UFO PRESS - No 21 - (Jul-Set 1984)

Magazine Overview

Title: REVISTA UFO PRESS
Issue: 21
Volume: VII
Date: Julio-Setiembre de 1984 (July-September 1984)
Publisher: Comisión de Investigaciones Ufológicas (CIU)
Country: Argentina
Language: Spanish

This issue of Revista UFO PRESS, a quarterly publication dedicated to UFO topics, presents a detailed account of an unusual sighting in Mendoza, Argentina, and reflects on the publication's history and future.

Editorial: "Pongale el titulo que quiera" (Give it the title you want)

The editorial, written by Guillermo C. Roncoroni, reflects on the tradition of year-end reviews and future projections common in similar publications. Instead of focusing on the publication's achievements and plans for 1985, Roncoroni dedicates the editorial to honoring the individuals who have made the continued publication of UFO PRESS and the work of CIU possible over nearly eight years. He recounts the numerous obstacles faced since 1977, including bureaucratic hurdles, personal attacks, and financial struggles. He specifically thanks long-time supporters and dedicated members who have remained committed to the cause. The editorial also acknowledges new contributors like Rubén Valle and Enrique Fábregas, highlighting their ideas and enthusiasm. The piece concludes with a forward-looking statement about the importance of 1985 for CIU, UFO PRESS, and ufology in Argentina, expressing confidence in their continued journey.

Encuesta: "Inusitado episodio en Mendoza" (Unusual episode in Mendoza)

This section details a UFO sighting that occurred in Mendoza, Argentina, on the early morning of July 24, 1978. The event began around 3:00 AM when Carlos William Brandi, a 19-year-old, hired a taxi driven by Aldo Nievas. While driving through San José, they observed a white luminous object moving at an estimated altitude of 500 meters. Intrigued, they decided to follow the object. The object, initially appearing as a faint light, intensified and began to display unusual behavior, including zig-zagging and changing direction without reducing speed. At one point, the object appeared to be about 10 meters in diameter with four red lights on its upper surface. The witnesses reported that the object's light was so intense it caused their eyes to redden. The object became temporarily unobservable, possibly due to intervening trees or a change in its angular altitude. The sighting was also observed by other taxi drivers from the company's central tower. The object was described as sometimes taking the shape of a giant mushroom. The witnesses reported that the object's lights were so bright they had to shield their eyes. The object then moved towards the witnesses, and the taxi's electrical systems, including the radio and headlights, abruptly failed. The public lighting also went out, plunging the area into darkness. This interference affected other vehicles and paralyzed the central dispatch. The object then began to approach the witnesses. Brandi exited the car in fear, while Nievas experienced a temporary paralysis. Nievas described feeling intense fear and desperation, unable to communicate what he was seeing, yet he maintained his belief in the existence of such craft due to scientific advancements. He observed that the object had large windows through which he could distinguish tall, slender humanoid figures wearing hooded garments, resembling divers' hoods. Four such figures were seen, one appearing to be at a control panel. The interior of the craft was illuminated by a white light. The figures moved rapidly within the craft. Nievas felt threatened, as if he were in an operating room, with the figures observing him. After the encounter, Brandi lost his wristwatch, which was found later stopped at 4:11 AM. Nievas's watch was also stopped at 4:04 AM, the time of the electrical failure. The taxi unexpectedly started on its own, and the electrical systems were restored as the UFO returned to its original position and departed.

Other Articles

• Investigación: "A propósito de los avistajes masivos" (Regarding mass sightings) by Guillermo C. Roncoroni.
• Investigación: "Anatomía de un 'flap'" (Anatomy of a 'flap') by Angel A. Diuz.
• Ensayos Teóricos: "Un estudio teórico de la evidencia del tipo 'no físico'" (A theoretical study of 'non-physical' evidence) by Donald E. Johnson.
• Bibliografía: "De la omnipotencia a la ciencia" (From omnipotence to science) by Oscar G. Diez González.
• Opinión: "Abandonar la ilusión de un contacto" (Abandoning the illusion of contact) by Juan Schobinger.
• Opinión: "Correo Lifológico" (Ufological Mail).

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently focuses on UFO sightings, investigations, and theoretical discussions within the field of ufology. The editorial stance, as expressed by Guillermo C. Roncoroni, is one of perseverance and dedication to promoting ufology in Argentina despite significant challenges. There is a strong emphasis on acknowledging and valuing the contributions of individuals within the ufological community. The publication aims to provide a platform for sharing experiences, research, and opinions related to UFO phenomena.

