Sokaren - 1982 No 03-4

Magazine Overview

Title: SÖKAREN
Issue: NR 3-4
Volume: 19
Date: 1982 (March)
Publisher: SPF (Sällskapet för parapsykologisk forskning)
Country: Sweden
Language: Swedish
Price: 12:00 incl. VAT

This issue of Sökaren, the member's journal for the Society for Parapsychological Research (SPF), serves as a forum for debate and information within the field. It aims to present a more accurate picture of parapsychology, addressing the risks of misunderstanding and the concerns some members have about their professional lives being affected by their involvement.

Cover Story: The Unexplained in My World Explained!

The cover prominently features a dramatic headline: "DET OFÖRKLARLIGA I MIN VÄRLD FÖRKLARAS!" (The Unexplained in My World Explained!). Below this, a striking headline reads: "Virginia besökte sina föräldrar några timmar efter det hon hittats mördad 60 mil hemifrån!" (Virginia visited her parents a few hours after she was found murdered 60 miles from home!).

The accompanying article details the baffling case of Virginia Capper. On a May evening in 1977, Virginia, a 44-year-old woman, was found murdered. Hours later, she appeared at her parents' home, disheveled and distressed, claiming she had been attacked. She insisted on going to her room to sleep. Her parents, initially confused, later discovered that their daughter's bed had not been slept in and that she was not in her room. The counselor who had informed them of her death was also bewildered, as Virginia's room was undisturbed. The article implies that Virginia's body was found by a female doctor about half an hour after the murder, and that she had been raped before being killed. The case is presented as a profound mystery, with the headline suggesting an explanation is offered within the magazine.

SPF Under 35 Years: A History of the Society for Parapsychological Research

This section provides an extensive overview of the Society for Parapsykologisk Forskning (SPF), celebrating its 35th anniversary. Founded on November 27, 1947, by twenty-seven individuals, including prominent scientists and cultural figures, SPF's primary goal was to foster parapsychological research and inform the public about its findings.

Founding and Early Years:
Eva Hellström was a key initiator, having lived in London during parapsychology's 'Mecca' years and becoming dissatisfied with non-scientific spiritualist séances. She became SPF's first secretary. The interim chairman was Professor John Landquist, with Erik Bjelfvenstam later elected as the first permanent chairman in 1948. The society has seen several chairmen and secretaries over the decades, including Gösta Rodhe, Ulf Hellsten, and Ingvar Selin.

Objectives and Activities:
SPF's mandate includes studying parapsychical and metapsychical phenomena, investigating their reality, nature, and scope, and disseminating research results. The society has faced significant financial challenges, limiting its research activities. Its informational activities have included lectures, publications (Meddelanden från SPF), and an internal newsletter (SPF-information). The society also maintains a well-stocked library, now housed at the Statens psykologisk-pedagogiska bibliotek.

Membership:
The society has maintained a restrictive membership policy, requiring members to show a genuine interest in parapsychology. Decisions on membership are made by vote, and the policy has been debated, though it has contributed to a cohesive group and maintained the society's reputation. The membership has consistently remained around one hundred, contributing to financial difficulties.

Research and Publications:
SPF has initiated and participated in research despite limited funds. Examples include experiments with clairvoyance and telepathy in the late 1940s and early 1950s, and investigations into poltergeist phenomena. The society's publication series, 'Meddelanden från SPF', has documented lectures and research findings. The internal newsletter, 'SPF-information', has been a vital communication tool since 1968.

John Björkhem Memorial Fund:
Established in 1963, this fund aims to support more systematic research but has struggled to accumulate sufficient capital for major projects.

Academic Research Group:
Formed in 1966, this group fostered research by younger scholars, including Martin Johnson, who later became a professor at Utrecht University. However, its activity declined in the 1970s.

Conclusion:
SPF's primary tasks are research and information. While financial constraints have hampered research, the society has strived to provide information and maintain scientific rigor. The editorial stance emphasizes scientific sobriety as a key characteristic of SPF.

