known occurrences.

The discussion suggests that while a small group of abductees and contactees might be pathological, a larger group appears to be fantasy-prone. The exact size of this group remains to be determined. For witnesses of less unusual observations, the conclusion is less clear. While many studies indicate a tendency for witnesses to fantasize or hold unconventional beliefs, a direct link to "fantasy proneness" as defined by Wilson and Barber, or any other clearly defined personality type, has not been definitively established.

Test Apparatus for Fantasy Proneness

The article introduces the concept of the "fantasy-prone" personality type, originally identified by Wilson and Barber through extensive interviews. They later developed a self-administered test called the "Inventory of Childhood Memories and Imaginings" (ICMI). This test comprises 52 yes/no questions, with the number of "yes" answers determining the score. The top 4% of the population are classified as fantasy-prone. Average scores for the general population fall between 22-27, while fantasy-prone individuals score above 37 (with a mean of 41-43).

Further research by Lynn and Rhue (1986) found significant correlations between the ICMI test and other scales, including absorption, mental imagery, creative ideation, and creativity. The ICMI test has been validated for its intended purpose, but its applicability to UFO witnesses' "fantasy proneness" is questioned, as the test is not necessarily definitive in this context.

It is noted that fantasy-prone individuals may not form a homogeneous group. Some may be prone to fantasy due to childhood experiences, while others might be influenced by their environment or creative pursuits. The article distinguishes between those who are fantasy-prone and those who might have experienced trauma or abuse, suggesting that these experiences can shape a person's narrative and perception.

Intelligence and UFO Experiences

Several studies are cited suggesting that UFO witnesses may possess higher intelligence than the general population. Dr. Elizabeth Slater's project and Dr. Leo Sprinkle and June Parnell's study of 225 witnesses indicated higher IQs among abductees and witnesses. However, a study from the University of Ottawa found significantly higher scores on the "Shipley Inventory of Living" test only in the group of witnesses reporting "low strangeness" observations.

Hilary Evans and John Spencer discuss Barney Hill, who had a relatively high IQ (140) despite a seemingly mundane job. They also mention a military observation that less intelligent soldiers might have fewer "fantasy visions" when left alone at night.

Leonard S. Newman and Roy F. Baumeister suggest that UFO abductees often come from higher socioeconomic backgrounds and are generally better educated. They propose a theory that abductees might be driven by a similar tendency to escape reality as masochists. While not fully endorsing the masochist theory, the article acknowledges the prevalence of individuals from higher socioeconomic strata among UFO witnesses, which might explain their higher intelligence scores but not necessarily their higher social standing.

The exploration of the relationship between intelligence, UFO observations, and fantasy is presented as an extensive field of study, and the PORT project will not formally test for intelligence.

Misuse and Subgroups

The article touches upon the potential link between fantasy proneness and childhood experiences of abuse or isolation. It suggests that these experiences might contribute to a higher incidence of UFO observations.

It is emphasized that UFO witnesses are not a monolithic group. Subgroups exist, and understanding these differences is crucial for research. Potential subgroups include those who are fantasy-prone, those who have experienced trauma or abuse, those who are highly suggestible, and those who are prone to experiencing unusual phenomena.

Effect or Cause?

A key question explored is whether personality traits are the cause or effect of UFO experiences. If UFO witnesses score higher in beliefs about esoteric theories or alternative realities, is this a prerequisite for their observations, or a result of having had an unusual UFO experience? The article notes that such experiences can profoundly alter a witness's life and belief system, sometimes leading to a new religious dimension.

While the theory that personality traits are a result, rather than a cause, of UFO observations seems counterintuitive for fantasy proneness (as it's linked to childhood memories), alternative explanations are offered. One is that fantasy-prone individuals are more sensitive, and UFOs might deliberately select them. Another is that abductees may have been abducted as children, with memories suppressed, making fantasy proneness a result of these early experiences.

The article acknowledges the difficulty in definitively disproving the correlation as an effect rather than a cause, especially when personal belief systems are involved and can be influenced by unusual experiences.

Meta-Influence

The issue addresses the lack of objectivity in scientific research, particularly concerning controversial topics like UFOs. It highlights how UFO proponents tend to find no psychological deviations in witnesses, while skeptics tend to find them. This is illustrated by the differing interpretations of the same research findings by various individuals and groups, such as the Fund for UFO Research and Philip Klass.

