UFO Forum - No 07 - giugno 1997

Magazine Overview

Title: UFO forum
Issue Date: June 1997
Publisher: Centro Italiano Studi Ufologici (CISU)
Country of Publication: Italy
Language: Italian

This issue, number 7, marks a significant point for UFO Forum, with an expanded readership and an increase in contributions. The editorial by Giuseppe Verdi highlights the magazine's growth and its role in fostering debate and research within ufology. It notes the continued abundance of articles, leading to a consistent 40-page format, a notable increase from earlier issues.

Key Articles and Sections

Editorial: "UFO Forum, tempo di celebrazioni" by Giuseppe Verdi

Giuseppe Verdi, the editor, reflects on the magazine's progress. He notes the growing readership, now including collaborators identified through local CISU representatives. Verdi expresses satisfaction with the quantity of submissions, which ensures a substantial publication size. He also addresses the debate within ufology, referencing Antonio Blanco's observation that comprehensive articles leave little room for further discussion. Verdi announces a shift towards less frequent 'scolding' of members, assuming the message about participation has been received. He then outlines the issue's content, starting with Marco Orlandi's review of the previous issue. The issue features three contributions from CISU members: Antonio Blanco on the apparent scarcity of UFO formations, Nico Sgarlato's observations on ETH, and Roberto Raffaelli's piece with a surprising conclusion. A significant feature is the "Speciale Belgio" (Belgian Special), including two articles by Marc Hallet and Michel Bougard, presenting contrasting viewpoints on a notable UFO wave. The issue also includes regular columns: "Retrospectives" featuring Edoardo Russo on Donald Keyhoe, "Biblioteca UFO" with Marcello Pupilli reviewing books by the Lorenzens, "Forum" for opinions, "CISU Telematico" with news, and "La Pagina Bianca" with an article by Giuseppe Stilo. Verdi also mentions the ongoing bibliographic survey and the extension of the deadline for reader feedback.

"Un Passo indietro: il punto" by Marco Orlandi

Marco Orlandi reviews the previous issue of UFO Forum, specifically referencing Paolo Fiorino's article "Frattaglie." Orlandi emphasizes the stark difference between the ufology practiced by CISU and that of the CUN (Centro Ufologico Nazionale) and its followers. He criticizes CUN's approach, which he describes as ranging from fideism to commercial ventures, contrasting it with CISU's research-oriented methodology. Orlandi notes that while CUN is effective at disseminating its message widely, it has lost touch with genuine research. He advocates for CISU to focus on its own work rather than engaging with CUN, especially given the threats and aggressive rhetoric sometimes employed by CUN members. Orlandi argues that CUN's dis-information campaigns, disseminated through various media, negatively impact public perception of ufology, creating polarized views. He stresses the importance of CISU continuing its own divulgation efforts through its magazine, books, and other platforms, and acknowledges the value of the collaboration with "UFO Magazine" for broader reach. Orlandi also comments on Michel Bougard's article "Epistemologia ufologicu," highlighting its depth and the importance of concepts like avoiding hasty rationalizations, the role of error in research, the global model of UFOlogists, the problem of hypothesis choice, the indiscernibility of UFO/IFO, and the need to acknowledge our ignorance.

"L'era degli UFO solitari" by Antonio Blanco

Antonio Blanco questions why flying saucers are no longer observed in large groups as they were in the past. He notes the phenomenon's evolution and the abandonment of previously 'classic' manifestation types. Blanco cites several historical examples from the 1940s and 1950s involving multiple UFOs observed in formations, such as the Kenneth Arnold sighting, events in Rapid City, Twin Falls, Farmington, Lubbock, George, Tremonton, Washington, Walker, Oloron, Gaillac, Gela, and Città del Messico. He contrasts this with the subsequent decades, where such group sightings have become rare. Blanco poses the question of why these formations have disappeared, acknowledging that a definitive answer is elusive. He presents a dichotomy: either these sightings were historical distortions or fabrications, or they have indeed become extremely sporadic. He then lists arguments for and against the idea that group UFO sightings have ceased, noting that while many historical accounts exist, modern observations of large formations are rare, leading him to question the validity of common explanations.