In Memoriam: Honoring Parapsychologists

The issue includes tributes to several notable figures in parapsychology:

• J.B. Rhine (1895-1980): Celebrated as a pivotal figure and leader in parapsychology, Rhine is credited with establishing it as a scientific discipline. His work at Duke University, including the development of Zener cards and the journal 'Journal of Parapsychology', laid the groundwork for modern parapsychological research. He emphasized the concept of psi as a normal human capacity and advocated for rigorous scientific methodology.
• Haakon Forwald: Remembered for his meticulous work on psychokinesis (PK) and his contributions to the 'Journal of Parapsychology'. His research, particularly on the 'U-curve effect', is highlighted.
• Kaj Lindberg: An early and honorary member of SPF, Lindberg is remembered as a learned individual with broad knowledge in medicine, psychology, parapsychology, theology, and art history. He was a supportive figure, offering comfort and wisdom.
• Bertil Peterson: His deep interest in parapsychology was linked to his engagement with profound philosophical and religious questions about life, suffering, and the nature of reality. His book 'Parapsykologin och det eviga livet' (Parapsychology and Eternal Life) explored the connection between the material and immaterial worlds. He was also a respected engineer at FOA.

Articles and Features

• "Den spökande advokaten" (The Haunted Lawyer): An in-depth investigation into the case of Sydney Alrutz, a psychologist who specialized in psychical research and hypnotism. The article details his investigation into the 'Centralpalatset' poltergeist phenomena in Stockholm in 1905, involving the lawyer Gustaf Boström. It explores the controversy surrounding the case, the involvement of investigators like Everard Feilding and Bror Gadelius, and the eventual exposure of Boström's fraud, while Alrutz maintained that some phenomena remained unexplained.

• "Är Hansel trovärdig?" (Is Hansel Credible?): This article critically examines the work of C.E.M. Hansel, a psychologist known for his evaluations of parapsychology. The author questions Hansel's methodology and accuracy, particularly his treatment of Haakon Forwald's research, suggesting that Hansel may have misrepresented findings and lacked a thorough understanding of the research he critiqued.

• "Parapsykologins väg" (The Path of Parapsychology): Dr. K. Ramakrishna Rao reflects on his frustrations with the field of parapsychology. He expresses disappointment that phenomena like ESP are often ignored in scholarly publications and that research findings are repeatedly 'rediscovered' without building upon previous work. Rao calls for a more consistent and less prejudiced approach to parapsychology, urging researchers to consider the social factors influencing scientific acceptance.

• Meeting Reports: Summaries of various meetings and lectures held by SPF are presented, covering topics such as the relationship between luck and ESP, current parapsychological issues, experiences with paranormal phenomena, and discussions on the nature of consciousness and the afterlife.

• "VARFÖR STUDERA OBE?" (Why Study OBE?): This section discusses Out-of-Body Experiences (OBEs) and their implications for understanding consciousness, the possibility of life after death, and potential connections to phenomena like possession. It highlights the interest of parapsychology in OBEs as a means to explore the relationship between the mind and body.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the scientific investigation of parapsychological phenomena, the historical development of the field, and the challenges faced by researchers and organizations like SPF. There is a consistent emphasis on maintaining scientific rigor, critical evaluation, and avoiding sensationalism or uncritical acceptance of claims. The editorial stance, particularly from SPF, is one of advocating for a 'positive parapsychology' that is neither overvalued nor undervalued, but respected, and grounded in scientific sobriety and a commitment to empirical evidence. The magazine aims to inform the public and foster a more nuanced understanding of parapsychology, distinguishing it from spiritualism and pseudoscience.

This issue of SPF-information, dated March 1982, is a Swedish publication focused on parapsychology and related phenomena. The cover prominently features a critical examination of the authenticity of paragnost Gerard Croiset and his scientific investigator Professor W.H.C. Tenhaeff, based on an article by Piet Hein Hoebens. The magazine delves into the challenges and controversies within parapsychology, including issues of fraud, methodology, and the interpretation of evidence.