This issue of UFO PRESS, titled 'ENCUESTA' (Survey), features a prominent cover story and several articles dedicated to the investigation of UFO phenomena, with a particular focus on mass sightings in Argentina and Chile. The issue includes a detailed account of a specific sighting in Mendoza, an analysis of the characteristics of mass sightings, and a discussion of potential misidentifications with natural phenomena.

The Mendoza Incident: Aldo Nievas and Carlos Brandi

The issue begins with a detailed account of an incident involving Aldo Nievas and Carlos Brandi in Mendoza. Nievas describes an object that stopped in the air, produced a white flash and a loud detonation, causing him to lose consciousness. He recounts waking up in the hospital, feeling altered and experiencing persistent nervousness. He believes he will encounter the object again and has had dreams related to it. The incident also involved radiotaxi drivers who witnessed the phenomenon and accompanied the witnesses to the hospital.

Official Explanation vs. Witness Testimony

The IV Air Brigade issued a statement attributing the lights seen in Mendoza to military aircraft conducting nocturnal exercises. However, the article questions this explanation, pointing out discrepancies such as the description of a single, silent, and erratically behaving object, unlike conventional aircraft. The article suggests that the official explanation might be too simplistic and that the witnesses' detailed descriptions, particularly Nievas's account of seeing figures inside the object, warrant further investigation.

Hypotheses on Nievas's Testimony

Two hypotheses are presented regarding Nievas's detailed description of occupants inside the UFO. The first suggests that his experience was a psychological construct, influenced by his prior knowledge of UFOs and the media's portrayal of them, leading him to interpret the phenomenon through a pre-existing mental framework. The second hypothesis posits that Nievas deliberately added fantastical elements to his account to reinforce the anomalous nature of the sighting, especially after the air force's reassuring but potentially dismissive statement.

Morphology of Mass UFO Sightings

The article defines 'mass UFO sighting' as the manifestation of one or more luminous, unidentified objects with a rectilinear or parabolic trajectory, characterized by slow movement, wide spatial dispersion, and numerous witnesses across vast distances. These sightings are contrasted with more typical, fleeting UFO events that are localized and have few witnesses. Two subtypes of mass sightings are identified: those involving small, punctual luminous objects with parabolic trajectories and those involving semi-transparent, ring-shaped, or circular objects with slow translation.

Misidentification with Natural Phenomena

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to debunking the idea that mass sightings are necessarily extraterrestrial in origin. The article argues that many such events, particularly those involving luminous objects, can be explained by natural phenomena. Examples are provided, such as the June 20, 1975 incident in Ringuelet, La Plata, where photographs of a disintegrating meteorite were misinterpreted as a UFO. Other cases cited include 'rains' of meteorites and the entry of satellite debris into the atmosphere. The article criticizes 'ufolaters' for their tendency to attribute any unexplained aerial phenomenon to extraterrestrial craft, even when evidence points to natural causes.

'Nebular' UFOs and Soviet Satellites

The article also discusses 'nebular' UFOs or luminous rings, citing sightings from 1978 and 1980. It highlights their characteristics: circular or ring shape, duration of several minutes, slow translation, elevation, and wide geographical dispersion. The investigation, aided by NASA expert James Oberg, suggests that these phenomena are likely caused by the launch of Soviet military and communication satellites, specifically the Kosmos series.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

Throughout the issue, there is a recurring theme of critical analysis of UFO reports. The editorial stance appears to favor a rational, scientific approach, emphasizing the need for rigorous investigation and caution against jumping to sensationalist conclusions. The magazine highlights the importance of distinguishing between genuine anomalies and misinterpretations of natural phenomena or psychological factors. The article implicitly advocates for a more grounded and evidence-based understanding of UFO reports, while acknowledging the enduring fascination with the subject.

Title: UFO PRESS
Issue: 21
Date: 1984 (Year 0, single issue)
Publisher: UFO PRESS
Country: Argentina
Language: Spanish
Document Type: Magazine Issue

Main Cover Headline

INVESTIGACION

Cover Description

The cover features the title 'UFO PRESS' and 'INVESTIGACION' with the number '21'. Below this, a diagram illustrates UFO sightings in Argentina, with satellite launches as a possible explanation.