The University of Ottawa project also yielded contrasting viewpoints, with skeptics like Robert A. Baker emphasizing the role of imagination and fantasy in producing reports, while others like Craig Roberts offer a more positive interpretation, suggesting that fantasy alone may not be sufficient to produce UFO experiences without a supporting belief system in the extraterrestrial hypothesis.

Conclusion

The article concludes by summarizing the key studies on UFO witnesses' personality traits and outlining the framework for the PORT project. It points out limitations in previous analyses and identifies opportunities for future research to provide a more complete picture of the subject.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the psychological aspects of UFO experiences, particularly the concept of fantasy proneness, its measurement, and its correlation with witness accounts and intelligence. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, acknowledging the complexities and potential biases in UFO research, while also exploring the psychological dimensions of those who report such experiences. The magazine aims to present research findings and facilitate further discussion and investigation into the UFO phenomenon.

This document contains a bibliography of various works related to ufology, psychology, and hypnosis, followed by a detailed investigation of a glass ball found in Kasimov, Russia.

Bibliography The first page presents a list of references, primarily academic articles and books, covering topics such as the origins and development of ufology, Christian aspects of ufology, project identification, psychiatric and parapsychiatric dimensions of UFOs, UFO experiences, hypnotic and psychic implications in UFO reports, and social psychological correlates of UFO sightings. Authors include Mikael Rothstein, Harley D. Rutledge, Berthold E. Schwarz, Nicholas Spanos, R. Leo Sprinkle, Erling Strand, J. Welner, Donald M. Westrum, Sheryl C. Wilson, Theodore X. Barber, and T.A. Zimmer. Per Andersen, Chairman of Skandinavisk UFO Information, is also mentioned.

Investigation of a Glass Ball Found in Kasimov, Russia

Summary The results of an investigation into a glass ball of unknown origin, found seven meters deep in red clay near Kasimov, Central Russia, in 1983, are presented. While initial speculation suggested anomalous properties, the study concluded that the ball is likely a conventional product of glass manufacture from Russia, dating back 150-200 years. However, further investigation into its age and isotopic composition using direct methods is recommended to conclusively prove or disprove its conventional origin.

Introduction The glass ball was discovered in the summer of 1983 by workers excavating a foundation near Kasimov, on the Oka River. It was found at a depth of seven meters in a layer of pure red clay. The workers were surprised by its appearance and gave it to the director of the Kasimov local museum, Yuriy I. Predeen. The ball remained a curiosity for a decade, with specialists unable to agree on its age or origin. In 1992, Predeen contacted Dr. Yuriy N. Morozov, an investigator of archaeoastronomy, who then alerted the RIAP committee. In the autumn of 1992, Dr. Vladimir V. Rubtsov, director of RIAP, visited Kasimov to examine the ball. Predeen suggested that Rubtsov take the ball back to RIAP for further investigation, which was agreed upon.

Preliminary Investigation and Research Plans An initial examination revealed similarities between the Kasimov glass ball and a 'black ball' previously studied by Dr. Valentin N. Fomenko, which exhibited unusual characteristics suggesting an anomalous origin. The primary goal of the Kasimov ball's investigation was to reveal its properties, characteristics, and identifying features. It was hypothesized that analyses of its physical and chemical data would prove or disprove its conventional nature. However, research plans were altered due to the gradual breakdown of the scientific research structure in the final years of the Soviet Union, leading to the unavailability of advanced measuring equipment and the departure of specialists.

Conclusion on Origin Due to the aforementioned difficulties, it became impossible to determine the isotopic composition and age of the glass ball through direct methods. Nevertheless, the conclusion was reached that the ball is likely a product of glass manufacturing methods used in Russia 150-200 years ago, possibly an intermediate product used by children as toys. The question of its origin is not considered definitively resolved, and further investigations are recommended when opportunities arise.

Results of Investigations

#### Form and Structure
Figures 1-6 show the glass ball from various angles. Figure 5, taken with the light source below the stem, reveals that light passes easily through the interior of the ball. The shape of the glass ball differs from the 'black ball' and cannot be determined from simple length or width measurements. Figures 7-12 illustrate attempts to measure the ball's contour using arcs. The geometric features suggest that the 'black ball' and the Kasimov glass ball are not of the same category.

