Stendek - Vol 12 No 44 - June 1981

Magazine Overview

STENDEK, Año XII, N.° 44, published in June 1981, is a Spanish-language magazine focusing on UFO phenomena and related scientific and speculative topics. The issue features a prominent cover story on 'The Anthropomorphic Entity of Villa Carlos Paz' and includes a range of articles, analyses, and discussions.

Articles and Features

Balance del último Congreso OVNI (Balance of the Last UFO Congress)

This article by Vicent-Juan Ballester Olmos reviews the 2nd Iberian Congress on UFOs held in Mérida (Badajoz) on April 18-19, 1981. Organized by QUASAR, the congress brought together journalists, writers, analysts, and researchers. The author notes the balanced and varied participation and highlights the success in facilitating contacts among researchers. He suggests that future congresses should include working sessions for technical discussions, free-form seminars, debates, and roundtables to encourage constructive criticism and data exchange. The article also emphasizes the need for infrastructure to support researcher collaboration, such as photocopiers and meeting spaces. The author concludes that the congress was a positive event for fostering dialogue and collaboration within the UFO research community in Spain and Portugal.

Más Sobre el Caso de las "Dos Lunas" de Barcelona. Análisis Fotográfico por Ordenador (More on the 'Two Moons' Case of Barcelona. Photographic Analysis by Computer)

Authored by Fred Adrian and William H. Spaulding of the Ground Saucer Watch (GSW), this article revisits the 'Two Moons' case published in a previous STENDEK issue. The analysis of color slides, using computer techniques like color contouring, density slicing, edge enhancement, digitization, and filtering, led to definitive conclusions. The unidentified image was found to be flat, lacking density variations but possessing considerable brilliance. It appeared fixed spatially on the film emulsion and was not a perfect geometric configuration. Crucially, the analysis concluded that the image was not a fraud or a hoax. It contained no significant shadows or other photographic anomalies and did not correlate with film defects. The size was proportionate to the Moon, and a slight camera movement caused minor blurring. The hexagonal shape of the camera lens was evident in the enhanced images. The GSW's consensus was that the unidentified images were reflections from the bright Moon, not evidence of an extraordinary flying object. This conclusion was further supported by measuring the angle of reflection of the Moon.

La Hipótesis Extraterrestre (II) (The Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (II))

Written by Luis R. González, this is the second part of an article discussing the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (HET). The author addresses objections to the simple HET, focusing on the immense distances between stars. He outlines three necessary conditions for HET: the existence of other planetary systems, the existence of life, and the existence of developed intelligence. He acknowledges that estimating the probability of these factors occurring together is complex and leads to diverse conclusions among researchers. González cites estimates suggesting a technical civilization every three million suns, implying distances of about 100 light-years, or as few as 530,000 civilizations in our galaxy, with distances of 630 light-years. He also examines Willy Smith's claim of finding 7 sun-like stars within 25 light-years, arguing that even with another civilization in this group, the probability remains infinitesimal. The article then delves into the 'barrier of light,' explaining that objects with mass cannot reach the speed of light (C) without their mass becoming infinite. It discusses the theoretical possibility of tachyons (particles with imaginary mass that travel faster than light) but notes their existence is derived from mathematical considerations and may be impossible due to principles like causality. The author explores the implications of time dilation for interstellar travel, noting that while it allows astronauts to age less, it would mean returning to a vastly different home planet, making such expeditions unlikely to be funded or supported. He also raises concerns about the vulnerability of spacecraft to high-speed impacts and radiation. The article concludes that viable alternatives for interstellar travel are automated probes or 'space arks' like those proposed by Gerald K. O'Neill. The discussion then shifts to energy considerations, referencing the laws of thermodynamics and the inefficiency of current energy conversion methods. The immense energy required to accelerate even a small capsule to near light speed using antimatter is highlighted, along with problems of antimatter creation, storage, and safety. González suggests that complex hypotheses like HET are difficult to refute but proposes focusing on understanding what UFOs are not, rather than speculating on what they might be.