"FORUM: Opinioni a confronto" and "Opinioni a confronto" by Roberto Raffaelli

This section features a debate, including a counter-response from Enrico Bernieri to Roberto Raffaelli (related to the "Fondazione CISU"). Roberto Raffaelli's contribution, titled "UFO-ansie di un ufologo" (UFO-Anxieties of a Ufologist), expresses his initial surprise and subsequent anxiety upon reviewing the CISU's monthly activity reports. He describes himself as a disorganized individual with a turbulent nature, contrasting with the meticulous orderliness of the reports. Raffaelli states his preference for proactive "action ufology" aimed at uncovering the phenomenon's true nature. He joined CISU with the goal of contributing to the discovery of the reality behind the UFO phenomenon. He admits to dedicating a significant portion of his mental energy to analyzing data related to UFOs. Raffaelli recounts his experience during an investigation on Monte Mutria, which he undertook with the intention of testing a methodology for future UFO emergencies, rather than expecting to find a UFO. He describes the logistical challenges and the lack of preparedness of those involved, including the rescue team. This experience led him to question the 'normal' behavior expected in such pursuits, but he remained committed to his mission.

Other Sections

• "Il CISU Telematico": Reports on new developments, including the arrival of "CISUFORUM."
• "La Pagina Bianca": Features a new contribution from Giuseppe Stilo.
• "Note per gli Autori": Provides guidelines for submitting contributions, including preferred formats and deadlines for the next issue (October 1997).

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the methodology of UFO research, the historical evolution of UFO sightings, and the distinction between rigorous investigation (represented by CISU) and less scientific approaches (represented by CUN). The editorial stance is clearly in favor of empirical research, critical analysis, and a professional approach to the study of UFO phenomena. There is a strong emphasis on distinguishing between genuine investigation and sensationalism or commercialization of ufology. The magazine also aims to foster a sense of community among researchers and to provide a platform for diverse opinions and debates within the field.

Title: UFO forum
Issue: Number 7
Date: June 1997
Content Type: Magazine Issue

This issue of UFO forum features a collection of articles and reflections on the UFO phenomenon, its origins, and its interpretation, with a particular focus on the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (ETH) and its limitations. The magazine critically examines the development of ufology, the role of media, and the psychological aspects influencing public perception.

Articles and Contributions

"Genesi di un mito" (Genesis of a myth) by Roberto Raffaelli

Raffaelli explores the birth and development of ufology, questioning how it emerged without the typical empirical basis of other scientific fields. He highlights the pivotal moment of the 1947 Kenneth Arnold sighting and the subsequent flood of testimonies, noting the lack of concrete data. Raffaelli argues that while the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (ETH) is a popular and seemingly 'elegant' explanation, it is perhaps the most far-fetched. He suggests that the UFO phenomenon, as it has evolved, might be the result of a deliberate, large-scale psychological operation, possibly orchestrated by 'Mind Trap Planners' (MTPs) aiming to condition mass consciousness and prepare humanity for future societal transformations, such as a 'New World Order' on an interplanetary scale.

He traces the evolution of UFO sightings from simple metallic discs in the 1940s to more complex polygonal shapes and advanced entity encounters in later decades, correlating these changes with technological advancements and societal anxieties. Raffaelli also critiques the current state of ufology, warning against the uncritical acceptance of 'unique and definitive hypotheses' (IUDs) and advocating for continued research and open debate. He provides examples of historical UFO cases, such as the Mantell and Roswell incidents, suggesting plausible explanations like weather balloons, while acknowledging that a small percentage of cases remain unexplained.

"Considerazioni sull'ETH" (Considerations on the ETH) by Nico Sgarlato

Nico Sgarlato, a regular contributor, delves into the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (ETH), expressing his personal preference for it but also acknowledging its weaknesses. He argues that the ETH, while appealing, is perhaps the most difficult to substantiate. Sgarlato reflects on his early exposure to science fiction and how it shaped his initial perception of UFOs as potential alien spacecraft. He questions the statistical likelihood of numerous habitable planets and the anthropomorphic descriptions of aliens, suggesting that simpler explanations are often overlooked.

Sgarlato advocates for a philosophy of doubt and critical thinking, urging against accepting the ETH without rigorous examination. He points out the statistical improbability of Earth-like planets and the vast distances involved in interstellar travel. He also touches upon the concept of 'Mind Trap Planners' (MTPs), suggesting that the UFO phenomenon might be part of a larger psychological strategy. Sgarlato concludes by emphasizing the importance of scientific rigor and the need to avoid arbitrary connections between UFOs and unrelated phenomena, such as crop circles or electrical blackouts.

