UFO Forum - No 01 - aprile 1995

Magazine Overview

Title: UFO FORUM
Issue: Numero 1
Date: Aprile 1995
Publisher: Centro Italiano Studi Ufologici (CISU)
Country: Italy
Language: Italian

This inaugural issue of UFO Forum, a periodic review of ufological studies and debates curated by the Centro Italiano Studi Ufologici (CISU), was published in April 1995. It originates from a meeting of CISU members held in Bologna in November 1994, which aimed to foster dialogue and understand the ideological positions within the group. The publication is intended to provide a platform for discussions and studies that might not fit into the main 'UFO' magazine, especially for its subscribers.

Editorial

The editorial, written by Giuseppe VERDI, highlights the success of the November 1994 meeting in Bologna, which provided a much-needed opportunity for open discussion among CISU members. This exchange of ideas was deemed crucial for better understanding diverse perspectives and for generating new initiatives. The decision to create UFO Forum arose from this meeting, serving as a vehicle for internal discussion and debate. The editorial emphasizes that this is an experimental publication, and encourages members to contribute suggestions, proposals, articles, and constructive criticism to help it grow. The first issue is largely dedicated to a synthesis of the Bologna meeting's discussions.

Contents Overview

The issue features several key articles and contributions:

• FARE UFOLOGIA OGGI (Doing Ufology Today): A synthesis of the CISU meeting held in Bologna on November 5-6, 1994. This article explores the current meaning of ufological research, the motivations behind it, personal interpretations of the phenomenon, and the future perspectives of ufological research. It presents a summary of the participants' interventions and the subsequent debate, focusing on points that lend themselves to further discussion.
• UFO ED EPILESSIA (UFOs and Epilepsy): An article by Antonio BLANCO presenting a study on the possible connections between epileptic disorders and ufological phenomena.
• LA MIA UFOLOGIA (My Ufology): Reflections by Giuseppe VERDI on the current state of ufology and the role of ufologists.

Synthesis of the Bologna Meeting: FARE UFOLOGIA OGGI

The core of this issue is the detailed account of the November 1994 meeting in Bologna, which replaced the traditional public conference with a round table for members. The discussion revolved around philosophical and ideological questions, with each participant offering their perspective.