Extraña Luz Sobre el "Andros Patria" (Strange Light Over the "Andros Patria")

This article by José Paz Saz recounts an unusual observation made by a young man serving on the Spanish Navy frigate "Yañez Pinzón." The incident relates to the Greek oil tanker "Andros Patria," which suffered a severe breach on December 31, 1978, in the Atlantic Ocean due to a storm. The tanker was carrying 208,000 tons of crude oil. Only three crew members survived the initial accident. To prevent an oil slick, the damaged vessel was to be towed out to sea for repairs before proceeding to Rotterdam. A transfer of the remaining oil was arranged to the British tanker "British Promise" south of the Azores. It is at this point, during the operations near the Azores, that the young sailor reportedly observed a strange light.

Panel Técnico and Consultores

The magazine lists its technical panel and consulting board members, comprising experts in various fields such as meteorology, medicine, electrochemistry, engineering, physics, and economics. It also lists accredited field investigators and delegates of STENDEK-CEI in various countries, including England, Mexico, USA, Argentina, URSS, France, Poland, Austria, and Puerto Rico.

Letters to the Editor

This section is indicated in the table of contents but not detailed in the provided pages.

Other Articles Mentioned in the Table of Contents:

• "Secuestros reales e imaginables" (Real and Imaginary Abductions) by Dr. J. Allen Hynek.
• "Hipnosis versus realidades OVNI" (Hypnosis versus UFO Realities) by Willard D. Nelson.
• "El extraño bajorrelieve de El Casar (Cáceres)" (The Strange Bas-relief of El Casar (Cáceres)) by J. Gil and Miguel Peyró.
• "Detección del Fenómeno OVNI en Francia" (Detection of the UFO Phenomenon in France) by A. Laugier and A. Adell.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of STENDEK revolve around UFO phenomena, the scientific investigation of alleged sightings, and speculative theories such as the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis. The magazine adopts a serious, analytical approach, employing scientific and technical expertise to examine cases. There is a clear emphasis on rigorous analysis, as seen in the computer-aided photographic study of the 'Two Moons' case. The editorial stance appears to favor a cautious, evidence-based approach, as exemplified by the critical examination of the HET and the challenges of interstellar travel. The magazine also highlights the importance of collaboration and information sharing within the UFO research community, as evidenced by its extensive lists of consultants and investigators and its call for reader contributions.

This issue of UFO magazine, Volume II, Issue 11, dated January 1970, delves into two distinct yet related aspects of ufology: a maritime sighting of an unidentified object and a detailed case study of a potential abduction and encounter in Argentina, alongside a theoretical discussion on the nature of reality in UFO experiences.

The Sighting Near the Azores

The issue begins with an account of an unidentified object sighted around January 10-12, 1970, approximately 250 miles north of the Azores. The observation was made by the crew of the Spanish frigate "Yañez Pinzón" while escorting the damaged tanker "Andros Patria." They were accompanied by the Portuguese corvette "Joao Roby." According to the report, an object, described as an intense red light, approached the "Andros Patria," remained stationary for a few seconds, and then proceeded to do the same with the "Yañez Pinzón" and the "Joao Roby" before moving away at high speed to the northeast.

Possible witnesses included the guard detail of the "Yañez Pinzón," the crew of the "Joao Roby," 14 individuals on the "Andros Patria" involved in transferring crude oil, and the crew of the British tanker "British Promise." The atmospheric conditions were poor, with cold temperatures, a dark night, rough seas, and winds of approximately 120 kilometers per hour.

The report highlights that the object was initially thought to be an aircraft. However, subsequent analysis and events led to the conclusion that it was not a conventional plane. The Portuguese Air Force had indeed deployed a "C-130 Hercules" to the area to observe the tanker, but this aircraft had returned to base by January 11th. Several factors lead the investigators to dismiss the aircraft hypothesis: the object's ability to remain stationary over each vessel, its rapid and angular movements, and the fact that the "Yañez Pinzón" sounded a general alarm upon failing to identify the object, suggesting it was not a known aircraft.

Real and Imaginary Abductions: A Psychological Inquiry

The second major section of the magazine features an article by Dr. J. Allen Hyneck, titled "SECUESTROS REALES E IMAGINARIOS" (Real and Imaginary Abductions). This piece explores the complex question of whether alleged UFO abductions are genuine experiences or products of the human psyche, particularly under hypnosis.

Dr. Hyneck begins by referencing the philosophical debate on the nature of reality and how it has moved into the domains of physics and psychology. He discusses the common question about a tree falling in a forest and whether it makes a sound if no one is there to hear it, drawing a parallel to how our perception of reality is brain-dependent.