"MA DA DOVE VENGONO GLI ALIENI?" (WHERE DO THE ALIENS COME FROM?) by Leonardo Pianezzola

Leonardo Pianezzola discusses the statistical arguments for the existence of extraterrestrial life and UFOs. He questions the common assertion by astronomers that there must be billions of inhabited planets. Pianezzola highlights the limited number of known exoplanets and the specific conditions required for life as we know it, suggesting that the probability of finding planets similar to Earth is not as high as often claimed. He also touches upon the 'Hot Jupiter' exoplanets discovered by the Hubble telescope, noting their extreme temperatures, which make them unlikely candidates for supporting life.

"UN 'MITO' CHE... NON E' UN MITO?" (A 'MYTH' THAT... IS NOT A MYTH?) by Roberto Raffaelli

Raffaelli continues his analysis of the UFO phenomenon, focusing on the psychological unpreparedness of early witnesses and the deliberate construction of the UFO myth. He argues that the phenomenon's presentation has been carefully managed over decades, evolving from simple discs to more complex shapes and encounters, mirroring technological advancements and societal anxieties. Raffaelli suggests that the UFO phenomenon serves as a 'psychological warfare' tool, designed to condition mass consciousness and distract from other, potentially more significant, societal or political agendas. He introduces the concept of 'Mind Trap Planners' (MTPs) as the orchestrators of this psychological conditioning, aiming to create a new myth that will guide humanity into a distant future.

"AMMETTIAMO DI NON SAPERE..." (LET'S ADMIT WE DON'T KNOW...) by Nico Sgarlato

Nico Sgarlato reflects on the vastness of the UFO phenomenon, acknowledging that while many sightings can be explained by known natural phenomena, IFOs (Identified Flying Objects), or psychological factors, a small but significant number remain unexplained. He argues that the ETH, while appealing, is not necessarily the most scientific explanation and that simpler explanations, such as misidentification of conventional aircraft or natural phenomena, should be prioritized. Sgarlato emphasizes the importance of critical thinking and the need to avoid jumping to conclusions, even when faced with intriguing cases. He suggests that many historical cases, like the Mantell and Roswell incidents, have plausible explanations that align with Occam's Razor.

"PERCHE' MILIONI DI MONDI ABITATI?" (WHY MILLIONS OF INHABITED WORLDS?) by Nico Sgarlato

Sgarlato questions the astronomical claim of billions of inhabited worlds, arguing that current scientific data does not support such a high probability. He points out the limited number of known exoplanets and the specific, narrow range of conditions required for life as we understand it. He suggests that the popular notion of a universe teeming with life is more of a hope or a philosophical stance than a scientifically proven fact, and that the vast distances involved make interstellar communication or travel highly improbable.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently promotes a critical and skeptical approach to the UFO phenomenon, particularly regarding the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (ETH). The magazine encourages rigorous investigation, scientific analysis, and open debate, while cautioning against fideism, misinformation, and the uncritical acceptance of extraordinary claims. There is a recurring theme that the UFO phenomenon may be, at least in part, a constructed narrative or a form of psychological manipulation, rather than purely an extraterrestrial visitation. The editorial stance appears to favor a rational, evidence-based approach, urging readers to question assumptions and seek verifiable explanations.

Title: UFO Forum
Issue: Numero 7
Date: June 1997
Content: This issue of UFO Forum features a special section on the "Belgian UFO wave" of 1989-1990, presenting a strongly skeptical viewpoint through articles by Marc Hallet and Wim Van Utrecht, alongside a more reflective piece by Michel Bougard, president of SOBEPS.

L'ondata belga: Un punto di vista scettico sugli eventi che, sette anni fa, portarono alla ribalta gli "UFO triangolari"

This article by Marc Hallet critically examines the Belgian UFO wave, arguing that ufology is fundamentally unscientific. Hallet contends that many individuals who once believed in UFOs have become skeptical after attempting to verify claims, finding the field lacking in solid evidence. He criticizes the SOBEPS (Société Belge d'Etude des Phénomènes Spatiaux) for presenting itself as scientific while allegedly lacking rigor. Hallet recounts how SOBEPS claimed scientists were joining their cause after a 1991 meeting, a statement contradicted by the fact that no university invited them to defend their findings. He also notes that while SOBEPS liaised with the Gendarmerie for sighting information, this was not unique and did not confer scientific legitimacy.

