Stendek - Vol 10 No 36 - June 1979

Magazine Overview

This issue of STENDEK, a Spanish-language magazine focused on UFOs and related phenomena, is identified as Volume X, Issue N° 36, dated June 1979. The cover prominently features the headline "ATERRIZAJE EN TOLUCA" (Landing in Toluca), Mexico, alongside the magazine's title and an illustration depicting a UFO encounter. The issue is published by CEI and has an ISSN of B-21.354/72.

Editorial: Analysis of 'Investigación OVNI'

The editorial section, titled "editorial", provides a personal analysis of the television series "Investigación OVNI" (UFO Investigation). The author notes that the series, based on recently declassified UFO material from the United States, likely has a purpose beyond mere entertainment, potentially aiming to shape public perception. The editorial suggests that while the series is generally acceptable, it suffers from logical ups and downs, with some episodes being more interesting than others. A critique is offered regarding the alteration of dates, locations, and names in the depicted cases, possibly to protect witnesses. The author also points out the tendency to over-sophisticate the models of observed objects, noting that witnesses often struggle to describe size and shape accurately due to the brevity of the phenomenon or surprise. The editorial acknowledges the series' effort to demystify the "OVNI phenomenon," which is seen as understandable given the rise of pseudoscientific and esoteric interests, and associated scams in the US. The inclusion of explanations for misidentifications and erroneous interpretations is appreciated. The hope is expressed that the series will help the public discern between unidentified and identifiable phenomena, ultimately being beneficial.

Case Study: Aterrizaje en Cogolludo (Guadalajara)

This section details a UFO landing incident that occurred in Cogolludo, Guadalajara, Spain, on August 30, 1977. The case was initially reported by the local newspaper "Flores y Abejas" with the headline "OVNIS EN EL PATIO DEL PALACIO DUCAL" (UFOs in the Ducal Palace Courtyard). The investigation, led by Alberto Adell Sabatés of CEI, involved converting the case into a chronological diagram to analyze its components. Initial information from various sources, including "esoteric" magazines, led to confusion and contradictions. The investigation was planned to include field work in September.

Complications arose, delaying the field work. However, a Madrid-based group, Grupo ALTAIR, interested in the OVNI phenomenon, offered to collaborate with CEI. This group, composed of university students Rafael Huerta Cofiño, Francisco Ruiz Torenzo, and Jesús Notario García, proved to be diligent and enthusiastic, adapting well to the investigation's systems and methods. Their efficient collaboration is highly praised.

The report presents a "Tabla Analógica de Discrepancias" (Analogical Table of Discrepancies), highlighting 16 differences between sensationalist media reports and the clarified realities after investigation. These discrepancies include details about the number of children present, the location of the landing (a solar behind the palace, not the closed courtyard), the object's appearance (oval with a defined structure and halo), and the witness's experience (heat sensation rather than paralysis).

The article contrasts sensationalist claims with the findings of the investigation. For instance, the claim of "20 or 30 children" playing was clarified as "at most 10." The landing site was specified as a solar behind the palace, not the ducal palace courtyard. The observation of an "intense light" was described as an oval shape with a halo. Jaime Frías, the primary witness, reported feeling a heat wave and then a mental block, not paralysis. The claim of the patio smelling of sulfur was refuted, with witnesses stating the area smelled of nothing. The object's shape was described as ovoid with a well-defined structure and a halo of intense light.

The chronological order of events details how Jaime Frías, while urinating in a secluded area behind the palace, felt an intense heat and saw a bright light. He observed an ovoid object enveloped in light, approximately 10 meters away. The object's halo pulsed, and the light illuminated the surroundings. He felt unable to move initially but later advanced towards the object. The halo grew, and the object slowly ascended. Jaime shouted for his friends.

His friends, Félix de la Fuente and Juan José González, arrived and found Jaime shaken. The object, described as ovoid and enveloped in light, was seen ascending towards Monte Otero. The police were alerted and arrived at the scene. The object was later observed again, stationary over Monte Otero, accompanied by two smaller ovoid lights. These lights then disappeared.

The Location: Cogolludo

This section provides a geographical and historical description of Cogolludo, a town of 250 inhabitants located 35 km north of Guadalajara. It details the town's topography, its proximity to rivers and mountains, and its historical significance, including the Ducal Palace of Medinaceli. A historical document from January 3, 1581, is included, detailing testimonies from elderly residents about the town's antiquity, its walls, and its association with the Duke of Medinaceli. The document also describes Cogolludo's climate, terrain, water sources, agriculture (wheat, barley, wine), livestock, and salt production from nearby salt flats.

