Stendek - Vol 09 No 34 - December 1978

Magazine Overview

Title: STENDEK
Issue: N° 34
Volume: Año IX
Date: Diciembre 1978
Publisher: CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS INTERPLANETARIOS
Country: Argentina
Language: Spanish

This issue of STENDEK, a UFOlogy magazine, focuses heavily on the investigation and analysis of a controversial case in Argentina, alongside other ufological research and observations.

"Afaire Llanca", el Gran Fraude

The central article, authored by Roberto Enrique Banchs, Arquitecto, meticulously dissects the case of Dionisio Llanca, a truck driver from Río Negro, Argentina, who claimed to have had contact with extraterrestrials on October 27, 1973, near Bahía Blanca. Banchs labels this incident as one of the most sophisticated frauds in Argentinian UFOlogy. Llanca's testimony involved being stopped on Route 3 due to a flat tire, encountering a large, plate-shaped object with three beings (two men and a woman), and being subjected to a medical examination involving a device applied to his finger, which drew blood. He reported losing consciousness and waking up miles away, with no memory of how he got there.

The article details Llanca's account, including his mundane activities leading up to the event, his description of the beings' attire and physical characteristics (blond, tall, with distinctive facial features), and their communication in an incomprehensible language. Llanca's subsequent medical and psychological evaluations, including hypnosis and penthotal sessions, are also presented. Doctors noted his low mental capacity and suggested the possibility of a fabricated story, possibly influenced by psychological factors or even a deliberate attempt to deceive.

Banchs critically examines Llanca's testimony, highlighting inconsistencies and questioning the reliability of his account. He points out that Llanca's story was corroborated through hypnosis and penthotal, but argues that these methods, when applied to a subject with a low mental level and a tendency towards mythomania, could be manipulated to create a convincing narrative. The author suggests that the "incident" may have been structured around three ideal figures: an ufological expert for information, a witness protagonist for the testimonial aspect, and a psychiatrist for medical support and control. The motives behind such a fraud are speculated to be publicity, pathological tendencies, or experimental medical reasons.

Several points are raised to support the fraud theory: Llanca's uncle, Enrique Ruíz, denied prior knowledge of his nephew's urgent trip, contradicting Llanca's claim of an arranged journey. The location of the alleged encounter is noted as a place frequented by couples and truckers, yet Llanca reported no witnesses. Furthermore, Llanca's recovery of his watch and wallet, despite claiming amnesia, and his disappearance from the hospital raise further doubts. The article also mentions that Llanca had previously feigned muteness to solicit help from students and had allegedly requested significant sums of money from research groups.

Banchs concludes that the evidence strongly suggests the Llanca case is a fabricated event, designed to mislead investigators and the public. He emphasizes the need for rational inquiry devoid of dogmatism.

Other Articles and Sections

Editorial: Pere Redón, the Director of STENDEK, introduces the second volume of "SI, ESTAN," a compilation of the magazine's best works. He notes the success of the first volume and highlights the advancements in OVNI studies reflected in the new collection. He also mentions Albert Adell's "MANUAL DEL UFOLOGO" and Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos' "OVNIs el fenómeno aterrizaje," both of which have achieved significant sales and are considered valuable resources in the field.

Investigadores de Campo Acreditados por el CEI: This section lists members of the CEI (Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios) from the Catalan region in Barcelona.

Sumario (Table of Contents): The table of contents lists various articles, including an editorial by Pere Redón, an analysis of "Afaire Llanca" by Roberto E. Banch, letters to the editor, case reports like "Caso Tipo I en San Juan, Argentina," "Aterrizaje en Marchena," and "Observación nocturna en Guipuzcoa." It also features statistical notes on OVNI activity in the Iberian Peninsula by José T. Ramirez, an essay on OVNI distribution by Miguel Guasp, and a report on the First National Ufology Congress.

Cartas al Director (Letters to the Editor): A letter from a reader details their personal experiences with OVNI sightings. The author and a friend have been conducting practical observations for years, compiling a dossier of over 70 cases they consider OVNI. They describe the observed phenomena as white lights, circular in shape, with defined profiles, similar in size to second-magnitude stars but less brilliant. These objects move at high, unknown altitudes, generally at constant speeds, with no noise, halos, or trails. They move horizontally and disappear when out of sight near the horizon. Observations were made during clear nights, typically between 11 PM and 1 AM local time, though other times are also reported. The reader notes the frequency of these sightings in 1976-1977 and 1978, seeking confirmation or further information.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine's stance, as evidenced by the prominent article on the "Afaire Llanca," appears to be one of critical investigation and a willingness to expose potential hoaxes within the ufology community. While acknowledging the interest in UFO phenomena, STENDEK seems to prioritize rigorous analysis and evidence-based conclusions over sensationalism. The editorial also promotes the work of its contributors and affiliated organizations, positioning itself as a platform for serious study and discussion in the field of ufology. The recurring theme is the careful examination of witness testimonies and the application of scientific and psychological methods to understand the nature of reported sightings and encounters.