Main Articles and Content

Investigation into UFO Sightings and Satellite Launches

The primary focus of this issue is the investigation into UFO sightings, particularly in Argentina and Chile. The article posits that many of these sightings, often described as 'early nuclear alarms' or 'early nuclear alerts,' are not extraterrestrial in origin but are rather the result of Soviet satellite launches, specifically the 'Molniya' (communications) and 'Kosmos' (military) series. These launches occur from the secret cosmodrome of Plesetsk in the USSR and reach an orbit just above Chilean territory. During the final phase, the fourth stage of the rocket is jettisoned, releasing combustion gases and excess fuel into the upper atmosphere. When launches occur at dusk or early evening, these gases, illuminated by sunlight against a dark sky, can appear as luminous clouds or rings to observers in Argentina and Chile. The sensationalist press and 'ufolâtres' (UFO enthusiasts) then misinterpret these phenomena as UFOs or 'guided extraterrestrial vehicles.'

A table is presented listing major mass sighting cases attributed to this category, along with their corresponding satellite explanations:

• December 19, 1971: Molniya 1-19 satellite
• August 22, 1978: Molniya 1-42 satellite
• February 11, 1980: Kosmos 1164 satellite
• June 14, 1980: Kosmos 1186 satellite
• October 31, 1981: Kosmos 1317 satellite
• March 23, 1982: Molniya 3-18 satellite
• August 30, 1983: Molniya 3-19 satellite
• March 16, 1984: Molniya 1-60 satellite

A diagram, attributed to James Oberg (NASA) and courtesy of Antonio Hunneus, illustrates the timing of these Soviet satellite overflights in Argentina and South America, highlighting those that have led to UFO reports. The diagram correlates average time (UT-3) with the month of the year.

'No Todo Lo Que Vuela...' (Not Everything That Flies...)

This editorial piece reflects on the nature of UFO investigations. The author agrees with the sentiment that 'not everything that flies is a UFO,' finding this particularly true for mass sightings in South America. While acknowledging that some researchers sincerely believe they have found 'something' important, the author asserts that most of these cases are assimilable to natural causes, possibly with human involvement. The phenomenon of UFOs is described as rich and complex, and the author believes that by explaining away false cases, investigators contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon.

Notes and Bibliographical References

A list of references is provided, citing various articles and books related to UFO observations in Argentina and Chile, including:

1. 'El Flap de Febrero de 1980' by Angel A. Diaz in UFO PRESS.
2. 'ARGENCAT, Catálogo Estadístico de Observaciones del Tipo I' by CIU-CUFOS.
3. 'Platillos Volantes en Hispano America y España' by Antonio Ribera.
4. 'Apuntes Sobre la Oleada de 1978' by Guillermo Roncoroni in Cosmovisión.
5. 'El Incidente del 20 de Junio' by Guillermo Roncoroni and Gustavo Alvarez in UFO PRESS.
6. 'Otro Avistaje Masivo: El Caso 20 de Junio de 1975' by Omar Demattci in Cuarta Dimensión.
7. Reports from the newspapers Crónica and Clarín regarding the discovery of Soviet satellite remains in February 1984.
8. An article in Clarín about the August 22, 1980 incident.
9. A note in Cuarta Dimensión regarding the June 20, 1978 sighting and the 'hypothesis' by Lic. Bettina Allen.
10. Personal communication from Antonio Hunneus to Dr. James Oberg.

'Ummorismo' Supplement

This issue includes a special supplement titled 'UMMORISMO' (a portmanteau of 'UFO' and 'humorismo' - humor). It is presented as a 'Disposable Supplement' and is labeled 'Year 0, single issue, 1984.' The supplement is directed by Marcial Nikopol and assisted by Alejandro Agostinelli.

#### 'De Bovaristas, Pseudoamargados y Demás Farsantes Similares' (Of Bovarists, Pseudo-bitter People, and Other Similar Charlatans)

This article, attributed to Marcial Nikopol, discusses the concept of 'bovarism' – a psychological syndrome where individuals believe they are something they are not. The author applies this concept to the UFO community, suggesting that many within it suffer from this condition, either by believing they are more knowledgeable than they are, or by pretending to be less so. The article critiques the sensationalism and perceived lack of scientific rigor in some UFO publications, including UFO PRESS itself, which has received letters from readers complaining that the 'ummoristic' section detracts from the magazine's scientific orientation.

