Stendek - Vol 09 No 33 - September 1978

Magazine Overview

This issue of Stendek, a UFO and interplanetary studies magazine, is Volume IX, Issue 33, dated September 1978. It is published by the Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios (CEI) in Spain. The cover features an illustration of a patio with a suspended spherical object and the headline "ESFERA PENDULAR SOBRE OLIVARES" (Pendular Sphere Over Olivares).

Editorial: Creation of the Stendek Consultant Council

Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos writes about the formation of the Stendek Consultant Council. He explains that the idea arose from the perceived shortcomings of the I National Ufology Congress, which highlighted the "parascientific" nature of much Spanish ufology and the difficulty in reconciling academic researchers with "propagandists." The council aims to create a common, more decisive stance, strengthen the link between serious researchers and scientists, and incorporate Spanish investigators with significant experience and high academic qualifications. This initiative seeks to provide a more scientific and analytical approach to the UFO phenomenon. The council is open to international members who have contributed to research alongside Spanish colleagues. It will foster rapid intercommunication among its members and will be supported by the CEI's data bank and archives. Stendek will serve as the official voice of the university ufologists group. Ballester Olmos congratulates the magazine for supporting this new entity aimed at advancing the study of UFOs.

Articles and Reports

• "Esfera pendular sobre Olivares" (Pendular Sphere Over Olivares) by G.G.: This article details a case from November 26, 1977, in Olivares, Sevilla, Spain. A family reported hearing a loud, creaking noise, followed by a luminous white sphere descending into their patio. The object hovered about 10 centimeters above the ground and emitted an intermittent white light. The next day, a circular mark, approximately 40 centimeters in diameter, was found on the pavement. This mark remained for three days and dried faster than the surrounding pavement after rain. Additionally, leaves on a nearby potted plant appeared scorched. A second incident occurred on December 1, 1977, involving similar noises and lights, causing fear among the family. Neighbors reported nothing unusual.

• "Informe de la República Dominicana" (Report from the Dominican Republic) by Leonte Objio: This report describes an incident on June 24, 1977, involving a witness named A.S. Cruz. While driving near Punta Caucedo, he observed a light that grew and contracted, eventually resembling a baseball. The object descended in a spiral, emitting a reddish light and a powerful white beam that illuminated the water. A transparent tube emerged from the light and began absorbing water. The object then ascended rapidly towards the coast, and Cruz witnessed what appeared to be two additional objects and large black tubes. The experience lasted about 10 minutes. A fisherman also reported seeing two objects performing strange maneuvers over the water near Punta Caucedo.

• "El vaticinio de Gary Wilcox" (The Prediction of Gary Wilcox) by Miguel Guasp: This article discusses the hypothesis that UFOs are technological manifestations from Mars. It references cases where "ufonauts" claimed to be from Mars. The article focuses on the case of Gary Wilcox, a 28-year-old farmer from New York, whose experience was analyzed by Dr. Berthold Eric Schwarz. Wilcox, described as a simple and healthy individual, reported an encounter involving a luminous object that exhibited unusual behavior, including descending, emitting light, and interacting with the environment. The article touches upon early statistical correlations between UFO sightings and Mars's perigee, and the challenges of investigating such claims objectively.

• "OVNI Tipo I en Valdehuncar" (UFO Type I in Valdehuncar) by David G. López: This article is not detailed in the provided scans.

• "El extraño caso de Falcón Lake" (The Strange Case of Falcón Lake) by Gisele Nachtergael: This article is not detailed in the provided scans.

• "Foto OVNI" (UFO Photo) by Alice Ashton: This article is not detailed in the provided scans.

• "Rayos globulares, descripción de algunas características" (Globular Rays, Description of Some Characteristics) by Félix Ares de Blas: This article is not detailed in the provided scans.

• "Los misteriosos seres verdes ¿Leyenda o realidad científica?" (The Mysterious Green Beings: Legend or Scientific Reality?) by Julián Majewski: This article is not detailed in the provided scans.

• "Notas estadísticas de la actividad OVNI en 1975 en la Península Ibérica" (Statistical Notes on UFO Activity in 1975 in the Iberian Peninsula) by J.T. Ramírez y Barberó: This article is not detailed in the provided scans.

• "Nuevas Publicaciones" (New Publications) by Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos: This section reviews new publications related to ufology.

• "Estimación de una medida angular" (Estimation of an Angular Measurement) by Colette Lantrua: This article is not detailed in the provided scans.