#### Manufacturing Method
It is suggested that the 'black ball' was likely cast in a mold, whereas the Kasimov glass ball's irregular shape indicates it was made using a hand-operated glassblower's pipe. The shape is attributed to a combination of surface tension, glass viscosity, internal air pressure, and the speed of formation during blowing. This process, common in 19th-century Russian glass production, involved creating a bubble-like forms called 'banochka' (small jars) or 'gobs', which were then cut from the pipe with scissors. A remnant of the stem connecting the ball to the pipe is visible in Figure 4, with a funnel-shaped indentation inside indicating the air channel from blowing. The shell thickness varies from 5.5 mm near the stem to 3 mm at the opposite end, typical of handmade glass. A depression near the stem remnant suggests pressure applied after cutting and during cooling, causing the thicker end to indent slightly as it cooled more slowly and remained more elastic.

#### Color and Inclusions
The ball is made of greenish-yellow glass, indicating iron contamination in the sand used. Small bubbles, up to 1.2 mm in diameter, are present, with fewer around the stem and the highest density at the 'equator'. This distribution suggests simple glass manufacturing technology (low-temperature, short-duration heating). The absence of bubbles near the stem implies the glass mass was heated before glassblowing, causing bubbles to rise. Black residues, up to 3.2 x 1.8 mm, also point to simple technology, likely involving wood heating, resulting in charcoal contamination. Such technology existed in Russia before 1880, with extensive glass production beginning in the late 1700s.

#### Internal Stress and Surface Texture
A heart-shaped cut on the opposite side of the stem is noted, with radial wave patterns suggesting tangential glass scaling due to internal stress. This stress likely arose from rapid cooling, which normally requires slow cooling over many hours or days. The ball eventually split into three parts when reheated. The surface is generally rough, except for the cut and stem indentation, suggesting the cut is recent. The roughness is attributed to the ball being rolled on a hard, sandy surface, possibly as children's toy. The surface is relatively soft and can be easily scratched, indicating leaching after lying in wet soil.

Chemical Composition Spectral analysis revealed the following composition: Si (approx. 30%), Ca (5-10%), Na (1-1.5%), Fe (approx. 1%), Mg (0.5-1%), Ti (approx. 0.05%), Zn (0.008-0.01%), Pb (0.003-0.005%), and Cu (approx. 0.003%). Assuming silicon and calcium are oxides, the main components are SiO2 (approx. 64%) and CaO (7-14%), consistent with the hypothesis of its origin. More precise analysis methods are desired.

Density The ball weighed 54.39 g, with a volume of 44.58 cm³, yielding a density of 1.22 g/cm³. This value, lower than normal glass, suggested it might be made of unusual glass or a resin-like substance. Amber has a density of 1.20 g/cm³. Particles removed from the ball did not burn when heated, and it did not accumulate static electricity. After the ball broke, the density of the fragments was measured at 2.58-2.59 g/cm³, close to normal glass density.

Hardness and Refraction The ball's hardness was approximately 6.5 on the Mohs scale, and its refractive index was around 1.6, consistent with its hypothesized origin.

Magnetic Properties When placed on a floating plate, the ball showed a weak attraction to a permanent magnet placed one meter away. It did not orient itself towards the Earth's magnetic field. The iron content is likely in atomic form rather than integrated groups, preventing permanent magnetism.

Radiation Measurements of ionized radiation were taken to determine the content of decay substances like uranium and thorium. A radiometer MKC-01P-01 was used to measure beta and gamma radiation pulses. Beta radiation was about 1.63 times stronger than background, and gamma radiation was about 1.91 times stronger. Alpha radiation was the highest relative to background. Attempts to determine the ball's age using gamma radiation were hampered by the loss of staff and equipment at the age determination laboratory. However, it was determined that the ball contains 2 x 10-4% uranium, 2 x 10-4% thorium, and 1.2 x 10-4% radium. The gamma radiation is primarily due to potassium (4%). The amounts of uranium and thorium were too small to determine the ball's age, which would require 5-6 days of equipment operation. The presence of alpha particles from thorium and uranium decay can indicate glass age over a few thousand years, but specialists familiar with this method had left the laboratory.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance The document focuses on a scientific investigation into an object initially perceived as potentially anomalous. The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous scientific inquiry, seeking conventional explanations for phenomena while acknowledging the need for further investigation when questions remain unresolved. The themes explored include the nature of UFOs, material science, historical manufacturing techniques, and the challenges of scientific research, particularly in the context of political and economic changes. The detailed analysis of the glass ball, from its physical characteristics to its chemical composition and radiation levels, underscores a commitment to empirical evidence and methodical research.