The author defends the 'ummoristic' section as a necessary break from dry, scientific articles, offering a 'Latin humor' perspective on ufology. The supplement provides a 'democratic alternative' for readers who find its content objectionable: they can simply tear out the pages. The editorial concludes with a statement: 'The planet is full of bovarists, crackpots, and charlatans. Perhaps we ufologists are the ones who least have the right to consider ourselves a separate caste. Who said that seriousness must also be a bore? Humor is human.'

#### 'Abducción Made in España, Ostia' (Abduction Made in Spain, Oh My God)

This section details a case involving Willy Noswal, a man living in Spain. According to the account, Noswal and a female companion were interrupted during an intimate moment by a strange light over the sea. They both recall waking up at dawn, having been 'intimately fused' in an unusual position. Following advice from Budd Hopkins' work, Noswal underwent a hypnosis session. The results, as condensed for space, describe an encounter with a rectangular object emitting colored lights. A door opened, and four tall, tripedal beings with four arms and small heads descended. They were apparently able to easily separate the beings, suggesting they were not accustomed to human reproduction. Noswal and his companion were taken aboard the craft. The beings communicated through a translator, asking 327 questions. Noswal was given an object resembling a 'parrot' to deposit fecal and urine samples. The beings claimed to be from a planet 23.8 light-years away and provided Noswal with a brochure about their planet, Orzón.

A 'Nota de Última Hora' (Last Minute Note) is included, reporting a telegram from Lic. Ventura stating that Noswal's experience was a telepathic message from 'short, big-headed aliens' and that the entire event was a setup to demonstrate the falsity of the 'natal trauma hypothesis' by showing an abduction without prenatal characteristics. The investigation is ongoing.

Notes for the Noswal case:

1. Compares the activity to other cases of couples in isolated areas or 'bedroom visitors,' suggesting that similar circumstances may have been omitted from reports due to prudishness.
2. Notes a similarity to the case of José Alberto Enterado.
3. Humorously notes that Willy's dog ate the 'parrot' object, and its droppings are being collected for analysis.
4. References the biblical passage from Ezekiel about 'wheels within wheels.'

#### 'Ufólogos: ¡Junios!' (Ufologists: Unite!)

This is a satirical comic strip depicting a gathering of ufologists. The characters express frustration with the infighting and egoism within the UFO community. One character declares he is going to the USA to join MUFON. Another expresses a desire for empirical evidence and dismisses anything not scientifically proven. The strip humorously portrays the disunity and internal conflicts of the UFO field.

#### 'La Ufología Movilizada' (Mobilized Ufology)

This article, by Marcial Nikopol, discusses the irony of ufologists loving each other but never taking the opportunity to be surprised by extraterrestrials, as evidenced by the frequent congresses. It describes a 'sympathetic exchange of refrains' at a ufologist symposium, with various groups singing different slogans, culminating in a chant about 'the great Azcuy,' which silenced the room. The article suggests that the UFO community is more concerned with internal dynamics than with the actual phenomenon.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine adopts a critical and often satirical stance towards ufology. While acknowledging the complexity of the UFO phenomenon, it strongly advocates for rational explanations, particularly those involving known technological or natural causes, such as satellite launches. The 'Ummorismo' section serves as a vehicle for humor and critique, poking fun at the perceived pretentiousness, egoism, and lack of scientific rigor within the UFO community. The editorial stance appears to be one of skepticism towards extraordinary claims, favoring a grounded, investigative approach, while also recognizing the human element of humor and self-deception ('bovarism') that can permeate such fields of study.

Title: GANA LA CALLE
Issue: 15
Volume: 12
Date: July 1989
Publisher: UFO PRESS
Country: Argentina
Language: Spanish

This issue of UFO PRESS, titled 'GANA LA CALLE' (The Street Wins), is characterized by its strong emphasis on humor and satire concerning ufology and extraterrestrial phenomena. The cover features a chaotic street scene illustration with various figures and protest signs, setting a tone of playful commentary.

Articles and Content

"Ovnis a mogollón" Review

The issue includes a scathing review of the book "Ovnis a mogollón" by Aurelio Romero and José Luis Martín, published by Editorial Planeta in April 1984. The reviewer, Alejandro César Agostinelli, describes the book as a "literary calamity" and a "pseudoliterary bodrio" (pseudoliterary mess), criticizing its low-brow humor, mockery of ufologists, and repetitive gags. The review quotes negative assessments from The New York Times and El País, and sarcastically references a review from ANDROMEDA NEWS with an alien phrase. The term "mogollón" is explained as an Argentine colloquialism for "entertainment where one is not called."

