UFO Student - Sonderband No 1

Magazine Overview

Title: Der UFO-Student
Issue: Sonderband Nr. 1
Date: 1/2001 (January 2001)
Publisher: Der UFO-Student / CENAP
Country: Germany
Language: German

This special issue, titled "Unerklärliche Phänomene" über Russland ("Unexplained Phenomena" over Russia), is a comprehensive study by Christian Sommerer and Werner Walter, presented by Der UFO-Student and the Centrale Erforschungsnetz außergewöhnlicher Himmelsphänomene (CENAP). It delves into the origins and forms of belief in "Unknown Flying Objects" (UFOs) in Russia and the former Soviet Union.

Foreword

Tino Günter, the editor-in-chief of UFO-Student, welcomes the reader to this extensive special edition, noting its over 150 pages and its justification for the depth required to cover the complex topic of Russia's "unexplained phenomena." He highlights that the authors, Christian Sommerer and Werner Walter, provide a comprehensive and critical insight into the historical and current manifestations of UFO beliefs in Russia. Günter emphasizes that the publication is aimed at seriously interested UFO researchers, distinguishing it from casual or fan-oriented magazines. He also notes that this special issue continues the series after the discontinuation of the US magazine and expresses hope for reader feedback.

Summary of Contents (Kurzinhalt)

This publication is described as an "inconvenient and disillusioning investigation" into UFO beliefs, primarily authored by CENAP Director Werner Walter and theoretically expanded by Christian Sommerer, head of CENAP's Mecklenburg-Vorpommern regional committee. The study, oriented towards cultural history and social psychology, examines multiple aspects of UFO and general superstition in "the land of the sleeping bear." It aims to strip away the artificial mystical core from numerous supposedly "unexplained celestial observations" that circulate in uncritical UFO literature, instead highlighting the real stimuli for their emergence. The work focuses on specific factors and conditions that lead to the formation of irrational beliefs and attitudes.

"Unexplained Phenomena over Russia" is presented as one of the most comprehensive critical works on the subject in German. It is based on an intensive evaluation of material from the CENAP central archive, creating a unique synthesis. The work is considered a foundational study, involving the evaluation and interpretation of countless sources and documents. It is structured into three main chapters, each focusing on specific detailed questions, preceded by a concise summary. The overall result is a factually secured panorama of the historical and intellectual development of UFO beliefs in Russia and the former Soviet Union. The findings reportedly indicate a problematic reality of "anomalous phenomena" in the region, but also highlight the significant imaginative capacity of Russians as a means of escapism from the hardships of daily life. The authors identify distinct chronological phases and epochs with specific structural characteristics, allowing for a rough periodization. While the discussion of "UFOs" was officially discouraged during the Soviet era, the myth was maintained on an individual level. With the advent of Glasnost and Perestroika and the transition to a market economy, these irrational tendencies became more widespread, partly influenced by Western ideas and commercialized "dream sellers."

The authors agree that the Russian example offers a compelling case study for correlating societal conditions with the tendency towards irrationalism, a connection often disputed by critics. The publication is 177 pages long, with 11 illustrations and 3 tables, and was published in 2001 by Der UFO-Student / CENAP.

Chapter 1: Introduction: Sociopsychological UFO Explanations versus Natural Scientific UFO Exploration, "School Formation," and Astigmatic Views of "Skeptics"

Christian Sommerer's introduction discusses Thomas S. Kuhn's model of "paradigm shifts" in scientific revolutions. He argues that scientific paradigms are not static but can become outdated and are eventually replaced. Sommerer draws a parallel between scientific paradigms and dogmas, suggesting that modern paradigms might be "mimicry dogmas." He proposes that deviating from established norms and becoming a dissenter is a way to test the dogmatic nature of a phenomenon. He also explores the concept of "school formation" in science, where specialized groups or disciplines emerge, using psychology and psychoanalysis as examples. Sommerer then applies this concept to UFO research, noting the emergence of different "schools" or approaches. He highlights two significant developments in German-speaking UFO research in the 1970s: the establishment of MUFON-CES in 1973, led by physicist Illobrand von Ludwiger, who proposed a radical, scientifically-oriented approach to studying UFOs, and the subsequent debate surrounding this approach. Sommerer discusses the challenges of relying on human observation for UFO reports and the potential of automated optoelectronic recording devices, citing the lack of photographic evidence from the EN-Netz's all-sky cameras as a point of contention. He references Sir Arthur Eddington's analogy of a fisherman using a net to illustrate how research methods can influence findings and Karl Popper's concept of falsification to emphasize the need for critical rationalism and skepticism. Sommerer argues that while the natural scientific approach to UFO exploration is legitimate, its success depends on obtaining verifiable results. He suggests that a lack of concrete results from scientific methods could strengthen sociopsychological explanations. He notes the inherent antagonism between natural and social scientific approaches but also sees possibilities for synthesis, particularly in how scientific approaches can filter out individual biases. He criticizes the ad hominem nature of many debates between proponents of different approaches and calls for a more constructive dialogue.

Chapter 2: Preliminary Consideration: Sociologically Relevant (Societal) Factors and Parameters

This section, by Christian Sommerer, likely delves deeper into the societal factors that contribute to the formation and persistence of UFO beliefs, building upon the introduction's discussion of sociopsychological influences.

Chapter 3: Russian UFO Research

Werner Walter's contribution focuses on the history and state of UFO research within Russia. This section likely details specific cases, research efforts, and the cultural context of UFO sightings and beliefs in the region.

Appendix: Illustrations

This section (page 115) contains visual material related to the topic, such as photographs or diagrams.

Chapter 4: The Situation in the CIS

Werner Walter also addresses the UFO situation in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), likely expanding on the themes of Russian UFO research to include other former Soviet republics.

Appendices: Correspondence Addresses and Authors

These sections (pages 157-158) provide contact information and biographical details about the authors.

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Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critical examination of UFO phenomena, the sociopsychological underpinnings of belief systems, the historical context of UFO reports in Russia and the former Soviet Union, and the ongoing debate between scientific and skeptical approaches. The editorial stance, as indicated by the authors and the publication's focus, is one of critical inquiry, aiming to provide a factually grounded and analytical perspective rather than sensationalism. The publication seeks to challenge uncritical acceptance of UFO claims and to explore the underlying reasons for belief, particularly within the unique societal context of Russia. There is a clear emphasis on distinguishing between genuine scientific investigation and what the authors perceive as irrational or pseudoscientific approaches.

This document is a special issue, "Sonderband Nr. 1," of "Der UFO-Student," titled "Ungewöhnliche Phänomene" über Russland (Unusual Phenomena over Russia). It features two main authors, Christian Sommerer and Werner Walter, with Christian Sommerer contributing a substantial section on the sociological and ideological factors influencing UFO phenomena in the region.

2. Vorbetrachtung: Soziologische relevante (sozietäre) Faktoren und Parameter by Christian Sommerer

This section serves as an introduction to the topic, aiming to provide a general overview for both laypersons and experts. It focuses on the multiple manifestations and expressions of belief in "UFOs" (Unidentified Flying Objects) within the geographical area of the former Soviet Union (SU/UdSSR) and present-day Russia. The chronological scope is approximately five decades, from around 1950 to the present, with earlier periods discussed only if essential for comprehension.

Methodology

• The study is primarily oriented towards the humanities and social sciences, acknowledging the high interdisciplinarity of the subject. It integrates insights from three key disciplines:
• Sociological Aspects: Focusing on attitude patterns, belief systems, and other relevant points discussed in the text.
• Psychological Aspects: Examining potential psychopathologies, confabulations, and psychiatric phenomena that might contribute to UFO reports.
• Historiographical Aspects: Utilized in the evaluation of sources, documents, and chronological periodization attempts.

Minor aspects from economics, demographics, geography, and general statistics are also included.

Periodization

• A periodization scheme is presented to provide a chronological context for the investigation. It outlines three phases:
• Phase 1 (Prärevolutionäre / präbolschewistische): Characterized by traditional ideas and forms of rule, with an unclear beginning but a caesura in 1917.
• Phase 2 (Bolschewistisch-kommunistische Epoche): Beginning in 1917, with internal differentiations like the post-Stalinist thaw. A caesura is placed around 1985 with Gorbachev's rise and the introduction of Glasnost and Perestroika.
• Phase 3 (Transformationsphase): Starting around 1985 and continuing to the present, marked by a radical transformation from communism to market economies, leading to an "anything goes" mentality and extensive legend-building around "supernatural phenomena."

Ideological Context and Rejection of Metaphysics

The text emphasizes that the perception of phenomena and research methods is heavily influenced by political factors and dominant ideologies. In the absence of pluralism, individuals must conform to ideological demands, facing repression if they deviate. Ideologies define acceptable topics, often banishing those that contradict their theoretical axioms. Scientific research, therefore, becomes politically influenced and loses its independence.

The dominant ideology in the SU was Marxism-Leninism (ML), characterized by secularism, the non-acceptance of metaphysical views, and criticism of capitalist mass manipulation. From the October Revolution until the collapse of the USSR, ML was the state doctrine. While differentiations existed, the approach to fringe science was generally discouraged unless it served the state's interests. This led to the displacement of such topics into the private or semi-legal sphere.

The study quotes socialist and communist thinkers like August Bebel, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin to illustrate the consistent rejection of religious and metaphysical aspects. Bebel linked the elimination of state power with the elimination of metaphysical aspects. Engels described religion as a "fantastic reflection" of earthly powers in people's minds. Lenin viewed religion as "spiritual opium" and a product of economic oppression, suggesting that in advanced capitalist systems, people seek refuge in the metaphysical due to dire economic circumstances.

Louis Fürnberg is quoted as aggressively defining metaphysics as a tool of "imperialist wars." George Bernhard Shaw noted that "A miracle... is an event that creates faith." The text suggests that the rejection of metaphysics by socialists and communists, coupled with the apotheosis of their own ideology, created a strong "delusion complex."

Ideological Transformations: 1917 vs. 1985

• Two major ideological transformations in 20th-century Russia are highlighted:
• Transformation a (from 1917): The universalism of Marxist-Leninist ideology officially allowed no differing views, leading to their suppression into the non-legal underground (e.g., Felix Siegel).
• Transformation b (from 1985): The loss of Marxist-Leninist doctrine's dominance led to the emergence of previously suppressed currents. This resulted in an "anarcho-pseudoscientific" phase, with authors adapting to market demands without regard for truth or objectivity. The opening to the West also led to an "import" of Western irrational belief systems.

Categorization of Reports

• The document proposes a classification of UFO reports into two main categories:
• A) Real events: Indicated by real natural stimuli but misinterpreted by the observer (e.g., Petrosawodsk 1977). This category is significant for studying perceptual and psychological aspects.
• B) Fictional reports: Lacking an objective stimulus, these are entirely fictional. This category is important for investigating the genesis and distribution of rumors within specific societal conditions.

3. Russische UFO-Forschung by Werner Walter

This section, authored by Werner Walter, focuses on UFO research in Russia. It begins by referencing a 1976 Süddeutsche Zeitung article about a campaign by the Soviet youth newspaper Komsomolskaja Prawda against belief in "cold warriors from space." Despite the Marxist-Leninist framework, which theoretically explains everything scientifically, the newspaper felt compelled to counter rumors about "Flying Saucers."

The article notes that UFOs were generally not a serious topic in the Soviet press, but Komsomolskaja Prawda dedicated significant attention to it due to a widely circulated "Samisdat" (self-published) manuscript detailing a lecture about UFOs observed over the Soviet Union. This manuscript sparked a "stormy dispute" among various segments of society.

The Komsomolskaja Prawda attempted to calm agitated minds with counter-arguments. It mentioned a report of a "Flying Saucer" observed over Naljtschik for 1.5 days, which the local administration denied. Another case cited was a UFO sighting on August 31, 1961, near a railway crossing in Moscow, where cars were unable to start after the train passed. The Samisdat text also mentioned "extraterrestrial beings" and their classification into humanoids of different types and sizes, with some possessing immense strength.

The newspaper criticized the "hunt for sensations" in the West, attributing it to capitalist systems and suggesting that "Flying Saucers" played a role in escalating the "Cold War." The article implies that in post-Soviet Russia, the fascination with the extraordinary persists, driven by economic hardship and a desire for profit, with Russian UFOlogists seeking audiences in Western countries.

The Petrozawodsk Incident (September 20, 1977)

The text details the widely discussed "Lichtqualle von Petrozawodsk" (Light Jellyfish of Petrozawodsk) incident. On September 20, 1977, around 4 AM, a bright, fast-moving sphere was observed over Leningrad, later described as a "jellyfish-like object" emitting golden rays. Eyewitnesses reported fear and panic, with some suspecting a neutron bomb attack. The object was estimated to be about 100 meters in diameter. Smaller objects reportedly emerged from the main UFO. A pilot attempting to contact air traffic control received a negative response. The "Wolgo-Balt" ship also reported sighting the phenomenon. The incident caused widespread public concern, with many readers writing to TASS inquiring about the safety of the area. The Soviet government initiated a scientific investigation and suppressed the story.

The incident was sensationalized by the American tabloid press, like the National Enquirer. Journalists interviewed Dr. Vladimir G. Aschascha, a Russian scientist, who described the event, including the transformation of the sphere into a jellyfish-like object and the emission of "fireballs."

Influence of Däniken and Spaceflight Pioneers

The text connects the UFO phenomenon in Russia to the work of Alexander Kasantsew, who popularized ideas similar to Erich von Däniken's "ancient astronauts" theory, drawing from Russian scientific sources. Kasantsew was inspired by Konstantin Ziolkowski, a pioneer of spaceflight theory who envisioned human space travel and contact with extraterrestrial civilizations. Ziolkowski's work is seen as a precursor to Russian speculations about ETH (Extraterrestrial Hypothesis) and SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence), including the concept of telepathic communication in space.

Parapsychology and PSI in the Soviet Union

The article highlights the significant interest in parapsychology (PSI) in the Soviet Union, particularly in the 1960s and 70s. It mentions that Soviet cosmonauts reportedly experienced telepathic communication in orbit, leading to speculation about PSI training programs. The authors Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeder's book "PSI: Die Geheimformel für die wissenschaftliche Erforschung und praktische Nutzung übersinnlicher Kräfte des Geistes und der Seele" suggested that the East was far ahead of the West in PSI research. Juri A. Fomin, a doctor of telemechanics, made "miraculous" suggestions regarding PSI in Soviet space programs. The text notes that parapsychology experienced a "boom" in the Eastern Bloc, with extensive research into "unknown forces of the mind and soul" and their potential applications in medicine, biology, and education. The book "Psychic Discoveries Behind The Iron Curtain" by Ostrander and Schroeder documented this phenomenon.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the intersection of UFO phenomena with sociology, ideology, history, and psychology, particularly within the context of the Soviet Union and Russia. The editorial stance appears critical of sensationalism and pseudoscientific claims, while advocating for a rigorous, multidisciplinary approach to understanding these complex issues. There is a clear emphasis on how political and ideological frameworks shape the perception and investigation of the unexplained. The issue also highlights the historical suppression of such topics within the Soviet system and the subsequent changes and influences following its collapse. The authors aim to provide a more grounded and analytical perspective on UFO reports originating from Russia, contrasting them with Western interpretations and emphasizing the unique socio-historical context.