• Maurizio VERGA questions the motivation for continuing ufological research, suggesting it might be inertia. He views UFO phenomena through a mythological and psychological lens, seeing most cases as explainable (IFO) and not entertaining 'exotic' hypotheses, though he acknowledges the existence of unexplained cases.
• Marcello PUPILLI traces his interest in UFOs back 30 years to science fiction. He believes ufologists tend to explain UFOs, eventually becoming 'ifologists' (those who explain phenomena). He suggests that ufology, as a field, cannot continue indefinitely and will eventually reach a conclusion.
• Angelo FERLICCA became interested in UFOs in the late seventies, initially with an extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH). He now sees UFOs as an unsolved problem, acknowledging a residue of unexplained cases beyond common IFOs. He doesn't subscribe to the idea of unknown natural phenomena but believes the answer lies either in myth or something beyond current understanding.
• Giuseppe STILO started with a belief in extraterrestrials but later shifted focus to the human aspects of the phenomenon. He emphasizes the need to understand the UFO experience more deeply and disagrees with the idea that all UFOs can be explained as IFOs, believing the phenomenon is too complex for a single explanation.
• Fabrizio DIVIDI began with an interest in science fiction and Kolosimo. His early exposure to the CUN (Centro Ufologico Nazionale) and discussions with researchers like Russo and Fiorino led him to understand that 'exotic' explanations were not the primary focus. He now sees the phenomenon as heterogeneous, with multiple explanations, making a single solution difficult.
• Renato FEDELE questions the strangeness of some cases but insists that witness testimony is the starting point for study. He advocates for a focus on cases and methods rather than solely on hypotheses, emphasizing the importance of common terminology.
• Marco ORLANDI cautions against relying on a single, generalized hypothesis. He believes that the residue of unexplained cases requires new information and that cases should be investigated with an open mind, without preconceived notions. He suggests that CISU should approach the phenomenon with humility.
• Gian Paolo GRASSINO agrees that the strangeness of cases is hard to comprehend. He believes that internal stimuli drive research and that the goal is to produce knowledge. He sees ufology not as a finite research project but as a continuous activity aimed at seeking answers. He views the potential for finding something 'exotic' beyond psycho-sociological explanations as the true 'exoticism'.
• Giuseppe VERDI describes his own evolving perspective on UFO hypotheses, moving from ETH to para-physics and HPS. He advocates for keeping an open mind to various possibilities and emphasizes the importance of understanding the social and cultural context of phenomena. He also stresses the need for ufologists to focus on theoretical contributions rather than public awareness.
• Lello CASSANO initially focused on modelism but became interested in UFOs through related literature. He finds the ETH the least fantastical hypothesis but remains open to evidence. He believes the problem is not necessarily solved by the number of reports but by the quality of the witness and the investigation.
• Roberto FARABONE disagrees with the idea that all UFOs can be explained as IFOs, arguing that scientific research cannot provide all answers. He stresses the need for scientific methods in ufology and acknowledges the public's perception of ufologists as associated with magic and fortune-telling.
• Stefano INNOCENTI finds the fascination of UFOs in their unsolvability. He hopes the problem will remain unsolved, as its resolution might diminish his curiosity. He also notes the public's perception of ufologists.
• Renzo CABASSI initially tried to apply logical methods to UFOs but found it impossible. He now acts as a field investigator, focusing on the witness's experience and how it changes their life. He believes in thorough identification of cases and questions the value of speculative hypotheses.
• Antonio BLANCO agrees with Cabassi but questions if the current approach is the same as in the past. He emphasizes the importance of investigation for personal growth and for developing useful methods. He prioritizes witness quality and reliable reports over the sheer number of cases.
• Edoardo RUSSO poses questions about the nature of hypotheses and the role of ufologists. He suggests creating smaller working groups for specific topics and emphasizes the need for written reflections after the meeting.
• Renato FEDELE proposes structured meetings with limited participation for CISU members.
• Marcello PUPILLI finds Fedele's proposal difficult to implement due to the variety of opinions. He echoes Russo's idea of an internal circular to share meeting outcomes.
• Enrico BERNIERI suggests that defining categories is not a scientific endeavor but a way to find common language. He believes that scientific methods produce knowledge, but knowledge itself isn't solely produced by science. He emphasizes the importance of understanding the witness's subjective reality.
• Paolo FIORINO notes the decline in the 'fascinating' allure of UFOs from earlier years. He stresses the need for researchers to act as 'collectors' of testimonies, acknowledging that UFO phenomena are a 'cauldron' of diverse elements. He highlights the challenges posed by 'amateurism' in the field and the continuous evolution of investigation reports.
• Matteo LEONE's interest in UFOs stems from astronomy and the phenomenon's inherent generality, with its many facets and connections to other fields.
• Paolo TOSELLI views UFOs as a tool to approach the world, including witnesses and oneself. He contemplates whether the pursuit of explanation might diminish the phenomenon's essence. He also questions the definition of 'quality' in a witness and the role of ufologists in society.

Discussion on Investigation and Methodology

The discussion then shifted to the practical aspects of ufological research:

• Edoardo RUSSO highlighted the lack of uniform language and cultural background among ufologists, leading to repetitive discussions. He proposed creating smaller groups for specific issues and emphasized the immediate need for participants to reflect on the meeting and write down their impressions.
• Renato FEDELE suggested structured meetings with limited participation.
• Marcello PUPILLI found Fedele's proposal difficult due to the diverse opinions and suggested an internal newsletter.
• Paolo FIORINO discussed the role of study projects, questioning whether they are primary activities or something done in free time.
• Gian Paolo GRASSINO proposed a decentralized approach, with local 'public relations' and investigation coordinators, to balance individual interests with the center's goals.
• Renzo CABASSI raised the issue of investigator bias, acknowledging that it's difficult to approach a case without preconceptions.
• Marco ORLANDI argued that a well-conducted investigation, regardless of initial biases, should lead to a conclusion. He stressed the importance of avoiding premature labeling of cases as UFOs or IFOs, especially when data is insufficient.
• Paolo TOSELLI agreed with Orlandi but warned against cases remaining unresolved due to insufficient data. He criticized the tendency to categorize cases as either UFO or IFO, neglecting the large category of 'insufficient data'.
• Maurizio VERGA concurred with Toselli, emphasizing the need for honesty about the poor quality of information and the importance of not fearing to label cases as IFOs.
• Antonio BLANCO pointed out that if data is insufficient, it's insufficient for both UFO and IFO classifications, suggesting 'insufficient data' as the appropriate label. He also questioned the economic value of publishing lists of cases with identifications.
• Edoardo RUSSO countered that in some cases, few elements are sufficient for a certain identification, making further investigation unnecessary except to verify the degree of distortion.

Key Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue strongly emphasizes the need for a more rigorous and structured approach to ufology. Key themes include:

• Methodology: A recurring concern is the lack of a consistent scientific methodology and common language among researchers. Several participants advocate for more systematic investigation and data collection.
• UFO vs. IFO: The distinction between Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) and Identified Flying Objects (IFOs) is a central point of discussion, with a call for honesty in acknowledging insufficient data rather than forcing cases into pre-defined categories.
• Witness Quality and Ethics: The reliability of witnesses and the ethical considerations involved in interviewing and reporting their experiences are highlighted as crucial aspects of research.
• Internal Cohesion: The need for a shared understanding, common goals, and a more cohesive approach within the CISU is evident throughout the discussions.
• Open-mindedness: While advocating for scientific rigor, many participants also stress the importance of maintaining an open mind to various hypotheses, including 'exotic' ones, and acknowledging the limitations of current knowledge.

The editorial stance, as expressed by Giuseppe VERDI, is one of encouragement for an experimental approach, fostering open dialogue, and building a stronger foundation for ufological research through collective effort and constructive criticism.

Title: UFO forum
Issue: N. 1
Date: January 1995 (estimated from page numbers and content)
Publisher: CIC Edizioni Internazionali
Country: Italy
Language: Italian

This issue of "UFO forum" delves into complex and often controversial aspects of ufology, primarily focusing on the potential link between epilepsy and reported UFO sightings, and critically examining the evolution of ufological thought.

Epilepsy as a Potential Explanation for UFO Sightings (Pages 1-6)

The article by Antonio Blanco, "L'EPILEPSIA IDIOPATICA A SINTOMATOLOGIA SENSORIALE COME CAUSA DI UN CERTO TIPO DI AVVISTAMENTI UFO" (Idiopathic Epilepsy with Sensory Symptomatology as a Cause of Certain Types of UFO Sightings), proposes a radical theory: that some UFO sightings might be the result of epileptic seizures.

The Premise of the Theory

Blanco begins by noting that most UFO sightings are reported by single witnesses without instrumental confirmation or physical evidence. This leads to a reliance on the witness's credibility, a factor that has long been central to psychological approaches in ufology. The author suggests expanding this to include clinical pathologies that can alter human perception.

Understanding Epilepsy

The article provides a medical overview of epilepsy, defining it as a neurological syndrome characterized by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It distinguishes between symptomatic epilepsy (caused by brain damage or metabolic issues) and idiopathic epilepsy (where causes are not identifiable). Epilepsy is described as a complex condition with various forms, influenced by age of onset, cause, and clinical presentation. The incidence of epilepsy is noted as high (3-5% of the population), with a tendency towards chronic cases when it begins in childhood or adolescence.