He then addresses an article by Dr. Lawson titled "Archetypes and Abductions," which suggests that many abduction cases might be imaginary. Dr. Hyneck agrees that for the individuals experiencing them, these events feel "real." He notes that sociologists posit that people's behavior is determined by what they believe to be real, not necessarily what is objectively true. This makes the study of UFOs important, as the belief in them can influence actions.

The core of Dr. Hyneck's argument revolves around Dr. Lawson's experiments where subjects were hypnotized to imagine being abducted by UFOs. Lawson found significant similarities between these "imaginary" accounts and "real" abduction cases, leading him to question the authenticity of the latter. Hyneck, however, argues that these similarities are not sufficient to invalidate real abduction claims.

He points out the heightened suggestibility of individuals under hypnosis, citing personal experiments where subjects under hypnosis could be made to "see" UFOs, though they couldn't draw them later. He also mentions experiments with the hypnotist Kreskin, where subjects were convinced they saw a UFO but later denied it. Hyneck contends that just as these hypnotic creations don't disprove UFOs, the similarities found by Lawson don't disprove real abductions.

A key distinction Hyneck makes is that "real" abduction cases often involve a conscious memory of the UFO's presence prior to the abduction (e.g., Travis Walton, Betty and Barney Hill), which is absent in Lawson's laboratory-created scenarios. He emphasizes that his own research only takes abduction cases seriously if they are preceded by a consciously perceived and remembered UFO sighting.

Hyneck also discusses the pervasive influence of popular culture on the subconscious, suggesting that images of UFOs are ubiquitous in films, media, and comics, making it difficult for anyone, especially under hypnosis, to avoid drawing from this collective imagery. He believes that the similarities observed by Lawson are likely due to this "contamination" of the subconscious.

He further explores differences between real and imaginary cases, noting that real abductees often display significant emotion and terror when recounting their experiences under hypnosis, which is less evident in imaginary cases. He also mentions physical marks, such as those from straps or instruments, which have been verified in real cases but not in imaginary ones created under hypnosis.

Hyneck concludes by encouraging Dr. Lawson to continue his research, acknowledging the potential service to ufology if Lawson's theories about collective archetypes could explain UFO phenomena. However, he stresses that the scientific approach requires accepting what is discovered, not what one wishes to find.

The Anthropomorphic Entity of Villa Carlos Paz (Part 1)

This section, authored by Dr. Oscar A. Galíndez, begins a detailed review of a classic case from Villa Carlos Paz, Argentina. The incident is described as one of the most significant anthropomorphic manifestations in ufology.

The case became known internationally through initial newspaper reports but lacked in-depth study by serious ufological analysts. The CADIU (Centro de Asistencia y Difusión de Investigaciones Ufológicas) conducted an investigation, which is presented here.

I. The Incident Location:

Villa Carlos Paz is a tourist city in Argentina, located 37 km west of Córdoba at an altitude of 640 meters. The incident occurred near the "La Cuesta" motel, situated on the left bank of Route National N.º 20, about 400 meters from a police post and 3 km from the city center. At the time of the event, the area was sparsely populated, with buildings (hotels, restaurants) separated by considerable distances, contradicting some journalistic accounts that placed the event in a "densely populated" or "city center" area.

II. First Phenomenon: Two Red Lights Over the Route

Around 1:05 a.m. on June 14, 1968, Mr. Pedro Jacobo Pretzel, the 39-year-old owner of the "La Cuesta" motel, was driving his pickup truck from the city center. Near the motel, he observed two powerful, stationary red lights on Route National N.º 20. Initially, he mistook them for the taillights of a vehicle. However, as he approached, he realized the lights were much higher than typical vehicle lights and were separated by a significant distance (5-6 meters), suggesting they were attached to a large, stationary structure.

He noted that the lights were fixed and did not appear to be on a vehicle. He also observed reflections of the lights on the ground. He continued towards the motel, turning into the property and parking his vehicle. He then entered the motel through a side door.

Inside, he found the main lights off, but fluorescent lights were on in the dining room, kitchen, and laundry area. He called for his daughter, María Elodia Pretzel, who was found in the laundry room in a state of distress, muttering about a "man" and an "intruder." She was conscious but visibly shaken.

Mr. Pretzel searched the motel for an intruder but found no one. The red lights he had observed earlier were no longer visible.