This issue of Stendek, dated March 1978, focuses on UFO/UAP (Unidentified Flying Object/Unidentified Aerial Phenomena) reports, primarily from Argentina, with a significant section dedicated to a case study titled "TIPO 1". The magazine features detailed witness testimonies, investigative reports, and analysis of alleged encounters.

Case Study: TIPO 1 EN SAN JUAN, ARGENTINA

This extensive report, authored by Guillermo C. Roncorini, Director of SIU-UFO PRESS, details a series of UFO-related events in Argentina, particularly during the first half of 1978. The primary focus is an incident that occurred on the night of July 12, 1978, near Estación Ramblón in San Juan province.

The Ramblón Station Incident

Felipe Onofre Orozco, the station chief at Ramblón, reported an extraordinary experience. Around 8:45 PM, while performing his duties, he was enveloped by an intense red light accompanied by a deafening noise. His dog, Diana, exhibited extreme fear. Orozco felt paralyzed and unable to move. He described the light as intensely red and heard a high-pitched whistle. He managed to crawl back to the station house, where he found the telephone non-functional. Approximately 45 minutes later, the light subsided.

Following this, police were dispatched to the location. They observed a slow-moving object described as an "inverted plate, reddish in color with orange hues." The police confirmed the interruption of radio and television broadcasts in the area and noted the absence of ground traces. Orozco was found in a semi-conscious state and required hospitalization for 48 hours, suffering from acute nervous crisis, weakness, a nasal hemorrhage, and tachycardia.

Electromagnetic Effects

During the evening of July 12th, several families in southern San Juan and northern Mendoza reported significant interference with their television broadcasts. José Correa, foreman of the Santa Ana ranch, located about 10 km from Route 40 and 2.5 km from Ramblón station, experienced a complete television interruption. A mushroom-shaped figure appeared on the screen for over a minute. Later, while outside, he observed a large, incandescent mass moving in the sky, described as "going from one side of the sky to the other, going up and down." Correa also felt extreme weakness, similar to Orozco.

These electromagnetic disturbances were widespread. Radio station Radio Colón of San Juan was silenced for 45 minutes, and police communication lines were interrupted for over 15 minutes. A bulldozer located near Ramblón station was found the next day with its batteries completely drained and suffering electrical system damage.

Other Witnesses and Effects

Other witnesses in Jocoli, Mendoza, reported observing a "red light that ran from East to West at high speed, ascending and descending alternately," and hovering for several seconds. The sightings in this area lasted until around 4:00 AM on July 13th.

Animal Reactions

In addition to the dog's distress, José Correa reported that his farm animals, including three horses, exhibited unusual behavior. The horses disappeared and could not be found, and the cows stopped producing milk for three days.

Police Report

The San Juan police department issued a report confirming the presence of an "unusual luminous phenomenon" observed by numerous inhabitants. However, the origin of these manifestations remained unexplained. The police confirmed the interruption of radio and television signals and stated that no ground contact traces were found.

Other Sightings in July 1978

The magazine also lists several other UFO sightings during July 1978:

• July 9: General Alvear, Mendoza: A luminous flying object was observed moving rapidly at low altitude with orange and yellow flashes.
• July 12: Salta, Salta: A 14-year-old boy photographed a UFO making high-altitude movements in daylight.
• July 17: Chacabuco, Buenos Aires: Three circular objects, red and yellow, were observed. The following day, circular patches of burnt grass were found in nearby fields, attributed to UFO activity.
• July 24: Gauymallén, Mendoza: Residents observed a strange mushroom-shaped object with apparent windows.
• July 24: Dique Los Molinos, Córdoba: A couple observed an ovoid, reddish object that approached them.

Case Study: ATERRIZAJE EN MARCHENA (Landing in Marchena)

This section details an incident that occurred in February 1978 on the road between Carmona and Marchena, near Sevilla, Spain. Truck drivers Andrés González Masero and José Cerpa Mateos reported seeing a bright red, flashing ball, larger than the full moon, that stopped their truck and then ascended. They were left in a state of shock and disorientation for about five minutes, and Masero reported his eyes being irritated for about a week afterward. The truck's engine and lights stopped functioning, and the vehicle was immobilized. They drove away after recovering. The object was described as round and emitted a pulsating red light.

Interview with Andrés González Masero

An interview with Andrés González Masero provides further details about the Marchena incident. He reiterates that the object stopped about 10 meters in front of their truck, causing the engine to stall. He describes the light as "flashing, large" and "bright red." He also mentions that they had been trying to evade motorcyclists, which led them to take that route at night. The truck, a 25-ton Pegaso Diesel, was completely immobilized. Masero expressed significant fear and stated he would not have continued driving if the truck had not restarted.