• "Quien es Quien" (Who's Who): This section likely profiles individuals involved in ufology.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently adopts a serious, analytical, and scientific approach to the study of UFO phenomena. It emphasizes the importance of rigorous investigation, objective analysis, and the involvement of qualified professionals. The creation of the Consultant Council signifies a commitment to elevating the discourse and research standards within ufology, distinguishing it from more sensationalist or pseudoscientific approaches. The articles presented, such as the "Pendular Sphere" and the Dominican Republic case, are detailed accounts of sightings, aiming to provide factual evidence for further study. The discussion of the Gary Wilcox case also reflects an attempt to integrate scientific analysis, even in cases involving claims of extraterrestrial contact.

This issue of "CUARTA DIMENSIÓN" (Issue 10) focuses on UFO phenomena, featuring a prominent article on a 1964 encounter involving Gary Wilcox and alleged Martian visitors, and a detailed report on a 1978 sighting in Valdehúncar, Spain. The magazine also delves into scientific investigations of Mars and the analysis of physical evidence from the Spanish sighting.

Gary Wilcox's Martian Encounter (1964)

The issue recounts the experience of Gary T. Wilcox, who on April 24, 1964, in Tioga County, New York, encountered a UFO with two occupants. According to the report, Wilcox was working on his land when he observed a bright object resembling an abandoned refrigerator, which he then approached. He described it as a metallic, oval object, about 6 meters long and 4.5-4.8 meters wide, with a height of 1.20 meters. It was hard to the touch and showed no vibration.

Two small beings, approximately 1.20 meters tall, emerged from the object, carrying a tray of soil. They wore one-piece suits with hoods covering their heads. One of the beings spoke to Wilcox in perfect English, stating, "We are from what you call the planet Mars." They explained that they could only visit Earth every two years and were currently traveling in the Southern Hemisphere. When asked what he was doing, Wilcox replied he was fertilizing the land. The beings expressed interest, noting that Martian cultivation involved rocky substances and atmospheric agriculture, which was depleting. They requested a bag of fertilizer, which Wilcox provided. Upon his return, the object and the bag were gone.

The article highlights the surprising nature of this conversation, particularly the claim of Martian origin and their knowledge of agriculture. It notes that Wilcox's account was considered credible by Dr. Schwarz, although the interpretation of the encounter was deemed complex and uncertain. The report also touches upon the scientific understanding of Mars at the time, referencing the Mariner missions which, starting in 1965, began to provide photographic evidence of the Martian surface, revealing characteristics similar to the Moon but challenging earlier assumptions about potential life.

Valdehúncar UFO Sighting (1978)

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to a detailed investigation of a UFO sighting that occurred on March 4, 1978, in Valdehúncar, Cáceres, Spain. The report, authored by David G. López of CEI, is based on a letter published in the regional newspaper "HOY" and subsequent interviews with the witnesses, identified as A.R.L. (a welder at the Almaraz Nuclear Power Plant) and his wife B.P., along with their three-year-old daughter, Alicia.

The family was on a picnic in a secluded area near Valdehúncar when Alicia drew her father's attention to a luminous, yellowish-orange object hovering above the trees. A.R.L. described it as a bright ball, about ten meters in diameter, with a metallic sheen. It remained stationary and silent. Suddenly, a powerful light, described as similar to a welding arc, emanated from its underside, dazzling the witnesses and causing them to retreat into their car. The light intensified, making it impossible to look at.

After the intense light subsided, the object descended slowly, its lower half becoming obscured by trees. It then ascended rapidly, disappearing southward in a flash. B.P. reported hearing a faint, mosquito-like buzzing sound during the ascent, which A.R.L. did not perceive, possibly due to nervousness. Alicia, the daughter, described it as a "very pretty balloon" that came from the sky and would be seen again when visiting her grandparents.

López conducted a site visit on March 21, 1978, to reconstruct the events. He confirmed the location and noted that the brushwood and trees in the area where the object allegedly descended appeared drier than surrounding vegetation. He also collected samples of retama plants, which were analyzed by the Almaraz Nuclear Power Plant's radiochemistry laboratory. The chemical analysis revealed the presence of common plant polysaccharides but no anomalous substances. The physical examination indicated superficial burning on the cortical cells of the plants, suggesting exposure to a localized heat source.

Further interviews with A.R.L.'s colleagues confirmed his reputation as a responsible and persistent individual, lending credibility to his account. The witnesses, A.R.L. and B.P., had no prior interest in UFOs but were convinced of the reality of their experience. The article addresses the difficulty of reconciling the detailed observations with the witnesses' state of shock and disorientation, noting that while A.R.L. could still perceive details due to his work experience, B.P. was largely unable to see clearly after the intense light.