This issue of "Der UFO-Student" is a special edition (Sonderband Nr. 1) focusing on "Unusual Phenomena over Russia," authored by Christian Sommerer and Werner Walter. It delves into the Soviet Union's approach to UFO phenomena, parapsychology, and its secret space programs, particularly during the Cold War era.

The Soviet Approach to UFOs and Parapsychology

The article begins by referencing comments from Gris & Dick about the prevalence of charlatans in Russia and Wladimir Mutschall's observation in the Foreign Science Bulletin regarding the potential of telepathy for interplanetary communication. It notes that despite initial hopes, many of these predictions did not materialize, and a 'magical-occult' mindset, combined with a 'black box' approach to science, seemed to prevail.

Eduard Naumow is highlighted as a leading figure in Soviet parapsychology, giving numerous lectures. The text suggests that the taboo against the extrasensory was lifted in the early 1960s, leading to parapsychology becoming a recognized field, with government funding for studies in telepathy, precognition, and psychokinesis. Dr. Leonid Wassiliew enthusiastically compared the discovery of 'ASW-Energy' (likely referring to psi-related energy) to the significance of atomic energy, even within the framework of dialectical materialism. The integration of cosmic mysticism and parapsychology is presented as the foundation for many of these concepts.

Soviet parapsychologists, envied by UFOlogists, expanded their thinking to include telepathy as a common language for potential communication with extraterrestrial civilizations and as a channel for communication between Earth and other civilizations. This concept of telepathy as a radio substitute gained traction, especially after a report in Komsomolskaja Prawda in 1966. Two parapsychology groups discussed "Possible Communication Methods with Extraterrestrial Civilizations," attended by UFOlogists like Felix Ziegel and 'pre-astronautics' proponents like Zaitsew.

The article posits that the collaboration between parapsychologists and UFOlogists in Moscow was not coincidental, driven by a shared desire to uncover the origins of life, a deep-seated aspect of the Russian soul. This mystical Russia, separated from religion by Marxist-Leninist ideology, turned to science, with phenomena like Kirlian photography playing a role.

The 'Messianic Ecstasy' and Esoteric UFO Religion

At a conference, some individuals spoke of 'messianic ecstasy' and channeling messages from extraterrestrials. One participant described UFOs and their occupants as "loving parents in heaven" who would intervene to prevent humanity's self-destruction through nuclear power. This is characterized as the esoteric UFO religion of the 'contactee' movement in America.

Astronomical Congress and 'Luminous Half-Moons'

The theme of "Existence of Life in the Milky Way" was discussed at an astronomical congress in 1967, coinciding with a period when 'luminous half-moon' phenomena reportedly captivated the country and fueled ideas of alien visitation. The book by Ostrander & Schroeder, specifically Chapter 8, "UFOs and PSI: The Search for the Cosmic Messiah," brought these ideas to the West, where mediumistic channeling became a trend.

Soviet parapsychology was also influenced by the West, with figures like Ted Serious and Edgar Cayce being seen as PSI talents. This led to a belief that what Americans could achieve, Soviets could too, creating a self-perpetuating cycle.

Hynek's Fears and Soviet UFO Claims

Dr. Hynek confessed in Playboy his fear that one morning he would read headlines like "Russians Solve UFO Mystery." He worried about surprising explanations or reports of first contact with extraterrestrial civilizations. Meanwhile, Dr. Ziegel claimed that "reliable evidence of UFO observations" existed from the USSR, believing telepathy could be key to solving the UFO riddle. Ziegel became a prominent figure in the Soviet UFO movement, similar to Keyhoe in the US. The Tunguska incident was also debated, with a report from the Dubna Nuclear Research Institute suggesting it had characteristics of a nuclear explosion, which aligned with Ziegel's belief that the object had performed 'maneuvers' before crashing.

The article describes this period as a "mutual escalation of the absurd" that stabilized the two opposing systems and initiated a "PSI race between East and West." The idea that possessing PSI powers could lead to world domination, as depicted in Beljajev's science fiction novel "The Lord of the World," led many to believe that "secret" PSI research in the USSR was conducted for state security and defense.

The Petrozawodsk Incident: A Detailed Account

The narrative shifts to Petrozawodsk, where Kasantsew is presented as a credible UFOlogist who founded the "Research Group in Physics" at the Soviet Academy of Sciences. This group aimed to solve the UFO mystery. Kasantsew's group is credited with reporting on UFO-related phenomena, such as beams that bored holes in glass and pavements, or caused melting and burning.

One account from a team of ambulance drivers describes their vehicle breaking down as a UFO appeared. Witnesses reported that the UFO emitted light beams onto them and the entire city of Petrozawodsk for twelve minutes, blinding them.

The TASS correspondent Nikolai Milow interviewed about 100 people in Petrozawodsk, confirming the shape and enormous size of the UFO. He even saw a hole in a windowpane, described as "larger than an egg," with a matching piece of glass found on the ground. This evidence was sent to Moscow for analysis, though no further results were reported.

Yuri Gromow, head of the meteorological station in Petrozawodsk, described the phenomenon: a thin, shimmering object that emitted light beams. A smaller body detached and moved aside, while the main body transformed into an elliptical ring, red to pink in the center with a white edge. It moved towards the cloud cover over Onega Lake, appearing to burn holes in the clouds before disappearing. Gromow stated it was neither an airplane nor a helicopter, and the weather was clear.

This sighting is compared to a report from November 22, 1962, in Leipzig, concerning an unusual aurora borealis. Vladimir V. Rubtsov reported a similar sighting on May 17, 1967, near Kharkov, involving an object with a long orange tail.

UFOlogist Aschascha suggested the object was either intelligently controlled or an "energy field" generated by a UFO. The article claims the government, military, and KGB suppressed official investigations and prohibited the publication of related materials, attributing this to "conspiracy."

Wasil Zakharchenko, editor-in-chief of a youth technology magazine, confirmed the secrecy surrounding the events and stated that the Academy of Sciences advised against theorizing about the unusual flying object.

The Soviet news agency TASS received approximately 1,500 letters from citizens inquiring about the safety of living in or traveling to Petrozawodsk, understandable given reports of nuclear accidents in the USSR. While TASS could respond to these inquiries, the letters and reports were confiscated by state security.

Top Soviet UFO specialists, Alexej Solotow and Prof. Felix Ziegel, agreed that the Petrozawodsk phenomenon was a genuine, exotic, and authentic UFO.

The Plesetsk Cosmodrome and the "Jellyfish UFO"

A special project was initiated at the Institute for Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, within the Academy of Sciences, under A.I. Mordwin-Schodro, to investigate the physical nature of anomalous atmospheric phenomena. Some sources suggest this was a department of the civil defense authority, which was overwhelmed with "useless information."

Despite limitations, this was the first UFO-related project. The strategy was to avoid the term "UFO" or "flying saucer," instead referring to these phenomena as "anomalous atmospheric phenomena." This tactic, born out of necessity, was characteristic of Russians. An expert group was formed to investigate these phenomena, and the military also turned its attention to this area. The Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense in Mytishchi, near Moscow, began collecting UFO reports and foreign UFO literature.

Due to Glavlit's censorship, foreign UFO books and magazines were often intercepted. Over 100 English-language UFO books are now held in the Russian State Library. Amateur UFOlogists attempted to cooperate with the Mytishchi Institute, but their materials were kept without return or information.

James E. Oberg, an American aerospace historian, published a book in 1982 titled "UFOs & Outer Space Mysteries," which offered an explanation for the Petrozawodsk event. Oberg was dismissed by some UFO enthusiasts as an "unscrupulous skeptic."

The article mentions a kiosk magazine, "The TRUE Flying Saucer & UFO Quarterly," from summer 1978, which extensively reported on Oberg's research into the "jellyfish UFO." It states that a gigantic "jellyfish UFO" hovered over a northwestern Russian city in late summer 1977, causing confusion and fear. The official Soviet press consistently downplayed UFO reports, labeling such sightings as "unusual natural phenomena."

The Secret Rocket Program and the Plesetsk-Cosmodrome

The issue then shifts to explaining the Plesetsk-Cosmodrome, a strictly secret rocket launch base in the Soviet Union, largely unknown to most people in the East and West, unlike the well-known Baikonur Cosmodrome.

Nikita Khrushchev's declaration in the mid-1950s that rocket technology was the future weapon of war led to the development of Baikonur. In 1957, tests began with the first intercontinental missile. The project was so secret that the term "rocket" was not used; the technology was referred to as "the mechanism" or "the product."

On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, from Baikonur. This event was a shock to America and a triumph for the Soviets, marking the beginning of the space race. The launch of Sputnik II with the dog Laika followed a month later.

To compete, the USA accelerated its space program, eventually landing on the moon in 1969. The Soviet Union also aimed for a manned moon landing, but the project faced setbacks, including the death of its chief designer, Koroljow.

Frustrated, the Soviets initiated the Salyut program, leading to the Mir space station in 1986, which provided invaluable experience in long-term space habitation.

James Oberg's 1992 article in "Final Frontier" magazine is mentioned, where he presented himself as a specialist in the Soviet space program. Oberg published an article in the mentioned magazine about the mysteries of the secret Soviet space program. The secret Cosmodrome was responsible for some of the most famous UFO sightings in the Soviet Union. The facility was a state secret, heavily guarded, making it difficult for scientists and UFOlogists to understand related activities, leading to misinterpretations of UFO sightings.

American specialists in space programs and space surveillance were aware of these activities due to their reconnaissance equipment. With the decline of the USSR, Russia opened up, and the true explanation for the 1977 UFO scare in Karelia was revealed in 1989 by scientist Juli Platow from the Academy of Sciences.

Visitors to Plesetsk learned the truth behind the rumors. The discovery of the Plesetsk-Cosmodrome was accidental, made by students from Kettering Grammar School in England, led by Geoffrey Perry. After the launch of the first Cosmos satellite in 1962, NATO forces established a tracking service. However, the secrecy surrounding the Cosmos program led amateur enthusiasts worldwide to engage in satellite observation. The students tracked the trajectory of the Kosmos 112 satellite in 1966 and realized it had not launched from known Soviet spaceports, deducing it originated from Plesetsk.

The article notes that Plesetsk was involved in the development of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), a first-strike weapon capable of reaching any point on Earth within half an hour.

The Petrozawodsk Phenomenon Explained

Dr. Sergey Chernouss from Russia presented at a BUFORA conference in 1995, discussing the Petrozawodsk phenomenon. He explained that what was once mistakenly attributed to a natural phenomenon was actually a rocket launch. The exhaust flames from the rocket's engine, resembling ghostly tentacles, were visible at night.

The secrecy surrounding the Plesetsk space center was due to the launch of secret military satellites (killer, reconnaissance, navigation, and spy satellites) for national security, often in violation of treaties with NATO and America. This area was heavily protected by surface-to-air missile batteries and fighter jets.

For many years, Plesetsk was a closely guarded secret. Access required special permission from Soviet authorities and the GRU. The article suggests that the Soviet government and military deliberately orchestrated a disinformation campaign, using the UFO rumors as a cover for the true nature of the events, to protect the Plesetsk secret and deter public interest in UFOs.

Russia's Secret Rocket Program

The article revisits the Plesetsk-Cosmodrome, emphasizing its role in Russia's secret rocket program. While Baikonur is well-known, Plesetsk remained a clandestine launch base. The development of rocket technology was declared a priority by Khrushchev in the mid-1950s.

The launch of Sputnik in 1957 from Baikonur was a major triumph for the USSR, causing significant shock in the USA and initiating the space race. The subsequent launch of Sputnik II with the dog Laika further intensified the competition.

Despite the USA's eventual success in the moon landing, the Soviet Union also pursued lunar missions. However, the Soviet lunar rocket M-1 failed, and funding for space exploration dwindled.

The Salyut program and the Mir space station represented a shift towards space stations, providing valuable experience in long-duration spaceflight.

James Oberg's research is again referenced, highlighting his role in revealing details about the Soviet space program. The article reiterates that the Plesetsk Cosmodrome was linked to many famous UFO sightings, and its secrecy led to misinterpretations. The discovery of Plesetsk by British students is recounted, emphasizing how amateur efforts sometimes uncovered information that official intelligence agencies missed.

The article concludes by stating that Plesetsk was involved in the development of ICBMs, capable of delivering a devastating strike anywhere on Earth.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes throughout this issue are the intersection of UFO phenomena, parapsychology, and secret military/space programs in the Soviet Union. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, suggesting that many UFO sightings, particularly the Petrozawodsk incident, can be explained by classified rocket launches and military activities. The article highlights the role of government secrecy, disinformation, and the challenges of obtaining accurate information, especially during the Cold War. It also touches upon the mystical and esoteric undercurrents within Russian culture that may have influenced the interpretation of these phenomena.

This special issue of "Der UFO-Student," titled "Ungewöhnliche Phänomene über Russland" (Unusual Phenomena over Russia), delves into the complex relationship between reported UFO sightings and the Soviet Union's clandestine space and missile programs, primarily focusing on the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. Authored by Christian Sommerer and Werner Walter, the publication, dated 1957, explores how the secrecy surrounding these advanced technological endeavors led to widespread misinterpretations and the creation of a Soviet UFO mythology.

The Plesetsk Cosmodrome: A Secretive Launchpad

The article details the establishment and evolution of the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, located in northwestern Russia. Initially conceived as a strategic site for launching R-7 (SEMYORKA/SS-6) intercontinental ballistic missiles, its remote location was chosen for security and proximity to US targets. The construction, undertaken in harsh winter conditions starting in January 1957, was shrouded in secrecy, with the facility operating under deceptive postal codes and even lacking an official name in the Soviet postal system.

Despite initial resistance from figures like Khrushchev, who questioned the immense cost, the strategic importance of rocketry was eventually recognized. By the late 1950s, Plesetsk began operations, receiving its first ICBMs. The facility was later repurposed as a satellite launch center, becoming a major hub for launching reconnaissance satellites, communication satellites, and other space assets, including the Cosmos series.

Misidentification and the UFO Phenomenon

A central theme of the publication is the systematic misidentification of Soviet space launches as UFOs. The article provides numerous examples from the late 1950s through the early 1990s where bright lights, unusual aerial maneuvers, and atmospheric effects observed by the public were, in reality, the result of rocket launches, satellite deployments, or re-entry events. These events often occurred in areas with limited public information, contributing to the confusion.

For instance, the Kamchatka incident of July 25, 1957, initially reported as UFOs being fired upon by air defense, is later suggested to be related to the re-entry of ICBM test warheads. Similarly, events like the "Mys Kammenny-UFO" in 1967 and the "UFO-jellyfish" over Petrozavodsk in 1977 were attributed to the launches of spy satellites.

Soviet Secrecy and UFO Cover-up

The Soviet government, for decades, maintained a policy of strict secrecy regarding its military and space programs. This secrecy inadvertently fueled the UFO phenomenon, as unexplained aerial sightings were often linked to extraterrestrial visitors rather than terrestrial technology. The article suggests that Soviet authorities, at times, tacitly allowed or even encouraged the UFO narrative as a means to further obscure the true nature and extent of their activities at Plesetsk and other sensitive locations.

This strategy was effective, as many Western observers and UFO enthusiasts focused on the possibility of alien visitors, sometimes overlooking or downplaying the role of advanced Soviet technology.