This issue of the magazine "UFO" (Volume 21, Issue 4, Winter 1996) features a collection of articles and summaries from other journals, translated and compiled by Per Andersen. The content spans various UFO-related topics, including investigations into anomalous objects, case studies of sightings, and critical analyses from a skeptical perspective.

Investigating an Anomalous Glass Sphere

The issue begins with an investigation into a glass sphere found 7 meters deep in red clay. Initial attempts to date the sphere using uranium and thorium were inconclusive due to low content. Carbon-14 dating was also not feasible. The primary focus then shifted to examining whether the sphere was 'self-rotating'.

Experiments involving a focused light source and a mirror attached to the sphere were conducted. When the mirror was placed on the sphere's 'pole', the light spot moved up to 20 mm vertically per 24 hours, equating to about 0.147 rotations per year. When the mirror was placed on the 'equator', the movements became more variable, shifting up, down, and left over 96 hours, suggesting surface deformation rather than self-rotation. A control experiment with a 62 mm steel ball yielded similar results, indicating that the observed movement was due to the pressure and deformation of the surface the sphere was placed on, not the sphere itself.

During these experiments, the glass sphere broke spontaneously, likely due to internal tensions exacerbated by the heat from the light source. The conclusion was that the glass sphere was not anomalous and likely a product of simple glass technology from mid-1700s to mid-1800s Russia, possibly used as a toy. However, the circumstances of its discovery in deep clay raised questions about its conventional origin and age.

Articles from Other Journals

The magazine then presents summaries of articles from "International UFO Reporter" (IUR) and "Skeptical Inquirer".

International UFO Reporter (IUR)

• "Incident at Cherry Creek" by Robert A. Galganski: This article re-examines a 1965 case where 16-year-old Harold A. Butcher reported a silver object. The incident was associated with radio static and dead electronics. The author notes inconsistencies and embellishments in Butcher's account over time, particularly concerning details about beings and ground impact that emerged in a 1996 interview.
• "The Truth About the Jim Ragsdale Story" by Kevin D. Randle: This piece discusses the Roswell incident through the testimony of Jim Ragsdale. Ragsdale provided two significantly different signed accounts of witnessing a crash in 1947. Randle suggests the second, more elaborate version published by the Roswell Museum was embellished to enhance its appeal and revenue.
• "Interview with Nick Pope, British MoD UFO Office" by Mark Ian Birdsall and Vivienne Olbison: An interview with Nick Pope, who worked for the British Ministry of Defence handling UFO matters. Pope reportedly became convinced of UFOs' reality (as spaceships) and questions why his former employer didn't pursue the matter more vigorously. The reviewer criticizes Pope for making unsubstantiated claims and suggests he believes the British government knows more than it admits, while the US military and government are engaged in a cover-up.
• "The Salvation Myth" by Jerome Clark (IUR, Vol. 21, No. 4, Winter 1996): Clark argues that the concept of UFOs as alien spaceships did not originate in 1947. He contends that before the early 1950s, UFOs were simply seen as unknown phenomena, and the association with 'spaceships' developed later.
• "Tall Tales in Flatland" by Tin Vankerkom: This article touches upon abduction cases in Holland, featuring hypnotherapist Hilda Musch, who has investigated 52 cases and provides a statistical overview.
• "The Night the Mountain Exploded" by Jenny Randles: Describes rumors of a strange event on January 23, 1974, near Landrillo, Wales, involving a large explosion, a strange light, and reports of a crashed object, increased radioactivity, and a subsequent retraction by a nurse who claimed to have seen a crashed craft.
• "Preserving UFO Material" by Jan Aldrich: Aldrich urges ufologists to ensure that archives are properly handed over and preserved, recommending multiple copies of important materials, good registries, and accessibility.
• "The Will to Believe: Gnats, Motes, and Cottonwood Fluff from Outer Space" by Jennie Zeidman: Zeidman analyzes the famous Salida video of 'unknown objects' and concludes it shows airborne dust particles, possibly combined with spiderwebs.
• "Salida - An Analysis of the Video" by Bruce Maccabee: Maccabee analyzed the Salida video but found limited conclusive evidence. Based on witness descriptions, he estimated the object's distance at least 5 km, making it appear large, but noted discrepancies between witness accounts and the video content.
• "An Anecdotal Report of a UFO Crash/Retrieval in 1941, Part 1" by Walter N. Webb: Webb investigates rumors of a UFO crash in 1941, based on a story overheard by Gloria Mudge Stokes. He highlights the difficulty of investigating old cases and the need for caution with such rumors.