The OVNI (UFO)

Jaime de Frías described the main UFO as a circular object, "like a crushed nut," approximately 2 meters in diameter and 1.5 meters high. It possessed a strong white halo that pulsed intermittently. The intense light from the object illuminated the ground. The halo's color shifted from red to green and then to white. The object's structure was described as having a large upper dome and a lower section. The witness considered it an "ALL LIGHT" object. The estimated speed of the object was around 200 km/h, with a sound described as a faint, distant motor noise that became a "hiss" during takeoff before fading.

Stationary Lights

Jaime de Frías also observed two smaller ovoid lights, approximately half the size of the main UFO, stationary over Monte Otero. These lights had an oval halo similar in intensity to the main UFO's halo and maintained an angle of about 45 degrees with the horizon. They appeared as intensely luminous, contrasting spots of light. The main UFO advanced towards these lights, positioning itself equidistantly between them before they all disappeared.

The Witnesses

The primary witness is Jaime de Frías Redondo, a 17-year-old student from Madrid who spends weekends and holidays in Cogolludo. He is described as responsible, reflective, and stable, with a positive moral and intellectual character. Other witnesses include Félix de la Fuente (16, elementary school student with an interest in parapsychology) and Juan José González (17, elementary school student, fond of motorcycles). Jaime's parents, described as reputable and cooperative, corroborated their son's account.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently focuses on UFO sightings, investigations, and the analysis of media coverage and public perception of these phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, aiming to present factual accounts and investigative findings while acknowledging the complexities and potential for misinterpretation in UFO reports. There is a clear effort to distinguish between sensationalist reporting and verified data, and to provide context for the rise of interest in UFOs, including the potential for pseudoscientific exploitation. The magazine promotes the work of organizations like CEI in systematically investigating these cases.

This issue of Stendek, identified as issue number 112 and dated September 1978, focuses on UFO investigations, particularly two landing cases and the continuation of a French investigation. The magazine's primary language is Spanish, and it covers events from the 1960s and 1970s.

Cogolludo Case: The Ducal Palace Landing

The issue details a significant UFO sighting and landing event that occurred in Cogolludo, Spain, on the night of August 28th. The primary witness was Jaime de Frías, a young boy whose experience was corroborated by his father and other townspeople. Marcelo Martín, the Alguacil of Cogolludo, described the event as mysterious but noted that such occurrences are not uncommon in the region. The local doctor diagnosed Jaime's subsequent rash as a psychosomatic symptom resulting from the shock of seeing the UFO, comparing it to the reaction of seeing a snake for the first time. The article suggests the rash could be due to ultraviolet rays or other energetic residues.

The magazine expresses regret for not being able to publish the official report from the Guardia Civil, who had investigated the incident. While the guards confirmed the unusual experience, they were unable to provide a written statement without authorization from their command in Guadalajara. The authors decided against pursuing this bureaucratic route.

Jaime de Frías was extensively interviewed, and the article addresses several points of confusion and potential skepticism. He clarified that the number of youths present in the plaza that night was around ten, not as exaggeratedly reported by the press, and that it was during the town's festivities. He denied any mention of a sulfurous smell associated with the event. Regarding the overgrown state of the palace grounds, he stated it was due to a lack of maintenance. He also clarified that his parents did not arrive with the Guardia Civil; two officers were already patrolling. Jaime confirmed that binoculars used during the observation belonged to a visitor from Madrid, not the police. He described seeing three stationary lights that later moved towards the mountain.

Jaime reported feeling only a slight heat and no itching or eye discomfort. He attributed the press's claim of a strange force preventing him from entering the patio to journalistic exaggeration, asserting it was purely mental.

Toluca Case: The Dust Storm Landing

This section, authored by Fernando J. Téllez of CEI (Mexico), reports on a close encounter of the second kind in Toluca, Mexico, on March 26, 1978. The witnesses were four young men: Arturo Bernal, Alfredo Reynoso, Salvador Serrano, and José Brito Ayar. While driving during a severe dust storm, they observed a large, dark cloud over the city. Suddenly, a red glow appeared behind a nearby hill, followed by the emergence of a luminous object described as a 'reflector.' The object hovered silently for about five minutes.

The witnesses described the object as having a chrome-like main body with a red dome on top, emitting a bright light. Blue lines were visible, possibly windows, and three vertical circles were noted on the center. The object had two large 'legs' that did not appear to touch the ground, and two large jets of fire emanated from its underside, suggesting propulsion. An exaggeratedly long antenna, about seven meters, was also observed.

After hovering for approximately five minutes, the object ascended rapidly, emitting a loud humming sound and spinning at high speed. As it departed, the dust storm ceased, and it began to rain, followed by a clear, starry sky. The witnesses investigated the landing site and found two burned circular areas on the ground, still emitting heat and smoke. They collected soil samples and small charred cables.