Other Information and Editorial Notes

The issue includes a section "DE INTERES PARA NUESTROS LECTORES" (Of Interest to Our Readers), encouraging readers to report any UFO observations to STENDEK. It also includes an errata note regarding a previous publication. The final notes mention that the interview with the witness was brief, lacking details on climatology and the witness's psychological and physical reactions, with plans for a follow-up visit.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are UFO/UAP sightings, detailed witness testimonies, and the investigation of potential electromagnetic effects and physical traces associated with these phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious inquiry into unexplained aerial phenomena, presenting documented cases and witness accounts for the reader's consideration and encouraging further reporting from the public. The magazine aims to provide a platform for sharing and analyzing such events.

This issue of STENDEK features a cover story titled "OBSERVACION NOCTURNA EN GUIPUZCOA" (Nocturnal Observation in Guipuzcoa) by Félix Ares de Blas and Carmen Garmendia, detailing a UFO sighting in Spain. The magazine also includes a section on photographic analysis of a UFO case from Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and information about the STENDEK Consultants Council.

Nocturnal Observation in Guipuzcoa

The article details a sighting that occurred on the night of September 11-12, 1977, along the road between Hernani and Astigarraga in Guipuzcoa, Spain. The witness, identified as E.G., a 35-year-old administrative worker and athletics coach, described a powerful, white, round light descending from the sky around 02:30 AM. He stated the light was "totally white and round... like the Moon but much more powerful, almost as powerful as the Sun." The object positioned itself at a low altitude, following his SIMCA 1200 car. E.G. attempted to lose the object by accelerating and braking, but it maintained its position. He observed it intermittently as it was obscured by trees. Upon reaching his home in Astigarraga, the object continued to follow him. He called his wife to witness it, but she was frightened and refused. E.G. went outside three times; on one occasion, the object was static and higher, now appearing with two lights, red and green. The witness was reluctant to publicize the event, even hiding a magazine given to him.

The following day, E.G. verified he had not been intoxicated, confirming his experience. He also tried to photograph the object but his camera lacked film, and he could not find binoculars. The report notes that the area is near major electrical substations, which could potentially explain some visual phenomena, but the witness's description suggests something more.

UFO Photographs from Calgary, Alberta, Canada

This section presents photographs taken by M. Warren Smith on July 3, 1967, near Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The interest in these photos lies in their analysis by Dr. J. Allen Hynek and Dr. Edward U. Condon. Smith, a merchant involved in mining, observed the object with two friends around 5:30 PM. The object was initially detected at a distance of 3 km, at an altitude of 610 meters, and appeared to be an aircraft in difficulty. However, its silent, regular descent and lack of visible wings indicated it was not a conventional aircraft. Smith photographed the object with an Olympus PENEE camera. The first photo captured the UFO descending towards trees, and the second showed it ascending southward. The incident lasted 25 seconds. Meteorological data indicated scattered cumulus clouds at 3,200 meters and winds of 25 km/h. There was a report of the UFO dropping something into the woods, which was not clearly established.

An official report was sent to the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) in Ottawa. Further details were obtained by phone, and the Defence Photographic Interpretation Centre of the RCAF provided its conclusions. Major K.J. Hope's analysis of the photos, termed "Exercise A" through "Exercise D," examined the cloud formations, camera characteristics, object altitude (estimated between 600-750 meters), and the possibility of the sighting occurring in an inaccessible region. The analysis concluded the object had an oblate spheroid or flattened ellipsoid shape, with dimensions estimated between 12-15 meters in diameter and 3.50-4 meters in thickness. The sequence of photos was consistent with the witnesses' description of a descent followed by an ascent.

One of the witnesses later returned to the site hoping to find the object, but it had snowed. After a week, Smith alerted the press. He later brought back metallic-looking dejections identified as a compound of aluminum and molten magnesium, which were reported to Dr. Hynek. Hynek traveled to Calgary and met with the witnesses and others involved. A radio broadcast was planned with the witnesses undergoing a lie detector test, but this did not occur due to a misunderstanding. Hynek conducted his own photographic analysis in January 1968, concluding that the color photos showed real images consistent with the witnesses' timeline. He noted no incompatibility in shadow or cloud movement but suggested a reduced-scale model could produce similar images.

The Condon Committee, however, disagreed, stating the photos could not be distinguished from those taken with a reduced model and that there was insufficient information to doubt this identification. The committee's analysis, led by M. Hartmann, suggested the rapid rotation, tone looseness, and inclination in the second photo were typical of a model launched into the air. The committee also questioned the RCAF's conclusion about the object's shape.

STENDEK Consultants Council

The magazine introduces the STENDEK Consultants Council, formed to foster collaboration among UFO researchers and scientists. The council aims to provide technical expertise for STENDEK's work and the Center for Interplanetary Studies (CEI). It includes specialists from Spain and is open to international experts. The council's purpose is to pool knowledge, share data, and enhance the study of UFO phenomena. Members listed include Alberto Adell, Miguel Almirola, Félix Ares de Blas, V. J. Ballester Olmos, Rafael Barrachina, Alfredo Bonavida, Antonio Bueno, Miguel Guasp, Richard Heiden, David G. López, François Louange, Julio Massé, Fernando Pellón, Gonzalo Payo, Rafael Quiles, J. T. Ramírez y Barberó, Angel Salaverría, Francisco de Borja Sanchiz, Willy Smith, and Francisco Tous.