Considerations on the Red Lights:

Several points are made regarding the red lights:
1. The road in that area is still unlit, even with a modern highway nearby.
2. The road was narrow at the time (6.50 meters wide), making it difficult for a large vehicle or combine harvester to be stationary there, especially with the lights separated by 5-6 meters.
3. Reconstructing the scenario with a standard car showed that the taillights are much closer together and less luminous than what Mr. Pretzel described. The lights he saw were low to the ground.
4. Mr. Pretzel's truck had no mechanical issues, and his watch and the car radio (which was off) functioned normally.
5. There were no clouds, fog, or mist, and no unusual smells were detected.
6. The side door to the parking area, through which the entity later entered and exited, was found unlocked but without a key.

III. Second Phenomenon: Anthropomorphic Manifestation

This section details the encounter within the motel's dining room.

1. Description of the Dining Room and its Dependencies:

The motel's dining room is described with its layout, including a counter, bar, bathrooms, kitchen, and a side door leading to the parking area. The room has a glass front facing the road. The dining room has a mezzanine level and is illuminated by fluorescent and common lights. Decorative fluorescent lights project soft pink and violet hues.

2. A Humanoid Presence:

María Elodia Pretzel, then 19 years old, had just seen off two passengers. She turned off the main lights, leaving only the fluorescent lights on. She then proceeded to the kitchen and laundry area. While locking a back door, she noticed an unusual luminescence filtering through a serving hatch from the bar or dining room. The light was stronger than the fluorescent lights she had left on.

Curious, she went to the dining room and, from the doorway connecting the kitchen to the bar, saw a strange, human-like figure standing by the counter. The figure was approximately 2 meters tall, wearing a bright, sky-blue, one-piece suit that appeared scaled. A thin, buckle-less blue belt cinched the suit. In its left hand, it held a vitreous sphere emitting a coherent, slightly bluish-white light, which it moved back and forth, illuminating the room independently of the fluorescent lights. The entity was smiling permanently.

First Phase: The entity stood with its legs slightly apart. María Elodia deduced that the entity had entered through the open side door to the parking area. This initial visual contact caused María Elodia to feel as if she were deforming, elongating, and thinning, particularly her face. She described it as being affected by an invisible, superior force, like looking into a distortion mirror. She tried to scream but couldn't, feeling her brain was blocked. She instinctively raised her hands to her head and remained immobile. She then heard a clear, deep voice, speaking in Spanish without any particular accent, repeatedly saying, "Don't fear!" This voice was perceived until the fifth phase of the phenomenon.

Second Phase: Suddenly, María Elodia found herself strongly grasped by both hands on the upper part of the counter. The text indicates that the entity was approximately 3 meters from the counter and 7 meters from her. Figures in the magazine illustrate the movements of both María Elodia and the entity throughout the phenomenon.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores the intersection of unexplained phenomena with psychological and philosophical inquiry. The editorial stance appears to favor rigorous investigation and objective analysis, as exemplified by Dr. Hyneck's critical examination of hypnotic regression and Dr. Galíndez's detailed case study. There is a clear emphasis on distinguishing between verifiable evidence and subjective experience, while acknowledging the profound impact of belief on human perception and behavior. The recurring theme is the challenge of defining "reality" in the context of UFO phenomena and the need for open-minded yet critical investigation.

This issue of 'Contactos Ovni' focuses on the intersection of UFO phenomena and psychological investigation, with a prominent article titled "HIPNOSIS VERSUS REALIDADES OVNI" (Hypnosis Versus UFO Realities) by Wilberd D. Nelson. The magazine explores the potential unreliability of witness testimony obtained through hypnosis in UFO cases.

Detailed Account of an Encounter

The issue presents a detailed narrative of an encounter experienced by María Elodia Pretzel. The account is divided into several phases:

Phase 1: Initial Observation

María Elodia observed a humanoid entity in a bar. The entity was about 3 meters away and was rhythmically moving its left arm, which held a sphere. The witness heard telepathic messages of reassurance: "No temer!" ("Do not fear!"). She experienced a tingling sensation in her legs, described as feeling "dormidas" (numb).

Phase 2: Entity's Actions

The entity extended its right arm, palm upwards, from which luminous beams emanated. It wore a rectangular device on its hand, resembling a gauntlet, covering its four major fingers.