Scientific Context and Analysis

The magazine places the Wilcox encounter within the context of early space exploration and scientific understanding of Mars. It discusses the Mariner missions (Mariner IV, VI, and VII) and their photographic data, which revealed Mars to be a rocky, arid planet. Scientists like Carl Sagan and David Wallace debated the possibility of life on Mars, with early conclusions suggesting that any life would likely be microbial. The article contrasts the detailed claims of the UFO occupants with the scientific findings, noting that while the idea of Martian life was eventually deemed highly improbable, the possibility of lower forms of life or atmospheric vegetation remained a subject of study.

Regarding the Valdehúncar incident, the analysis of the physical trace evidence is presented. While the chemical composition of the affected plants was normal, the physical evidence of superficial burning suggested a localized energy discharge. The article also touches upon the difficulty of detecting signs of advanced technological civilizations from space, citing studies that analyzed photographs of Earth from Gemini and Apollo missions.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently presents UFO sightings and alleged alien encounters as phenomena worthy of serious investigation. The editorial stance appears to favor the credibility of witness testimony, especially when corroborated by physical evidence or when the witnesses are presented as reliable individuals. The Valdehúncar case, in particular, is meticulously investigated, with the author going to great lengths to verify details and analyze evidence. The article emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between credible accounts and "delirious fantasies" of some "contactees." The magazine also highlights the gap between anecdotal reports and scientific findings, particularly concerning Mars, and explores the challenges of detecting extraterrestrial life through remote sensing and direct observation.

This issue of STENDEK, published by Editorial 7 1/2, S.A., dated August 31, 1978, focuses on a scientific approach to Unidentified Flying Objects (OVNIs). The magazine aims to provide serious information, distinguishing between scientific investigation and sensationalist or fictional accounts. It features a compilation of previously published material, including 'the best field and laboratory research works' from STENDEK's archives.

The Strange Case of Falcon Lake

The central piece details the extraordinary experience of Stephen Michalak, a 52-year-old industrial worker and amateur geologist from Winnipeg, Canada. On May 20, 1967, while prospecting near Falcon Lake, Manitoba, Michalak observed two red lights approaching, which resolved into cigar-shaped objects. One object landed approximately 50 meters away. Michalak described the landed object as perfectly circular, about 10 meters in diameter, with a peripheral crown shaped like a flattened cone and a central dome. The base featured rectangular sections with numerous small holes, identified as ventilation or escape ports. The object changed color rapidly, from bright red to grey and silver-grey. Michalak noted heat emanating from the object and a strong odor of sulfur or burnt electric motor. A violet light emerged from a door-like opening, and he heard three 'human' voices conversing inside. Upon inspection, the object appeared empty. When Michalak touched the exterior, which felt like chrome-plated steel, his glove melted, and he sustained a severe burn on his chest when the object briefly lifted off, emitting a blast of hot air. This incident led to a mysterious 'illness' that plagued him for 18 months, characterized by itching, blisters, swelling, and significant weight loss. Medical examinations for radioactivity were negative, but various theories, including ultrasonic waves, thermal reactions, and gamma radiation, were proposed. The case was investigated by experts from the National Research Council and the Canadian Air Force, who found a circular area devoid of vegetation and detected radioactivity, later identified as Radium 226, attributed by some to phosphorescent paint on a watch, while others suspected artificial contamination to prove the UFO's presence. Further analysis by APRO revealed metallic particles, primarily silver.

Other Cases in the Area

The magazine also reports on other UFO observations in the vicinity of Navalmoral de la Mata, Spain. One incident from December 31, 1968, involved three objects near the Monastery of Yuste that approached a local farmer, causing confusion with numerous small lights. This case was investigated by F. Ares, B. Labor, and D.G. López and published in 'Análisis de la Oleada 68-69'. Another series of observations occurred in January 1973, involving small light balls moving low to the ground near Valdehúncar, Spain, reported in Boletín núm. 5 of CEI-Madrid. A reddish light was observed on January 3, 1977, over the Almaraz Nuclear Power Plant, which then moved away at high speed to the south.

Conclusions and Hypotheses

Regarding the Falcon Lake case, the author presents three possible hypotheses: 1) the case was deliberately fabricated by the witnesses, with A.R.L. and B.P. orchestrating the events and using a blowtorch to create the 'burned area'; 2) the OVNI was a natural phenomenon, such as ball lightning or atmospheric plasma, exacerbated by local conditions like open dam spillways and a nearby uranium mine, leading to misinterpretation by excited witnesses; or 3) the event occurred exactly as described by the witnesses, leaving the interpretation open.

Brief Notes

A brief note discusses D.I. Warren's theory from 'Science' (1970) suggesting that horses, being sensitive to disturbances, might be the first to observe OVNIs, leading humans to investigate. Another brief note mentions K.W. Templin's letter to 'Science' (1971) on the same topic.