Reader's Column

This section features requests from readers. Antonio M. Feijoo Seoane from Orense seeks the first 19 issues of STENDEK. Leonte N. Objio from the Dominican Republic wishes to correspond with other UFO enthusiasts and exchange articles. Ignacio Blanco from Asturias is looking for the first 9 issues and a special July 1971 issue. Readers interested in joining AUL (Asociación Ufologica Levantina) are directed to contact I. Sanchís Sánchez or F. Luis Zarco Llop in Valencia. Andres Pablo Omastot from Argentina is selling a collection of UFO books.

Recommended Books

The magazine lists several recommended books related to UFOs, including "SI, ESTAN" volumes 1 and 2, "Manual del Ufologo" by Albert Adell Sabates, "Ponencias Técnicas Presentadas al Primer Congreso Nacional de Ufología (OVNIS)", and "OVNIS. El Fenómeno Aterrizaje" by Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are detailed UFO sighting reports, analysis of photographic evidence, and the organization of UFO research through councils and publications like STENDEK. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious investigation into UFO phenomena, presenting both witness accounts and scientific analyses, while acknowledging the controversies and differing interpretations within the field. The magazine also emphasizes the importance of collaboration among researchers and the dissemination of information through its publications and reader interactions.

This issue of "investigación" (Volume VI, Issue 25, dated December 1977) delves into the statistical analysis of UFO sightings, focusing on the number of witnesses in landing cases and the temporal and spatial distribution of phenomena in the Iberian Peninsula during 1977. The publication is in Spanish.

El Número de Testigos en los Aterrizajes de OVNIS

Testigo Único, Testigo Nulo

The article begins by discussing the general principle that the credibility of an event increases with the number of witnesses. While acknowledging that a single witness can be reliable under certain circumstances, it emphasizes that intersubjective validation generally grants higher reliability. In UFO research, due to a lack of instrumental data, witnesses are the primary source of information, leading to a 'sociological image' of the phenomenon. The more witnesses, the higher the evaluative parameter of probability. Dr. Allen Hynek's evaluation system, for instance, assigns a low probability coefficient to single-witness reports unless the witness has a solid reputation.

Análisis del Factor N

The study focuses on 'Factor N' (the number of witnesses) in Type I cases (landings). By analyzing catalogs of landings in Argentina and abroad, the authors categorize phenomena into four types: A) Simple UFO landings without perceived occupants, B) Landings associated with occupants, C) Episodes with anomalous anthropomorphic beings not directly linked to UFOs, and D) 'Contact' cases involving communication with 'ufonauts'.

Statistical Analysis of UFO Landings

Table 1: Type I Sightings Worldwide (excluding Iberian Peninsula and Argentina)

• Category A (Simple Landings): 232 reports with 1 witness, 122 with 2 witnesses, and 184 with 3 or more witnesses. (43% single witness).
• Category B (Landings with Occupants): 147 reports with 1 witness, 46 with 2 witnesses, and 47 with 3 or more witnesses. (61.2% single witness).
• Category C (Unassociated Entities): 23 reports with 1 witness, 3 with 2 witnesses, and 10 with 3 or more witnesses. (63.8% single witness).
• Total: 402 reports with 1 witness, 171 with 2 witnesses, and 241 with 3 or more witnesses. (49.3% single witness).

Table 2: Type I Sightings in Argentina

• Category A: 32 (1 witness), 36 (2 witnesses), 78 (3+ witnesses). (21.9% single witness).
• Category B: 16 (1 witness), 7 (2 witnesses), 7 (3+ witnesses). (53.3% single witness).
• Category C: 21 (1 witness), 2 (2 witnesses), 6 (3+ witnesses). (72.4% single witness).
• Total: 69 (1 witness), 45 (2 witnesses), 91 (3+ witnesses). (33.6% single witness).

Table 3: Type I Sightings in the Iberian Peninsula

• Category A: 22 (1 witness), 17 (2 witnesses), 32 (3+ witnesses). (30.9% single witness).
• Category B: 11 (1 witness), 2 (2 witnesses), 5 (3+ witnesses). (61.1% single witness).
• Category C: 4 (1 witness), 4 (2 witnesses), 0 (3+ witnesses). (50% single witness).
• Total: 37 (1 witness), 23 (2 witnesses), 37 (3+ witnesses). (38.1% single witness).

Table 4: 'Contact' Cases Worldwide

• Absolute Values: 40 (1 witness), 2 (2 witnesses), 3 (3+ witnesses).
• Percentages: 88.8% (1 witness), 4.4% (2 witnesses), 6.6% (3+ witnesses).