Phase 3: Witness's Physical Reactions

Simultaneously, María Elodia felt weak and began to fall backward slowly. Her muscles were relaxed, and she did not flex her arms or legs. This slow fall was interrupted when her head was only 20-25 cm from the floor, with only her heels touching the ground. Subsequently, her body began to levitate slowly back to a vertical position without any effort on her part.

Phase 4: Entity's Movement and Description

The entity approached the witness, moving slowly and deliberately, placing one foot directly in front of the other, with the heel touching the toe of the preceding foot. Luminous beams also emanated from the entity's feet. The witness noted that the bar was elevated 15 cm from the floor by supports, and the light filtering from underneath was consistent with the beams from the entity's feet.

Phase 5: The Sphere and Departure

The luminous sphere in the entity's left hand turned dark blue and appeared to be made of glass. The telepathic messages ceased, and the entity flexed its left arm, then turned and looked towards the exit door. It then proceeded to leave the bar, walking in the same peculiar manner. The door closed behind it without the witness seeing it touch the handle. Upon the entity's departure, the tingling sensation in the witness's legs ceased.

Post-Encounter Effects

María Elodia, still disoriented, moved to the kitchen and then the laundry room, where she collapsed. She experienced a nervous crisis, exclaiming "A man!" to her father. The intense media attention following the event led to her being sent to Salta for twenty days to recover.

Duration of the Phenomenon

The anthropomorphic phenomenon lasted approximately 4 minutes, estimated based on the witness's recollection of checking her watch at 1:00 a.m. and the subsequent events.

Psycho-physiological Effects

Later that morning, María Elodia experienced intense itching in her legs, which recurred several times over the following nights. She also reported waking up startled, hearing the words "No temer!" again, though she was unsure if these were subconscious recollections.

Entity's Physical Details

The entity was estimated to be between 30 and 35 years old. Its height was calculated to be around 2.06 to 2.11 meters, based on the height of the door it passed through. Its anatomy was described as stylized, like a dancer. It wore a seamless, bright blue, full-body suit that appeared to have scales. A thin, dark blue belt was visible from the front. It had no footwear, and the toes were visible through the suit. A pleated skirt reached the middle of its thighs. Its complexion was very pale, like wax, with very light blonde hair. Eyebrows were not clearly visible. Its eyes were described as light, but the witness did not recall if it blinked. Its features resembled the "German type." The entity's face was pleasant and inspired kindness, and it smiled constantly, showing perfect white teeth. Its lips did not move when it spoke, and the voice was perceived telepathically.

Entity's Gait and Other Details

The entity walked by placing its heel in front of its toe, creating an imaginary straight line. It moved slowly but naturally. The witness described it as a being of "flesh and bone," not mechanical. The fingers of its right hand and its feet emitted soft celeste light beams that extended 10-15 cm and then dissipated. The left hand, holding the sphere, did not emit these beams. The entity wore a dark brown gauntlet-like device on its right hand, covering its four major fingers, with a loop for the ring finger. It continued to rock its left arm back and forth throughout the encounter.

Article: Hypnosis Versus UFO Realities

This section critically examines the use of hypnosis in UFO investigations. The author, Wilberd D. Nelson, questions the reliability of hypnotic regression for obtaining objective truth.

The Principle of Uncertainty and Hypnosis

Nelson draws a parallel between Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle in physics and the "experimenter effect" in psychology, where the act of observation can influence the subject. He argues that the growing reliance on hypnosis in ufology leads to an overestimation of its accuracy and an underestimation of its potential for distortion.

Dangers of Hypnotic Regression

The author highlights several issues:

• Suggestibility: Witnesses under hypnosis can be highly suggestible, potentially incorporating the investigator's expectations or leading questions into their testimony.
• Imagination vs. Reality: Hypnosis can amplify imagination, leading witnesses to create elaborate stories that they genuinely believe are real memories.
• Lack of Verification: It is often impossible to verify the objective reality of hypnotic accounts, especially those involving subjective experiences like abductions.
• Psychological Influence: The process of hypnosis can be influenced by the witness's desire to please the hypnotist or by their own strong beliefs and personality.

Freud's Perspective

Nelson references Sigmund Freud's own doubts about hypnosis, particularly his struggle to differentiate between physical reality and "psychic reality." Freud concluded that psychic reality, though not necessarily factually accurate, held significant importance due to its effect on the patient.