Reasons for a Presence

This section explains the origin and purpose of STENDEK magazine. Founded ten years prior, with the first issues appearing in mid-1970, STENDEK aimed to create an informative organ for the Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios (C.E.I.). It sought to publish high-quality research from national and international investigators, focusing initially on material related to Spain, including a study on 'humanoids' by Jader U. Pereira. STENDEK claims to have no economic motive, its primary goal being to inform truthfully about global events. The magazine also advocates for the publication in Spanish of influential UFO books from other countries.

Seminar on OVNIs Organized by CEI in San Sebastián

A report details a seminar organized by CEI in San Sebastián on June 27-29, 1978. The seminar's goal was to demystify the OVNI phenomenon and promote scientific investigation. The first day covered scientific methodology, critiquing pseudoscientific literature and introducing the historical and sociological aspects of OVNIs. The dialogue with the public revealed a preference for 'green martians' and alien spacecraft, with resistance to extraterrestrial hypotheses being seen as a projection of human myths. The second day featured an exposition by Pedro Redón on UFO cases from December 29, 1976, in the Iberian Peninsula. The third day included presentations on landing cases in the Basque Country and techniques for detecting photographic hoaxes of OVNIs, using examples like the Trent (McMinnville, Oregon) and UMMO cases.

Our Translation Group

The magazine acknowledges its group of volunteer translators who have been assisting for over two years, translating material from its archives. It expresses gratitude for their enthusiasm and contributions, noting that only a fraction of the translated work is published in the magazine.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of STENDEK strongly advocates for a scientific and rigorous approach to the study of UFOs, contrasting it with sensationalism and fictional accounts. The editorial stance is to demystify the phenomenon, present factual evidence, and encourage critical thinking. The magazine highlights the importance of detailed case studies, witness testimony, and scientific analysis, while also exploring the sociological and psychological dimensions of belief in OVNIs. The publication aims to fill a perceived gap in serious UFO literature and provide reliable information to the public.

This issue of "investigación" (Volume 27, Issue 27, May 1976) is a Spanish-language publication from STENDEK-CEI, priced at 300 pesetas. The cover headline is "DOSSIER FOTO INFORESPACE," and it features a comparison of two UFO cases from Impameri, Brazil (1966) and Mesa, USA (1972).

Article 1: Stephen Michalak Case

The issue begins by discussing the case of Stephen Michalak, detailing the metallic composition (92-96% silver, 1-2% copper) found in particles from the sighting. Despite the presence of metal, experts from the Condon Committee reportedly focused on inconsistencies in Michalak's account, such as the lack of burned vegetation despite claims of intense heat. The article suggests that the Condon Committee, along with investigator Craig, concluded Michalak was a simulator. The article includes a quote from Michalak: "I don't ask anyone to believe me, but I know what I saw."

Article 2: Photo Dossier - Impameri and Mesa

This section presents a comparison of two photographic cases: one from Impameri, Brazil, taken in 1966, and six photographs taken in Mesa, Arizona, USA, in 1972. The Impameri photo was received without detailed information, but later, the Mesa photos allowed for a connection.

Impameri (Photo 1)

On September 3, 1967, a program called "La Voz de América" featured a testimony from James Pfeiffer, director of an aviation company. Pfeiffer recounted an event from May 8, 1966, near Impameri, Brazil. While with a companion, he saw a strange object hovering over trees. The object then moved south, turned sharply west, and eventually approached them. It slowed down and appeared to descend, as if to land among trees. Pfeiffer managed to take one last photo with his Instamatic camera before it disappeared behind the treetops. The object was described as diamond-shaped, about 23 meters long, and partially orange. It reportedly emitted a modulated sound, alternately grave and acute, strong enough to draw the attention of restaurant staff. This photo was published in the American magazine "LIFE" on October 28, 1966.

Mesa (Photo 2)

On the afternoon of November 11, 1972, in Mesa, Arizona, six photographs were taken of a stationary object. Ten-year-old Shawn Cheves and his friends observed a very bright object in the sky. Shawn called his adoptive father, Lee Elders, who also observed the object, described as brilliant and stationary, at an altitude of about 400 meters. The object then moved slowly towards the witnesses without any noise. Lee Elders took three photographs with his "Asahi Pentax" SLR camera equipped with a 200 mm telephoto lens. Later, he took three more photos as the object moved slightly north. The object was observed for about 45 minutes before disappearing. The APRO (Aerial Phenomena Research Organization) investigated this sighting. It was also reported that Ship Brant and four friends observed a similar silver object from a press box at a football game in Mesa. Bob Watson, an editor from Chandler, Arizona, also reported seeing the object. The explanation offered by Ray Agee, a sergeant at Williams Air Force Base, was that it was a weather balloon launched by Martin Coolee, with a visible gondola and the "USA" insignia. However, the photos taken in Mesa do not show any inscription or gondola, and the object's movements are considered too complex for a simple balloon.