Article 1: Questioning Croiset's Authenticity and Tenhaeff's Integrity

This article, written by journalist Piet Hein Hoebens and referenced from 'The Skeptical Inquirer,' critically analyzes the claims surrounding Gerard Croiset, a renowned Dutch paragnost who died in 1980, and his long-time researcher Professor W.H.C. Tenhaeff. Hoebens questions the validity of Croiset's alleged paranormal abilities, particularly in criminal investigations and predictions, suggesting that many reported successes were not rigorously controlled and may have been embellished or based on normal explanations. The article highlights weaknesses in reported cases, such as the lack of independent verification and the possibility of normal information access. It points out that while Croiset was praised by some police officers and parapsychologists, Hoebens argues that his successes were often based on vague statements that could fit many situations or that details were altered in subsequent reports.

The 'Boy on the Raft' Case

This case, often cited as a prime example of Croiset's abilities, involved the disappearance of 10-year-old Dirk Zwenne in 1953. Professor Tenhaeff presented it as a classic success where Croiset accurately predicted the location and cause of the boy's drowning. However, Hoebens reveals that the original account from the boy's uncle, A.J. Allan, contained different details, including a reference to a gasworks or cistern, and that the body was found with a head injury, but not precisely where Croiset initially indicated. Hoebens suggests that the widely reported version was a 'fantastic distortion' created by Tenhaeff himself, possibly to enhance Croiset's reputation.

The Wim Slee Case

Another case examined is that of 6-year-old Wim Slee, who disappeared in 1963. While Croiset claimed the boy had drowned and his body would surface near a bridge, Hoebens notes that the police were already investigating the canal and had found the boy's location. He suggests that Croiset's statements were vague and could have been influenced by the extensive media coverage and police suspicions, rather than genuine psychic insight.

Missed Opportunities and Failures

Hoebens argues that while Croiset had some successes, these were likely outnumbered by failures, a fact often downplayed by his proponents. He cites Tenhaeff's own admission that successful cases were limited and frequently re-cited. The article implies that the sensational nature of these stories, often amplified by the media, overshadows the lack of rigorous scientific validation.

Article 2: K. Ramakrishna Rao on the Frustrations and Challenges in Parapsychology

This section features an excerpt from an article by K. Ramakrishna Rao, discussing the difficulties in establishing the reality of psi phenomena and the resistance from the scientific community. Rao highlights that while there is ample evidence for psi, the lack of a clear theoretical framework makes it hard to understand and accept. He criticizes the tendency to focus on disproving limitations set by the conventional worldview rather than developing positive models to explain psi mechanisms. Rao calls for a more systematic approach, integrating theory and research, to overcome the current frustrations in the field.

Article 3: Martin Johnson's Day as a Professor of Parapsychology

This article provides a personal account of a typical workday for Professor Martin Johnson at the Parapsychological Laboratory at Utrecht University. Johnson describes his routine, which includes managing correspondence, collaborating with colleagues like Sybo Schouten, and dealing with administrative tasks. He reflects on the unusual nature of his profession and the common misconceptions about parapsychology. The entry also touches upon his interactions with other researchers, such as John Palmer, and his involvement in various research projects. He briefly observes a potential UFO sighting and mentions his correspondence with international colleagues.

Article 4: Rolf Ejvegård's Investigation into a Sensationalized Case

Rolf Ejvegård reports on an investigation into a sensationalized story published in the magazine 'Min Värld' about the murder of Virginia Capper. Ejvegård, along with Professor Martin Johnson, discovered that the paranormal elements of the story, including the deceased daughter appearing to her parents and providing details about the murderer, were fabricated. The article traces the origin of the story through various media agencies and concludes that the sensationalized account was a distortion of the actual crime, which had no paranormal elements.

Article 5: Bertil Nilsson on Changing Paradigms and Skepticism

Bertil Nilsson discusses the historical difficulty in accepting new ideas that challenge established worldviews, using examples from Marco Polo and David Livingstone. He argues that what seems unbelievable in one culture or time can be accepted later. Nilsson also touches upon the concept of 'conventionalism,' suggesting that people tend to conform to prevailing beliefs and are skeptical of anything that deviates. He advocates for open-mindedness and critical self-reflection when encountering new ideas, even within parapsychology.