Ufology's Misapplication of Hypnosis

Nelson criticizes the tendency in ufology to treat hypnosis as a direct conduit to truth, overlooking its limitations. He argues that many seemingly "solid" abduction cases might be products of hypnotic suggestion rather than factual accounts.

Expert Interpretation Challenges

Even in criminal investigations, psychologists and psychiatrists often disagree on the interpretation of hypnotic testimony, as seen in the Kenneth Bianchi case, where the existence of a "second personality" (Steve) was debated as a potential defense mechanism or a genuine dissociative state induced by hypnosis.

Conclusion on Hypnosis in UFO Research

Nelson concludes that hypnosis is not a reliable tool for obtaining objective truth in UFO investigations. He suggests that while it might offer insights into a witness's subjective experience, it should be used cautiously and supplemented with objective evidence. He advocates for trained professionals to conduct such investigations and emphasizes the need for a critical approach to hypnotic accounts.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine appears to adopt a critical and analytical stance towards UFO phenomena, particularly concerning the methods used to gather and interpret witness testimony. The emphasis on the potential unreliability of hypnosis suggests a commitment to rigorous investigation and a skepticism towards claims that lack objective verification. The article promotes a cautious approach, urging researchers and the public to be aware of the psychological factors that can influence witness accounts, especially in the context of potentially extraordinary experiences like UFO encounters.

This issue of the magazine focuses on the intersection of archaeology and ufology, featuring two main articles. The first, "EL EXTRAÑO BAJORRELIEVE DE EL CASAR (CACERES)" by Juan Gil Montes and Miguel Peyró, examines a 1st-century AD granite bas-relief found in El Casar, Cáceres, Spain. The second, "DETECCION DEL FENOMENO OVNI EN FRANCIA" by Alexandre Laugier and Albert Adell, details research on detecting UFO phenomena using specialized equipment.

The Strange Bas-Relief of El Casar (Cáceres)

The article by Montes and Peyró begins by describing the bas-relief, an anthropomorphic figure carved in gray granite, with a bulging head, oriental eyes, long neck, and disproportionately large legs and feet clad in thick boots. The inscription in Latin suggests a date in the 1st century AD, although the possibility of later additions is noted. The authors argue that the UFO phenomenon is not a recent invention but is as old as humanity itself, cautioning against sensationalism while asserting that UFOs have manifested throughout history.

They highlight that the Extremadura region, where El Casar is located, is rich in megalithic monuments, prehistoric religious structures with 'solar discs,' and has a significant history of Marian apparitions and modern UFO sightings. The article then meticulously breaks down the morphology of the El Casar figure, noting the unusual head shape, narrow neck, arms held close to the body, prominent shoulders, 'thick boots,' and oblique eyes. These features are compared to classifications of 'humanoids' from studies, particularly referencing Jader Pereira's work, and other reported cases.

Several cases are cited as parallels, including a humanoid encounter in Maine (1975), a rapto in Stanford (1976), and cases from Escalante (Santander) and Mañeru (Navarra) in 1976, which exhibited similar cranial structures, arm positions, and footwear. The article also draws parallels with frescoes from Tassili-N-Adzer and a Bronze Age engraving found in Jarandilla (Cáceres), suggesting a geographical and symbolic connection.

The authors explore hypotheses about the bas-relief's nature, noting its funerary inscription and cemetery placement, which suggest a 'supernatural' origin. They discuss the historical interrelation between the 'other world' and 'other worlds,' referencing early spiritualist publications like 'Fate Magazine.' The meaning of the accompanying letters remains unclear, though ILVCIA is suggested as a Celtic anthropomorphic name.

Detection of the UFO Phenomenon in France

The second major section introduces the work of engineer Alexandre Laugier, who has developed specialized apparatus to detect UFO phenomena. The article frames this research within the context of the 33-year modern history of UFO investigation, noting a growing interest from qualified individuals despite general public indifference. Laugier's work is presented as an effort to normalize the search for UFO unknowns by developing techniques aligned with scientific disciplines.

Laugier's research, conducted in France, involved seeking information on possible electromagnetic signals from UFOs. He developed detection devices, which he calls 'effect alpha' detectors, suspecting they register the presence of UFOs. The results of his detection periods are presented in four tables, covering late 1978 to early 1980. These tables detail dates, locations, and the presence of 'effect alpha' signals, categorized as weak or strong.