Conclusions from the analysis:

1. Contrary to the belief that UFO landings are reported by isolated witnesses, statistically, over 59% of these episodes were witnessed by two or more people. Single-witness cases are a minority, despite factors like nighttime occurrences and rural settings that might limit perception.
2. The proportion of single-witness cases increases significantly when moving from Category A (simple landings) to Category B (landings with entities), with a similar trend observed in Argentinian and Iberian samples (around 31% increase).
3. Category C (unassociated entities) shows less clear trends, with a significant percentage increase in some tables but a decrease in the Iberian Peninsula catalog.
4. Including 'contact' cases dramatically increases the number of witnesses, fluctuating between 45% and 60%.
5. The percentage of episodes with two witnesses remains a constant across all samples. The increase in single-witness cases between categories A and B is inversely proportional to the decrease in cases with three or more witnesses.

The article suggests that cases involving entities (B, C, D) attract individuals prone to fabrication, who seek to be 'protagonists' of landing episodes rather than simple sightings.

Notas Estadisticas de la Actividad O.V.N.I. en la Peninsula Iberica Durante el Año 1977

This section, authored by José T. Ramírez and Barberó del C.E.I., presents a statistical study of UFO activity in the Iberian Peninsula during 1977, based on 111 reports compiled by the CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS INTERPLANETARIOS (C.E.I.) in Barcelona.

1. Propósito

The aim is to provide a clear and precise overview of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) activity in the Iberian Peninsula for 1977, allowing serious investigators and enthusiasts to draw their own conclusions.

2. Distribución del Fenómeno en el Tiempo

2.1. Distribución Mensual: The 111 reports show a bimodal distribution with peaks in January and October, and a minimum in August. The total number of reports (111) is lower than in previous years (e.g., 177 in 1976), but the monthly distribution shows significant fluctuations, except for 1974 which had a major 'flap' (FEP-74). The monthly distribution is considered random and does not align with previous patterns, though it vaguely resembles a normal distribution if forced around the January peak.

2.2. Distribución Semanal: The weekly distribution also shows fluctuations. The authors consider it random, as the week is an artificial human construct. The highest number of sightings occur on Mondays and Fridays, with a minimum on Thursdays. Curiously, the peaks coincide with the beginning and end of the weekend, when people are more likely to be out. There's an inverse correlation with human work performance, with fewer sightings on Wednesdays (peak work performance), possibly because work-related issues distract potential witnesses.

2.3. Distribución Horaria: The phenomenon is predominantly nocturnal, with 95.8% of reports occurring between 7 PM and 6 AM. The peak is around 10 PM, decreasing to a minimum at 10 AM. This 'hourly law' is noted as being consistent with previous observations.

The article notes that this distribution encompasses all types of Iberian UAP sightings, not just Type I landings. The authors suggest that the consistent nocturnal pattern is strong evidence for the arrival of real objects from outer space, appearing on the side of Earth facing away from the sun. The curve, resembling a normal distribution with a peak around 24 hours, is shifted earlier to approximately 10 PM due to planetary rotation and other factors.

3. Distribución del Fenómeno en el Espacio

Figure IV illustrates the provincial distribution of UAP in Spain. Portugal is excluded, with only 11 cases reported. The sightings are concentrated in two main geographical zones: North and South. In the North, Vizcaya shows a high concentration with 11 cases (equal to Portugal's total), making it highly significant given its small size. This might be due to Vizcaya having a higher level of 'ufological interest,' bringing more reports to light. Alava follows with 4 cases. In the South, Sevilla leads with 10 cases, followed by Málaga and Murcia. The northern zones are located in Galicia and the northern plateaus, while the southern zones are in Andalusia. The authors conclude that the geographical distribution remains largely random, similar to previous findings.

4. Otros Estudios

4.1. Eclipses Solares: Only two solar eclipses occurred in the Iberian Peninsula in 1977 (April 18 and October 12). No correlation was found between these events and UAP activity.

4.2. Luna Nueva: A list of new moon dates for 1977 is provided. Contrary to previous years, no correlation was found between UAP sightings and lunar phases in 1977.

4.3. Actividad de Lluvia Meteórica: Dates of meteor showers are listed. No correlation with UAP activity was found.

4.4. Periodos de Luz Celeste y Auroras: Dates for celestial light events and auroras are given. No correlation with UAP phenomena was observed.

4.5. Manchas Solares: A study from 1950 to 1977 comparing UAP reports with Wolf-Wolfer sunspot numbers yielded a low linear correlation coefficient (r=0.153 for all sightings, r=0.116 for Type I cases). The conclusion is that solar activity and UAP phenomena are independent.

4.6. Magnetismo: Analysis of magnetic anomalies and Earth's magnetic field fluctuations showed no correlation with UAP activity (negative results).

4.7. Fallas (Geological Faults): 34.4% of sightings occurred in fault zones, 70.9% over anticlines, and 44.9% over synclines. While the fault zone percentage might be significant, the others are comparable to geological distributions, suggesting no strong correlation.