"UMMORISMO" Section

This section is dedicated to humorous and satirical content related to UFOs and aliens, featuring various illustrations and short anecdotes:

• Emerson dos Pontes Cunqueiro do Amaral Pinto das Bucias: A UFO photograph taken in April 1979 on Copacabana beach, Brazil, is presented with the photographer's justification that photos are expensive.
• Cecile B. Morgan: An image of an "exhibitionist extraterrestrial" captured on October 10, 1981, which supposedly led to the founding of the Intergalactic Feminist Club.
• Madame Latour: A photograph from the French Alps showing an extraterrestrial defying gravity.
• Eric F. Flanagan: A report of 214 UFOs sighted in formation near Oklahoma, USA, with the farmer having forgotten to remove the lens cap.
• Eric von Raust: A photograph taken near Hamburg, Germany, of an extraterrestrial encounter, marred by the presence of the photographer's mother-in-law.
• H. Williams: A "spectacular photograph" of a UFO in Tucson, Arizona, with a humorous explanation for the dark spot.
• H. M. Peterson: An illustration by Peterson of an extraterrestrial that landed in a psychiatric center in Palo Alto, California.
• M. Lambert: An extraterrestrial photographed in a garden in Oraison, France, with a note about the "photographer robot" being made by the resident's son.
• J. J. Ramirez: A mention of the ufologist J. J. Ramirez at a congress, who described extraterrestrials' physical characteristics.

"¡Los Ovnis Han Desaparecido! ¿Qué Madre Los Parió, Ché?»

This article by Osvaldo Ventura Nuñez addresses the perceived scarcity of UFO sightings. He begins by humorously critiquing a colleague's provocative question. Nuñez then delves into psychological interpretations, suggesting that UFO abductions might be distorted reconstructions of birth trauma (Alvin H. Lawson's hypothesis). He proposes a "mother hypothesis" (MQLPH), suggesting that the descriptions of extraterrestrials, particularly the emphasis on secondary sexual characteristics in females and the lack of them in males, reflect unconscious idealizations of the witness's mother. He encourages readers to test this theory by separating witnesses by sex.

"Despacho Lunar" (Lunar Dispatch)

This report from July 24 details an investigation by the Lunar Air Force into a UFO sighting near the Sea of Tranquility. A spokesperson dismisses the idea of an extraterrestrial craft, attributing such sightings to optical illusions caused by crater gases or natural phenomena. Despite the official skepticism, residents of the Sea of Tranquility insist they witnessed a strange vehicle land and take off, with two creatures described as "completely white" with "crystal faces" emerging. These creatures were seen jumping and raising a red, white, and blue flag. The Lunar Air Force official dismisses these accounts as "pure fantasy" and the product of "fervent science fiction readers."

Dedicatorias (Dedications)

• Several individuals are humorously dedicated to:
• Gustavo Mario Fernández, who supposedly reacted with an "inhumane burst of laughter."
• Adalberto C. Ujvari, who is reportedly grumpy about the "involuntary collateral effects" of the section's name.
• Rubén Omar Morales, praised as a precursor of satirical ufology in Argentina and a good companion, who is now believed to be cured of "modern and mysterious pathology of the 20th century."

"Pavadas, Tontorías, Desvaríos y el Culto de la Inmodestia" (Follies, Nonsense, Ramblings, and the Cult of Immodesty)

This section features a quote from an interview with Fabio Zerpa, conducted by Jorge Fernández Costa for the program "INFORME 80" on Radio Mitre. Zerpa claims to be "very German, very German," with multiple reincarnations in various historical periods and cultures, including Egypt, Babylon, and Atlantis. He asserts his rationality and classical nature, and his past life as Galileo Galilei. He also claims to have identified his past lives through "scientific chiromancy."