Gradual Disclosure and Shifting Perceptions

The veil of secrecy began to lift gradually. The article notes that the Soviet press, particularly "Pravda," started reporting on the Plesetsk base, albeit cautiously, in the late 1980s. The collapse of the Soviet Union further accelerated the disclosure of information. By the early 1990s, more comprehensive reports about the Cosmodrome and its role in UFO sightings emerged.

However, the shift was not without controversy. Some UFO proponents accused the Russian government of data falsification to continue a cover-up of alien activities. The publication also touches upon the Soviet Union's own growing interest and research into UFO phenomena, with the establishment of committees and the collection of reports, indicating a serious engagement with the subject, even if often framed within the context of misidentified technology.

Environmental Concerns

Beyond the UFO aspect, the article briefly touches upon the environmental consequences of the extensive space activities at Plesetsk, describing the area as a "waste dump" for rocket fuels and debris, posing risks to the environment and local water sources.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes throughout this issue are the pervasive nature of secrecy surrounding Soviet technological advancements, the misinterpretation of these advancements by the public and media as UFOs, and the strategic use of this misinterpretation by the government for concealment. The editorial stance appears to be one of demystification, aiming to explain the "unusual phenomena" through the lens of known, albeit secret, technological activities. The authors present a case for explaining many Soviet-era UFO reports as misidentified rocket and satellite launches, while acknowledging the broader Soviet investigation into unexplained aerial phenomena. The publication highlights the challenges in distinguishing between genuine mysteries and the consequences of state-sponsored secrecy during the Cold War era.

This special edition of "Der UFO-Student" (Volume 1, Special Issue No. 1), titled "Unusual Phenomena over Russia," compiled by Christian Sommerer and Werner Walter, delves into the history of UFO research and sightings within the Soviet Union, primarily focusing on the period from 1967 to 1980. The magazine presents a detailed account of the Soviet government's complex and often contradictory stance on UFOs, from initial interest and investigation to outright suppression and dismissal.

The UFO Student and the Soviet UFO Phenomenon

The issue begins by introducing Felix Ziegel, a professor at the Moscow Aviation Institute, who is described as a key figure in Soviet UFO research. Ziegel's work was initially viewed with suspicion, and he faced considerable opposition from the scientific establishment. The magazine highlights a wave of UFO sightings in 1967 across various regions of the Soviet Union, including Ukraine, the Caucasus, the Urals, and Central Asia, which reportedly included 'flaming sickles' observed by pilots. This led to a call for a joint investigation by Soviet and international researchers.

Official Reactions and Suppression

Despite initial interest, the Soviet government, through its official channels like the newspaper Pravda, began to discredit UFO research. An article in The New York Times on December 10, 1967, noted Ziegel's struggles with scientists who denied the problem's existence. Henry Kamm's report from Moscow indicated that an association of private individuals was pursuing UFO research, awaiting official recognition. The magazine points out that a televised report and subsequent foreign press coverage led to an extraordinary session of the Academy of Sciences in November 1967, where Dr. L.A. Artsimowitsch sharply criticized those involved in UFO research, deeming it damaging to Soviet prestige.

Prof. Vladimir Lechkontzow, secretary of the National Committee of Soviet Physicists, stated that no official organization existed in the USSR to investigate UFOs. Nevertheless, Ziegel received hundreds of reports, documenting over 200 sightings. The Soviet press soon began publishing numerous reports on UFOs and Ziegel's group. However, this attention apparently became inconvenient for authorities, leading to a swift shift from official approval to disapproval, a common occurrence in the USSR.

Pravda's Stance and the Dismissal of UFOs

By March 1, 1968, the Moscow Pravda, via AP, declared that 'Flying Saucers' and other unknown flying objects were mere fantasy. Astronomers Ewald Mustel and Dmitri Martinow asserted that all observed flying objects had been identified by scientists or security agencies, and mysterious phenomena were explained as ordinary occurrences. The Frankfurter Rundschau reported on April 9, 1968, that UFO research in the Soviet Union had apparently ceased, attributing this to skepticism and conservative attitudes within Soviet science. A report published in Pravda labeled all UFOs as 'myths' and their study as 'anti-scientific,' a severe condemnation in the Soviet context.

The Role of FOBS Tests

The magazine strongly suggests that many of the reported UFO sightings, particularly the prominent wave in 1967, were actually misinterpretations of secret Soviet FOBS (Fractional Orbit Bombardment System) tests. These tests involved launching small rocket units into orbit and returning them to Earth as fiery projectiles. The article details three spectacular reports from the 1967 UFO wave, including a sighting by astronomers near Kislovodsk and a series of sightings over Southern USSR that coincided with FOBS rocket launches. It is argued that these events, often witnessed by multiple people and sometimes described as large, unusual objects, were mistaken for extraterrestrial craft.

Ziegel's Continued Efforts and Opposition

Despite the official crackdown, Ziegel continued his research privately. He compiled his findings into a manuscript titled "UFO Observations in the USSR." The magazine notes that Ziegel himself withdrew from public engagement, stating he would focus on other activities, but secretly continued his work. His first collection of materials was expanded and circulated as Samizdat (underground publications). Ziegel's research was eventually incorporated into the Gindillis Report, a statistical analysis of 256 UFO reports from members of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, which, despite its authors' attempts to avoid the term 'UFO,' implicitly linked the phenomena to real sightings.

The Gindillis Report, published in 1979, noted that 76% of the reports came from 1967 and that 44 out of 56 cases with multiple witnesses were identical to FOBS test data. The report concluded that UFOs were 'real in a mathematical sense,' a conclusion that was met with resistance. Ziegel's attempt to submit his manuscripts to the commission of the Moscow Aeronautic Institute (MAI) in 1976 was met with scrutiny, with commissions formed to examine his qualifications. He was ultimately criticized for making unsubstantiated claims about UFO activities at his institute.

Other Phenomena and Theories

The issue also touches upon other related topics, including the reception of mysterious radio signals from space in 1973, which were initially speculated to be extraterrestrial but later suggested to be from artificial satellites. A more speculative theory proposed by Soviet professors in 1975 suggested that humanity originated from the planet Phaeton, which was destroyed by atomic explosions, with survivors landing on Earth.

Conclusion and Editorial Stance

The magazine concludes that while the Soviet government officially denied the existence of UFOs and suppressed research, the phenomenon persisted. Many sightings were attributed to misidentified military tests, but the underlying mystery of unusual aerial phenomena remained. The authors position themselves as seeking a 'golden mean' between outright dismissal and sensationalism, aiming for objectivity and factual reporting.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the suppression of UFO research by the Soviet government, the potential misinterpretation of military tests as UFO sightings, the dedication of individual researchers like Felix Ziegel, and the broader question of extraterrestrial life. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, acknowledging the complexities and controversies surrounding UFO phenomena while striving for a balanced and evidence-based approach, often highlighting the connection between reported sightings and known technological activities.

This issue of "Der UFO-Student - Sonderband Nr. 1" by Christian Sommerer and Werner Walter, titled "Ungewöhnliche Phänomene" über Russland, focuses on UFO sightings and investigations within the Soviet Union. The publication date is cited as 1977, with the content primarily discussing events and perspectives from the late 1970s and early 1980s.

UFOs in the USSR: A Complex Picture

The article begins by detailing Peter Krassa's efforts to gather information on UFOs in the USSR, including his visit to Moscow and his attempts to contact Felix Ziegel. Krassa reports that Ziegel's manuscripts, which offered a critical view of foreign UFO research, were leaked and circulated among dissidents, leading to Ziegel's career being jeopardized. Krassa notes that Ziegel's perspective on UFOs was influenced by Western tabloids, leading him to believe in intercontinental spacecraft and coordinated global UFO investigations, forming a new science called 'Ufology'. Ziegel also cited a significant number of UFO reports from within the Soviet Union, but acknowledged a ban on publicizing UFO information, citing the risk of confusion and baseless speculation.

The Petrozavodsk Incident and Other Sightings

Krassa highlights the 'light jellyfish' over Petrozavodsk in 1979, which was deemed unexplainable by experts and labeled a UFO. The incident was sensationalized by the Western press, with reports of significant damage caused by light beams. The article also touches upon sightings in Finland and mentions a 'squadron' of UFOs. Yuri Gromow, director of the Petrozavodsk weather observatory, reported seeing a small object detach from the light phenomenon and fall to Earth.

Ziegel's Views and Soviet UFO Research

Felix Ziegel, a professor at the Moscow Aviation Institute, is presented as a key figure in Soviet UFO research. He believed UFOs were extraterrestrial probes and that scientific research into them should focus on theoretical models. Ziegel's views were often presented through interviews with Western journalists, as direct investigation within the Soviet system was difficult. He acknowledged the challenge of distinguishing genuine phenomena from 'lively imagination' and 'optical effects.'

Cosmonaut Perspectives

The issue includes accounts from Soviet cosmonauts who largely reported not encountering any unusual phenomena in space. Cosmonauts like Georgi Beregowoi, Georgi Gretschko, Jewgeni Chrunow, Pjor Klimuk, and others stated that their experiences in space involved scientifically explainable phenomena, not 'little green men' or flying saucers. Some described optical illusions or debris from their spacecraft, such as the 'Glenn-Effekt,' which were later identified as mundane occurrences.

The 'Tunguska Meteorite' Reinterpreted

Felix Ziegel controversially suggested that the 1908 Tunguska event was not a meteorite but a UFO. He claimed scientific data indicated the object exploded with the force of a 40-megaton bomb, suggesting it was a probe from outer space.

Yeti and Anomalous Phenomena

The article briefly mentions an interview with Soviet military doctor Lieutenant Colonel Vargen Karpetyan, who claimed to have examined a 'Snowman' or 'Almasty' in the Ararat region during World War II. Karpetyan described the creature as bear-like with large hands and strong fingers, and stated it was eventually killed by soldiers.

Official Investigations and Restrictions

Dr. Vladimir Grigoriewitsch Aschascha, Gindilis, and Nikita Schnee formed an initiative group in Moscow to officially investigate UFO phenomena, but their work was reportedly forbidden by the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU in 1979, citing 'mysticism' and 'anti-Soviet reports.'

The 'Moscow UFO' and Debunking Efforts

A significant portion of the article addresses the alleged UFO sighting over Moscow on June 14, 1980. Reports from the National Enquirer and other publications described a large, orange, disc-shaped object causing panic. However, the article presents a debunking perspective, attributing the event to the Soviet spacecraft Kosmos 1188. James Oberg and Pekka Terrikorpi are cited for identifying the phenomenon as a satellite launch or re-entry, with Oberg suggesting that the KGB might use UFO stories to cover up secret military activities.

Misinterpretations and Sensationalism

The authors criticize the sensationalism surrounding UFO reports, particularly in the Western press. They argue that many sightings, including the Petrozavodsk incident and the Moscow event, were misinterpretations of rocket launches, satellite re-entries, or atmospheric phenomena. The article points out how the term 'UFO' is often equated with 'flying saucers' and alien visitors, fueling public fascination.

The 'UFO Baby' Story

The issue also touches upon a sensational report from the National Enquirer about Soviet scientists allegedly recovering a 'baby' from a crashed UFO. Professor Kaminski is quoted as doubting the story, citing the impossibility of such a scenario given known planetary conditions and the vast distances involved.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The publication consistently questions the validity of many UFO reports, particularly those originating from the Soviet Union, attributing them to misidentification, sensationalism, and a lack of rigorous scientific investigation. The editorial stance appears to be one of skepticism towards sensational UFO claims, favoring scientific explanations and highlighting the difficulties in obtaining reliable information from behind the Iron Curtain. The article emphasizes the role of rocket launches and satellite re-entries as common explanations for many reported aerial phenomena, while also acknowledging the public's enduring fascination with the unknown.

This special issue of "Der UFO-Student," titled "Ungewöhnliche Phänomene" über Russland (Unusual Phenomena over Russia), edited by Christian Sommerer and Werner Walter, focuses on UFO sightings and research within the Soviet Union during the 1980s. The issue delves into specific incidents, official investigations, and the socio-political context that influenced the study of anomalous phenomena.

UFO Incident: MiG Shootdown

The issue begins with a dramatic account of an incident on January 24, 1984, where six Soviet MiG-21 fighter jets reportedly attempted to shoot down a UFO. Five of the MiGs were allegedly destroyed by their own missiles, which inexplicably exploded moments after launch, suggesting the UFO might have used a "radiation weapon." Only one pilot, Lieutenant Michael Anisomov, managed to return to base with a heavily damaged aircraft. This report is attributed to Russian UFO expert Dr. Eduard Naumow.

Official Investigations and Public Engagement

"UFOs im Visier" (UFOs in Sight), a report from the "Weser Kurier" on July 16, 1984, highlights that flying saucers and other unusual aerial phenomena had gained the status of scientific research objects in the Soviet Union. An "All-Union Commission for Anomalous Environmental Phenomena" was established, headed by Arwin Mordwin-Schodro. This commission actively solicited UFO experiences from the public by setting up a Moscow post office box.

Challenges for Soviet UFOlogists

The AFU-Newsletter from Sweden (Jan.-Dec. 1984) noted the difficulties faced by private UFO researchers in the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact countries. Long journeys were restricted by government control, and communication channels like mail and telephone were monitored. Any group activities were viewed with suspicion, often leading to associations with superstition, parapsychology, and religious beliefs. This environment, the newsletter suggested, contributed to a naive approach to UFO cases and theories among Soviet researchers, who were often unaware of their own country's military activities.

The Swedish colleagues, having long-term contacts within the USSR, were aware that some reports published in Western media, particularly by the "National Enquirer," were fabrications by Russian UFOlogists aiming to gain importance or were simply their own fanciful ideas. Examples cited include reports of a "space baby," a forest worker being knocked down by a "bizarre beam," and a Soviet ship's crew sighting a UFO emerge from the sea. These sensational stories were traced back to the Moscow group associated with Vladimir Aschascha.

Glasnost and the Rise of UFOlogy

In 1985, Vladimir Nazarov, head of the Directorate for State Secrets and the Press, issued a directive lifting previous restrictions on publishing reports about UFO phenomena. This marked the beginning of "Glasnost" and coincided with a sharp increase in UFO enthusiasts in the early 1980s. Despite learning to speak about UFOs in veiled terms, using phrases like "anomalous phenomena" or "fleeting environmental appearances," UFOlogists began organizing in Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, and Kharkov. They used scientific and technical societies and various journals to promote their cause, though the term "anomalous atmospheric phenomenon" was still preferred over the more direct "UFO."

Academic Recognition and "Non-Traditional" Research

By January 1984, the term "UFO" was still somewhat taboo, but the situation was changing. Kiev hosted the first UFO conference with nearly 60 attendees. The participants, seemingly unaware of the actual background of reported phenomena like the Gindilis-reported events and the Petrozavodsk incident, decided that further investigation into anomalous aerial phenomena was warranted. Subsequent conferences and seminars solidified a new UFOlogy establishment. Some scientists within the Academy of Sciences began to accept the reality of the problem, and the publicity policy shifted.

In July 1984, the Moscow newspaper "Sovietskaya Rossia" urged readers to report any strange celestial occurrences, termed "anomalous phenomena," to a specific post office box. This address belonged to the newly founded "Public Commission for the Investigation of Anomalous Phenomena." Arvid Mordvin-Schodro, the commission's General Secretary, acknowledged that while many scientists still questioned the existence of such phenomena, the increasing number of reports necessitated the commission's formation.