Hallet debunks the "mini-zeppelin" hypothesis proposed by M. K. and supported by Jean-Pierre Petit, highlighting inconsistencies in size descriptions and the lack of evidence. He questions the credibility of the F-16 radar incident, noting that Professor Meessen's initial conclusion of an extraterrestrial origin was later softened to atmospheric conditions, a retraction that went largely unnoticed. Hallet points out that the pilot of the F-16 did not see a UFO, and that Meessen's analysis was criticized by other scientists for its ambiguity.

The article also scrutinizes the famous Petit-Rechain photograph, suggesting it could be a hoax. Hallet discusses Wim Van Utrecht's monography, which also expresses skepticism about the Belgian wave, attributing sightings to conventional aircraft, experimental vehicles, or even weather balloons. Van Utrecht's analysis suggests that most sightings occurred south of the linguistic border, potentially influenced by cultural factors. He also notes that SOBEPS, initially on the verge of closure, saw a surge in membership, leading to inexperienced investigators handling reports.

Hallet further criticizes SOBEPS for internal inconsistencies in its reports, such as describing an object as having no lights and then later mentioning two large white lights. He also points out contradictions regarding a witness's ability to see stars. The article concludes that SOBEPS operates like a sect, driven by a belief in extraterrestrial hypotheses, and that many UFO sightings have mundane explanations.

ERA SOLO UN MINI-DIRIGIBILE? L'IPOTESI "GIULIO VERNE"

This section delves into the "mini-zeppelin" hypothesis, attributed to an inventor named M. K., who claimed his ultra-silent, maneuverable mini-zeppelin with cameras was the source of many Belgian UFO sightings. The article notes that M. K. allegedly presented his invention to the Belgian military in early 1989, who then supposedly restricted its flight. M. K. is quoted as calling it the "deal of the century," comparing it to Orson Welles's "War of the Worlds" broadcast. Jean-Pierre Petit, a French physicist, reportedly supported M. K., describing the craft as a 12-meter-long, transparent mylar mini-zeppelin powered by batteries and 32 electric motors.

However, the article raises significant doubts about this hypothesis. It points out discrepancies between Petit's description (12 meters) and M. K.'s (7 meters). It questions why the military, if impressed, would later allow clandestine flights. The article also highlights that the described shape (sausage-like) doesn't match most witness reports of triangular or rectangular objects. Furthermore, the physical limitations of such a small craft, particularly its ability to lift weight and withstand wind, are questioned, making it unlikely to perform the described maneuvers over long distances.

The article also examines the scientific credentials of SOBEPS, stating it primarily consists of two university lecturers: Professor Auguste Meessen and Leon Brenig. It notes that Professor Schweicher and Professor Acheroy, while having views close to Meessen's, are not members of SOBEPS. The analysis of the F-16 radar data by Meessen is presented, where he concluded extraterrestrial origins were the only explanation. This conclusion was met with strong criticism from ten Belgian scientists who called it "extravagant" and full of contradictions. The article also mentions a case where Meessen concluded a child's recording of sounds was from a UFO, only for it to be identified as radar interference by a CNRS researcher.

UN ALTRO SCETTICO: WIM VAN UTRECHT

Wim Van Utrecht, in his 1993 monography "Triangles over Belgium: a case of uforia?", is presented as another skeptic of the Belgian UFO wave, anticipating Marc Hallet's criticisms by two years. Van Utrecht questions the "psychotic climate" surrounding the events and criticizes Professor Meessen's reliance on unverified reports and his alleged bias towards the ETH (Extraterrestrial Hypothesis). Van Utrecht dismisses the Alfarano film as a commercial airliner and analyzes Patrick Ferryn's photographs, suggesting they show lights consistent with normal aircraft, including anti-collision lights. He also attempts to replicate the Petit-Rechain photo using a cardboard model and lamps, producing a similar result and questioning the original's authenticity.