Additional witnesses, including engineer Francisco García and his family, corroborated the event. García observed a large, intense, and strange glow from a nearby hill. Using a theodolite, he saw the object as a luminous cross emitting white and red light, with the red light appearing to come from combustion. He noted that the object seemed to be hovering, not touching the ground.

The article explores the possibility that the UFO caused the dust storm, noting that the storm ceased immediately after the object's departure and rain began. The authors suggest this might be a demonstration of UFOs' control over meteorological phenomena.

Physical Traces: The UFONEST

The physical evidence found at the Toluca landing site is described as a 'UFONEST' (UFO Nest), characterized by two large circular burned areas, approximately 1.70 and 1.80 meters in diameter, separated by about 70 centimeters. The article notes a discrepancy between the measured separation and the witnesses' initial drawings, attributing it to the stress and excitement of the event. Samples of soil and copper wires were sent for analysis to A.P.R.O. The charred wires were found within the burned areas, and it is speculated they were part of the UFO's propulsion system that burned upon contact with the ground. Some plants within the burned areas showed unusual characteristics, with the above-ground parts appearing normal but the roots being carbonized.

Aveyron Investigation: "L.O.L.N." Team

This section continues the investigation into UFO sightings in Aveyron, France, during 1966-1967 by the 'L.O.L.N.' team. The report focuses on observations made on January 6th and the subsequent days, with a significant event occurring on January 11, 1967. The 'shell' and 'balls' were observed multiple times, sometimes moving, and their positions changed. The son of the witness describes seeing the 'shell' in different locations on the same night, questioning if it was the same object or if there were two.

The witness recounts seeing a 'ball' rise from the road and then observing it from his room. He notes that people in the area tend to go to bed early, and lights in the darkness would disappear before the 'balls' would appear. The investigation team, accompanied by the witness, retraced the path of the car and the observed phenomena, attempting to pinpoint the location of the 'shell' and its proximity to trees and a pond.

The witness describes the 'shell' as being much larger than a tree and possibly not touching the ground. The object became luminous and emitted a whistling sound before departing. The article includes a map illustrating the sequence of events and the location of the object.

Analysis and Commentary

The analysis of the Cogolludo case concludes that the evidence points to a genuine and highly unusual event, with credible witnesses. The article notes the lack of any depressions around the landing site that would suggest physical contact with the ground. The author highlights the 'curiosity' that led the witnesses to a better vantage point, and the coincidence of the event occurring during a dust storm in Toluca, suggesting a possible connection between UFOs and meteorological phenomena.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Stendek strongly emphasizes the credibility of witness testimony, particularly in the Cogolludo and Toluca cases, where multiple witnesses, including students and professionals, corroborated the events. The magazine presents detailed interviews and analyses, applying credibility tests to assess the reliability of the accounts. There is a clear focus on physical evidence, such as the burned ground and plant anomalies, as well as the psychosomatic effects reported by witnesses. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious investigation into UFO phenomena, aiming to present factual accounts and analyses, while acknowledging the challenges of obtaining official confirmation and debunking sensationalized press reports. The magazine also highlights the work of researchers and organizations involved in ufology, such as A.P.R.O. and CEI, and promotes the sharing of UFO observations among its readers.

This issue of STENDEK-CEI covers the organization's activities from June 1978 to June 1979. It details various investigations, conferences, and meetings, alongside a significant witness account of a UFO sighting.

Detailed Witness Account

The magazine presents an in-depth interview with a witness who describes multiple encounters with unidentified flying objects. The witness provides detailed measurements and descriptions of the objects, including their shape, size, color, and behavior.

First Sighting

The witness initially describes an object referred to as an "obús" (shell/howitzer) that was approximately 35 meters away. Measurements estimated its width at 2 to 2.5 meters and its height above the ground at about 2 meters. However, based on its relation to a tree, the witness later estimated its height to be around 13.60 meters. The object was described as very luminous, pointed at one end, with a brown halo or light around its upper extremity. It was white and much brighter than accompanying "balls." The object was observed to be tilted at approximately 45 degrees on the ground before its departure. It emitted a light vapor, became very luminous, and made a screeching noise before ascending with incredible speed. The witness noted it tilted and ascended, not vertically, but in a rising trajectory. The object also appeared to rotate on its base and tilt to one side.