Comparison and Analysis

The article notes the striking similarity between the Impameri photo and the Mesa photos, suggesting a recurring phenomenon. The color distribution in the objects is described: blue on top, a white band around the middle, and a red or slightly orange conical part at the bottom. The author questions the weather balloon explanation for the Mesa sighting, pointing out the lack of visible inscriptions or gondolas in the photographs. The article references historical sightings of dirigibles and other unusual aerial phenomena from the past, suggesting that these modern sightings might be related.

Article 3: Ball Lightning Characteristics

This extensive section, authored by Félix Ares de Blas of CEI, provides a detailed analysis of ball lightning, aiming to help distinguish it from UFOs. The article categorizes lightning into three classes and focuses on the third class, spherical or globular lightning.

0. Introduction

The author acknowledges that he is not a meteorologist or physicist but has compiled information from various professionals who provided vague or confusing answers regarding ball lightning. He notes the scarcity of clear, popularized information on the subject, despite its ancient study.

Types of Lightning (Aragó's Classification)

• First Class: Narrow, straight or serpentine light traces with complex ramifications.
• Second Class: Diffuse light occupying vast spaces, less bright than first-class rays, sometimes red, blue, or violet, illuminating cloud contours.
• Third Class: Spherical or globular lightning, visible for seconds to minutes, moving slowly enough to be tracked, appearing as fireballs.

The article focuses on this third class, which is often confused with UFOs.

Rosario Rays

A fourth type, "rosario" (rosary) rays, are described as ordinary rays broken into a series of bright "beads" or balls, resembling a string of pearls.

1. Documentary Sources

The study is based on two main works: "La foudre et sa forme globulaire. Exposé critique" by M.E. Mathias (1935) and "Ball Lightning Characteristics" by Dr. Warren D. Rayle (1966). The author also references articles by Sebastián Robiou Lamarche and Julián Majewki, as well as bibliographies from the U.S. Library of Congress. He mentions his own theory of "plasmoncitos."

2. Characteristics of Ball Lightning

#### 2.1. Frequency of Observation and Occurrence

Contrary to popular belief, ball lightning is not exceptionally rare. Warren D. Rayle's survey indicates that ball lightning reports are frequent, with 44% of reports concerning impact points of ordinary lightning. Rosary rays are less common, estimated at 27% of ordinary lightning observers. The author suggests that ball lightning is much more frequent than previously assumed and could explain some inexplicable UFO sightings.

#### 2.2. Duration of Ball Lightning

Reports indicate durations ranging from 5-6 seconds to over 30 seconds. Some sources suggest an average duration of 4 seconds, while others mention durations from fractions of a second to several minutes, or even up to 20 minutes.

#### 2.3. Diameter of Ball Lightning

Average diameters reported include 14 inches (35.56 cm) by Rayle, 10 inches (25.4 cm) by McNally, and 10-12 cm by Stekol'nikov. E. Mathias's data suggests a distribution where 25% of cases are between 20-30 cm, with some reaching up to two meters in diameter.

#### 2.4. Main Shapes

While some sources describe them as spherical or nearly spherical, others note that movement can distort the shape. Descriptions include spheres, ellipsoids, eggs, and other forms. Some have caudal appendages, luminous or smoky, and can be accompanied by a vaporous veil. Professor Galli describes prismatic and flattened cosmic rays, while Stekol'nikov mentions ball or pear shapes.

#### 2.5. Color

Favorite colors are orange and yellow, often combined. White, blue, and white-blue are also common. A 1935 theory divided them into pure and impure. Pure types were approximately 50% red, 21% yellow, 7.8% orange, and 3.2% white. Impure types were 50% blue, with the rest being green, white, violet, and blue-white combinations. About 11% of cases show multiple colors, with common mixes like green with red/yellow zones, or red and white. Some are described as totally black, non-luminous white, or dazzling white. Sebastián Robiou mentions a "burnt object aspect" and a "solid appearance with a reflective surface."

#### 2.6. Odor

When odors are reported, they are often compared to burnt sulfur (SO2), burnt gunpowder, or described as nauseating (H2S).

#### 2.7. Movements

Maximum estimated speeds are below 35 km/h (70%) or 100 km/h (17%). Minimum speeds are below 8 km/h (14%) or 25 km/h (86%). Horizontal movement is reported by 54% of witnesses, with only 19% reporting vertical movement. The movement of the ball is often slower than the wind, and sometimes against it. Rotation (spin) is reported by 36%. Erich Bergaust noted a tendency to "follow cars and airplanes." E. Mathias describes horizontal, undulating movement, and when vertical, stabilization at 1-3 meters above the ground. Some rise from the ground and roll before ascending. Others descend from clouds and hover near the ground before moving erratically, sometimes changing direction abruptly. These movements are compared to a buzzing insect.