Van Utrecht suggests the Belgian wave was influenced by preceding events like the Russian Voronezh case and the UK crop circles, creating a climate conducive to UFO beliefs. He also points to perceptual factors affecting night sightings. He notes that SOBEPS, initially struggling, gained members rapidly, leading to inexperienced investigators. His conclusions include that the variety of shapes observed reflects modern aeronautical design, most sightings occurred in French-speaking Belgium, and the triangular shape might be explained by experimental self-propelled balloons or advanced RPVs.

L'ONDATA BELGA: TANTE IPOTESI, UNA VERITA'

This section, attributed to Renaud Marhic, synthesizes various explanations for the Belgian UFO wave, highlighting their contradictory nature. It lists hypotheses including American stealth fighters (F-117A, TR3A Black Manta), a Belgian ultralight, M. K.'s mini-zeppelin, NATO AWACS, laser experiments, and extraterrestrial craft. The author concludes that while intelligent objects may have flown over Belgium, their origin remains unidentified.

L'ondata belga: Tante ipotesi, una verità

This article by Renaud Marhic presents a collection of contradictory explanations for the Belgian UFO wave. Hypotheses include American stealth fighters (F-117A, TR3A Black Manta), a Belgian ultralight, M. K.'s mini-zeppelin, NATO AWACS, laser experiments, and extraterrestrial craft. The author concludes that while intelligent objects may have flown over Belgium, their origin remains unidentified.

C'era una volta un'ondata

Michel Bougard, president of SOBEPS, offers a reflective perspective on the Belgian UFO wave, acknowledging his role as a participant in its history. He discusses the challenges of objectivity when one has been directly involved. Bougard emphasizes the need for a structured approach to UFO research, requiring rapid access to testimonies, the ability to cross-reference information, and recognized representativeness for interdisciplinary coordination. He criticizes the "ufological conservatism" that leads to repetitive errors and the proliferation of small, ambitious UFO groups. Bougard suggests that the field needs to move beyond partisan debates and embrace scientific rigor and collaboration, warning against the marginalization of UFO research.

Bougard recounts his experience with the TV program "J'y crois, j'y crois pas!", where SOBEPS declined an invitation to debate due to the program's format and the perceived lack of seriousness surrounding the topic. He criticizes the tendency for UFO discussions to devolve into sensationalist "circuses" rather than serious investigations. He notes that the Belgian UFO wave, like the Roswell incident, may become a subject of historical debate.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue strongly advocates for a skeptical and scientifically rigorous approach to UFO phenomena. It criticizes ufological organizations, particularly SOBEPS, for their perceived lack of scientific methodology, reliance on anecdotal evidence, and tendency towards sensationalism and pre-determined conclusions. The editorial stance favors rational explanations, thorough investigation, and interdisciplinary collaboration, while warning against the pitfalls of dogma, confirmation bias, and the conflation of personal belief with scientific evidence. The articles collectively aim to debunk the extraordinary claims surrounding the Belgian UFO wave and to promote a more grounded approach to the study of unexplained aerial phenomena.

Title: UFO forum
Issue: Numero 7
Date: Giugno 1997

This issue of UFO forum delves into the history and key figures of ufology, featuring in-depth articles on prominent researchers and their contributions to the field. The magazine explores the work of Coral and Jim Lorenzen, founders of the Aerial Phenomena Research Organization (APRO), and the influential Donald Keyhoe, founder of the National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena (NICAP).

Key Articles and Features

Coral and Jim Lorenzen: Hunting "Uranids"

The issue highlights the work of Coral and Jim Lorenzen, who led APRO. Their books, such as "Flying Saucers: the startling evidence of invasion from outer space" (Italian title: "Dischi volanti, la sconcertante evidenza dei documenti sull'invasione dallo spazio") and "The flying saucers occupants" (Italian title: "Gli Uranidi"), are discussed. These works focused on the hypothesis of extraterrestrial presence and investigated numerous South American cases, including those of Villas-Boas, Barra di Tijuca, Isola di Trinidade, Ubatuba, and Itaipu. The article notes their consistent fight against the perceived cover-up policies of the USAF and their later focus on "abductions."