Kosmonaut Pavel Popowitsch, Vice-President of the Commission, had previously reported a sighting of a large flying cigar near Gorki airport on March 27, 1983. He considered the Gorki UFO a scientifically proven phenomenon that existed objectively but lacked an explanation from established science.

UFOs and Modern Science

An article from the "Weser Kurier" on October 23, 1985, titled "UFOs: Pilot Rescued by Ejection Seat," described a gray-blue UFO, the size of a football field, appearing over Kiev with six smaller objects. A pursuing jet fighter was forced to eject its pilot, Chernyshew, due to inexplicable forces.

The literature also recounts a case from October 1981 where pilot W. Korotkow, flying a MiG, encountered a luminous sphere about 5 meters in diameter. The sphere accompanied his aircraft, causing radio failure, fuel combustion issues, and engine stoppage. It then moved to the rear of the plane, causing an explosion that damaged the fuselage. The sphere vanished, the engine resumed normal function, and the landing was successful. Specialists speculated that luminous plasma might have caused air ionization and a strong electrical charge on the aircraft's exterior, leading to the damage. This electrical charge could also have caused the engine shutdown.

The Gindilis-Report and the Shift in Terminology

The establishment of the Soviet "public commission" was seen as a direct response to reactions in 1979 following the publication of a comprehensive report by the Soviet Academy of Sciences, known as the Gindilis-Report. This led to the popular nickname "ljetajuscije tarielki" (flying saucers) being replaced by the abbreviation NLO (Neoposnannje Ljetaiuscije Objekti for unidentified flying objects), which in turn evolved into the more scientifically sounding "anomalous atmospheric phenomena."

Academic Interest and "Non-Traditional" Research

In April 1988, around 400 Soviet UFO researchers gathered for a seminar in Tomsk on "Non-Periodic Fleeting Phenomena in the Environment." The official scientific publisher of the USSR had inquired with Vladimir Rubtsov and Dr. Y. V. Platov, leaders of the academic expert group for anomalous atmospheric phenomena, about writing an introductory book on the subject. The seminar's reports covered a wide range of phenomena, including ball lightning, earthquakes, the Tunguska event, unusual luminous objects, spontaneous combustions, poltergeists, dowsing, and even the distribution of color parameters in tropical waters.

A 1989 article in "Wissenschaft in der UdSSR" noted that participants in these "non-traditional" research fields often held academic degrees and titles, yet their interests deviated from their specialization, sometimes resembling hobbyist pursuits. The article suggested that these individuals might be driven by intellectual boredom and a desire to participate in the "process of cognition about the universe," which it characterized as an "indirect rejection of serious research."

End of Censorship and the Rise of UFOlogy

Until mid-1988, a form of censorship existed regarding UFO reports, influenced by the "Nazarov doctrine." From 1989 onwards, this prohibition was lifted, allowing open discussion of UFOs without resorting to euphemisms like "non-periodic fleeting phenomena in the environment." In 1991, a book titled "UFOs and Modern Science" was published.

Juli Platov, in an essay titled "UFOs: An Unprejudiced Approach?" (published in "Wissenschaft in der UdSSR," No. 5/1989), questioned whether UFOlogists could truly maintain an "unprejudiced approach" given their "unconventional" methods and the inclusion of various biological anomalies. Platov observed a tendency among some researchers to mix speculation with "unusual interpretations," often framed as an attempt to explain "hitherto unknown physical laws." He argued that real-world scientific discoveries, such as anomalies in lunar rock isotopes or discrepancies in solar neutrino flux, were far more significant than interpreting sightings of bright objects.

The Petrozavodsk Phenomenon Explained

Platov's article also addressed the "Petrozavodsk phenomenon," which he explained as a series of optical effects resulting from rocket launches, particularly the "Kosmos 955" launch in October 1981. He stated that these phenomena, often mistaken for UFOs, were merely byproducts of rocket ascent through the atmosphere, creating large clouds of gas and dust that scattered sunlight. He noted that James Oberg had better understood this event in October 1977 than his Soviet colleagues.

The "Active Spot" at Serpuchow

The issue details an event interpreted as a "UFO landing near Serpuchow" on August 20, 1977. A group of mushroom pickers reported hearing voices and later saw a bright, lamp-like object ascend from the ground, leaving a 4-meter diameter depression with scorched grass. Subsequent investigations of this "contact spot" revealed soil anomalies, reduced microbial activity, and deviations in quartz generator frequencies. Psychophysical effects like fatigue and agitated dog behavior were also reported. However, the article concludes that this was likely a secret rocket launch from the Plesetsk cosmodrome, and the ground anomaly had different causes.

"Star Wars" and the Cold War Context

The article shifts to the geopolitical landscape of the 1980s, focusing on the "Star Wars" program (Strategic Defense Initiative - SDI) initiated by US President Ronald Reagan. Reagan's strong anti-communist stance and the perceived technological gap between the US and the Soviet Union fueled an arms race. The SDI program, aimed at creating a space-based missile defense system, was seen by the Soviets as a destabilizing threat that would shift the balance of power and necessitate massive new defense spending.

The article highlights the Soviet Union's technological lag, particularly in computer technology, and the aging leadership's inability to adapt. The economic strain of the arms race was immense, leading to widespread poverty and hardship for Soviet citizens. Mikhail Gorbachev's rise to power in 1985 marked a turning point, with his policies of "Perestroika" (economic restructuring) and "Glasnost" (openness) aimed at reforming the stagnant Soviet system.

The KAL 007 Incident and Détente

The increased tensions and military buildup led to dangerous encounters between Soviet and Western forces. The downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 in September 1983, which strayed into Soviet airspace, is mentioned as a tragic consequence of this heightened state of alert.

Gorbachev's Reforms and the End of the Cold War

Gorbachev's reforms and his willingness to engage in arms reduction talks, particularly his "zero option" proposal at the Iceland summit in October 1986, signaled a shift towards détente. The article notes that Reagan, despite his initial skepticism, eventually engaged with Gorbachev, leading to arms control agreements like the elimination of Cruise Missiles and SS-20s. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union are presented as outcomes of these changes.

UFOs in the Era of Glasnost

With the advent of Glasnost, UFO reports gained more prominence in Soviet media, often coming from official sources. TV programs began to explore topics like ghosts, Yetis, and UFOs, catering to a public interest that had shifted from industrial production figures to more mysterious subjects. The article concludes that the UFO ban, like communism itself, had fallen.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently portrays the Soviet UFOlogy scene as evolving from a state of secrecy and suspicion to one of greater openness, driven by political changes like Glasnost. It emphasizes the interplay between geopolitical events (the Cold War, SDI) and the public's interest in anomalous phenomena. The editorial stance appears to favor a critical examination of UFO claims, often seeking rational or conventional explanations, such as rocket launches, while acknowledging the genuine curiosity and dedication of many UFO researchers. The article highlights the Soviet Union's unique journey through political reform and its parallel engagement with the UFO phenomenon.

Title: Der UFO-Student
Issue: Sonderband Nr. 1
Date: October 1989
Authors: Christian Sommerer, Werner Walter
Headline: "Ungewöhnliche Phänomene über Russland"

This special issue delves into the wave of UFO sightings and alleged extraterrestrial encounters reported in the Soviet Union, with a particular focus on the Voronezh incident of October 1989. It examines how the changing media landscape under Glasnost and Perestroika influenced the reporting of such phenomena, questioning the veracity and motivations behind these sensational stories.

The Voronezh Incident and Media Frenzy

The issue begins by referencing Italian media reports about "Martians" and UFO sightings, noting the variety of reported UFO shapes, including a "dragon," and descriptions of "aliens" with specific physical characteristics. It highlights the role of the Komsomolskaja Prawda, the press organ of the communist youth, and other Soviet publications like Socialisticeskaja Industria and Trud in disseminating these stories.

A recurring narrative involves a woman allegedly taken by "aliens" and then "rematerialized" a few hundred meters away. A specific incident in Konatsevo village in June 1989 describes children witnessing a glowing sphere land, roll into a river, and a headless figure in dark clothing appear. This story, initially reported by regional press, was amplified by TASS on June 6, 1989, leading to more children reporting similar sightings.

The article also touches upon a purported UFO landing site near Moscow, identified by UFO specialist A. Kuzovkin, which was later revealed to be the result of a fire drill. Another claim by Ukrainian astronomer Alexej Archipow about mysterious radio signals from the star Atair is also mentioned.

The main event that captured global attention was the alleged UFO landing in Voronezh, Russia, starting around October 10, 1989. The Kölner EXPRESS headline "UFO landed in the middle of the Soviet Union" is cited, quoting TASS's report of a UFO landing in a park, with "human-like beings and a small robot" emerging. The TASS report, attributed to Soviet scientists, described the beings as three to four meters tall with small heads, and mentioned a 20-meter wide depression with four deep holes and unusual stone fragments found at the site.

Western Media Reaction and Skepticism

The issue details how Western media, including the *Bild* newspaper, *USA Today*, and the *Mannheimer Morgen*, picked up the Voronezh story, questioning whether UFO rumors should now be taken seriously. *USA Today* reported on "Living Proof: Alien life forms are among us!" while the *Mannheimer Morgen* described beings with three eyes and silver suits. The *Münchner TZ* noted the difficulty in explaining the events, while the *Berliner TAZ* sought expert opinion from Professor Heinz Kaminski, who took the TASS reports seriously due to TASS's reputation.

However, the article also presents a more critical perspective. It notes that the *Prawda*, the Soviet party's central organ, urged restraint regarding UFO rumors, stating that "a wave of rumors and fantasies has swept through Voronezh." Professor Silanow from the Voronezh Geophysical Institute is quoted as saying, "One should not believe everything TASS says," and that the reported findings were not as extraordinary as TASS portrayed them.

The Role of Glasnost and Perestroika

The authors argue that the increased reporting of UFO phenomena was intrinsically linked to the political and social changes in the Soviet Union under Glasnost and Perestroika. The shift towards a market economy and the opening of media allowed for more sensational and less controlled reporting. TASS, under the leadership of Leonid P. Kravtschenko, transformed from a party mouthpiece to a more commercially driven news agency, seeking reader interest and competing for headlines.

Kravtschenko himself is quoted admitting that TASS changed its methods and sought new genres, reporting on previously forbidden topics. He also acknowledged that while Russian media publish hundreds of UFO reports annually, their truth has never been proven. He even suggested that the newspaper *Trud* was a leader in publishing UFO news.

Questioning the Authenticity

The article highlights skepticism from various sources. A *Neue Presse* article questioned, "Did Russian boys invent UFOs?" and the *Welt am Sonntag* reported that the "Russian UFO commission lacks competent witnesses." The primary witnesses for the Voronezh incident were reportedly children, whose accounts varied, and the "ground traces" were described as mere shallow holes.

Sociocultural Factors and UFOlogy

The issue explores the sociocultural context that might have influenced the perception and reporting of UFOs in the Soviet Union. The prevalence of "robot beings" in the Voronezh reports is linked to the historical importance of robots in Russian industrialization and the ideal of a materialist, programmable entity. The fascination with space exploration and heroes like Yuri Gagarin also played a role in shaping the public's imagination.

The authors suggest that the "UFO-Mafia" might have an interest in keeping the phenomenon unexplained to maintain their influence and income. They differentiate between various types of UFOlogists: those who promote sensational stories for profit, amateur enthusiasts, and a small group of scientifically oriented researchers.

International Context and Media Strategies

The article notes that the Voronezh events coincided with a global interest in UFOs, including the crop circle phenomenon in England. It criticizes the sensationalist approach of some UFO promoters and journalists who, it is argued, recycle old stories with new narratives to maintain public fascination.

Specific Cases and Analysis

Several other cases are mentioned, including a report from the *Sunday Correspondent* about aliens being the only hope for Russia, and a *BILD-Woche* article about "New riddles and new astonishing answers to UFOs and aliens." The issue also references a *Soviet Military Review* article that linked UFOs to the SDI program and discussed the potential for misidentification of targets.

A detailed account from *California UFO* suggests that the Voronezh story might have been a "Glastnost fun or UFO factum," a "social commentary" rather than a genuine event. The article points out that the sketch of a flying saucer shown on television did not match the UMMO symbols.

Conclusion

The issue concludes by emphasizing that the polarization within Russian UFOlogy hinders a healthy development of the field. It suggests that while the Soviet media may have taken UFOs more seriously than Western media initially, for many journalists, UFOs were merely a side hustle or an amusing anecdote. The article implies that the pursuit of sensational stories, driven by market forces and public interest, overshadowed rigorous scientific investigation.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes include the impact of Glasnost and Perestroika on Soviet media, the sensationalism surrounding UFO reports, the role of eyewitness testimony (particularly from children), and the potential for media manipulation and profit-driven narratives. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical skepticism, questioning the official reports and highlighting the socio-political and economic factors that may have influenced the widespread reporting of UFO phenomena in the Soviet Union during this period.

Title: Der UFO-Student
Issue: Sonderband Nr. 1
Subtitle: „Ungewöhnliche Phänomene“ über Russland
Authors: Christian Sommerer, Werner Walter
Publication Year: 1990

This issue of "Der UFO-Student" delves into the complex world of UFO phenomena, with a particular focus on events and perceptions within Russia and the former Soviet Union during the late 1980s and early 1990s. It explores the societal impact of UFO reports, the role of media, and the scientific community's response to anomalous aerial phenomena.

The Woronesch Incident and Soviet Society

The magazine opens by discussing the widely reported Woronesch UFO incident, where children claimed to have seen a "banana-shaped object" and robots. The report notes the initial skepticism from the Yugoslav news agency Tanjug and the Soviet Ministry of Defense's reticence. The state television program "Vremja" investigated but found no adult witnesses to the children's claims, though it did report on other sightings of luminous bodies that were explainable as rocket launches. "Vremja" also contextualized the Woronesch story within a broader wave of UFO reporting in the Soviet Union, fueled by sensationalized media coverage, including a UFO series in the Communist Party's youth magazine. Reporter Vladimir Posner, quoted by the New York Times' Moscow correspondent Esther B. Fein, suggested the events were a "product of the intellectual creativity of the affected youth." Fein observed that the country was in a "UFO fever," with the supernatural blooming, and UFOs being presented as a "serious scientific phenomenon." This led to the proliferation of amateur UFO groups and even UFO exhibitions in Moscow. The article suggests that these stories provided an escape from the grim realities of the Soviet economy and rising crime rates, offering a "positive aspect" to people's lives and serving as a way for media outlets, both East and West, to engage their audiences. Fein reflects on the "radical change in Soviet society," noting that increased press freedom did not necessarily guarantee factual reporting, and that the Woronesch report had "many characteristics of an invention," serving as an "experiment" to test the limits of Glasnost.

Scientific Investigations and Radiation Anomalies

The issue highlights the scientific response to the Woronesch incident, mentioning that the Moscow News in October 1989 featured an article by Lev Aksyonov and Boris Zverev. UFO enthusiasts in Woronesch, led by Alexander Popov, investigated alleged UFO landing sites and recorded radiation measurements between 30 and 37 microroentgen, significantly higher than the normal background radiation of 10-15 microroentgen in the area. These measurements were reportedly taken by Vladimir Cherkizov from the Main Directorate in Woronesch, Department of Internal Affairs.