#### 2.8. Brightness

60% of respondents reported brightness strong enough to be seen in daylight. 11% found them as bright as ordinary lightning, while 60% said they were barely visible in daylight. Some are described as totally black, opaque, or having a dim glow within a cloud. Metallic brightness is also mentioned.

#### 2.9. Sound

Some ball lightning phenomena appear and disappear silently, while others explode violently with a sound similar to ordinary lightning. Some observations are described as having a "grave sound."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine "investigación" appears to focus on unexplained aerial phenomena and related scientific inquiries. The editorial stance seems to be one of critical investigation, presenting witness testimonies, photographic evidence, and scientific analysis, while also acknowledging the difficulties in definitively explaining these phenomena. There's a clear effort to differentiate between potential UFOs and natural phenomena like ball lightning, providing detailed characteristics of the latter to aid in identification. The publication encourages reader participation and the sharing of information.

This issue of "investigación" magazine, dated January 1978, delves into phenomena ranging from natural electrical discharges to the potential for future space travel. The publication focuses on providing a scientific and investigative perspective, with articles written in Spanish.

Ball Lightning Phenomena

The magazine explores the phenomenon of "Rayos Globulares" (Ball Lightning) in detail. Article 3, "Rayos Globulares en el agua" (Ball Lightning in Water), describes how these phenomena can occur not only on land but also in seas and rivers. An example is given of a globular lightning that traversed a river, exited on the opposite bank, and exploded in a wheat field. E. Mathias is cited for noting that rarer cases involve very large ball lightning emerging from the sea or descending from clouds to penetrate deeply into the water.

Article 4, "Rayos Globulares Excavadores" (Excavator Ball Lightning), continues to draw from E. Mathias's work, describing how these ball lightnings rotate rapidly like a spinning top, digging regular, circular, cylindrical holes in the ground. The speed of rotation influences the precision and spacing of these holes. Sometimes, they excavate horizontal furrows, shallow or deep, short or long.

Article 5, "Algunas observaciones" (Some Observations), highlights particularly surprising cases, such as ball lightning breaking into multiple others, or passing through glass without breaking it, or entering an airplane cockpit. A significant point is made regarding Mathias's mention that marine ball lightning could destroy ships, a fear that has unfortunately materialized. The article references a report in "Nature" from September 1976 detailing eight similar cases, including one where a luminous ball traveled along a ship's bridge and disappeared, immediately followed by the ship's explosion.

The magazine also references Jacques Vallée's catalog of UFOs, citing case #9 from November 12, 1887, where a large fireball was seen rising from the sea near Cabo Race by witnesses on the ship "Siberian." It ascended, flew against the wind, approached the ship, and then departed. The author suggests this case fits the characteristics of ball lightning.

Article 6, "Los rayos globulares excavadores como explicación de los 'Nidos de OVNIs'" (Excavator Ball Lightning as an Explanation for 'UFO Nests'), proposes that the rotating and excavating behavior of ball lightning could explain some "UFO nests." The author explains how a rotating ball, whether dry or surrounded by water vapor, could create circular patterns on the ground, ranging from simple flattened areas to deeply excavated holes, depending on its energy and composition.

Felix Ares de Blas, in his epilogue, hopes his explanation of ball lightning as a frequent natural phenomenon will help distinguish it from the more elusive UFO phenomenon. He acknowledges that "Misteriófilos" might disagree but hopes his work is useful for those who study UFOs, potentially explaining some "nests" or even underwater UFOs.

Space Travel Challenges

Julian Majewski of Warsaw, Poland, contributes an article titled "LOS MISTERIOSOS SERES VERDES ¿LEYENDA O REALIDAD CIENTIFICA?" (The Mysterious Green Beings: Legend or Scientific Reality?). The first section, "Dificultades de los viajes espaciales a distancias muy largas" (Difficulties of Long-Distance Space Travel), outlines the significant challenges for space missions. These include the need for adequate food, water, and oxygen, waste management (including CO2 removal), and the limited human tolerance for acceleration. The article mentions proposals like cultivating algae ("Chlorella") on board to recycle waste and produce food and oxygen, or inducing hibernation in crew members, but notes these solutions are not entirely comprehensive and carry risks.