Reflections on the Past of Ufology: Donald Keyhoe

This extensive article by Edoardo Russo examines the life, writings, and work of Donald Keyhoe, a foundational figure in ufology and the founder of NICAP. Keyhoe, a former Marine major and aviation journalist, became a prominent voice in the UFO field after his January 1950 article in "True" magazine, "I dischi volanti esistono!" (UFOs Exist!). He argued that UFOs were extraterrestrial craft that had been monitoring Earth for decades and that the U.S. Air Force was aware of this but concealing the truth to prevent public panic. Keyhoe's activism led to the formation of NICAP in 1956, an organization dedicated to pressuring the government for official investigations into UFO phenomena. The article details Keyhoe's relentless campaign against the Air Force's Project Blue Book and his efforts to gain credibility for ufology by associating with respected scientists and military figures. It also touches upon the controversies surrounding Keyhoe, including accusations of focusing more on battling the Air Force than on conducting research, and his eventual ousting from NICAP. The article concludes by acknowledging Keyhoe's significant, albeit controversial, impact on the development of ufology, particularly in popularizing the extraterrestrial hypothesis and the concept of a "silence conspiracy."

The Belgian UFO Wave and Scientific Skepticism

A segment of the magazine discusses a television program featuring guests debating the Belgian UFO wave. The guests, including Jean-Luc Vertongen and Marc Hallet, expressed skepticism about the extraterrestrial origins of the phenomena, suggesting meteorological or conventional aircraft as explanations. Pierre Lagrange, a sociologist, pointed out that researchers from SOBEPS held more nuanced views. The article critiques the program's brevity and its tendency to dismiss complex investigations, reducing them to simplistic conclusions. It also highlights the perceived bias of the Institute of Astrophysics of Liege against ufology, attributing their skepticism to an underlying ideological commitment to the anthropocentric principle.

Psychological Aspects of UFO Experiences

An article by Marcello Pupilli, likely a continuation or related piece, touches upon the psychological dimensions of UFO experiences, particularly "abductions." It references the work of R. Leo Sprinkle, who noted the potential physical, biological, psychosocial, and spiritual implications of UFO sightings. The article also discusses the role of hypnosis in investigating these experiences and warns against the manipulation of individuals seeking answers through such methods. It critiques the tendency of some "psychological" practitioners to create elaborate narratives around UFOs, potentially exacerbating individuals' existing psychological distress.

The "Robertson Panel" and CIA Influence

Further discussion revolves around the "Robertson Panel" of 1953, which, at the CIA's behest, recommended that the USAF minimize public interest in UFOs. This recommendation was aimed at preventing the enemy from using false UFO reports to clog communication channels during potential crises. The article suggests that this "conspiratorial" perspective may have influenced Keyhoe's interpretation of events, leading him to believe the authorities were trying to prevent panic rather than simply concealing the truth.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently emphasizes the historical development of ufology, highlighting the pioneering efforts of figures like Keyhoe and the Lorenzens. A central theme is the perceived resistance and secrecy from governmental and military bodies, particularly the U.S. Air Force, regarding UFO phenomena. The magazine explores the debate between the extraterrestrial hypothesis and more skeptical, conventional explanations. There's a critical stance towards what is perceived as sensationalism and a lack of rigorous scientific inquiry in some areas of ufology, while also championing the importance of dedicated research and the preservation of UFO-related archives. The editorial stance appears to favor a serious, investigative approach to ufology, acknowledging its complexities and the challenges posed by official obfuscation and public skepticism.

This issue of *UFO Forum* (Numero 7, June 1997) is dedicated to the complex problem of UFO identification, continuing a debate that has spanned the pages of *UFO Forum* and its associated online discussion list, CISUfo-rum. The magazine aims to provide a space for technical, theoretical, and ideological discussion within the ufological community.

The Problem of Identification

The issue opens with a discussion on the ongoing debate surrounding UFOs and IFOs (Identified Flying Objects), noting that while the core debate continues, other interesting topics are also being addressed. The primary focus is on the identification of aerial phenomena.

Identification: A Proposal by Cabassi

Renzo Cabassi addresses the current state of UFO case archiving, noting that out of approximately 10,000 reported sightings in their database, only about 10% have undergone serious control. Many reports lack essential details like the date or location of the event, rendering the computerized archive more of a "stupid data-entry" system. To improve this, Cabassi has transferred the national archive to FileMaker Pro 3.0, creating a relational database that automates location control and geographic coordinate searches. He also plans to automate a link between the national catalog and other databases like AIRCAT and CRASHCAT to incorporate specialized data such as images and films. To address the issue of incomplete reports, Cabassi is printing out imprecise or deficient national cases to send to regional coordinators for review and potential enhancement or decrement. Cases not verified by a certain deadline will be archived in a "sleep" file. He emphasizes the importance of identifying phenomena like meteors, planets, or conventional aircraft to avoid ambiguity and arbitrary choices.