Skeptical Inquirer (SI)

• "The 'Roswell Fragment' - Case Closed" by David E. Thomas (SI, Vol. 20, No. 6, Nov/Dec 1996): A material sample submitted to the Roswell museum, claimed to be from the 1947 UFO crash, was analyzed. It was found to be copper with an isotopic composition matching terrestrial copper and was identified as surplus material from a sculpture by artist Randy Fullbright.
• "Penthouse 'Autopsy': Déjà View" by Joe Nickell: Nickell reviews alleged 'ufonaut' photos published in Penthouse, noting their similarity to a model used in the Roswell movie and displayed at the Roswell UFO museum, suggesting they are not from the Santilli video.
• "CD-ROM Encyclopedias: How Does Their Coverage of Pseudoscience Topics Rate?" by C. Eugene Emery: Emery tested four CD-ROM encyclopedias (Grolier, Britannica, Encarta, Compton's) for their coverage of paranormal topics. He found that only the 'UFO' topic was critically covered by three of the four, with Grolier falling short.
• "That's Entertainment! TV's UFO Coverup" by Philip J. Klass: Klass criticizes TV documentaries about UFOs for being one-sided, giving limited airtime to skeptical viewpoints while favoring proponents. He provides examples of his own involvement.
• "Implants and Gurus Are Everywhere" by Robert Sheaffer (SI, Vol. 21, No. 1, Jan/Feb 1997): Sheaffer reports on the arrest of John Ford and Joseph Mazzachelli of the Long Island UFO Network group for alleged planned use of radioactive materials against officials. Police found radium and a weapons cache at Ford's residence.
• "The X-Files Meets the Skeptics": Chris Carter, producer of 'The X-Files', stated at a CSICOP conference that while his job is entertainment, the series aims to stimulate curiosity and scientific exploration. He cited his brother, who became a Ph.D. after being interested in science fiction.
• "An Encounter with the Man from the Ministry" by Christopher C. French (book review): French reviews Nick Pope's book, finding little new information. He criticizes Pope for uncritically presenting claims and for his belief that the British government knows the 'truth' about UFOs while the US military is engaged in a cover-up.
• "The Darkened Cosmos: A Tribute to Carl Sagan": A section of obituaries and a tribute to Carl Sagan, who died on December 20, 1996.
• "Hale-Bopp Comet Madness" by Alan Hale: Hale discusses attempts to mystify the Hale-Bopp comet, including predictions of doom and rumors of a spaceship. He explains that a bright object seen near the comet was identified as a star and dismisses claims of the comet changing course as stemming from initial uncertain calculations.
• "An Astronomer's Personal Statement on UFOs" by Alan Hale: Hale outlines three principles for UFO research: extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, the burden of proof lies with the claimant, and the simplest explanation should be chosen when multiple are possible. He expresses wonder at the lack of evidence for UFOs, given the apparent paradox that if 'they' wish to be seen, they can, and if they wish to avoid contact, they can.
• "A Bridge Too Far" by Jeffrey B. King (book review): King reviews Budd Hopkins' book on the Brooklyn Bridge UFO abduction, highlighting the incredible elements and the anonymity of key witnesses, particularly 'Janet Kimball', whose later refusal to discuss the case and subsequent death are noted as potentially convenient.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue predominantly features a critical and skeptical approach to UFO phenomena, as evidenced by the inclusion of articles from "Skeptical Inquirer" and the critical reviews within "International UFO Reporter". While acknowledging the existence of unexplained phenomena and the public's fascination with them, the magazine emphasizes the need for rigorous scientific investigation, verifiable evidence, and caution against sensationalism and unsubstantiated claims. The articles often debunk alleged UFO evidence, highlight inconsistencies in witness testimonies, and question the motives behind certain UFO narratives and media portrayals. The editorial stance appears to favor a rational, evidence-based approach, encouraging critical thinking and skepticism towards extraordinary claims, while still acknowledging the enduring mystery and public interest in UFOs.