Radiation Levels and Chernobyl's Shadow

Specialists, however, were not impressed by these radiation readings, citing that they posed no health threat and were not surprising given the aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster. The article draws parallels to radiation levels in Germany following Chernobyl, where values in certain areas were significantly higher. It also mentions the lingering radioactive fallout from US weapons tests in Nevada, suggesting that "radioactive traces" at UFO landing sites should be viewed with caution.

The Commission and the UFO Pilgrimage Site

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (KPdSU) formed a commission of scientists to investigate the Woronesch events. The park where the alleged UFO robots appeared had become a national UFO pilgrimage site, with a local priest consecrating the area and many believers visiting. Young people, eager to be on television, presented themselves as "Friends of the Aliens" and shared fantastical stories.

Diverse UFO and Alien Depictions

Reporters Lev Aksyonov and Boris Zverev were struck by the variety of UFO and alien depictions by the children, ranging from spherical UFOs to typical flying saucers, and robots described as box-like with stiff limbs, or human-like figures with unusual features. These descriptions were likened to a school exercise asking students to imagine alien spacecraft and their occupants.

The "Search for Salvation" and the Rise of the Paranormal

In December 1989, the Moscow News published an article by Jewgenia Albaz titled "A Sign of Crisis: The Search for Salvation." This piece linked the UFO phenomenon to the widespread popularity of "television treatments" by "psychotherapist" Anatoli Kaschpirowski, who claimed to heal viewers through the screen. The article suggests that during a time of societal malaise and a struggling medical system, people turned to the paranormal and miraculous for solace. Albaz noted that prior to 1989, paranormal events were largely absent from Soviet media, but with the enthusiasm for Perestroika, they re-emerged powerfully. She identified 1989 as a turning point, where, after political events like the Congress of People's Deputies, the public's attention shifted towards "frightening newspaper articles" and the rise of faith healers like Alan Tschumak.

Scientific Skepticism and the "Condon Report"

The magazine features an interview with Yuri Platov, a senior assistant at the Institute of Earth Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation at the Academy of Sciences. Platov discusses the scientific investigation into anomalous phenomena, initiated by the Academy of Sciences following the 1977 Petrozawodsk "jellyfish" sighting. He explains that many reported UFO sightings can be attributed to technical activities, particularly rocket launches and stratospheric balloons, which create complex atmospheric effects. Platov expresses skepticism towards the idea of extraterrestrial contact, citing the "Condon Report" (a US study on UFOs) and its conclusion that while contact is possible, current evidence does not support it. He emphasizes the importance of a sober, scientific analysis and distinguishes between what "can be" and what "is." He also notes the lack of direct contact with American and other foreign colleagues, despite reading their work.

UFOs in the Soviet Press and International Comparisons

Platov observes the current situation where the UFO topic is persistently featured in the Soviet press, calling it an "interesting situation" and a result of new media policy. He notes that UFO reporting in the USSR has finally normalized compared to Western countries, where hundreds of reports are published annually. He criticizes the "nonsensical interpretation" of phenomena and the blurring of lines between fiction and reality in media coverage.

The Woronesch Interviewer's Missteps

Regarding a television report from Woronesch featuring boys who claimed to have seen a UFO, Platov criticizes the correspondent for leading the interview and influencing the witnesses' testimony, rather than allowing them to describe their experiences independently.

Explaining Anomalous Phenomena

Platov reiterates that most anomalous phenomena can be scientifically explained, often related to technical activities like rocket launches. He mentions that the "cloud of gas and dust" from rocket exhaust can create "fantastic shapes." He acknowledges that a small percentage (1-10%) of cases remain unexplained, attributing this to a lack of witnesses, poor descriptions, or difficulties in obtaining additional information. He uses an example of sailors in Sewastopol observing a light that changed position, which was difficult to verify. He also shares a personal anecdote about seeing grass glowing while hiking in the Caucasus, admitting he doesn't know the cause but doesn't feel compelled to invent an explanation. While acknowledging the temptation to attribute such events to extraterrestrials, he remains skeptical.

UFOlogy and the Search for Evidence

The issue discusses the work of UFOlogists, including Sergej Sljussarjew, who interviewed Wladimir Aschascha, chairman of the Moscow Commission for Anomalous Phenomena. Aschascha claims to have become a UFO expert based on extensive literature and states that the UN supposedly holds over 70,000 UFO photos and 120 film recordings. He also makes extraordinary claims about UFOs interacting with humans and vehicles in the USSR, such as a UFO pulling a heavy-duty truck up a mountain, saving fuel. Aschascha suggests that UFOs are frequently observed by submarine crews and polar flyers, possibly due to his alleged past as a captain of a nuclear submarine.

Specific Case Studies from Russia and the CIS

The magazine presents several detailed case studies:

• Near Moscow, May 1990: A resident observed a cigar-shaped object about eight meters long, from which two human-like beings emerged and entered his house to examine household items.
• Siberia, March 5, 1983: A German UFO researcher, Johannes von Buttlar, reported that a UFO entered Siberian airspace at high speed and was shot down by two MIG 25 fighter jets. The object, described as a six-meter-high, ten-meter-wide cylinder, was reportedly of extraterrestrial origin, according to Soviet scientist Marina Popovich.
• UFO Congress Reports (June 1990): Valerii Uvarov claimed that over 100 people who approached the downed UFO died. Dr. Marina Popovich stated that pilots were blinded by a light beam but guided safely to land. Talif Shonya reported up to three UFO landings daily in Georgia. Viktor Kastrikin described an encounter inside a UFO with two-meter-tall figures with slit eyes who spoke Russian and performed a heart massage.
• Protowino, near Moscow, September 13, 1989: Tatjana L., a 40-year-old woman, encountered two blonde women in silver suits who invited her into a four-meter-diameter UFO. After a short flight, she was returned to a parking lot.
• Tiblisi, Georgia, November 1978: Police officer Buchraschwili observed a large, glowing object and two beings who invited him into a UFO.
• Derschawinsk, Kazakhstan, June 1979: A group of children and their supervisor saw a bright flash and two tent-like objects land. Three 3.5-meter-tall beings with large heads and orange eyes emerged and pursued the fleeing children.

Philosophical and Methodological Aspects

The issue touches upon the philosophical and methodological aspects of studying anomalous phenomena, including earthquakes, ball lightning, UFOs, poltergeists, meteor impacts, bioenergetic experiments, dowsing, solar activity, geomagnetic anomalies, and anomalous zones. It highlights the ongoing intertwining of esotericism and the paranormal with UFO discussions in the CIS and Russia.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the pervasive nature of UFO sightings and reports in Russia and the former Soviet Union, the media's significant role in shaping public perception, and the ongoing scientific efforts to understand these phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of cautious skepticism, advocating for rigorous scientific analysis while acknowledging the existence of unexplained events. There is a clear distinction made between verifiable facts and speculative interpretations, with a critical view of sensationalism in media reporting. The magazine aims to present a balanced perspective, exploring both the claims of witnesses and the scientific explanations or lack thereof, within the context of Soviet and post-Soviet societal changes.

This issue of "Der UFO-Student" (Special Edition No. 1), titled "Unusual Phenomena Over Russia," by Christian Sommerer and Werner Walter, delves into the complex world of UFOlogy within the Soviet Union and its successor states during the late 1980s and early 1990s. It critically examines various reports, alleged encounters, and the socio-cultural context surrounding these phenomena.

Key Articles and Reports

Viktor Kastrikin and the "Galactic Union"

The issue begins by introducing Viktor Kastrikin, a Soviet UFOlogist who reportedly saw his first UFO in 1968 and later claimed to have spent 33 hours aboard an alien spaceship. The article notes that Tele5 broadcast a report on this in 1990. However, it also highlights criticism leveled against Hesemann, an organizer of a New Age-UFO conference, for allegedly selling "obvious show types" to a credulous audience and promoting figures like Kastrikin. Hesemann's views are presented as aligning with the era's zeitgeist of "Glasnost and Perestroika," suggesting a belief in a "galactic union." The report includes a black-and-white photo of a flying saucer near a radio mast with a cow lying in the grass.

Controversy Between von Buttlar and Hesemann

A significant point of contention arises between von Buttlar and Hesemann. Von Buttlar, described as a "controversial author," openly disagreed with Hesemann, stating that the UFO images presented were not authentic extraterrestrial craft. He suggested that such fabrications stem from wishful thinking, ego problems, or a desire for money, attributing them to psychological projection or a need for public attention. The article questions why von Buttlar doesn't apply the same critique to the flying saucer images in his own books.

The "UFO Shootdown" Incident

The issue discusses a UFO incident from the summer of 1990, which Wladislaw Raab had previously dismissed as "nonsense" in "CR 179." Raab warned against the "occultists" from the Academy of Sciences in the USSR, accusing them of deceiving their Western patrons. Concurrently, the British magazine "UFO - The Journal of UFO Investigation" published information about a downed UFO allegedly from the Orion system. G.W. Birdsall, the editor, cautioned against the source, referring to a group of Russian UFOlogists who had appeared in Munich. The incident involved a photo provided by Tony Dodd, showing a "artificial and non-terrestrial object" supposedly shot down by Soviet MiGs. The article dismisses this photo as a crude imitation of an American lunar lander, calling the Russian claims "brazen effrontery."

The "Alien Spaceship" Story (May 3, 1983)

A detailed account is given of an alleged UFO incident on May 3, 1983, near the Stolovaia Mountains in Ordjonikidze, Soviet Union. A UFO entered Soviet airspace and, after being targeted by a ground-to-air missile, slowly lost altitude and crashed. Local mushroom pickers reportedly found the undamaged craft with an open door and took photos. However, they allegedly died from radiation exposure, as did some soldiers guarding the site. The object was reportedly buried near Moscow. Russian researchers supposedly identified it as a remote-controlled probe from the Orion system, controlled by a four-meter-tall pilot. Material analysis suggested it was made of "Polkor," a malleable metal, and propelled by neutrino beams for faster-than-light travel. The craft allegedly contained a small hovercraft named SHEER and a tracked micro-explorer named GIMINKON. Valerii Uvarov Todd claimed that Russian UFOlogists located the burial site and exhumed the craft.

Critiques of Russian UFOlogy

The article expresses skepticism about the sensational claims made by Russian UFOlogists, suggesting that such "kindergarten-style fairy tales" discredit the serious study of UFOs. It cites a report by Raab in "Skylight" about a visit to a former member of the "Munich UFO Study Group," where two Soviet "scientists," Valerii Uvarov and Thales Shonia, allegedly showed an invisible UFO landing site. The article criticizes the lack of credible evidence and the tendency towards sensationalism.

Sputnik and Public Beliefs

A December 1990 article from "Sputnik" (Digest of the Soviet Press) titled "Soon Contacts with Extraterrestrials?" by Vadim Arski, a candidate of technical sciences, is discussed. Arski analyzed Soviet UFO publications from 1989-1990. A survey of 60,000 readers of the youth newspaper "Komsomolskaja Prawda" revealed that 78% believed in UFOs, with the highest percentages among sixteen-year-olds and university students. The survey also indicated that belief in UFOs decreased with age, while belief in healers like Kaschpirowski increased. It was noted that while only 57% believed in clairvoyance, women were more inclined to believe in such phenomena, especially those with humanities degrees. Military personnel were generally skeptical. Arski attributed the rise in paranormal beliefs to a "spiritual crisis" and a societal need for strong personalities, drawing parallels to figures like Mesmer and Rasputin. He also cited "low educational standards" as a factor.

UFO Sightings Correlated with Shortages

The "Sputnik" editorial team conducted research correlating TASS reports of "anomalous phenomena" with shortages of goods. They found that UFO sightings increased when there were "shortages of various goods in our trade." While not suggesting a direct causal link, it implied a correlation between societal stress and belief in the paranormal.

"Russian UFOlogy" and Opportunism

The article suggests that "Russian UFOlogy" at this time was characterized by opportunism, with many seeking to capitalize on the new openness and market principles. The shift from a centrally planned economy to a market economy created new opportunities for sensational stories.

The Phobos Mission and the "Cigar-Shaped Object"

Marina Popovich appeared on the CBS-TV show "Hard Copy" in May 1991, discussing the UFO situation in the Soviet Union. She presented photos that were deemed unconvincing. Popovich also discussed the 1989 launch of two Soviet Mars probes, Phobos I and Phobos II. She presented an image from Phobos II showing a "gigantic, cigar-shaped object" measuring 25 km long and 1.5 km wide, which she identified as a UFO mothership. However, the article, referencing "Sky & Telescope" from February 1990, explains that this image was an artifact of the probe's thermal scanning method, not an actual UFO. Ronald Z. Sagdeev, scientific director of the Phobos mission, admitted that the probes were built under tight deadlines and had low expectations.

Contacts with Extraterrestrials and the Year 2002

A report from "Kurier am Sonntag" dated June 23, 1991, titled "Russians Report Contacts with Extraterrestrials: Mystery of the Year 2002," is mentioned. Alexej Prijma, head of the Moscow "Center for Research of Anomalous Contact Situations," reported that certain Russians were "chosen ones" to be evacuated by "intelligent extraterrestrials" to avoid Earth's destruction, with the process being selective and not mass-oriented.

Personal Accounts of Alien Encounters

Several personal accounts are detailed: Wladimir Jefimenko, a farmer, described an encounter with a "giant in a silver suit" who warned of an impending "great disaster" on Earth. Another account involves three "unusual people" in silver clothing who met two women and a child in Kiev's Hydropark, claiming to be from another planet and taking one person per day. Sinaida Gawrilowa reportedly met a "very tall woman in black" near Moscow and was taken to a "parallel world" and a city called Kuili on an artificial star. Walerij Burimow, a chemist, also described a trip to another planet and a city similar to Kuili, where he was told of Earth's destruction in 2002 and eight terrible diseases. Wiktor Moltschanow reported predictions of a 15-degree temperature rise and the death of one-third of Earth's population by 2002.

The "Kode" and the Year 2002

In Salsk, Rostow region, hundreds of inhabitants observed a mysterious "kode" in the sky on September 15, 1989. Prijma interpreted this as a message: "Something important for humanity will happen on July 7, 2002."

Ed Komarek Jr.'s Visit to the USSR

Ed Komarek Jr. visited the USSR from May 15 to June 13, 1991, invited by Boris Shurinov. He gave lectures and promoted UFO books. Komarek learned that there were 89 registered UFO groups in the USSR, with the Kiev UFO group alone having 5,000 case reports. He noted that people in the Soviet Union were not typically abducted but rather "invited onto spaceships," similar to Western contactee experiences. He also observed that many Soviet UFOlogists were either poorly informed or engaged in disinformation. Komarek questioned how these researchers could travel abroad, suggesting that the most interesting researchers were not those invited to international conferences but humble individuals lacking the means for such travel.

The "Revolver-Sheet UFOlogy" Trend

Paul Stonehill, writing in "MUFON UFO Journal" in January 1992, warned of a "trend of Russian UFO research towards 'revolver-sheet UFOlogy,'" where Western researchers were being supplied with "nonsense and rubbish" from beyond the Iron Curtain. He noted the lack of official Russian documents comparable to those from the US Air Force archives.