The article explains that the GEPAN (Groupe d'Études des Phénomènes Aériens Non-identifiés) classification system, which categorizes phenomena as identified, probably identified, or not identified, was used to compare with Laugier's findings. A correlation analysis showed a high degree of agreement between GEPAN's 'not identified' categories (C and D) and Laugier's 'effect alpha' detections, especially for category D (not identified with coherent documentation).

Laugier's formula for calculating the probability of correlation, `M / (E + 2N) / V / H ≥ 1`, is presented. The results for four periods show values significantly above 1, indicating a strong correlation between the detected 'effect alpha' and UFO observations, suggesting the phenomenon is not only detectable but also measurable.

The Column of the Reader

This section features letters from readers. One reader seeks contact with other UFO investigators in Asturias, Spain, to form a network and exchange information. Another reader wishes to connect with individuals interested in UFOs from Spain and abroad for similar purposes. A letter from Murcia discusses an interesting drawing from the 'Manuscript of the Toledano,' published in the 'Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos' in 1959, which depicts two figures with illuminated heads holding spheres and astronomers consulting papers, posing the question of its interpretation.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores the idea that the UFO phenomenon is ancient and has manifested throughout human history, challenging the notion that it is solely a modern invention. It emphasizes the importance of scientific investigation and measurement, as exemplified by Laugier's research, moving beyond anecdotal evidence to quantifiable data. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious inquiry into the UFO phenomenon, seeking to integrate it into a broader understanding of history, archaeology, and science, while also fostering a community of researchers through reader contributions and correspondence.

This issue of STENDEK, dated March 1981, focuses heavily on the scientific analysis of UFO phenomena, particularly critiquing the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (HET). The magazine features reader letters, editorial commentary, and a section on errata, alongside promotional material for other publications and services.

Letters to the Editor

Letter from Willy Smith (Norcross, March 1981)

Willy Smith writes to address two points in a previous article by Luis Hernández Franc. Firstly, he disputes the claim of fifty million UFO sightings between 1945 and 1975, finding the number exaggerated and citing the CUFOS catalog (Center for UFO Studies) in Evanston, Illinois, which lists around 80,000 entries, noting that not all are distinct cases and the catalog is not fully depurated. He estimates that even with unreported cases, the total would be far less than fifty million.

Secondly, Smith challenges the article's assertion that Venus should be referred to in the masculine, as planets are typically masculine in grammar. He argues that Venus is definitively feminine, being named after the Greek goddess Aphrodite, the goddess of Love and Beauty, who was known for her seductive power over mortals and gods alike.

Letter from Pere Redón (Málaga, February 1981)

Pere Redón responds to a critique of the HET and specifically addresses a letter from J.A. Santos published in issue 43. Redón clarifies that his critique refers to the HET as commonly stated: that UFOs are simply beings from the stars coming to save, conquer, or investigate. He acknowledges his articles may have a personal stance but insists they are based on objective facts.

Redón then elaborates on Santos's points:

1. Origin of UFOs: He argues that stating UFOs come from 'wandering worlds' does not solve the problem, as these worlds must also originate from somewhere. This complicates the issue, requiring not only the ability to build UFOs but also 'worlds.' He references Carl Sagan's calculations, which suggest that even with a million technological civilizations, the number of interstellar journeys would be immense, and the required metal mass would be astronomical, especially for 'wandering worlds.'
2. Plantier's Theory: Redón notes that Plantier's theory only suggested a way to neutralize gravity, with propulsion from another source. While antigravity was considered, it faces limitations like the speed of light. He criticizes the theory's weak postulates and warns against circular reasoning, where assumptions are made to explain UFOs, and then UFOs are used as proof for those assumptions. He also touches upon the psychological and practical challenges of immortality, questioning the assumption that alien time scales would allow for rapid reactions to environmental threats.
3. Estimates of UFO Cases: Redón acknowledges that estimates vary and that a single UFO can be seen by multiple people, but this is often counted as one sighting. He suggests that while many distant sightings might be errors, this could be offset by the large number of unreported cases (estimated at one in ten) and UFOs observed in uninhabited areas or at night.
4. Witness Reliability: He finds it curious that in the past, witnesses were considered infallible when proving UFO existence, but now, when their accounts don't fit a narrative, they are deemed poor observers. Redón maintains his position based on reports from qualified witnesses like pilots and close encounters, arguing that the description of a UFO at 50 meters for several minutes should be unmistakable.
5. Extraterrestrial Races: He refutes the idea of different 'extraterrestrial races' explaining humanoid phenomena, especially if the 'wandering worlds' theory is adopted. He questions whether multiple 'worlds' have coincidentally converged near Earth and why there is such specific attention.
6. Judging Extraterrestrial Behavior: Redón argues that human logic is the only tool available to analyze extraterrestrial behavior. He suggests that if we cannot understand their actions, we cannot definitively label them as extraterrestrial. He implies deception and that simplistic hypotheses like 'saviors' or 'conquerors' need reconsideration.
7. Phenomenon Permanence: He notes that the persistence of the UFO phenomenon is often used to support ET hypotheses, citing Däniken and Kolosimo. He finds it curious that we are visited precisely when we can recognize them. He also points out that the variability and 'mimicry' of the phenomenon, along with other 'condemned facts' like UFO attacks or the 1897 wave, are rejected by HET proponents, questioning the scientific impartiality of this approach.