"Anatomía de un 'Flap'" (Anatomy of a 'Flap')

Authored by Angel A. Díaz, this article analyzes a UFO incident that occurred on February 11, 1980, and its connection to a more publicized event on June 14, 1980. Díaz highlights that while the June incident gained significant media attention and was presented as unprecedented in Argentina, a similar case from February had passed largely unnoticed. The article details the characteristics of the object observed, describing it as a small, red, circular light source appearing like a star, with two hazy beams forming an angle. A luminous object within this angle is also described. The duration of the observation is noted, and potential interpretations of the phenomenon, including a possible illusion due to slow movement or atmospheric absorption, are discussed. The hypothetical trajectory suggests the object may have flown over the Pacific Ocean at a high altitude.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are humor, satire, and a critical, often mocking, approach to ufology and alleged extraterrestrial encounters. The editorial stance appears to be one of skepticism presented through comedic exaggeration and parody. The magazine uses a lighthearted and irreverent tone to discuss serious topics, poking fun at ufologists, sensationalist reports, and the very nature of belief in UFOs. The "UMMORISMO" section, in particular, showcases this playful and often absurd take on the subject matter.

This issue of UFO PRESS, number 25, focuses on an in-depth investigation into UFO phenomena, particularly examining witness testimonies, physical characteristics of sightings, and the psychological and sociological aspects of UFO experiences. The publication also announces the 'Jornadas del Pensamiento Ufológico' (Ufological Thought Conference) to be held in Buenos Aires in April 1985, aiming to foster an interdisciplinary and scientific approach to ufology.

Investigation into UFO Phenomena

The article "Investigacion" discusses a massive UFO sighting, estimating the phenomenon's speed at approximately 18,000 km/h and its altitude at 1000-1500 km. It notes the discrepancy between witness estimations of distance and altitude (tens to hundreds of meters and up to 6 km) and the hypothesized actual distance of 2000 km. The consistent descriptions of the object suggest a single entity. The case of Ingeniero Huergo (Vommaro) is highlighted for its extreme nature, possibly involving a penetrating and selective action of the phenomenon or a high susceptibility of the witness. Similarities are drawn to nebulous UFO sightings in Argentina on specific dates in 1980, 1981, and 1983, as well as psychophysical consequences reported in other UFO events nationally.

Jornadas del Pensamiento Ufológico

A separate announcement details the 'Jornadas del Pensamiento Ufológico' (Ufological Thought Conference), organized by the Centro Cultural General San Martin in Buenos Aires from April 1st to 3rd, 1985. The conference aims to provide a general and interdisciplinary overview of the UFO problem, advocating for ufology's recognition as a scientific discipline. The phenomenon will be examined from psychosocial, physical, and methodological perspectives, encouraging a rigorous study by competent organizations. The event is open to the public and will convene specialists and invited guests.

Donald A. Johnson's Structured Study of Ufological Evidence

Donald A. Johnson's article, "Un estudio estructurado de la evidencia ufológica, pero del tipo 'no física'" (A structured study of ufological evidence, but of the 'non-physical' type), proposes a novel approach to handling the most fragile evidence in ufology: human testimony. Johnson argues that a solution to the UFO enigma is unlikely to come from indisputable physical evidence, but rather from a systematic study of the more abundant "weak" or non-physical evidence. He outlines a four-level analytical model: 1) the witness, 2) the report, 3) the phenomenon, and 4) the myth. Each level presents unique questions and can be effectively addressed by various scientific disciplines. Psychologists would focus on the witness's profile, sociologists on the report's social factors, statisticians and historians on phenomenon documentation (like UFO waves), and anthropologists and folklorologists on myth formation and transmission. Johnson emphasizes the interdisciplinary nature of this study, where different fields collaborate to enhance global understanding.

The Witness

This section examines the witness as the primary source of information when physical evidence is lacking. It highlights the importance of gathering comprehensive data about each individual, including their psychiatric history, social standing, education, perceptual abilities, and psychological profile. The article notes the ethical and legal challenges in collecting and disseminating such personal information, especially in light of privacy laws. It raises questions about potential selection effects for UFO witnesses, correlations between parapsychological abilities and UFO experiences, and the link between mild schizophrenia and UFO experiences.

The Report

This level focuses on the report itself as the exclusive basis for understanding the phenomenon. It stresses the importance of comprehending the dynamics of report generation and the reliability of the evidence before drawing conclusions. The process of report creation involves sociological filtering effects, where an individual or group must conceptualize an event as unusual, possess sufficient motivation to report it, and have enough credibility for their account to be considered. The article discusses the challenges in obtaining representative samples of UFO reports and the potential for bias in existing archives.