Gresh and Knapp's Investigation

In March 1993, Bryan Gresh and George Knapp traveled to the GUS region to gather "good stories." They reported that the UFO world in Russia and the GUS had become like a "fairy tale forest," with the East surpassing the West in UFOlogy. They met individuals willing to share their stories for modest sums. Nikolai Kapranov, described as a Russian physicist and security advisor, acted as their contact, opening doors within the former Soviet Union. Gresh and Knapp met with scientists, military personnel, and KGB agents who claimed to have information about UFOs.

Boris Sokolov and Military UFO Monitoring

Boris Sokolov, a former Russian colonel, claimed that for ten years, the entire Soviet Union was a "gigantic UFO surveillance post." In 1980, the Ministry of Defense ordered all military units to report UFO sightings. Pilots, soldiers, and sailors were instructed to record and photograph UFO behavior. Sokolov stated that numerous reports were collected but never published. He mentioned that 40 cases involved pilots encountering UFOs, with initial orders to pursue and shoot them down, which failed as the UFOs outmaneuvered the aircraft. The article notes that the Soviet Air Force had 30 radar systems for tracking UFOs, which are generally used for unidentified air traffic.

Military Interest in UFO Technology

Sokolov explained that the military's interest in UFOs was partly driven by the hope of acquiring advanced technology to gain an edge in the arms race with the USA. He suggested that the Soviet Union's capitulation in the arms race might be linked to this. Sokolov reportedly told his US contacts that the Defense Ministry's efforts were focused on obtaining "stealth technology," which he believed was a logical development of terrestrial aeronautics rather than extraterrestrial in origin.

The ICBM Base Incident (October 5, 1983)

Sokolov recounted an incident on October 5, 1983, when he was ordered to an ICBM base in Ukraine. The base commander had reported a UFO appearing between 4 PM and 8 PM, during which the ICBM control panel mysteriously lit up, and computers automatically entered launch codes. The Soviet General Staff dispatched their UFO expert to investigate. The article notes that the missiles were not launched, but the incident had consequences, with a report appearing in the "Soviet Military" journal six years later.

The Situation in the CIS

Professor Sergey Chernouss and Professor Vladimir Pivovarov, members of the Russian Academy of Sciences, met with Clas Svahn of AFU in Stockholm. They reported that their committee investigated 10-15 cases per year, with 99% being resolved. They stated that most sightings were related to human activities in near-Earth space, such as rocket launches. They emphasized the need for tangible evidence like films and photos, rather than just witness statements. Their research used All-Sky cameras, but no UFO evidence had been obtained. They noted that cameras in densely populated areas or near cosmodromes often recorded mysterious lights, but these were usually attributable to human activity.

Debunking Specific Cases

The article details the debunking of several famous cases:

• Tblisi-Tallinn Flight (September 7, 1984): The "bright star" and "cone-shaped light beam" observed by the crew and passengers of a Soviet airliner were identified as a rocket launch. The visual effect was attributed to the large gas cloud expelled during ascent.
• Voronezh Sighting (September 1989): The claims of children seeing a "bright machine" and creatures were linked to a rocket experiment over Volgograd.
• Petrozawodsk UFO (September 20, 1977): This incident was identified as the launch of the spy satellite KOSMOS 955 from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. James Oberg's research is cited, along with photos showing the "jellyfish-like UFO" as a result of the rocket's intense exhaust plume.

Concerns About Private UFO Groups

Chernouss expressed concern about the proliferation of private UFO groups in Russia, stating that they often lack proper research methodology and quality. He suggested that many are motivated by profit from publications rather than genuine investigation. He criticized these groups for not understanding the scientific approach to UFO phenomena and for seeking "food for the brain" rather than real answers.

The Post-Soviet Shift and Media Freedom

The article notes the immense increase in press freedom following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in January 1992. This led to a flood of sensational stories in newspapers and media, with little control or verification. Geochemist Oleg Yakovlev confirmed that the press had lost control over its output and was publishing "the most ghostly and wildest stories."

The "Exotic" Appeal of Russian UFOlogy

Americans, the article suggests, are drawn to Russian UFO stories because they are perceived as "exotic." The article warns against the "trend of Russian UFO research towards revolver-sheet UFOlogy," where Western researchers are fed sensationalized accounts. It highlights that there were no official Russian documents comparable to US Air Force archives.

Gresh and Knapp's Experience

Bryan Gresh and George Knapp's trip to the GUS region in 1993 aimed to gather "good stories." They found that UFOlogy in Russia had become a "fairy tale forest," with the East seemingly surpassing the West. They encountered individuals willing to share their experiences for money. Nikolai Kapranov, a Russian physicist and security advisor, facilitated their access to various sources, including scientists, military personnel, and KGB agents.

Boris Sokolov's Revelations

Boris Sokolov, a former Russian colonel, claimed that the Soviet Union operated as a "gigantic UFO surveillance post" for ten years. He detailed military orders to report and photograph UFOs, and the subsequent collection of numerous, but unpublished, reports. Sokolov stated that pilots were initially ordered to shoot down UFOs, but this proved unsuccessful. Later orders instructed pilots to avoid UFOs. The Soviet Air Force reportedly had 30 radar systems for tracking unidentified objects. Sokolov suggested that the military's interest in UFOs was partly driven by a desire to acquire advanced technology, particularly stealth technology, which he believed was terrestrial in origin.

The ICBM Base Incident

Sokolov recounted a specific incident on October 5, 1983, where a UFO appeared near an ICBM base in Ukraine, causing the control panel to activate and computers to enter launch codes. This event led to the dispatch of a UFO expert to the site.

The Situation in the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States)

Professors Sergey Chernouss and Vladimir Pivovarov from the Russian Academy of Sciences shared their findings with AFU. They reported that their committee investigated 10-15 UFO cases annually, with most being explained by human activities like rocket launches. They emphasized the importance of concrete evidence and scientific investigation, noting that All-Sky cameras had not yet provided definitive UFO proof. They also observed that cameras near populated areas or cosmodromes often recorded lights, but these were typically human-made.

Debunking of Famous Cases

The article reiterates the debunking of well-known cases, including the Tblisi-Tallinn flight (attributed to a rocket launch) and the Voronezh sighting (linked to a rocket experiment). The Petrozawodsk UFO incident was definitively identified as the launch of the KOSMOS 955 satellite.

Concerns about Private UFO Groups

Chernouss expressed concern about the quality and motives of private UFO groups in Russia, suggesting they were more interested in profit from publications than in rigorous scientific research. He felt they did not grasp the scientific approach to UFO phenomena.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue include the critical examination of UFO claims, the distinction between genuine scientific inquiry and sensationalism or opportunism, and the socio-political context of UFOlogy in Russia during a period of significant change. The editorial stance appears to be one of skepticism towards unsubstantiated claims, favoring scientific explanations and rigorous investigation, while acknowledging the public's fascination with the paranormal and the exotic nature of Russian UFO stories for Western audiences. The article highlights the transition from Soviet secrecy to a more open, but also more chaotic, media landscape, where sensationalism often trumped factual reporting.

This issue of "Der UFO-Student - Sonderband Nr. 1" titled "Ungewöhnliche Phänomene" über Russland, authored by Christian Sommerer and Werner Walter, focuses on UFO phenomena and alleged extraterrestrial contact within the former Soviet Union. The magazine issue is dated February/March 1997/2, published by CENAP, and features "Die UFO-Akte des KGB" as its cover headline.

Review of Soviet UFO Activities

The review section discusses an article suggesting Soviet military leaders called for data exchange with the West regarding UFOs, motivated by the potential for UFOs to initiate a nuclear strike. The Soviets reportedly acknowledged observing UFOs within their defense system, similar to what might have occurred in the USA. American researchers were provided with approximately 400 cases from the 1980s, with many still undergoing translation. Sokolov, described as the "best-informed man in the former USSR regarding UFOs," admitted that while most military cases had conventional explanations, some remained inexplicable.

Sokolov also stated that no material evidence for UFOs from his time existed, except for one piece recovered and analyzed by four different Russian institutes, which contained elements unusual for terrestrial use.

Alleged Alien Contact and Technology Development

Rimili Avramenko, an alleged chief scientist in the Russian SDI program, believes UFOs are real and that an information exchange between aliens and humans has led to the development of the "ultimate GUS weapon: the Plasma-Beam." He claims the Soviets have been in contact with UFO aliens since 1959, a fact the US is allegedly aware of through its satellite reconnaissance systems. The article mentions a significant UFO sighting over Hanoi during the Vietnam War, identified by the Russians. The American "AURORA" aircraft is cited as the only terrestrial machine capable of matching UFOs.

Military UFO Studies and Information Exchange

Sokolov and Avramenko confirmed that the military UFO study was ongoing in Russia, with some documents indicating Russian observation of worldwide UFO developments and engagement with the MJ-12 complex. References to Western documents unknown even in the West were also mentioned. Gresh and Knapp reportedly met with an informant from the current UFO study, codenamed "Thread-3," at the Ministry of Defense. This informant spoke of UFO observations by Soviet cosmonauts, including Yuri Gagarin, who were not permitted to report them. The Soviets also monitored American space missions, learning about UFO encounters on the Moon, and allegedly discovered that NASA had removed UFO information from its files.

Roswell and Soviet Stance on Crashes

The discussion links the MJ-12 complex to the Roswell crash. Valeriy Burdakov, a scientist from the Moscow Aviation Institute, stated that the USSR never accepted the version of a crashed balloon, aligning with the views of American UFO enthusiasts.

Valeriy Burdakov's Research

Burdakov, who had not previously been interviewed by Western journalists, was encouraged by Sergei Korolyov, the father of the Soviet space program, to pursue his UFO interests. In 1948, Dictator Joseph Stalin reportedly tasked Korolyov with analyzing UFO reports, some allegedly from Soviet agents in New Mexico during the supposed UFO crash. Korolyov concluded that the phenomenon was real but not a threat to the Soviet Union, and not of US origin.

Felix Ziegel, a founder of Soviet ufology, was allegedly asked by the KGB to lecture on UFOs within the secret service. Burdakov also lectured at institutions like the Atomic Energy Institute, with the advantage of secrecy. He claims that various US military departments are still actively researching UFOs, with special orders to keep this information secret.

Juri Fomin's Theories

Juri Fomin, a former lecturer in automation at the Moscow Technological Institute, began investigating UFOs in the early 1950s. He noted the many people reporting UFO experiences but focused on theories about "fully automated probes" sent by extraterrestrials. He was particularly interested in their "power source," suggesting it involved "fourth and fifth dimensional forces." The Soviet system was reportedly wary of Fomin's theories, with the newspaper "Pravda" criticizing him. Fomin maintained his ideas offered precise answers to scientific questions and dedicated himself to studying the fourth dimension and its practical applications, claiming to have conducted secret lectures for the government and military.

Private UFO Studies and Skepticism

Since the 1970s, private UFO studies have been conducted at the Academy of Sciences (AdW), involving over ten departments that have received thousands of reports. However, skepticism exists, with Yuri Platov of the AdW-Institut for Terrestrial Magnetism attributing 90% of Russian sightings to misidentifications of rocket launches. Nevertheless, Platov concedes that some cases remain unexplained.

Dr. Varlamov's Investigations and Engelshaar

Dr. Varlamov, interviewed in his Moscow apartment, investigated numerous UFO landing sites in Russia. He conducted physical and chemical analyses of the soil, finding time shifts and a sterile environment with very few microorganisms, unlike control samples. Engelshaar, a substance associated with UFO propulsion, was also studied. Varlamov claimed to have had successful contact with aliens multiple times. His findings were supported by biologist Juri Simakov.

Simakov's experiments involved observing the behavior of flies in a glass placed in a landing zone, where they acted erratically. He also discovered small, glassy balls and microscopic worms in the soil of landing sites, which Russian scientists could not identify. Simakov theorized that oxygen converts to sodium in the presence of a UFO, calling these residues "seeds from the stars." Samples sent to a US lab yielded no definitive conclusions.

Further Investigations and Photographic Evidence

Simakov also found microscopic worms, similar to those found in Mexico, at two Siberian landing sites. Gresh and Knapp described the Russian UFO study as advanced and serious, with many secrets yet to be revealed. They were invited by the Ministry of Defense to conduct further research in a "UFO safari" at a Siberian UFO hotspot.

Visual Evidence and Explanations

The "ABBILDUNGSTEIL" (Illustration Section) includes a political cartoon depicting Gorbachev seemingly ahead of the US President in space, using the UFO trope for political commentary. It also features a cover of a German publication, "2000+ MAGAZIN," with the headline "Die UFO-Akte des KGB," discussing alleged extraterrestrial contact and the Hale-Bopp comet. Several photographs are presented as purported UFO evidence from the USSR, including images of Aeroflot airplanes. However, Figures 3, 4, and 5 are explicitly explained as "dirt particles" or "film development artifacts" rather than genuine UFOs. Figure 6 illustrates a phenomenon in Petrosawodsk, Karelia, in 1977, initially perceived as a jellyfish-like UFO with light beams, but later identified as a rocket launch from a secret military base.

Colonel Marina Popovich

Figure 7 shows Colonel Marina Popovich, who became known in Germany through her book "UFO Glasnost." The text notes that with Russia's economic transformation, many avant-garde Russians adapted to the new market, and exponents of para-scientific fields often presented modified biographies, as exemplified by Popovich.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently explores the intersection of UFO phenomena, Soviet/Russian military and scientific research, and alleged extraterrestrial contact. There's a recurring theme of information exchange, both between the West and the East, and between humans and aliens. The editorial stance appears to be one of presenting claims and investigations from the Soviet/Russian perspective, while also critically examining photographic evidence and offering alternative explanations for some sightings, such as film artifacts and rocket launches. The magazine highlights the perceived seriousness of UFO research within the Soviet Union and the potential for advanced, possibly extraterrestrial, technology.

This issue of "Der UFO-Student - Sonderband Nr. 1" focuses on "Unusual Phenomena" over Russia, authored by Christian Sommerer and Werner Walter. The content explores alleged UFO sightings, the phenomenon of photo forgery in relation to UFOs, and the broader cultural shifts in post-Soviet countries regarding the occult and paranormal.

UFO Sightings and Photo Forgery in Russia

The issue presents several collages of images purportedly showing unidentified flying objects over Russian territory. Figure 8, labeled "Abb. 8: Collage aus Fotografien vermeintlich Unbekannter Flugobjekte über russischem Territorium," directly addresses the possibility of image manipulation. The accompanying text states, "Wie im Westen, so verstand und versteht man sich auch in Rußland auf die hohe Kunst der Bildfälschung" (Just as in the West, so in Russia, the high art of image forgery is understood and practiced), suggesting a critical stance on the authenticity of such photographic evidence. Figure 9, "Abb. 9: Eine weitere Collage," similarly presents images, noting that among the photographs are numerous depictions of natural sky phenomena that have been misinterpreted.

Figure 10, "Abb. 10: Woronesch 1989," illustrates the Voronezh incident where children reported a UFO landing. The image is a drawing by an unknown artist, commissioned by TASS to visualize the event.

The Shift in the CIS and Eastern Europe

Werner Walter's article, "4. Die Situation in der GUS," details the changes in the former Soviet Union and its successor states following the decline of the USSR and the rise of the CIS. The article highlights the introduction of democracy, reforms, and the influx of Western systems and ideas, including a surge in new religious movements and sects. The text notes the shift in the news business and the public's embrace of new beliefs after the collapse of the communist ideology.