The authors reiterate their theory that UAP is a real phenomenon involving real objects and potentially real processes, but also possessing an inherent psychic component.

Las Incidencias de un Fenómeno

Authored by Miguel Peyró García of C.E.I., this section critiques the current state of UFO research, suggesting that a lack of concrete information on the true nature of the phenomenon has led to a reliance on hypotheses that often serve to sell books rather than provide answers. The author argues that researchers themselves are a major obstacle, often bound by preconceived notions and a tendency to interpret data through existing theoretical frameworks (e.g., extraterrestrial, ultraterrestrial, esoteric). The article criticizes the shift from viewing UFOs as atmospheric phenomena to exclusively as extraterrestrial craft, suggesting this ideological transition ignores the core problem.

Tres Casos Característicos

The article presents three cases from UFO archives:

1. Luigi Donati (Livorno, Italy, 1945): Reported a luminous dome leaving a smoke trail. The witness is not widely known.
2. La Corte, Huelva, Spain (August 3, 1977): A woman reported a flash, then two slender figures in strange attire, and later found her ID and watch missing. The article questions the credibility of the missing items.
3. San Juan de los Morros, Venezuela (July 7, 1971): Doctors Arocha and Argüelles witnessed a 'Mustang' car stop, two men in black exit, and an artifact ascend and retrieve them. This case is considered more significant by the author.

The author contrasts the acceptance of the first case by some ufologists with the rejection of the third, highlighting a selective application of criteria. The physics of a dome moving through space is understood, but a 'Mustang' crossing cosmic abysses is not. The article criticizes the tendency to generalize based on partial acceptance of hypotheses, where personal criteria dictate what is accepted and then mathematical analysis is applied to that subjective selection.

El Sexto Sentido

This brief section suggests that researchers who rely on their 'sixth sense' to accept or reject cases may be misguided.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently adopts a statistical and analytical approach to UFO phenomena, seeking empirical data and correlations. There's a critical stance towards unsubstantiated hypotheses and a focus on rigorous investigation. The articles suggest that UFOs are real phenomena with physical manifestations, but also acknowledge an inherent psychic or psychological component. The editorial stance appears to be one of cautious skepticism combined with an open mind to the possibility of genuine, unexplained aerial phenomena, while emphasizing the need for sound methodology and data analysis.

This issue of "investigación" focuses on historical UFO phenomena, with the main cover story titled "LA EXTRAÑA OLEADA DE 1897" (The Strange Wave of 1897), authored by Luis R. Gonzalez.

The Strange Wave of 1897

The article begins by noting how traditional ufologists often dismiss unusual UFO cases that don't fit established theories, such as objects changing shape, dematerializing, or exhibiting temporal distortions. However, the author argues that these "strange within the strange" cases are accumulating and becoming impossible to ignore. The 1896-97 wave in the American Midwest is presented as a prime example.

Several cases from this wave are detailed:

• April 12, 1897, Girard, Illinois: Miners reportedly saw an object land, and a man emerged to repair its machinery. Footprints were found, and the object was described as boat-shaped with a roof and a double canopy.
• April 14, 1897, Cleveland, Ohio: Fishermen observed a boat-like object about 13 meters long with a canopy. A man, woman, and child were nearby. A colorful balloon-like object ascended from the craft and rose with it to approximately 150 meters.
• April 19, 1897, Le Roy, Kansas: A wealthy farmer and others witnessed an elongated, cigar-shaped object about 100 meters long with a transparent cabin. It hovered about 10 meters above the ground, illuminated and with a reflector. Inside, six 'repugnant' beings spoke an unknown language. A calf was dragged away by a red cable, and its skin was later found in a field.
• April 23, 1897, McKinney Bayou, Arkansas: A judge observed a strange object anchored on the ground, crewed by three men speaking a foreign language, possibly Japanese. They claimed its internal machinery was made of aluminum.

The author points out that while these cases might seem to fit Vallée's laws and the Martian cycle, they also reveal irrational details. The craft exhibited features like reflectors, fins, and even an anchor, and their maneuvers—hovering, circular flights, and near-instantaneous takeoffs—are similar to modern UFO sightings. The propulsion methods were described variably, including steam, electricity, and condensed air, reflecting contemporary theories about heavier-than-air flight.

The article highlights that the appearance of technology slightly ahead of its time is a constant in the UFO phenomenon, citing later examples like the "phantom planes" in Finland in the 1930s and Swedish "rockets" in 1947.

Occupants in some encounters behaved normally, even asking for water and paying for favors. The article questions whether this was an attempt to acclimatize people to their presence by making the craft resemble dirigibles. The occupants' explanations, such as claiming to be from a region free of ice or planning to fly to Cuba to fight the Spanish, were logical for the time but seem strange in retrospect.

Aime Michel is quoted suggesting that absurd contacts could be a way to obstruct and disorient researchers. The article also notes the uncanny resemblance of these accounts to Julio Verne's pre-1896 novels, "Robur the Conqueror" and "The Master of the World," raising the question of whether Verne was predicting these events.