The second section, "El ser que podrá viajar hacia las estrellas" (The Being That Can Travel to the Stars), proposes a radical solution based on the physical characteristics of children. The author argues that a smaller stature leads to a disproportionately lower weight (8 times less for half the height) and less surface area relative to volume, allowing for greater tolerance to acceleration. The article then explores the concept of a small being with chlorophyll in its skin cells, similar to algae, which could photosynthesize its own food and oxygen using sunlight. This would drastically reduce the need for supplies on spacecraft, potentially solving issues of weight, respiration in alien atmospheres, and even health problems by reducing the body's reliance on certain organs and minimizing toxic accumulation.

UFO Statistics in the Iberian Peninsula

An article by José Tomás Ramirez y Barberó of the C.E.I. (Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios) presents "NOTAS ESTADISTICAS DE LA ACTIVIDAD OVNI 1975 EN LA PENINSULA IBERICA" (Statistical Notes on UFO Activity in 1975 in the Iberian Peninsula). The study aims to provide a clear overview of UFO fluctuations in 1975, analyzing 195 cases from the C.E.I. catalog. The authors credit the C.E.I. of Barcelona for its scientific rigor and support for independent ufologists.

The analysis indicates that UFO sightings in the Iberian Peninsula during 1975 were numerous and distributed relatively evenly throughout the year. The distribution of sightings is compared to atmospheric clarity and meteor showers, suggesting a potential correlation. The article notes a peak in sightings during the second half of the year.

Figure V shows the distribution of UFO observations by province, appearing largely random. However, a chronological analysis suggests a possible NE-SW penetration and exit direction across the peninsula, with Type-1 sightings (landings) concentrating in the SW exit direction and other types in the NE penetration direction.

Dr. Vallée's "Law of Population Density" is also discussed, suggesting that Type-1 sightings correlate positively with population density, while other types correlate inversely.

Figure II illustrates monthly UFO frequency, showing consistent activity throughout the year for Spain and Portugal. Figure III presents a weekly distribution, with a peak on Wednesdays, which the authors attribute to sociological factors related to human weekly productivity rather than a direct link to the UFO phenomenon itself.

Figure I shows hourly distribution, corroborating Dr. Vallée's "Hourly Law," which is considered a significant statistical parameter in UFO studies. The article notes that while Type-1 sightings and other types behave differently statistically, they both tend to align with this "Hourly Law."

The article concludes by stating that while the exact significance and consequences of these statistical patterns require more refined studies and a larger dataset, the "Hourly Law" appears to be a robust finding.

Notes and References

The magazine includes a "NOTAS" (Notes) section providing references for the cited works, including scientific papers, books, and articles from various publications. A "DE INTERES PARA NUESTROS LECTORES" (Of Interest to Our Readers) section encourages readers to share their UFO observations with the CEI.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the scientific investigation of anomalous phenomena, particularly ball lightning and UFOs, and the exploration of future possibilities like space travel. The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous, data-driven analysis, seeking natural explanations for phenomena while acknowledging the unexplained. There is a clear emphasis on distinguishing between established scientific facts and speculative theories, though the magazine also entertains speculative ideas, such as the biological adaptations for space travel. The publication champions a methodical approach to ufology, valuing accuracy and detailed statistical analysis over sensationalism.

This issue of "investigación" (Investigation) focuses on UFO phenomena, presenting statistical analyses, book reviews, and methodological discussions. The cover features a graph illustrating UFO sightings alongside atmospheric clarity and shooting stars, indicating a focus on data-driven analysis. The magazine appears to be from 1975, with some content referencing Spring 1975 and December 1977 publications.

Statistical Analysis of UFO Sightings in the Iberian Peninsula (1975)

The lead article delves into the statistical aspects of UFO sightings in the Iberian Peninsula during 1975. It notes that 71% of sightings align with the peninsula's geological distribution, with a notable 34% potentially indicating sightings in fault zones. The author expresses skepticism about attempts to correlate UFO phenomena with other events or anomalies, such as magnetic anomalies, thermal sources, or earthquake zones, suggesting that the lack of correlation in the studied period might simply mean these events did not occur in 1975 in the Iberian Peninsula.

The study emphasizes witness reliability, finding that at least two witnesses were present in two-thirds of the reported cases. In more than half of the cases, more than two witnesses corroborated the observations. The identity of the witnesses was known in three-quarters of the cases, and a significant majority of these witnesses were adults between 21 and 59 years old. All social and professional categories were represented among the witnesses, with an approximate 90% being highly qualified intellectually and professionally.

Book Reviews

The issue features several book reviews, highlighting significant contributions to ufological literature:

The Hynek UFO Report

This review praises J. Allen Hynek's book as an indispensable resource for UFO researchers. Hynek, a former scientific consultant for the USAF's Project Blue Book, is described as a highly respected figure in the field. The book analyzes UFO reports from USAF archives, offering an insider's perspective on American policy regarding the phenomenon, a critique of the 'Blue Book' project, and a statistical analysis of 640 unexplained cases from 1947-1969. The reviewer highly recommends the book, published by Dell Publishing Co. in December 1977 for $1.95.