The Phenomenon

Here, the "UFO phenomenon" is defined as the product of categorizing reports of unusual aerial events. The study by the Battelle Memorial Institute is cited, which established significant statistical differences between genuine unidentified objects and misinterpretations. This suggests that the UFO phenomenon is a real problem, not merely imaginary. The analysis aims to identify patterns within the phenomenon, including descriptive patterns, behavioral patterns, temporal patterns, and special patterns. Examples include similarities in descriptions of object characteristics (size, shape, color, lights) and associated entities. The variability in UFO distribution over time and space is also discussed, with findings suggesting that close encounters tend to occur in less populated areas, while "lights in the sky" correlate with population density. The cyclical nature of UFO waves and their relationship to public interest are also explored.

The Myth

This final level analyzes the myth associated with UFOs. The article posits that the development of myths depends on material from previous levels. The term "myth" is explored, distinguishing it from legend and tradition, and defining it as a dynamic process that explains reality and provides models for human behavior and life's meaning. In modern culture, science and technology have largely replaced myth, but UFOs appear to be a notable exception. The need for understanding, or "fencing," drives the creation of myths to explain uncertain universes. The UFO myth is described as a "living myth" in modern culture, filling the void left by the lack of adequate scientific explanations. The article quotes Jung's definition of the UFO myth as a post-war phenomenon arising from encounters with a real, yet unacknowledged, phenomenon, sustained by rumors, denials, and media reports. It acknowledges the difficulty in deciphering these myths and the potential for them to generate fraudulent sightings. The influence of folklore and anthropology in understanding myth transmission and symbolism is recognized. John Rimmer is credited with recognizing UFOs as an anti-scientific symbol, representing magical forces in a technologically dominated world. The article suggests that this symbolism might explain the scientific establishment's reluctance to address the UFO problem rationally. Similarities between modern UFO reports and medieval myths, such as those concerning elves, gnomes, and fairies, are discussed, questioning the extent to which these similarities are purely human factors or indicative of a real, autonomous phenomenon.

Conclusion

The article concludes by presenting a conceptual framework for analyzing UFO evidence, aiming to stimulate interdisciplinary interest in the problem. It expresses hope that the research proposals mentioned will encourage further investigation, preparing the ground for a comprehensive approach when scientists are ready to address the UFO issue with adequate resources.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the scientific investigation of UFO phenomena, the psychological and sociological impacts on witnesses, and the cultural significance of UFOs as a modern myth. The editorial stance appears to be one of advocating for a rigorous, interdisciplinary, and scientific approach to ufology, moving beyond anecdotal evidence to systematic analysis. The publication aims to foster a deeper understanding of the UFO phenomenon by exploring its various facets, from witness testimony to its place in contemporary mythology.

This issue of UFO PRESS, identified as number 19, is primarily dedicated to a bibliographic review and critical analysis of UFO investigation and literature. The magazine adopts a stance that emphasizes scientific rigor, objectivity, and a critical approach to the subject matter, while also acknowledging the complexities and subjective elements involved.

Content Analysis

"DE LA OMNIPOTENCIA A LA CIENCIA acerca de Investigación Ovni"

This central article critiques the current state of ufology, addressing common complaints about the lack of scientific recognition and the prevalence of sensationalist or poorly researched material. It notes that while many within the field strive for critical analysis and logical reasoning, the subject is often plagued by 'cheap UFO' vendors and unsubstantiated opinions. The article suggests that while some phenomena may remain inexplicable, the focus should be on distinguishing between the explainable and the unexplainable, and that the distinctive characteristic of UFO manifestations is generally their strangeness.

The text also delves into the perceived disparity in methodological criteria within ufology and the challenges faced by readers seeking reliable information. It highlights the issue of foreign authors claiming absolute truth and the difficulty for the average reader to discern credible sources. The article specifically examines the book "INVESTIGACION OVNI" by Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos, noting its subtitle "Prólogo a una investigación seria" (Prologue to a serious investigation). However, it questions the author's suggestion that the investigator should apply 'reason and imagination in the search for negative aspects,' implying a potential for bias. The author also points out instances where the book contradicts findings from photographic studies conducted by experts, emphasizing that conclusions should be left to specialists.

"Novedades En Libros"

This section, under the heading "Novedades En Libros" (News in Books), offers a starkly brief review, stating "ninguna" (none). This suggests a lack of significant new or noteworthy publications in the field being reviewed or highlighted in this issue.