Second Sighting

A subsequent sighting involved an object described as oval-shaped, similar in size to a "Peugot 404," with a light at the rear. It descended and hovered about 3 to 4 meters above the ground. The witness experienced a significant heat wave and a feeling of paralysis, describing it as an intense, internal radiation. The object had two domes, one on the right front and another behind to the left, giving it a diagonal appearance. The interior of the domes appeared illuminated green, and the witness perceived two figures wearing what looked like aviator helmets and suits, though the view was very blurry.

Object Departure and Subsequent Events

The object then ascended to about 50 meters, dropped suddenly, and stopped 2-3 meters from the ground before departing eastward at high speed. The heat sensation ceased immediately upon its departure. The witness's car, which had stopped functioning, then restarted. The witness also describes a separate encounter with a "ball" object, about 1.20 meters in diameter, which maintained a constant distance from his car as he drove at speeds up to 100 km/h.

Investigation of Physical Traces

The magazine also discusses the investigation of a "ball" object found at a crossroads, which was approximately 1.20 meters in diameter. The witness's car was parked facing the ball. The object was later found to be near a roadside sign that was vibrating, leading to the hypothesis that the vibration might have been caused by the object.

Post-Sighting Experiences

Following these sightings, the witness experienced a prolonged period of extreme sleepiness, sleeping 18 to 24 hours a day for about two months, from mid-January to mid-March. This condition resolved gradually.

STENDEK-CEI Activities (June 1978 - June 1979)

The issue details the activities of STENDEK-CEI during the period, including:

Local Social Events

• October 1978: First meeting of the 1978-1979 season, featuring an exhibition of UFO events by President Sr. Casas-Huguet.
• November 1978: Sr. Simó Costa gave the first lecture of the "Nosotros los Cosmonautas" cycle.
• January 1979: Second lecture of the "Nosotros los Cosmonautas" cycle by Sr. Simó Costa. An Ordinary General Assembly elected a new board, including President Sr. Ramón Simó Costa, Vice-President Francisco Melis Comas, and Secretary General Pedro Redon.
• February 1979: Sr. Simó Costa delivered the third lecture on "Nosotros los Cosmonautas."
• March 1979: A Round Table discussion on UFO phenomena, highlighting an investigation into the "Tamames" ship crew case, presented by Secretary Sr. Redón.
• May 1979: A lecture by Sr. Simó on the important case of the Hill couple, and a screening of the film "Recuerdos del futuro y retorno a las Estrellas."
• June 1979: Secretary Sr. Redón hosted a Round Table discussing recent UFO observations. The "luminous phenomenon" in the Canary Islands was highlighted. The season concluded with a dinner.

Other Activities

• Publications: Four issues of "Telex-OVNI" were published for members, summarizing global UFO observations. Summaries of conferences and lectures were also distributed.
• Codification of Cases: A two-year project to codify all UFO material from the Iberian Peninsula was ongoing, directed by Felix Ares and David Lopez, with mechanical work by María del Carmen Tamayo, Josep Llaó, Diego Fuentes, Antonio Gudel, and Josep Mª Orta.
• Translators: The group thanked its translators and invited new members with language skills to join.
• Archive-Library: The CEI's archive material increased significantly, requiring expansion of the space.
• STENDEK Consultants' Work: Research included studies on the Arroes (Oviedo) incident, the Navalmoral de la Mata case, the Gallarta footprints, and the La Vecilla (León) UFO. Cabinet research also produced several published and upcoming works.
• Field Investigators: Numerous field investigations were conducted, with their findings added to the CEI archive.
• Conferences, Symposia, and Seminars: CEI members participated in a UFO Seminar in San Sebastián and presented papers at a Madrid Symposium and the First Mediterranean Congress in Barcelona.
• Working Group: A Barcelona group undertook compilation work. Diego Fuentes Madrid studied the relationship between UFOs and Armed Forces, preparing a catalog of national cases involving military involvement. José Mª Miquel Claraso was also mentioned.
• Specific Research Projects:
• Sr. Josep Llaó Margalef was studying radiosondes (weather balloons) to differentiate them from UFOs.
• Sr. Antonio Gudel Serrano was researching "solid light" cases in the Iberian Peninsula.
• Sr. JOSE Mª ORTA MERCADÉ was studying reports from air personnel, developing a special questionnaire for pilots.
• Book Presentations: The second volume of "Si Están" and Alberto Adell's "Manual del Investigador" were presented in March.

Research on Canary Islands UFOs

J.V. Alós, V.J. Ballester Olmos, and J. Massé initiated a systematic study of UFO phenomena in the Canary Islands due to the significant number of notable cases reported there. The project, started in January 1978, involves collecting documentation, evaluating individual cases, and performing statistical analysis. They are seeking collaboration from anyone with information, reports, or press clippings related to UFO observations in the Canary Islands.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the detailed investigation of UFO sightings, the organizational activities of STENDEK-CEI, and the ongoing research into UFO phenomena in Spain. The editorial stance appears to be one of thorough investigation, data collection, and scientific analysis, as evidenced by the detailed witness accounts and the systematic approach to research projects. The organization emphasizes collaboration and the dissemination of information through its publications and events.