Space-Gods Revealed

Written by Ronald Story and with a foreword by Carl Sagan, this book is presented as a critical examination of Erich Von Däniken's sensationalist theories. It debunks claims related to the Piri Reis map, the stone giants of Easter Island, the Nazca plains, Egyptian pyramids, and the Palenque astronaut. The reviewer considers it a valuable contribution to the rationalist approach needed for genuine UFO study.

Unerklärliche Himmelserscheinungen Aus Älterer Und Neuerer Zeit

This technical volume from MUFON-CES in Germany is recommended for those with a strong knowledge of German. Published in 1977, it compiles contributions from scientists at a 1976 symposium sponsored by the group, focusing on sophisticated aspects of UFO research.

Abducted: Confrontations with Beings from Outer Space

Authored by Coral and Jim Lorenzen, founders of the American APRO, this book exclusively details documented cases of human encounters and abductions by UFO occupants. The reviewer notes the chilling implications of these cases, some of which were investigated by APRO personnel. Dr. Leo Sprinkle, a consultant psychologist for APRO, contributed a section on investigative procedures for subjects experiencing memory loss after alleged UFO encounters.

OVNIS: El Fenómeno Aterrizaje (UFOs: The Landing Phenomenon)

This review by Miguel Guasp praises Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos's book as a culmination of years of research into UFO landing cases. Ballester Olmos is recognized as a leading European specialist in this area. The book is divided into two parts: the first presents a selection of well-studied landing cases with detailed descriptions, offering insight into their dramatic and social value. The second part focuses on the methodology and scientific analysis of UFO data, introducing new perspectives and findings for Spanish readers. The review highlights the book's comprehensive nature, including a computer-generated list and catalog of landing cases, and an extensive bibliography of over five hundred references. Guasp asserts that the book provides a balanced and impartial view of the scientific value of UFO sightings.

Articles

Several articles are listed, including:

• "UFOs 1977: The Year in Review" from International UFO Reporter.
• "More ghosts in the machine: Examining the statistics" by Alan W. Sharp, exploring a potential causal link between car ignition problems and UFO proximity, considering meteorological conditions.
• "Sismicité el OVNI" by Michel Bourron, likely discussing seismic activity related to UFOs.
• "Carte des lieux d'observations et philosophie sur la recherche" by C. de Zan, possibly mapping observation locations and research philosophy.

Methodological Article: Estimating Angular Measurement

An article titled "ESTIMACION DE UNA MEDIDA ANGULAR" (Estimation of Angular Measurement) by Colette Lantrua provides a practical guide for interviewers. It explains how to use parts of the hand (thumb, fist, open hand) with an extended arm to estimate the angular size of celestial objects like the moon or sun, noting that a little finger is sufficient to cover them, as their angular diameter is only about 0.5 degrees.

To Our Readers

This section appeals to readers to send in news clippings about UFO sightings from local newspapers and publications. This information is crucial for maintaining the magazine's archive and initiating further investigation into reported cases.

Profile: José-Tomás Ramírez y Barberó

The "quien es quien" (who's who) section profiles José-Tomás Ramírez y Barberó. He is described as an Infantry Captain and V.S.M. Pilot, with diplomas in tank warfare and communications. He has taught topography, shooting, armament, and special materials. His academic background includes studies in Genealogy, Heraldry, Onomastics, Informatics, Statistics, and Operational Research. He is passionate about history and has been recognized as an "erudite investigator" for his contributions to the study of the Spanish Middle Ages. He has authored numerous articles and works in professional and popular science publications. Ramírez y Barberó became interested in UFOs in 1969 and is known for his serious and scientifically orthodox approach to the subject. He belongs to the "new wave" of Spanish ufologists and considers himself a theoretical or "cabinet" researcher. He leans towards the extraterrestrial hypothesis as the least unsatisfactory explanation. In 1974, he published a monograph on the February 1974 flap (a minor UFO wave in Spain), which was translated into French. He is a regular contributor to international UFO magazines and has given numerous lectures and talks.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes a serious, data-driven, and scientifically rigorous approach to UFO research. There is a clear emphasis on statistical analysis, witness reliability, and the critical evaluation of existing literature. The editorial stance appears to favor a rationalist and demythologizing perspective, encouraging genuine scientific inquiry into the phenomenon. The publication of Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos's book is presented as a significant step forward for serious ufological literature in Spain, suggesting an effort to elevate the field beyond sensationalism.