"JUAN SCHOBINGER: 'Abandonar la ilusión de un contacto'"

This opinion piece by Juan Schobinger critically examines the theme of "archaeology and extraterrestrial beings," concluding negatively regarding any possible relationship as conceived by writers like Jácques Bergier, Robert Charroux, or Erich Von Daniken. Schobinger argues that the UFO phenomenon should not be linked to presumed "extraterrestrial beings" because, in his view, such beings (in a material form with intelligence comparable to ours) do not exist. He posits that Earth's conditions for the development of intelligent life are unique in the universe. Instead of seeking contact with hypothetical extraterrestrial intelligences, Schobinger advocates for abandoning materialistic thinking and developing consciousness to understand the meaning of life and history, and to perceive "superior worlds" or "spiritual hierarchies."

The article references Carlos Benedetto's "REFLEXIONES A MITAD DE CAMINO" and Eduardo Azcuy's "ARQUETIPOS Y SIMBOLOS CELESTES" in its footnotes, indicating a connection to broader discussions within the UFO research community.

"El Lector Tiene La Palabra" (The Reader Has the Floor) - Correspondence Section

This section features letters from readers, offering diverse perspectives and feedback:

• Guillermo Giménez (Necochea): Congratulates UFO PRESS on its excellent content, particularly issue number 19, calling it "extraordinary." He praises the treatment of abduction cases and highlights the magazine's objectivity and scientific content, positioning it as a notable Latin American publication.

• Javier Vild Meijidas (Sarandí): Expresses satisfaction with UFO PRESS and the International UFO Reporter, feeling a sense of belonging to the CIU. He commends the magazine's content and layout, specifically mentioning an article about the Llanca case that clarifies the issue and exposes "pseudo-scientist" Fabio Zerpa. He also notes the subscription price is very low and suggests readers should be willing to pay more to maintain the quality.

• Alberto Krautzou (Villa Carlos Paz): While acknowledging that classic extraterrestrial explanations may be outdated, he warns against falling into extreme "psychologism." He advocates for more rational and scientific approaches to UFO investigation, citing authors like Ballester Olmos, Miguel Guasp, J.T. Ramírez, and Barberó. He notes a degree of confusion in current research lines and praises the magazine's latest edition for its objectivity.

• Dr. Oscar A. Galindez (S.S. de Jujuy): Congratulates the CIU and UFO PRESS for their efforts in promoting rigorous scientific investigation. He praises the bulletin's excellent level and its focus on scientific research, free from "complicit flattery." He emphasizes the importance of accepting both praise and criticism and being open to new hypotheses. He also offers his collaboration in translating English and French materials.

"ummólogo aclara" (Ummologist Clarifies)

This article addresses a reader's question about the creation of a section called "UMMORISMO" (Humorism) in UFO PRESS and whether it has angered ummologists. The author, who identifies as an ummologist collaborating with A. C. Ujvári on UMMO phenomenon analysis, states they are not angry but feel a certain unease about attitudes that harm ufology, particularly among Argentine researchers. The author explains that while "UMMO" might lend itself to humorous wordplay, the intention behind the section is not to mock but potentially to satirize. However, the author argues that introducing humor into serious research can lead to confusion and that humor used for aggression is not serious. The author also defends A. C. Ujvári against an implication in a previous review that he knows how to falsify UMMO seals, asserting that Ujvári is a sincere researcher dedicated to investigating the UMMO phenomenon.

"UPIAR RESEARCH IN PROGRESS"

This section, presented as an international journal for rapid communications in UFO research, includes an advertisement for a course to improve English language skills, specifically tailored for those interested in ufology. It highlights that the course aims to provide access to high-level academic material in the field and improve vocabulary.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the scientific legitimacy of ufology, the critical evaluation of UFO literature, and the methodology of UFO research. The editorial stance strongly favors a rigorous, objective, and scientific approach, urging researchers to move beyond sensationalism, speculation, and uncritical acceptance of claims. There is a clear emphasis on distinguishing between genuine investigation and pseudoscientific or commercially driven content. The magazine also promotes a nuanced view of the UFO phenomenon, suggesting that explanations may lie beyond purely technological or extraterrestrial interpretations, potentially involving psychological or archetypal dimensions. The importance of intellectual honesty, open-mindedness tempered with critical thinking, and collaboration within the research community are also prominent.