This issue of "investigación" (research) focuses on phenomena that blur the lines between the natural and the unexplained, primarily detailing a significant episode of collective hysteria surrounding cattle mutilations and exploring the scientific explanations for atmospheric ionization phenomena that can be mistaken for UFOs.

The Cattle Mutilation Episode: A Case of Collective Psychosis

The lead article, "RESES MUTILADAS: UN EPISODIO DE PSICOSIS COLECTIVA" (Mutilated Cattle: An Episode of Collective Psychosis) by James R. Stewart, meticulously dissects the events of 1974 in Northeast Nebraska and Eastern South Dakota. The phenomenon began with reports of cattle found dead with missing parts, most frequently genitals, ears, and snouts. The incident escalated in early October, with police receiving daily reports. The article highlights the controversy surrounding the cause, with theories ranging from satanic sects to extraterrestrial examination or even predation on already dead animals.

Stewart details how the initial inability of authorities to provide a satisfactory explanation fueled public anxiety and speculation. Local media played a significant role, with headlines suggesting connections to UFOs and mysterious beings. The article notes that local authorities, initially cautious, eventually considered 'heated' explanations, including those involving extraterrestrials or bloody rites. A particularly striking anecdote involves the Director of the Scientific Committee, François Louange, who appeared at a conference dressed as an alien, confessing he felt less ridiculous than listening to some of the presentations.

The analysis delves into the factors contributing to this collective hysteria. The author posits that the inability of authorities to explain the mutilations, coupled with a growing economic anxiety among farmers due to rising feed costs and stagnant cattle prices, created a fertile ground for irrational interpretations. The media's amplification of these events, along with informal communication networks like friends and neighbors, rapidly spread information and anxiety.

Stewart argues that the episode was fundamentally a case of collective hysteria, similar to previous incidents like the Seattle windshield-scratching case. The core mechanism involved people reinterpreting a common occurrence (cattle deaths) in a new and unusual light, attributing them to extraordinary causes. The lack of blood in some carcasses, initially interpreted as evidence of ritualistic draining, was later explained by veterinarians as a natural consequence of blood coagulation in dead animals.

While acknowledging that the mutilations themselves were likely the work of small predators, the author emphasizes that the psychological and social factors were key to the phenomenon's escalation. The article points out that the widespread belief that predators couldn't be responsible, and the lack of definitive proof against supernatural causes, allowed the hysteria to persist. Ultimately, reports from state veterinary laboratories, confirming natural deaths and predator activity, began to sway public and official opinion, leading to the gradual dissipation of the episode.

Atmospheric Ionization and UFOs

Another significant section, "OVNIS Y FENOMENOS DE IONIZACION ATMOSFERICA. ANALISIS DE LAS OBSERVACIONES REGISTRADAS EN ESPAÑA" (UFOs and Atmospheric Ionization Phenomena. Analysis of Observations Registered in Spain) by David G. López and Félix Ares de Blas, explores the scientific basis of phenomena that are often misidentified as UFOs. The authors explain that many natural phenomena, such as atmospheric refractions, aircraft prototypes, and lenticular clouds, are frequently misinterpreted. They introduce the concept of ionized gas masses, or 'global rays'/'atmospheric plasmas,' which share characteristics with many reported 'unidentified' phenomena.

The article details the formation of atmospheric plasma, explaining how ionizing agents like heat, radioactive emissions, or short-wavelength radiation can cause gas molecules to dissociate into ions. When subjected to an electric field, these ions move, creating an electrical current. Under specific conditions, this can lead to self-sustaining discharges, forming 'global rays.'

The authors list numerous characteristics of these global rays, including variable duration, intense luminosity (with colors dependent on the existing atoms, such as violet-blue for nitrogen and red for oxygen), heat production, potential emission of X-rays, electromagnetic effects, characteristic crackling or buzzing sounds, and the ability to ionize surrounding air, causing tingling sensations. Their behavior is described as capricious, influenced by atmospheric currents and electric fields. They can also interact with charged surfaces and may leave impressions on photographic film even if not visible to the naked eye.

The article suggests that a significant percentage of phenomena interpreted as UFOs could be explained as global rays. Based on an analysis of Spanish UFO cases, they estimate that 42% could be attributed to this phenomenon, though they caution that this is not a definitive conclusion.