The wave of 1896 continued with sightings in 1909, though without landings. The article notes that the "cosmic discreditation" associated with these events persists, with recent "messianic" contacts continuing to proliferate.

Further cases from later periods are presented:

• October 4, 1954, Chaleix, France: A farmer saw a car-sized object land, from which two normal-sized men in khaki suits emerged. They asked about Paris and shook the witness's hand.
• October 12, 1954, Sainte-Marie d'Herblay, France: A 13-year-old boy saw a phosphorescent cylinder with a man in a gray suit who warned him not to touch a shining sphere before entering the craft, which then departed in loops.
• October 20, 1954, Raon-l'Etage, France: Laszlo Ujvari encountered a man in pilot attire who pointed a pistol at him and asked questions in Russian. The unknown individual then led Ujvari to a gray apparatus with an antenna, which took off vertically.
• November 6, 1957, Playa del Rey, California: Motorists' engines stopped as they observed an ovoid object in a "bluish mist." Two shorter-than-normal men emerged, asked questions, and then departed, allowing the cars to restart.
• March 23, 1966, Temple, Oklahoma: An electronics technician encountered an object blocking the road, described as a 25-meter-long airplane fuselage with bright lights and legs. A man in a jumpsuit was inspecting it. The object, identified as "TL 4768," took off without visible engines.

The author concludes that these strange cases should not be dismissed simply because they don't fit conventional UFO molds, but rather studied more deeply.

Statistical Analysis of the 1968-69 Spanish UFO Wave

This section, authored by Miguel Guasp, presents a statistical study analyzing the relationship between UFO flight directions and their observation locations during the 1968-69 Spanish UFO wave. The study aims to evaluate two hypotheses: 1) a random hypothesis where observation locations are independent of flight directions, and 2) a procedural hypothesis where locations are a consequence of flight directions.

The methodology involved analyzing directional data (vectors of origin and disappearance) and positional data (coordinates) of UFO sightings. The study divided the country into sectors to compare these vectors.

The statistical analysis, using the t-Student's method, yielded significant results. For the random hypothesis, the calculated 't' value was 13.94, indicating a highly significant deviation, leading to the rejection of this hypothesis. For the procedural hypothesis, the 't' value was 1.11, which fell within the zone of non-significant deviations, suggesting the hypothesis should be "probably accepted."

Further analysis, comparing positional and directional vectors for individual cases, yielded even more extreme results: t = 15.44 for the procedural hypothesis and t = 17.93 for the random hypothesis, with 87 degrees of freedom. These results strongly indicate that UFO observation locations are not random but are logically connected to the flight directions of other UFOs, suggesting that multiple sightings might involve the same object appearing in different forms or at different times.

The author infers that UFOs are not isolated incidents but part of a larger, structured phenomenon. Hypotheses that attribute UFOs solely to the interaction between a witness's psyche and their environment are deemed insufficient to explain the observed patterns. Furthermore, a UFO can reappear multiple times within a single wave with different appearances and in different locations, without a clear chronological order. A UFO wave is thus not merely a collection of reports but a manifestation of a cohesive phenomenon.

Positive Consequences of the First National UFO Congress

Albert Adell Sabates of CEI discusses the outcomes of the First National UFO Congress. The congress aimed to bridge the gap between esoteric and scientific approaches to UFO phenomena. The organizers sought to include high-caliber presentations that would lend prestige to the event, while also managing the differing viewpoints of "esotericism vendors" and "scientists." The scientific faction advocated for technically sound presentations, while the esoteric side leaned towards speculation. The article notes a conflict arising from "commercial interests" that led to a division, but also facilitated a clearer understanding of roles and the formation of a Consulting Council involving technical and university expertise.

The author criticizes the "intransigent" stance of some "scientifists" who ridiculed alternative viewpoints. He argues that objective ufologists are reinforcing their position by embracing advanced disciplines and techniques to analyze the UFO phenomenon. The article aims to counter negative criticisms and defend the work of UFO researchers, particularly those who have been studying the phenomenon for decades.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores historical UFO sightings, detailed case analyses, and the scientific investigation of the phenomenon. There's a clear emphasis on presenting evidence, even from older waves like 1897, and applying rigorous statistical methods to understand UFO behavior and patterns. The publication appears to advocate for a more open-minded, yet scientifically grounded, approach to UFO research, challenging purely psychological or dismissive explanations and seeking to integrate diverse perspectives within a structured framework. The editorial stance supports the idea that UFOs are a genuine phenomenon requiring serious study, with a focus on uncovering the underlying logic and nature of these occurrences.

Title: Nuevas Publicaciones
Issue: 48 (Volume II)
Date: August 1978
Publisher: Stendek
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

This issue of "Nuevas Publicaciones" delves into the complex world of ufology, offering a critical and scientific perspective on UFO phenomena. It distinguishes between genuine sightings and the often sensationalized accounts of contactees, advocating for a rigorous, evidence-based approach.