Glasnost and Perestroika are mentioned as Gorbachev's initiatives to end stagnation and the decline of the Soviet empire. The article contrasts the former communist image of humanity with capitalist reality and the introduction of religious freedom. It discusses how, after decades of state-controlled information, the public was exposed to previously suppressed negative news and turned to alternative sources like horoscopes and the New Age movement.

UFOlogy in Poland

The magazine delves into the history and development of ufology in Poland. It mentions early attempts to generate interest in UFOs through magazine articles and the eventual formation of UFO clubs. The "Raum-Kontakt-Klub" (Space Contact Club) was founded in 1978, becoming a significant UFO organization in Poland. Other groups like "UFO-Sonda" and "UFO-Video" are also mentioned. The article notes that many members of these Polish UFOlogy groups were enthusiasts rather than serious scientific researchers, often using mass media to promote their findings, which sometimes blended with occult and spiritualistic ideas.

Specific individuals like Miroslaw Wilk are highlighted. Wilk, a researcher from Warsaw, attempted to establish a UFO research club and claimed to have identified UFO landing sites and 'penetration channels' using a dowsing rod and pendulum. The article also references reports from the Polish army newspaper "Zolniers Wolnosci" (Soldier of Freedom) about military pilots spotting mysterious flying objects. One pilot described an object moving silently with a bright fire outbreak.

UFO Phenomena in Hungary and Russia

The issue also touches upon UFO interest in Hungary. The "II.Ungarischer UFO-Weltkongress" (2nd Hungarian UFO World Congress) in Budapest featured 20 international experts. Dr. Vladimir G. Ashasha from Russia presented accounts of UFOs engaging in a 'star war' over Pyatigorsk, with laser-like beams and one object reportedly crashing. The article mentions the establishment of a UFO landing strip near Budapest by ufologists.

György Keleti, Hungary's Minister of Defense, is discussed for his article in the "UFO-Magazin" titled "Sie haben Szolnok identifiziert" (They have identified Szolnok), where he described a mysterious light over the city. The magazine suggests that this trend reflects a disillusionment with past politics and a search for new freedoms, with the materialist ideology of socialism being replaced by a new era of esotericism and popular UFO superstition.

Military Encounters and Post-Soviet Media

Several accounts of military encounters with unidentified objects are presented. One describes a military pilot witnessing an object about 600 meters higher during an interception mission, noting its silence and seemingly impossible physics. Another incident from July 1983 involved two pilots being ordered to intercept an object described as a long cylinder that disappeared after a chase.

The article discusses the significant changes in the media landscape of former Soviet bloc countries after the fall of communism. The press, radio, and television underwent a transformation, shifting from a didactic style to more open reporting on societal and economic issues. This opening also led to the inclusion of previously taboo subjects like parapsychological phenomena, flying saucers, and aliens. The magazine notes that Western media and UFO promoters played a role in shaping these discussions in the newly opened Eastern European markets.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue include the prevalence of alleged UFO sightings in Russia and Eastern Europe, the critical examination of photographic evidence through the lens of potential forgery, and the cultural impact of the post-Soviet transition on public interest in the paranormal and esoteric subjects. The editorial stance appears to be one of cautious skepticism, particularly regarding photographic evidence, while acknowledging the significant cultural and societal shifts that have led to increased interest in UFOs and related phenomena in the region. The magazine highlights how natural phenomena can be misinterpreted and how the media landscape evolved to accommodate these new interests.

This issue of "Der UFO-Student" (Sonderband Nr. 1) titled "Ungewöhnliche Phänomene über Russland" by Christian Sommerer and Werner Walter, published in 1995, delves into the complex world of UFO phenomena and parapsychology, with a particular focus on the former Soviet Union and its successor states (GUS).

The Blurring Lines of Parapsychology and UFOlogy in the GUS

The article begins by noting that in the GUS states, parapsychological information, despite its questionable reliability in the West, was still viewed as a credible source for understanding UFO phenomena. This led to a conflation of UFOs, hauntings, and poltergeists into a single, often confusing, narrative for Western researchers. The authors suggest that this cultural blending highlights the specific way the UFO phenomenon manifested in the region. The text points to events in Tiflis in the late 1980s and early 1990s, where UFO 'spooks' and reports of alien contact were interpreted as 'possession phenomena' with a religious character, reminiscent of historical paranormal psychoses. These cases often involved materializing stigmas and anecdotal evidence presented as proof of alien activity, occurring within a climate of spiritualism and modern occultism.

The authors argue that most of these alleged extraterrestrial encounters are rooted in the paranormal and have no actual connection to unidentified flying objects. The "Woronesch-Story" is cited as a catalyst for a new phenomenological consciousness, a mixture of traditional superstition, myth, and a modern outlook influenced by Western economic interests. The cultural influence on national UFO myths is emphasized, with a quote from I.v. Ludwiger's "Der Stand der UFO-Forschung" suggesting that Soviet UFO reports were similar to those in the West, though with a notable difference in the size of reported UFO occupants: smaller UFO occupants were less frequently observed in the USSR/GUS compared to the West, while larger ones were observed more frequently.

Prague Sightings and Official Investigations

The issue then shifts to specific UFO sightings in Prague, Czech Republic, reported by the Berliner Zeitung on September 25, 1992. Prager residents observed unknown flying objects multiple times. On August 29, a doctor and her son witnessed a silvert-colored, boomerang-shaped object moving slowly and silently, emitting a light blue glow. Two days later, seven people in Dolni Pocernice saw large, mobile lights in the northern sky that pulsed through red, blue, and yellow before disappearing behind clouds. On September 15, Vladimir Siska observed pulsating yellow and red lights over Prague's Zizkov-Högel, which merged and vanished, reappearing twice more. Siska, a member of the Czechoslovak Archeoastronautic Association, reported that over 30 people had contacted his organization with similar observations in the preceding three weeks, including a video recording that reportedly ruled out conventional aircraft.

An ADN report from Prague, published in the Potsdamer Neueste Nachrichten on November 17, 1992, detailed a congress held by the CSFR's Archaeoastronomy Association. Previously secret information about an unknown flying object over the CSFR was released. On May 5 of that year, a "huge object" was registered by the air defense system, crossing the German-Czechoslovakian border near Marianske Lazne at an altitude of 2000 meters and a speed of 200 km/h, heading towards Prague. It disappeared from radar screens after about 40 minutes. Subsequent analyses involving military experts ruled out meteorological phenomena or normal aircraft. The association collects evidence of extraterrestrial influence on Earth, having received hundreds of reports of UFOs from CSFR citizens.

UFOs and the "Iron Curtain" Collapse

The article from the Lausitzer Rundschau (December 22, 1992) suggests that with the fall of the "Iron Curtain," the decline of the USSR, and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, UFO phenomena began to spread into the East, coinciding with new press and media freedom. A report from Prague News indicated that increased UFO sightings had prompted heightened attention from military authorities, who were collaborating with a private research group founded in Kosice. Since April, Prague News had received over 100 reports of UFO sightings, which were being reviewed for a conference. The paper noted a surge in sightings since about three years prior, with a particular increase in the autumn of 1989. The Junge Welt (March 24, 1993) reported that Czechs were fascinated by UFOs, dismissing explanations like the evening star (Venus). Hundreds of eyewitnesses and reporters from eight private radio stations reportedly observed UFOs over Northern Bohemia and Prague for an hour.

Marina Popovich and the Commercialization of UFOlogy

The issue highlights the role of Marina Popovich, a test pilot and wife of cosmonaut Pavel Popovich, who claimed to have seen UFOs. She is described as a world-record holder and president of the "Central Asian Commission for the Investigation of Extraordinary Phenomena." Popovich stated unequivocally, "There are UFOs," recounting two personal encounters in 1989 and 1991. Her claims were featured in the book "UFO-Glasnost," published by Langen-Müller, which presented hypotheses, stories, and personal experiences, positioning her as the "figurehead of Soviet UFOlogy." Popovich presented eyewitness accounts and photographic evidence, even speaking at a UFO congress in Berlin. The article notes that Glasnost facilitated a greater exchange and commercialization of UFO-related ideas, with both the East and West participating.

Soviet UFO Research and Organizations

Information from the former Soviet Union is presented, including the establishment of research programs. In 1978, due to increased UFO sightings, the Soviet Academy of Sciences initiated a research program codenamed SETKA-AN (Akademii Nauk Set-Academy of Sciences Net or AS-NET). The term "anomalous atmospheric phenomenon" was officially sanctioned, as the term "UFO" was forbidden at the time. The Ministry of Defense created a similar program, SETKA-MO (Ministerstva Oboroni Set). These committees found that UFOs were often misidentifications of rocket launches or other phenomena. However, some military personnel became convinced of extraterrestrial involvement. In 1980, the Ministry of Defense issued "Systematic Guidelines" for handling UFO incidents, leading to a flood of reports. By 1984, various UFO committees were established for statistical analysis, and computer data analysis was introduced. Pavel Romanovich Popovich, a prominent aviator and cosmonaut, led the "All-Union Ufological Association," which later became the "Soviet UFO Centre" in Moscow in 1991. The article suggests that the "East-Block" was increasingly affected by UFO hysteria, mirroring trends in the West.

UFO-Glasnost: A Commercial Venture

The book "UFO-Glasnost: Ein Geheimnis wird enthüllt" by Marina Popovich is discussed as a commercial effort to capitalize on her fame. The book promises "spectacular results of official Soviet UFO investigations" from previously unpublished sources. Popovich's personal sighting of a "glowing sphere" led her to believe in a "principle of reason" behind UFOs and a "higher intelligence." The article criticizes the book's content, suggesting that many UFO photos are misinterpretations of light reflections or photographic impurities, and that the search for natural explanations is often neglected. It also touches upon the dire living conditions in Georgia and the use of UFO narratives by children and adolescents.

Critiques and Skepticism

The article expresses skepticism towards some claims, particularly those involving "materialization phenomena" and alleged alien messages. It criticizes the commercialization of UFOlogy, referring to it as a "black box-UFOlogy" of the SF and occult underworld. The authors question the validity of claims made by figures like Michael Hesemann, who presented Marina Popovich as a member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, when she herself stated she was part of a club associated with the Academy. The article also critiques the book "PSI als Staatsgeheimnis" by Henry Gris and William Dick, calling it a "Münchhausenerei" that misleads PSI enthusiasts with false concepts.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue include the blurring of lines between parapsychology and UFO phenomena, the impact of political changes (like the fall of the Soviet Union) on UFO reporting, the commercialization of UFO research, and a critical stance towards unsubstantiated claims and sensationalism within the UFO community. The editorial stance appears to be one of cautious skepticism, distinguishing between genuine unexplained phenomena and what the authors perceive as pseudoscientific or commercially motivated narratives. There is a clear effort to debunk sensational claims and to ground UFO research in more rigorous, scientific methods, while acknowledging the widespread public interest in the topic, particularly in the post-Soviet era.

This special edition of "Der UFO-Student" (Volume 1, Issue 1, 1990), titled "Ungewöhnliche Phänomene" über Russland (Unusual Phenomena over Russia), is authored by Christian Sommerer and Werner Walter, with a significant focus on the work and perspectives of ufologist Marina Popovich. The magazine explores a wide range of UFO-related topics and alleged encounters within the Soviet Union and Russia, often blending scientific inquiry with New Age philosophy and esoteric interpretations.

Thematic Introduction and Popovich's Vision

The issue opens with a reflection on the current state of ecological crisis and the potential role of 'Higher Intelligence' in guiding humanity. The authors, through Popovich's viewpoint, suggest the formation of an international UFOlogist organization to communicate with these intelligences for advice on survival and planetary salvation. The text posits that humanity's focus on science and technology has led to a disregard for the biosphere's imbalance and a potential catastrophe. It references historical experiences of communication with cosmic environments found in ancient rites and religious practices, contrasting this with modern science's skepticism towards extraterrestrial life.

Popovich's desire to publish a UFO book in Germany stemmed from her experiences at the Frankfurt Book Fair and DU-Conventions. She believes that not only the Soviet Union but the entire globe needs help and rescue, advocating for a return to 'Higher Intelligences' like God and divine messengers, a concept suppressed by the official Soviet Union. Her approach is described as a blend of ecological concerns, esotericism, and UFO beliefs, characteristic of a 'New Age' mindset that developed within the Soviet system's unique superstitions.

Historical and Anomalous Phenomena in Russia

The publication delves into historical accounts of unusual phenomena in Russia, starting with a 1663 incident near the Kirill-Bjeloserskij Monastery, considered the first UFO report from Russia. It also mentions a 'Siberian star map' found near the White Ijus river, purportedly 30,000 years old, suggesting ancient astronomical knowledge.

The 'UFO crash in Siberia,' referring to the 1908 Tunguska event, is discussed. While the Soviets officially attributed it to a nuclear explosion, new expeditions reportedly confirmed increased 'biomagnetic sensitivity' in the area, with effects observed in animals and plants, linked to 'bioluminescence' and 'aura photography.'

Another significant event is the 1976 discovery in the Komi region of a fist-sized, silvery, sparkling rock. Analysis revealed it was composed of rare metals like Verium, Lanthanum, and Neodymium, with traces of Uranium and Molybdenum, suggesting an artificial, non-terrestrial origin. The isotopic composition closely matched Earth's natural ratios.

The 'Mystery of Merivjalja' (1984) describes the detection of a metallic anomaly, later identified as a 15-20 meter diameter flying saucer-like object with a strong magnetic field, found during drilling operations near Tallinn, Estonia.

Yeti Encounters and UFO Connections

Chapter Three explores the connection between Yetis (snowmen) and UFOs in the Soviet Union. Popovich links these anomalies, suggesting they appear in specific regions simultaneously. Her own interest in UFOs reportedly began during a Yeti expedition in the Pamir Mountains in 1982, organized by the Kiev University. The expedition's primary goal was to study human behavior and thought processes in alpine conditions, with Yeti sightings being a secondary, personal interest.

The text discusses Russian legends of the Yeti being incredibly fast and able to evade bullets, even being considered 'messengers of extraterrestrial civilizations' or 'bio-robots.' A dramatic event occurred on August 13, 1982, when a fireball streaked across the night sky, illuminating the campsite and dispelling doubts about UFOs among the expedition members.

Scientific Skepticism and Subjective Experience

The issue touches upon the scientific community's reluctance to accept phenomena like Yetis, dinosaurs in the Congo, or the Loch Ness Monster, attributing them to 'nature's inexhaustible creativity' rather than real occurrences. Popovich is criticized for sometimes losing touch with scientific rigor, venturing into speculative realms about plasmoid or energetic extraterrestrial life forms, before returning to the more accepted 'ET hypothesis.'

A controversial point is raised regarding individuals who claim 'not to possess media capabilities' and dismiss UFOs as optical illusions or misidentified objects. Conversely, the text suggests that only those with 'special psychic abilities' can see 'real UFOs,' implying that genuine UFO experiences are confined to the subjective reality of certain individuals. This is supported by eyewitness accounts described in Chapter 5.

Anomalous Zones and M-Triangle

The Ural region is highlighted as a place producing 'marvels.' In Perm, a group of 'anomalistic ufologists' collects information that defies traditional thinking. Popovich describes the 'M-Dreieck' (M-Triangle) anomaly zone, with the small town of Molebka being the center of unusual activities, referred to as a 'star gate' to 'Oz.'