Correlation Between UFO Sightings and Energy Production

Furthering the analysis, the authors present a comparative study of UFO observations and total electricity production in Spain from 1951 to 1976. Using Pearson's correlation coefficient, they found a value of r = 0.618, indicating a statistically significant correlation between the two variables. This suggests that UFO sightings and electricity production are linked in some way, either directly or indirectly.

The "coefficient of determination corrected" (R²) of 0.356 indicates that 35.6% of UFO observations can be attributed to phenomena related to electrical energy or its parallel development. The remaining 64.4% must be explained by other, unrelated causes. The study acknowledges that periodic UFO 'waves,' influenced by factors beyond energy production, can distort the general trend.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of "investigación" consistently explores the intersection of the unexplained with scientific inquiry and psychological interpretation. The editorial stance appears to favor rational, evidence-based explanations for phenomena, while acknowledging the power of collective belief, media influence, and psychological factors in shaping perceptions of the extraordinary. The magazine aims to demystify potentially frightening or mysterious events by providing scientific context and analyzing the social dynamics that contribute to their interpretation as paranormal or extraterrestrial.

This issue of "Investigación," identified as Volume VI, Issue 34, published by STENDEK-CEI, likely in December 1975, focuses on statistical analyses of UFO (OVNI) phenomena, particularly in Spain. The cover headline, "O.V.N.I.s: ¿UN FENOMENO IN POCULIS?" by José Tomás Ramirez y Barberó, suggests an inquiry into the nature of UFOs.

Article 1: Comparative Analysis of Geographical Distribution of Observations and Electricity Distribution

This article, authored by Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos, delves into the relationship between UFO observations and electricity production in Spanish provinces. It begins by presenting a statistical coefficient of correlation (r=0.618) suggesting a moderate positive relationship between UFO characteristics and gaseous plasma.

The study aims to compare the geographical distribution of UFO observations with electricity distribution. It acknowledges limitations due to data availability, specifically the lack of precise figures for electricity production, transport, and UFO observations, as well as data on 'local waves' that might be influenced by psychological factors. The study hypothesizes that UFOs might be caused by atmospheric ionization from high-tension power lines.

Table No. 2 provides theoretical UFO observations based on electricity data for Spanish provinces from 1972-1976. The article discusses the methodology, including the calculation of 'Pp' (probability of occurrence) and 'Pv' (probability of being seen and reported), leading to 'Pt' (total probability).

Section 3.2.2 presents a comparative analysis between theoretical coefficients and real observations, yielding a correlation coefficient of r=0.331. The authors conclude that UFO observations in Spain are likely linked to electricity production and transport, or other related factors. Figure No. 2 illustrates provinces with higher or lower observed UFO cases than theoretically expected.

Section 3.2.3 analyzes the correlation between theoretical coefficients and Type I observations (presumed landings or low-altitude evolutions). This analysis yields a very low correlation coefficient (r=0.101), suggesting that Type I phenomena are not significantly correlated with electricity production. The authors note that the sample size for Type I cases (87) might not be statistically significant.

Article 2: Astronomical Correlations

Authored by Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos, this article explores the correlation between UFO activity (specifically Type I cases) and astronomical phenomena, including the oppositions of Mars and lunar cycles. It also examines the influence of solar activity, referencing studies on the relationship between solar cataclysms, terrestrial magnetic agitation, and electromagnetic disturbances.

The author presents a study comparing the annual average of solar cycles (using Wolf's sunspot number) from 1950 to 1974 with the pattern of UFO landing cases in the Iberian Peninsula. Figure 1 illustrates these profiles. While some UFO waves (1950, 1958, 1968) coincided with periods of high solar activity, others (1954, 1974) coincided with solar minima. A linear correlation analysis between solar activity and UFO Type I cases yielded a coefficient of 0.04, indicating an absence of correlation. The study concludes that UFO phenomena, at least Type I, are independent of solar activity.

Figures 2 and 3 detail monthly UFO activity and solar agitation during the 1968-1969 and 1974 waves, respectively. These figures further support the conclusion that UFO fluctuations are not interdependent with or are contrary to solar activity.

The article acknowledges that the analysis of solar activity's influence on UFOs is limited to 150 million kilometers and suggests that a more refined analysis using daily scale values would be ideal. The author concludes with a thought-provoking quote from astrophysicist Pierre Guérin, suggesting that UFO phenomena might be the product of non-human intelligence, whose patterns may not be constant or easily understood by current scientific frameworks.

Article 3: UFOs: An In-Poculis Phenomenon?