Identification According to Russo

Edoardo Russo presents his considerations on the "Identification Project," outlining his personal stance on ufology developed since the early 1980s. He argues that identifying conventional causes for UFO sightings is a fundamental activity for ufologists. Russo highlights that a significant portion of UFO reports are likely attributable to conventional causes, with estimates suggesting less than 30% (and often less than 10%) remain truly unidentified. He proposes adopting a definition of UFOs that distinguishes between "UFO in the broad sense" (unidentified by the witness) and "UFO in the strict sense" (unidentified even after competent analysis), referencing Maugé's schema. Ufologists, he states, naturally deal with both categories. Russo refutes the notion that studying IFOs is a waste of time, asserting that they are valuable testimonial data. He also argues that finding conventional explanations is a positive result for researchers seeking truth, not confirmation of beliefs. Russo emphasizes the need to study IFO types, characteristics, and phenomena to separate them from true UFOs. He suggests a three-tiered operational approach: semi-automatic filtering using expert software or identification grids, analytical evaluation by third-party investigators to avoid bias, and "double-blind" evaluation by at least two analysts. He notes that the definition of "UFO in the strict sense" by negation implies a dynamic category, as new IFO causes can be discovered. Russo posits that the status of "identified" or ""not identified" is not binary but continuous, represented by a probability segment. This status is dynamic, influenced by the examiner, new evidence, and the time of evaluation.

Stallone: An "Informatics" Vision

Sveva Stallone comments on Edoardo Russo's points, agreeing that a case's identifiability is dynamic and depends on the data and the examiner. She suggests the implementation of a "Cassation" (a term she admits is imperfect) for ufological reports and investigations to verify the accuracy and variability of case analyses. She proposes a "super partes" group, independent of initial investigators, to conduct analyses, free from personal bias. Stallone envisions a system based on an object-relational database (Ordbms) for logical analysis of cases. She reiterates Russo's point that identifiability is not absolute but relative to specific IFO classes (e.g., probability of being an aircraft, planet, or meteor). Stallone believes that with informatics, more complex information could be integrated, allowing for a three-dimensional view of data. She acknowledges the difficulty but expresses optimism for future developments.

Investigations

This section includes correspondence regarding the ongoing work of CISU. Edoardo Russo notes Renzo Cabassi's stance on dissemination and research, emphasizing the need to investigate every report, even seemingly minor ones, as a way to gather knowledge and provide answers to witnesses. Russo agrees with this principle, acknowledging that practical limitations sometimes hinder thorough investigation, as seen with recent phenomena where obtaining basic data proved difficult.

Reflections on the Fiftieth Anniversary

Gian Paolo Grassino proposes a collective reflection on the 50th anniversary of ufology. He asks members to consider what ufology has achieved in 50 years, what it has failed to achieve, and what direction future research should take. He suggests a format similar to a series of short, focused interventions that can be easily compared and utilized by the magazine and other publications.

UFO Insurance and Hoaxes

Edoardo Russo clarifies that the "Alien Insurance" story was a hoax, debunked by British ufologists, not the Sunday Times. He criticizes Italian media for widely reporting the hoax without publishing the retraction. He details how the story originated from a prank by an insurance agent and his associate, who staged a fake alien abduction to test public reactions. Russo expresses concern about the media's credulity and the tendency to sensationalize such stories, drawing parallels to the Santilli affair.

"Deep Throats"

This section discusses Michael Wolf, a figure previously featured in a "Cover-Up" special. Bill Hamilton provides information from a 1956 book by George Hunt Williamson, detailing an incident where Michael W. Kruvant (presumably Michael Wolf) transmitted a message to outer space, after which two oval objects appeared. Hamilton suggests this indicates Wolf's early involvement in UFO-related activities, possibly as a contactee or researcher.

Returning the "Foo-Fighters" Photos

Edoardo Russo seeks help in tracing the origins of alleged "foo-fighter" photographs, which have appeared in various UFO books. He notes that while French ufological magazines mentioned seven photos, only five are known to his group. These include photos of Japanese aircraft during WWII with luminous objects, a jellyfish-like object near an aircraft, a dark sphere near a bomber, and various lights near aircraft. Russo requests information on the earliest sources of these photos and any other known images.