Editorial Stance and Key Articles

The editorial, penned by Alberto Adell, sets a critical tone, warning against the "charlatanerismo fácil y halagador" (easy and flattering charlatanism) that often surrounds UFO discussions. Adell argues that the UFO phenomenon is too important to be treated as a mere pastime or a source of fantasy. He criticizes those who engage in inconsequential treatments of the subject, advocating for a more serious and open-minded approach to its reality.

Adell introduces a dichotomy in UFO experiences: one is coherent, intelligent, and seemingly intentional, despite its potentially traumatic nature. The other is described as the product of neurotics or mythomaniacs, characterized by poor taste and embellishments. He stresses the importance of discerning between these two types of phenomena, likening it to choosing between two distinct partners.

The article "SI: ESTAN. APROXIMACION CIENTIFICA A LOS OVNIS" (June 1978) by Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos is highlighted. This book, a compilation of articles from the first 15 issues of the magazine "Stendek" (1970-1973), features contributions from specialized researchers and analysts of UFO cases. It includes 243 pages with photographs and illustrations, covering topics such as UFO radiation evidence, scientific methods for UFO study, analysis of films from Tremonton and Great Falls, and the use of hypnotic regression in witness interviews.

Another significant piece is "ACTAS DEL PRIMER CONGRESO NACIONAL DE UFOLOGIA" (February 1978), edited by A. Adell, F. Ares, V.J. Ballester Olmos, and others. This publication, organized by Antonio Ribera, addresses the contrasting approaches of "estudiosos" (scholars with academic qualifications) and "propagandistas" (those seeking economic gain from UFO topics). The acts, presented in Barcelona, are recommended for researchers interested in statistical studies of UFO data and offer a methodology for analysis.

The issue also reviews several other publications:

• 1977 MUFON UFO SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS by Walter H. Andrus (editor): This volume compiles papers from the MUFON symposium in Arizona, covering topics like UFO radiation, scientific methods, and hypnotic regression in witness surveys.
• CLOSE ENCOUNTER AT KELLY AND OTHERS OF 1955 by Isabel Davis and Ted Bloecher: This technical report from the Center for UFO Studies exhaustively investigates the 1955 Kelly case, where a family was reportedly "besieged" by humanoids.
• OUR EXTRATERRESTRIAL HERITAGE: FROM UFOS TO SPACE COLONIES: Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics in January 1978.
• ANCIENT MAN: A HANDBOOK OF PUZZLING ARTIFACTS by William Corliss (March 1978): A comprehensive 786-page work cataloging archaeological findings that challenge conventional explanations.
• UFO PHENOMENA, Vol. II, No 1 1977: Described as an exquisite and scientific ufology journal, a model for the field.

Analysis of Testimonies vs. Contacts

A comparative table contrasts "TESTIFICACIONES" (Testimonies) with "CONTACTOS" (Contacts).

• Testimonies (Sightings):
• Encounters are often by chance, involving surprise for both witness and humanoid.
• Experiences are typically unpleasant, marked by fear or terror.
• Humanoids are described as similar to humans but indifferent or hostile.
• There is no exchange of ideas; humanoids avoid contact.
• Witnesses seek proof (footprints, residues) to be believed.
• Accounts are coherent, and time does not add details.
• Witnesses are reluctant to speak, with cases emerging months or years later.

• Contacts:
• Encounters are usually provoked or induced.
• Experiences are described as marvelous and illuminating.
• Humanoids are depicted as identical to humans, kind, and honest.
• Communication is assured, often with messages for humanity.
• The contactee is often isolated and focuses on boasting about their experience.
• Accounts become enriched with details over time, sometimes becoming unintelligible.
• Contactees often become public figures, giving lectures, writing books, and seeking publicity and financial gain.

Alberto Adell Sabatés Profile

The issue includes a profile of Alberto Adell Sabatés, born in Sabadell (Barcelona) in 1925. He graduated as a Technical Engineer from Terrassa in 1951 and later specialized in Scientific Organization of Work and Method Engineering. He became involved with Spanish ufology centers in 1969, including ALEPH, CEONI, and CEI. As a correspondent for CEI, he investigated cases in Salamanca and became a field researcher and statistician of UFO patterns. He has conducted resonance investigations on various UFO cases and authored theoretical works on UFOs in Catalunya and credibility testing.

A Nuestros Lectores (To Our Readers)

The magazine appeals to its readers to submit news clippings and observations related to UFO phenomena from provincial newspapers and publications. This information is crucial for maintaining their archive and initiating further investigations into reported cases. The readers' contributions are vital for the collective understanding of the UFO topic.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical analysis of ufology, the distinction between objective evidence and subjective experiences, and the importance of a scientific methodology. The editorial stance is one of caution against sensationalism and a firm belief in the need for rigorous, evidence-based research. The publication aims to separate credible UFO reports from hoaxes and misinterpretations, promoting a more mature and responsible understanding of the phenomenon.