This article by José Tomás Ramirez y Barberó investigates the hypothesis that UFO sightings might be related to alcohol consumption. The authors address criticisms of their previous work being too scientific and lacking public appeal. They propose a simple logical application: correlating UFO sightings with wine consumption in Spain, as wine is a representative alcoholic beverage.

Table I presents data for 1974, including provincial UFO sightings and average provincial wine consumption per person per year. The authors note that while they attempted a rigorous statistical treatment, the distributions appear largely random. However, they observe a curious, almost inverse relationship: in provinces where wine consumption was highest, UFO sightings tended to be lower, and vice versa.

This finding leads them to conclude that there is no positive relationship between the witness's state of intoxication and the observation of a UFO. The study suggests that the initial hypothesis linking higher UFO sightings to areas with higher alcohol consumption is likely erroneous.

Errata and Bibliography

The issue includes an errata notice regarding a previous article on UFO geographical distribution and directions. A comprehensive bibliography lists 10 references, including books and articles on ionized gases, meteor flight, UFOs, ball lightning, and statistics. A section of notes provides further context and references for the articles presented.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the scientific investigation of UFO phenomena through statistical analysis. The articles explore potential correlations between UFO sightings and external factors such as electricity production, solar activity, and even human behavior (alcohol consumption). The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous, albeit sometimes limited, scientific inquiry, seeking to move beyond sensationalism and explore logical explanations for UFO reports. There is an openness to unconventional hypotheses, such as the possibility of non-human intelligence, while maintaining a commitment to data-driven analysis.

This issue of STENDEK, identified as issue number 45, focuses on ufology and includes a detailed analysis of UFO case distribution in Iberia, a specific sighting report, and a review of a national symposium.

Analysis of UFO Distribution in Iberia (1950-1977)

The lead article, titled "ANALISIS DE LA DISTRIBUCION DE LA CASUISTICA IBERICA A LO LARGO DEL MES (PERIODO 1950-1977)" by Félix Ares de Blas and David López, presents a statistical study of UFO sightings in the Iberian Peninsula between 1950 and 1977. The analysis of the monthly distribution of cases revealed a completely uniform pattern. The authors conclude that this uniformity denotes the absence of extrinsic factors capable of influencing the phenomenon's temporal distribution. They reinforce the hypothesis that the temporal distribution of UFOs is statistically constant, driven by intrinsic motivations, and that any significant irregularities are caused by external factors that deviate from the norm.

The accompanying table, "CUADRO DE DISTRIBUCION DE LA CASUISTICA A LO LARGO DEL MES," shows the number of registered cases divided into three periods of ten days (1-10, 11-20, 21-30) across various sub-periods from 1950 to 1977. The totals for each ten-day period are 688 (days 1-10), 720 (days 11-20), and 703 (days 21-30), indicating a slight increase in the middle of the month, though the overall distribution is described as uniform.

A Nuestros Lectores

This section is a call to readers to contribute to the magazine's archive by sending in news clippings, photocopies, or typed accounts of UFO observations published in local newspapers. The magazine emphasizes that this reader-contributed information serves as the starting point for their investigations.

UFO Type I in the Vicinity of Pastrana (Guadalajara)

This article, authored by David G. Lopez of CEI, details a specific UFO sighting that occurred in August 1978, near Hontoba and Pastrana in the province of Guadalajara, Spain. The observation took place around 10:45 PM.

The Witnesses

The witnesses were three adults (Juan José Sánchez Seco, Jesús Fraile, and Luis Cámara Manzano) and five children. Juan José Sánchez Seco, an administrative head, was driving. Jesús Fraile, a bar owner, was in the front passenger seat. Luis Cámara Manzano, a foreman, was in the back with the children.

Version of Events

Juan José Sánchez Seco reported seeing a luminous point that initially resembled a star but soon became strange due to its size and intensity. As he stopped the car to observe, the light approached rapidly. Fearing for their safety, he accelerated. The object, described as spherical and intensely white with diffuse contours, stopped about fifty to one hundred meters away and began to circle over nearby holm oaks. Its size was estimated to be comparable to the moon. The object then changed color to a reddish hue, appeared to shed a fiery trail, and moved away diagonally. Later, it reappeared, approached again, and followed the car horizontally before disappearing after a curve.

Jesús Fraile corroborated the sighting, adding that the object descended diagonally towards Hontoba and then ascended rapidly. He also confirmed that Angel Cañón had reported a similar sighting fifteen days prior. Fraile also mentioned another similar case near Yebra on September 11 or 12, 1978.

Luis Cámara Manzano, who remained in the car with the children, described the light as red, descending vertically, and then turning white like a bright spotlight. He noted an intense glow illuminating the area. He also observed the object moving horizontally and described it as a red light, like "blood," that rose to become a point of light before disappearing.