Types and Characteristics of Epilepsy Relevant to Ufology

Blanco focuses on partial or 'focal' epilepsies, which affect specific areas of the cerebral cortex. These seizures, typically lasting less than two minutes, can manifest with sensory symptoms such as altered tactile, olfactory, visual (e.g., moving colors), or auditory perceptions, often without loss of consciousness. These are termed 'aura' phenomena. Complex partial seizures can involve psychomotor activity, where the subject performs organized movements in an automatized state, sometimes with a twilight state of consciousness or confusion. Crucially, these seizures can be accompanied by psicosensory phenomena like illusions (altered perception of reality) and hallucinations (perceiving things that aren't there), including distortions of shape and size, or vivid visual and auditory experiences.

Photosensitive Epilepsy

Photosensitive epilepsy, particularly prevalent in children and adolescents, is highlighted. It is triggered by intermittent light stimuli, such as flashing lights from screens or even natural phenomena like sunlight filtering through trees. The article notes that some individuals can even self-induce seizures by rhythmically covering and uncovering their eyes. The symptoms often include visual disturbances, loss of consciousness, and confusion, which could be misinterpreted as UFO sightings (e.g., seeing a 'moving color' projected against the sky).

Idiopathic Epilepsy and UFOs

The concept of 'idiopathic epilepsy' is central. The author argues that even without a specific identifiable cause, a subject's particular nervous disposition can lead them to react to innocuous stimuli with an epileptic response. The difficulty in diagnosing epilepsy, especially when seizures are infrequent or not observed during EEG tests, means that many cases might go undiagnosed. Techniques like hyperventilation and intermittent photic stimulation (using strobe lights) are used to activate latent epileptic activity, suggesting that exposure to certain stimuli, like flashing lights from an aircraft, could potentially trigger a seizure and a subsequent 'ufological' experience.

The 'Ufological Epilepsy' Hypothesis

Blanco proposes three interpretative levels for 'ufological epilepsy':
1. Simple Level: Certain forms of epilepsy can produce altered perceptions that explain UFO sightings and other classic ufological experiences.
2. Intermediate Level: Epilepsy is viewed as a natural reaction to critical bioelectrical situations. This implies that anyone, given their individual seizure threshold, could potentially report a UFO sighting under the influence of an epileptic attack. The stimuli (e.g., flashing lights, emotional factors) might not be inherently pathological but can trigger seizures in predisposed individuals.
3. Advanced Level: This level acknowledges that the theory of 'ufological epilepsy' cannot explain cases with 'hard' evidence (photos, radar data, physical traces). However, it suggests that the subjective experience of the witness, even in these cases, might be influenced by underlying neurological conditions.

The article concludes this section by noting the high incidence of epilepsy in Italy and the potential for a significant number of reported sightings to be attributable to this condition.

Reflections on Ufology (Pages 7-10)

Giuseppe Verdi's article, "LA MIA UFOLOGIA" (My Ufology), offers a personal and critical reflection on the history and nature of ufology.

The Evolution of Ufology

Verdi traces the development of ufology from its early days, when the focus was on 'UFOs' (Unidentified Flying Objects) as extraterrestrial craft, to a broader study of the 'UFO phenomenon.' He notes the diverse ingredients within ufology, including notions of cosmic brotherhood, exhibitionism, and repressed desires. He recounts his own journey into ufology, initially driven by the belief in extraterrestrial visitors, a belief he describes as an "initial fanaticism."

The 'Extraterrestrial' Dogma and Its Critics

Verdi discusses the strong adherence to the extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH) within ufology, often leading to a dismissal of dissenting views. He highlights the criticism leveled against ufologist Michel Monnerie, who controversially suggested that UFOs might not be extraterrestrial craft but rather a socio-psychological phenomenon. Monnerie's ideas, though initially met with hostility, planted seeds of doubt about the prevailing ETH.