Luis R. González, from CEI, is credited as the editor for this section.

Editorial Commentary

"Sobre la Hipótesis Extraterrestre"

This editorial, authored by Juan Carlos Imaz Irazoqui and Félix Ares de Blas of Colectivo Lau, argues that the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (HET) for UFOs suffers from a significant flaw: it is not a hypothesis at all. They define a scientific hypothesis as a predictive model of reality, a simplified representation that allows for systematic prediction of future events. The HET, they contend, merely states that UFOs are extraterrestrial vehicles, offering no predictive capacity. They liken this to a confession of lacking a valid model for the phenomena.

The editorial references a quote from McDonald stating, "The extraterrestrial hypothesis is the least unsatisfactory of all hypotheses," but disagrees, asserting that the HET "suffers from an important defect: IT IS NOT A HYPOTHESIS."

Footnotes clarify that "OVNI" is a lexicalized term for "objetos volantes desconocidos" (unidentified flying objects) and that the discipline studying this phenomenon was discussed in a June 1980 STENDEK article.

Erratas

This section addresses errors in issue 44 of STENDEK. It corrects the first paragraph of a column on the left side of page 44, which discusses the number of witnesses in 32 Spanish UFO cases. The corrected text states that of the 32 cases, 21 had a single observer, 6 had two, 4 had three, and one case in La Granja Torrehermosa in August 1956 had about thirty witnesses.

Another erratum concerns an article titled "EL CASO DEL LAGO ERCINA" (The Case of Lake Ercina), published in issue 44. This article described an event in Asturias in July 1979. The report was intended solely for the CEI archive and not for publication. The magazine apologizes for its inclusion, emphasizing that the author, D. Luis Caso Machicado, is not responsible for this error.

Advertising and Promotions

Page 4 features advertisements for three books related to UFOs:

• "OVNIS? Si, Pero..." by Miguel Peyro (200 pages, PVP 450 PTA).
• "Emerón OVNI" (256 pages, PVP 350 PTA).
• "Manual del Ufologo" by Alberto Adell Sabates (160 pages, PVP 400 PTA).

It also promotes "HABLE DE STENDEK A SUS AMIGOS" (Talk about STENDEK with your friends), encouraging readers to subscribe.

TELEX OVNI

This section describes "TELEX OVNI," a bimonthly publication by the CEI for its members and STENDEK subscribers. It provides a summary of UFO observations from national and international press, aiming to keep readers informed. Fifteen issues have been published, containing 250 observations from 1979, 1980, and early 1981. Subscriptions cost 500 pesetas and can be paid via postal order, bank check, or cash. International shipping incurs an additional airmail charge.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme in this issue is the critical examination of the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (HET) for UFOs. The editorial stance, as articulated by Imaz Irazoqui and Ares de Blas, is that the HET, in its simplistic form, is not a scientifically valid hypothesis due to its lack of predictive power. The magazine encourages a more rigorous, evidence-based approach to analyzing UFO phenomena, as seen in the detailed critiques and discussions presented by its readers and editorial contributors. There is a clear emphasis on scientific methodology, logical reasoning, and the need for verifiable data over unsubstantiated claims.