All witnesses agreed that there was no audible sound associated with the object.

Conclusions

David Gustavo Lopez, the investigator, noted that while the three versions of the event were generally consistent, there were differences in interpretation due to the witnesses' emotional states and personalities. He dismissed hypotheses involving terrestrial phenomena like helicopters, stating that the object was clearly unknown. He concluded that it was likely a "machine" but one that deviated significantly from classical norms, without requiring excessive fantasy.

1st National Symposium on Ufology in Madrid

This section, written by David G. López, reviews the "1er SIMPOSIUM NACIONAL DE UFOLOGIA EN MADRID." The author expresses disappointment with the organization, describing it as the most "folklore and informal" symposium he had attended. Despite the organizational shortcomings, the event was a great success in terms of public attendance, with the venue being overcrowded.

The ticket prices were substantial (1,000 pesetas for regular entry, 700 for students), suggesting a potential profit for the organizing body (OTIU).

López criticizes the disorganization, including the disruption of the presentation schedule and failures in audiovisual equipment. He felt the organizing committee was more focused on media interviews than on the symposium's proceedings.

He notes the unusually high presence of media representatives, with entire rows reserved for television, radio, and press.

The presentations were largely characterized by "fantastic irrationalism," though some scientific contributions were noted:

• "El fenómeno aterrizaje" (The landing phenomenon) by Vicente Juan Ballester.
• "Aspectos sociológicos del fenómeno OVNI" (Sociological aspects of the UFO phenomenon) by Ma del Carmen Garmendia.
• "Conclusiones de los estudios sobre treinta años de OVNIS en España" (Conclusions from studies on thirty years of UFOs in Spain) by David G. López and Félix Ares.

Other presentations included "Vida en el Cosmos y Comunicaciones Interplanetarias" (Life in the Cosmos and Interplanetary Communications) by J.L. Jordán and "Investigaciones científicas y oficiales" (Scientific and official investigations) by François Louange. A surprise case, "LOS DOCE TRIANGULOS DE LA MUERTE" (The Twelve Triangles of Death), was presented by a team led by Jordán Peña, highlighting their expertise in psychology.

Antonio Ribera

This section provides a biographical sketch of Antonio Ribera, a prominent Spanish ufologist. Born in Barcelona in 1920, Ribera studied philosophy and letters but had his studies interrupted by the civil war. He is an acclaimed writer and translator, with over two hundred translated works, primarily from English. He was a co-founder of the Centro de Recuperación e Investigaciones Submarinas (CRIS) in Barcelona in 1953 and authored numerous books on diving and the underwater world, earning him the "Virgen del Carmen" award.

Ribera's interest in UFOs dates back to 1947. In 1958, he co-founded the Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios, considered the oldest ufology entity in the Peninsula. His first UFO book, "OBJETOS DESCONOCIDOS EN EL CIELO" (Unknown Objects in the Sky), published in 1961, is now out of print. It served as the basis for his later work, "EL GRAN ENIGMA DE LOS PLATILLOS VOLANTES" (The Great Enigma of Flying Saucers), which has been updated and reissued. Ribera is credited with discovering the Spanish UFO wave of 1950 and identifying the Iberian segment of BAVIC. He also created an orthotectonic map of the Iberian Peninsula and proposed the "Martian Hypothesis." His bibliography includes about fifty works, with over a dozen dedicated to UFOs.

Notable among his UFO books are "UN CASO PERFECTO" (A Perfect Case), "PLATILLOS VOLANTES ANTE LA CAMARA" (Flying Saucers Before the Camera), "PLATILLOS VOLANTES EN IBEROAMERICA Y ESPAÑA" (Flying Saucers in Ibero-America and Spain), "PROCESO A LOS OVNI" (Trial of the UFOs), and "¿DE VERAS, LOS OVNIS NOS VIGILAN?" (Are UFOs Really Watching Us?). Many of his works have been translated into French, Italian, and Danish. He also contributed to Aimé Michel's "LOS PLATILLOS VOLANTES: PRO Y CONTRA" and translated Jacques Vallés' "PASAPORTE A MAGONIA" and "LOS HUMANOIDES."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently focuses on UFO phenomena, presenting both statistical analyses and detailed case studies. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious investigation into UFOs, encouraging reader participation and providing a platform for ufologists and researchers. While acknowledging the need for scientific rigor, the magazine also covers a wide range of ufological topics, including historical cases, witness testimonies, and symposium reviews. The emphasis on detailed reporting and investigation suggests a commitment to exploring the phenomenon thoroughly, even if it sometimes leads to unconventional or "irrational" interpretations, as noted in the symposium review.