The Response of Liljegren

Anders Liljegren responds to Russo's query, stating that the AFU (Archives for the Phenomenon of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena) possesses early issues of the Japanese magazine *The Flying Saucer News*, published by the Cosmic Brotherhood Association (CBA). He identifies several "foo-fighter" photos from these publications, referencing a book by Stevens and Dong. Liljegren provides detailed descriptions and potential origins for photos labeled A1-A6 and B1-B6, noting that some are from the WWII era in Japan and Manchuria, while others are from the European theater. He points out discrepancies in how these photos are cropped or presented in different publications and questions the authenticity of some, particularly those attributed to the CBA.

Aldrich's Contribution

Jan Aldrich reports that Jeff Lindell could not attest to the validity of the foo-fighter photos. Lindell believes one photo, showing tracer bullets aimed at a light, might actually be of the moon, despite the crew's insistence it was a "foo-fighter." He suspects it might be a prank.

Takanashi's Perspective

Jun-Ichi Takanashi expresses surprise at the mention of Japanese foo-fighter photos, stating he has never encountered any credible evidence of them from Japan. He suspects that if such photos exist, they might be fabrications, possibly from the CBA, which he describes as a "demential group of research ufologists" with a contactee and semi-religious orientation. Takanashi recounts his past interactions with the CBA and its leaders, describing their increasingly bizarre claims, including encounters with aliens, men in black, and predictions of global cataclysms. He refers to the CBA as the "Complete Baka Association" (Baka meaning "stupid" in Japanese). Takanashi offers to examine any provided photos and translations.

Val d'Ossola Like Hessdalen?

Michele Moroni revisits a previous article comparing luminous phenomena in Val d'Ossola, Italy, with those reported in Hessdalen, Norway. He asks for feedback on the usefulness of such comparative analysis and whether it should be extended to all cataloged Italian cases. Moroni summarizes the characteristics of Hessdalen phenomena (mostly single lights, specific average time of sightings, bright colors, varied movements) and compares them to 39 reported cases from the Verbania and Novara provinces in Italy. He notes similarities in the frequency of single lights and the time of sightings, though the overall frequency in Italy is significantly lower than in Hessdalen. The color descriptions also show some parallels. Moroni concludes that while Hessdalen phenomena are notable for their frequency, the types of lights observed are typical of known LN (Luminous Night) phenomena.

The White Page: I Had a Close Encounter of the Second Kind

Giuseppe Stilo recounts a personal childhood experience from July 11, 1982, in Florence, Italy. While walking with his parents, he witnessed a large, orange, elliptical object in the sky that appeared to cause a city-wide blackout. The object was silent and seemed to hover at a low altitude. Stilo was initially convinced it was a UFO. However, the blackout ended, and the streetlights, including the one he had mistaken for the object, turned back on. He realized the "UFO" was merely a street lamp whose light had been obscured by atmospheric conditions and the unusual circumstances. Stilo emphasizes that this experience reinforced his conviction that the problem of distinguishing between UFOs and IFOs remains a significant challenge in ufology, as gross misinterpretations can occur under certain conditions.

Provocations: Eleven "Hot" Questions

This section presents eleven provocative questions aimed at stimulating discussion among readers. The questions cover a range of topics, including expectations from the scientific community, the future of public opinion on ufology, predictions for the year 2000, skepticism towards the ETH (Extraterrestrial Hypothesis), the credibility of contactee claims, the role of figures like Hynek and Vallée, the nature of "negators," the importance of investigations versus hoaxes, and the definition of "ufologist" within the CISU organization.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently emphasizes the critical importance of rigorous identification and analysis in ufology. It advocates for a scientific approach, urging researchers to move beyond sensationalism and focus on data verification. The magazine highlights the challenges posed by misidentification, hoaxes, and the subjective nature of witness testimony. There's a clear stance that studying IFOs is as crucial as studying unidentified phenomena, and that a systematic, evidence-based methodology is paramount. The editorial tone encourages critical thinking, open debate, and a commitment to uncovering the truth, even when it means challenging deeply held beliefs or confronting the limitations of current knowledge.