The Rise of 'New Ufology'

This critical questioning led to the emergence of a "new ufology," which began to re-examine existing UFO cases and found them to be less robust than previously assumed. This new perspective emphasized the difficulty in distinguishing between UFOs and IFOs (Identified Flying Objects or misidentifications) and questioned the 'hard evidence' supporting the ETH. Verdi notes that even this "new ufology" had its excesses, sometimes falling into new dogmas.

Personal Journey to Agnosticism

Verdi describes his own transition from fervent belief to a more skeptical, almost agnostic stance. He recounts how reading authors like Jacques Vallée, John Keel, and particularly Hendry's "The UFO Casebook" (which he refers to as "Processo all'ufologia" - "Trial of Ufology") led him to question the dominant narratives. He found Monnerie's work, despite the backlash, to be convincing in its critique of the ETH and its emphasis on the psychological and mythological aspects of the phenomenon.

The 'Mythological Component'

Verdi concludes that the 'mythological component' is dominant in the UFO phenomenon. He cites works like "The IFO Experience" by P. Toselli and "Soucoupes volantes et folklore" by Méheust as influential in shaping his view that the phenomenon is deeply intertwined with human psychology, symbolism, and cultural narratives, rather than solely being about extraterrestrial visitors.

The "Reflexive Phase"

His journey led him to a "reflexive phase," where he began to analyze the underlying assumptions and biases within ufology. He criticizes the tendency of some ufologists to selectively interpret data to fit pre-existing theories, effectively creating a "filter" that obscured objectivity. He argues that the "base" of UFO enthusiasts often remains anchored to initial, often simplistic, ideas, while the field itself struggles to establish itself as a legitimate science.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of "UFO forum" adopts a critical and analytical stance towards ufology. It challenges conventional beliefs by introducing scientific perspectives from neurology and psychology to explain reported phenomena. The magazine encourages a re-evaluation of UFO evidence, moving beyond the simplistic extraterrestrial hypothesis to consider more complex psychological, sociological, and even neurological explanations. The editorial stance appears to favor rigorous investigation, scientific methodology, and a willingness to question established paradigms within the field of ufology.

This issue of "UFO forum" (Number 1) features a cover headline proposing "PROPOSTE PER UN 'FORUM'" (Proposals for a Forum) and includes articles that reflect on the evolution and current state of ufology. The magazine's stated aim is to serve as a platform for internal debate and discussion.

The Evolution of Ufology: From HET to HPS

The author begins by reflecting on the transition from the "HET" (presumably an earlier model or approach) to the "HPS" model. While acknowledging the initial doubts about the value of ufological research and the potential for it to be seen as mythical or mythological, the author finds the HPS model to be more promising. The HPS, as detailed in a collective book edited by Pinvidic, applies concepts from human sciences like psychology, sociology, and anthropology to UFO phenomena. The author notes that while these studies highlight aspects of ufology already known to human sciences and explore connections with folklore, they also clarify psychological mechanisms behind testimonies.

However, the author expresses a growing question about the very purpose of ufology as it is currently conceived. Two factors contribute to this: the progressive "englobement" of UFO phenomena into broader social phenomena, particularly myths, leading to ufology being diluted into various scientific disciplines; and the attitude of some ufologists. While many have produced admirable work, some have taken extreme positions, straying into areas where UFOs are only marginally relevant or represent a mere aspect. This, paradoxically, could accelerate the demise of ufology.

Despite this, the author acknowledges the positive aspects, such as a greater maturity in the field and the ability to see "beyond." The author also notes that some ufologists have degenerated the HPS into a destructive tool, attempting to explain all UFO phenomena. The author criticizes the means used by these ufologists, not necessarily their ends, and expresses perplexity at how easily some seem to follow trends, questioning what would have happened if Monnerie's "rebellious" gesture had not occurred.

"My Ufology": Defining the Field

The author then poses the question, "What is ufology?" The HPS model is presented as a preferred approach, explaining 99% of UFO cases (IFO - Identified Flying Objects). The author argues that even if extraterrestrials were to land, the HPS would still be the valid explanatory model for most past UFO events, as alien landings might not be connected to them.