Photographic Anomalies and Extraterrestrial Evidence

The issue discusses the phenomenon of 'balls' appearing in photographs, resembling 'hollowed-out energy braids,' which are sometimes dismissed as photographic errors. However, the text suggests that photographic anomalies, including unexplained film deletions and transparent negatives, point to 'unusual radiation effects' and 'dimensions beyond the visible.' The poor quality of some anomalous photos is attributed to development processes and contamination, but these are then interpreted as UFO manifestations.

UFOs in the Soviet Union: A Critical Look

The authors express caution regarding Soviet/Russian UFO imagery, noting the prevalence of 'pseudoscience' and the reliance on 'PSI-capabilities' of individuals. They critique the tendency to conflate PSI and science, leading to the 'fantastical' being presented as reality. The lack of advanced instruments and reliance on anecdotal evidence are seen as limitations.

Popovich's book is described as containing numerous speculations and half-truths, reflecting the ufological thought model in the old USSR. It also addresses misconceptions about Western UFO literature, such as the misrepresentation of Leonard Stringfield. The text criticizes the notion of 60,000 'serious' PSI-capable individuals in the USA, suggesting it's a tactic to portray the West as lagging behind the Soviet Union in PSI research.

Contactee Experiences and Alien Messages

The issue presents several accounts of alleged alien contact:

• David from Georgia: Claimed to have conversed with two ETs who warned him about a potential catastrophe if humanity did not change, using the alien narrative as a vehicle for system critique.
• Woronesch Incident: Aliens reportedly left 'landing traces' confirmed by a 'dowsing device' (Wünschelrute).
• Moscow Man (M.): Reported being taken aboard a UFO, receiving information from an 'invisible partner,' and later witnessing a film of girls running in a meadow.
• Dalnegorsk: Alien 'doppelgangers' of children appeared, dressed in silver suits.
• Sakija Sagidullina: Encountered 'strangers' with shimmering cloaks who spoke of visiting 'relatives from the 19th century.'
• Man from Salsk: Met an ET with a 40 cm foot length.
• Ukraine Man: Allegedly transported into a white dome using a 'vacuum cleaner.'
• Woman near Moscow: Experienced contact with two female ETs wearing caps with antennae.
• Ignor N. at Onega Lake: Encountered dwarf-like beings in spacesuits.
• Wladimir Prokofjew: Met two men and a woman with antennae caps and glass beads, whose spaceship was surrounded by a rainbow. The ETs identified their home planet.
• Alina Schaminowa: Experienced a UFO sighting, was taken aboard a craft, and made contact with 'Lilit' from the 'Seven Dogs' constellation. She later encountered 'Kollis' from the 'Great Cosmos.'

Dowsing and 'Biophysical Effects'

The 'biolocation method' (Wünschelrute or dowsing rod) is presented as a key tool in Soviet anomalous research, tracing its history and scientific acceptance in Russia. The text notes that dowsing was considered a legitimate field of study and even practiced in the Red Army. The term 'Biophysical Effects' (BPE) was used to describe the dowsing rod's influence on electromagnetism, aiming to detach it from its mystical past. Dr. Nikolai Sotschewanow is credited with this 'dowsing renaissance.'

UFOs as Six-Dimensional Phenomena

Popovich suggests that UFOs are six-dimensional phenomena. She draws parallels with the Bulgarian psychic Wanga, who could receive information from a six-dimensional world encompassing past, present, and future. This concept, she argues, explains the sudden appearance and disappearance of UFOs in our four-dimensional world. The author also praises science fiction writers like Jules Verne for their accurate predictions.

'New Physical Effect' and Photographic Evidence

The issue discusses a 'new physical effect' related to 'double limitation' theory, suggesting that the rapid rotation of a UFO creates a space-time curvature that makes it undetectable by radar or sight. This phenomenon is also cited as an explanation for UFOs appearing in colors not found in nature and for images of UFOs appearing in photographs that were not visible to the naked eye. The text dismisses the idea that these are simply photographic flaws or development artifacts.

Critique of Soviet UFOlogy

The authors express skepticism about the credibility of Russian UFO research, particularly its reliance on subjective experiences and 'PSI-capabilities.' They argue that the conflation of PSI and science leads to a blurring of fantasy and reality. The issue also touches upon the idea of 'contactees' being used to deliver messages about ecological disasters and the need for humanity to change.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue include the potential for extraterrestrial intervention in human affairs, the critique of modern society's ecological and spiritual shortcomings, and the exploration of anomalous phenomena in Russia. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-mindedness towards UFOs and related phenomena, while also maintaining a critical perspective on the methods and claims made within the field, particularly concerning the integration of pseudoscience and subjective experiences into what is presented as scientific research. The authors seem to highlight the unique, often esoteric, approach to ufology prevalent in the Soviet Union and its transition into post-Soviet Russia.

This special issue of "Der UFO-Student," titled "Unusual Phenomena over Russia," edited by Christian Sommerer and Werner Walter, delves into the complex world of UFOlogy, particularly focusing on its development and reception within the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia. The issue explores various aspects, from the theoretical frameworks of UFO phenomena to the media's role, public perception, and the commercialization of the topic.

UFOlogy in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia

The magazine details how UFO phenomena were perceived and handled within the Soviet system. Initially, under communist doctrine, UFOlogy was largely suppressed, with investigations often dismissed as "unscientific" or the result of "irresponsible persons." The article by Lev Artsimovich in PRAVDA in 1961 is cited as an example of this official dismissal, labeling UFO reports as optical illusions or fabrications influenced by science fiction. Despite this, an underground ufological movement persisted, conducting expeditions and gathering data using specialized instruments.

The issue highlights key figures and events, such as the 1977 Petrozavodsk UFO event, which gained international attention and led to numerous reports from across the Soviet Union. It also mentions the formation of commissions and committees, like the one led by V. Troitsky in 1982, aimed at studying paranormal phenomena, though these often faced internal issues and a lack of official sponsorship.

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, a new era of openness, termed "UFO-Glasnost," emerged. This period saw increased discussion and a greater willingness to explore UFO topics. The magazine notes the rise of Russian UFO experts like Marina Popovich and Valerij Nagibin, who gained prominence through books and congresses. Nagibin, a doctor and parapsychologist, claimed that extraterrestrials were more interested in the former Soviet Union and advocated for improving one's thinking to connect with higher cosmic beings.

UFO Congresses and Media Coverage

The issue extensively covers UFO congresses, particularly the 1992 UFA-UFO Congress in Berlin. This event is depicted as a gathering of UFO enthusiasts and New Age proponents, where theories were discussed, and a market for esoteric products thrived. The magazine critically analyzes the congress, with journalist Wiglaf Droste of 'tip' magazine questioning the credibility of the attendees and the event's commercial aspects. Skeptical voices, like those from the GWUP (Society for the Scientific Investigation of the Paranormal), are also present, with Werner Walter himself participating in events to present a critical, scientific perspective.

Media coverage of UFO phenomena in Russia and Germany is examined. While some media outlets, like the 'Berliner Zeitung,' reported on the congress with a critical or dismissive tone, others, like 'Bild am Sonntag,' highlighted increased UFO sightings in Russia. The magazine notes that the media's willingness to cover UFO topics varied, with some journalists actively seeking to debunk claims while others catered to public fascination.

Skepticism and Critique of UFOlogy

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to a critical examination of UFOlogy. Werner Walter, in particular, presents a skeptical viewpoint, often clashing with UFO believers at public events. He argues that UFOlogy often relies on pseudoscience, misinterpretations of evidence (like photographic artifacts), and a desire for sensationalism over factual investigation. The article criticizes the commercialization of UFOlogy, referring to it as a "market" where "money can be made" through "heavenly failures." The quote, "Occultism is the metaphysics of dumb guys," reflects this critical stance.

Walter debunks common UFO "evidence," such as the Oregon photo and the Roswell incident, offering rational explanations. He points out how scientific concepts are often distorted or misused within UFO circles, and how the movement can become a substitute for religion or a way for people to escape the realities of life.

Specific UFO Cases and Phenomena

The magazine touches upon various UFO sightings and alleged phenomena. These include reports of "flying saucers" and "green fireballs," the concept of "cosmic beings" and "extraterrestrial intelligence," and the idea of "dimensional lights" or "energy balls." The article discusses the claims of Russian UFO experts regarding alien contact and the alleged abduction of humans by aliens. It also mentions the phenomenon of "channeling" and communication with entities like the "Ashtar Command" and "Semjase from the Pleiades."

Object Characteristics

Descriptions of UFO objects include shapes like spheres, cigar-shapes, and triangles. They are sometimes described as luminous or black, with some reports estimating sizes up to a kilometer in diameter. Their behavior is noted as hovering and moving, and some phenomena are linked to light emissions or "energy balls."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the historical trajectory of UFOlogy in a politically controlled environment (the Soviet Union), the transition to a more open, yet often commercialized, landscape post-communism, and the persistent tension between scientific skepticism and belief in the paranormal. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, aiming to dissect claims, expose potential fraud or delusion, and provide a rational, scientific counterpoint to the often sensationalist and esoteric narratives surrounding UFO phenomena. The magazine seeks to inform readers about the complexities and controversies within the UFO field, particularly as it manifested in Russia.

This special edition of 'Der UFO-Student' (Sonderband Nr. 1), titled 'Ungewöhnliche Phänomene' über Russland, authored by Christian Sommerer and Werner Walter, focuses on UFO phenomena reported within the former Soviet Union. Published in 1999, it compiles a range of accounts, including professional observations and archival material.

UFO Sightings and Analysis

The issue begins by critically examining a photograph of an IL-96-300 aircraft, suggesting that apparent 'plasma energy forms' are merely photographic artifacts or film errors, a perspective supported by a similar case from 1980.

KGB Archives and Professional Reports

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to declassified KGB files and reports from various professional sources within the USSR. These include accounts from civilian pilots, air traffic controllers, and military personnel. Sightings are reported across the vast territory of the USSR, from Kursk to Kamchatka, and from Tiksi to Sochi.

Several specific incidents are detailed:

• July 26, 1989: Near Sochi Aeroport, air traffic controller R. Stepanian logged a report from Flight 138 about two objects, one elongated and one spherical, moving away from their aircraft. Flight 397 later observed two specks against the clouds that quickly disappeared.
• May 23, 1985: In the Khabarovsk-Region, a dull-orange, elliptical UFO was observed by a control tower during a bomber regiment maneuver. It moved silently at an altitude of 2-3,000 meters at over 600 km/h. The object was surrounded by a luminous halo but was not detected by radar. A similar object was sighted two hours later.
• November 3, 1985: Near Vladivostok, a UFO was seen moving at high speed, emitting a light beam towards the Earth. It was described as slightly larger than a star.
• December 1987 - September 1988: Near the Shiveluch-Vulkan in Kamchatka, ball-shaped UFOs, described as small flying fires changing color from red to white, were observed by army personnel. These sightings, lasting between 30 seconds and 7 minutes, were sometimes correlated with local rocket launches.
• July 28, 1989: Near Kapustin Yar, Astrakhan Region, soldiers from two army units independently observed a bright, flashing light resembling a camera flash. The object, described as disc-shaped with a semi-spherical top and a faint greenish phosphorescent hull, hovered at about 20 meters above a depot, emitting a bright light beam that swept the ground. It later moved to 60-70 meters before flying towards Akhtubinsk.

Pilot Encounters

Lieutenant Colonel Lev Vyatkin, a decorated fighter pilot, recounts a personal encounter on August 13, 1967. While on a training flight, he observed a large oval object. A milky-white beam emerged from the object, striking his aircraft's wing, which transformed into a ball of sparks. The instruments failed, and the aircraft was violently shaken. The beam passed through the wing as if it were solid.

UFO Research and Organizations

The magazine discusses the state of UFO research in Russia, highlighting the establishment of organizations like AURA-Z and the Soyuzufotsentr. It notes that in 1992, high-ranking military officials revealed that the USSR had secretly collected data on paranormal phenomena and UFO sightings.

The All-Union Scientific UFOlogical Conference

The "Second Annual All-Union Scientific UFOlogical Conference," held in Moscow from October 18-20, 1991, brought together representatives from 160 organizations. The conference aimed to establish a sovereign organization for the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and discussed the coordination of ufological work within Russia and internationally. Dr. Ajaja, Director of Soyuzufotsentr, emphasized the difficulty in understanding the 'genesis' and 'motivation' of UFOs, suggesting that if they represent extraterrestrial activity, it would require a completely new perspective on life.

Psychological Aspects of Contactees

A significant focus is placed on the psychological profile of UFO contactees. The "medical-psychological sector" of Soyuzufotsentr conducted studies on 106 contactees. The findings indicated that only 4 out of 106 possessed a 'healthy personality' in a clinical sense. The vast majority (102) were deemed 'distinctly problematic,' with many showing signs of schizophrenia, paranoia, hysteria, or central nervous system damage. This led to the development of a profile for the average UFO contactee, characterized by unusual beliefs, impulsivity, a tendency towards social isolation, and a strong desire to follow their own ideas.

Challenges in Russian UFOlogy

The publication highlights the financial and organizational struggles within Russian UFOlogy. Vladimir Musinsky, co-founder of the UFO journal 'Fourth Dimension,' expresses pessimism about the field's development, criticizing the proliferation of pseudoscientific content like 'biolocation' and mystical interpretations. He notes that many Russian UFO publications fill their pages with 'a lot of garbage' and fail to conduct scientific analyses, often accepting fabricated facts uncritically.

The issue of funding is a recurring theme, with UFOlogists often dependent on sponsors. The article points out that access to materials is often restricted, with some individuals allegedly selling documents to Western researchers for personal gain. Major-General A. Savin of the Russian General Staff is mentioned as someone who allegedly opens archives to Westerners for money, while Russian researchers struggle to gain access.

The Role of Money and Western Influence

The article suggests that the pursuit of money is detrimental to Russian UFOlogy. It criticizes individuals who sell materials to Americans and mentions the difficulty of obtaining relevant UFO research materials, with prices being high and sometimes requiring payment in kind (e.g., a laser printer).

Appendix and Author Information

The appendix provides contact addresses for the authors, Werner Walter and Christian Sommerer, as well as for Tino Günter, the founder and publisher of the online magazine 'UFO-Student.' It also lists the websites for CENAP and its regional branches.

Author Biographies

Christian Sommerer has been interested in UFO phenomena since the fall of the Soviet Union, inspired by numerous sightings. He is a former amateur astronomer and initiated the Center for Critical UFO Research (ZKU). He has also engaged with US-UFO critics.

Werner Walter, director of the Central Research Network for Extraordinary Sky Phenomena (CENAP) since 1976, has authored numerous articles and books on UFOs. Initially a believer in 'flying saucers' and 'aliens,' he later became a critical researcher, concluding that most reported phenomena have conventional explanations. He is the editor of the critical magazine 'CENAP Report' and author of books such as 'UFOs - The Truth' and 'UFOs - The Impossible Truth?'

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the documentation of UFO sightings in Russia, the analysis of these phenomena through archival data and professional reports, and a critical examination of the UFO research landscape. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, distinguishing between genuine phenomena and misinterpretations, fabrications, or psychological factors. There is a strong emphasis on scientific analysis and a skepticism towards sensationalism, particularly concerning the financial motivations influencing UFO research and publication in post-Soviet Russia.