However, the author asserts that ufology cannot be considered a science, neither with the HET nor currently, because it does not study anything fundamentally new. The author believes that scientific methods alone are insufficient and that new scientific approaches are needed. The author defines ufology as an aggregation of amateur activities and people whose goal is to study UFO phenomena and raise public and scientific awareness. This is characterized as little more than a hobby disguised as science.

The Role and Future of Ufology

The author questions the motivation for raising public and scientific awareness about UFOs, suggesting it's not for self-aggrandizement but to understand why humanity has been so misled. The author rejects the idea of a "treasure hunt" for "true" UFOs, emphasizing the need for clarity on the reasons for collective misjudgment.

Despite a critical stance, the author cautions against destroying ufology, acknowledging that while 95% of adherents may be driven by esoteric or financial motives, a dedicated 5% are genuine researchers. These individuals are tasked with promoting ufology as a science and ensuring its proper recognition.

Perspectives and Future Directives

The author outlines three key directives for the future of ufology:

1. "Ridimensionarci" (Downsizing): Re-evaluate the terminology, recognizing that terms like "UFO," "ufology," and "ufologist" have become overly weighted. They should be treated as jargon or part of a specific field, with "ufologist" referring to someone interested in UFOs, not necessarily a "student of UFOs." The focus should be on the activity of those interested in UFOs, not on ulterior motives. This also involves staying grounded and avoiding overly speculative theories.
2. Setting a Barrier: Clearly distinguish between genuine ufologists and pseudo-ufologists or charlatans. This is crucial for the credibility of the field.
3. Bridging the Gap: Reduce the distance between ufologists and the public. The average person is unaware of the progress made in ufology and still equates it with sensationalism or the extraterrestrial hypothesis. This requires dispelling the notion that "UFO = alien spaceship" and that "ufologist = ET believer."

The author acknowledges that these goals are ambitious and that achieving them is a long-term endeavor. The author expresses uncertainty about the future of ufology, whether it will be absorbed by mainstream science or continue to struggle.

Personal Reflections and the Nature of Passion

The author reflects on the personal passion for ufology, comparing it to hobbies like model building or stamp collecting. It's described as a "choice of life" that, once deeply engaged, becomes difficult to abandon. The author finds personal growth through ufology, gaining a better understanding of oneself, learning to look beyond appearances, and making friendships. The author also acknowledges the potential for UFOs to be a form of "refuge" or an "analgesic" for difficult life moments, as suggested by Marcello Pupilli.

Despite admitting to past errors and the need for correction, the author emphasizes that this should not lead to disillusionment but to learning from mistakes. The possibility of future surprises from "flying saucers" is left open.

Bibliographical Notes and Reader Engagement

The issue includes extensive bibliographical notes, citing numerous authors and publications relevant to ufology, including works by Pinvidic, Meheust, Monnerie, Scornaux, Toselli, and Vallee. The author also includes footnotes clarifying specific terms and concepts, such as the distinction between "HSP" and "HPS," the use of the term "dossier," and the analogy of the "base" in politics and ufology.

The final section, "PROPOSTE PER UN 'FORUM'," directly addresses the readers, inviting them to actively participate by sharing their opinions on the magazine's content and format, as well as on the Bologna meeting. The editorial team pledges to act as a central hub for collecting and distributing feedback, aiming to foster deeper discussions in future issues. Specific proposals for future content include dedicating space to stimulating letters that can initiate new topics of discussion and encouraging reader input for upcoming conventions, particularly regarding the formula for these events.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical evaluation of ufology as a field of study, the evolution of theoretical models (HPS vs. HET), the distinction between serious research and pseudoscience, and the importance of public perception and scientific rigor. The editorial stance is one of critical engagement, advocating for a more grounded, interdisciplinary, and transparent approach to ufology, while also valuing the passion and dedication of its serious adherents. The magazine positions itself as a platform for open debate and reader participation to shape the future direction of ufological inquiry.