Article 6: Karl Christiansen (1915-1982)

This is an obituary for Karl Christiansen, a Swedish journalist and writer who passed away in Oslo. Christiansen was known for his interest in Eastern religions, particularly Buddhism, and his extensive travels in Asia. He was also involved in parapsychology research and wrote articles for 'Sökaren.' The obituary highlights his intellectual curiosity, his search for truth, and his experiences in various ashrams and spiritual centers.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical examination of parapsychological claims, the importance of rigorous scientific methodology, and the challenges of distinguishing genuine phenomena from fraud, error, or sensationalism. The editorial stance appears to be one of cautious skepticism, emphasizing the need for verifiable evidence and well-controlled experiments. There is a clear concern about the spread of unsubstantiated paranormal stories through the media and the potential damage they can cause to the credibility of serious parapsychological research. The magazine advocates for a scientific approach, while acknowledging the existence of phenomena that challenge conventional understanding.

This issue of Sökaren, dated 1982 and identified as issue number 3-4, is a double issue spanning 48 pages. The cover headline is "SANNING, MER ELLER MINDRE" (Truth, More or Less), and it features a bust of Democritus. The magazine is a Swedish publication focused on philosophical and life-view questions, distinguishing itself as a serious cultural journal rather than an entertainment publication.

Atomisterna: Leukippos och Demokritos

The main article, authored by Rolf Ejvegård, delves into the lives and philosophies of the ancient Greek atomists, Leukippos and Demokritos. Leukippos, from Miletos, is said to have lived in the late 5th and early 4th centuries BCE and founded his philosophical school in Abdera, Thrace. Demokritos, his most prominent student, was from a wealthy Abdera family and traveled extensively, studying with learned men. Despite his wealth, Demokritos was known for his philosophical depth and was even examined by Hippocrates, who found him to be of sound mind. The article highlights Demokritos's polymathic nature, with writings spanning ethics, physics, mathematics, and more.

The relationship between Leukippos and Demokritos is discussed, particularly concerning the authorship of "Den stora världsordningen" (The Great World Order). It's suggested that they may have written separate books with similar titles or collaborated. The article often refers to them collectively as "the atomists" due to the difficulty in distinguishing their individual contributions.

The Atomist Doctrine

The atomist doctrine is presented as a break from the Eleatic school, which denied the existence of a void. Atomism is built on two principles:

1. The fundamental substance consists of atoms. Atoms are defined as the smallest possible, indivisible particles. They are infinite in number and possess only primary qualities like size, weight, and shape, not secondary qualities like color or smell. Heavy atoms move faster than light ones. Atoms can be smooth or rough, with these properties influencing how they aggregate.
2. Atoms exist in the void. The void is considered infinite and much larger than the space occupied by atoms, allowing for their movement and the formation of various objects.

Atoms are eternal and unchanging in their essence, but their movements and collisions lead to the formation and dissolution of all observable phenomena. This implies a deterministic universe, where a super-intelligent being could predict all future events. The atomists rejected the idea of immortal gods or souls, viewing everything as a product of atomic interactions. Their worldview was materialistic, considering even mental processes like perception and thought to be functions of atoms.

Sensory Perception and Ethics

Atomists explained sensory perception (sight, hearing, taste, smell) as the result of atoms from objects striking our sense organs. They believed the senses provide a reasonably accurate picture of the external world, contrasting with the skepticism of some other Greek thinkers. Their ethics emphasized achieving "sinnesro" (peace of mind) by controlling desires and acting for the sake of goodness, though the specific criteria for good and evil are not detailed.

Physics and the Void

The article touches upon the concept of space and void, referencing thinkers like Newton, Descartes, and Leibniz, and their differing views on absolute versus relative space and motion. It notes that Einstein's theory of relativity aligns with the idea of relative space.

Other Articles and Sections

"Sanning, Mer Eller Mindre" (Truth, More or Less) - Editorial: This editorial discusses the unreliability of popular press, which often sensationalizes stories, especially those concerning parapsychology and UFOs. It asserts that Sökaren aims for truthfulness and depth, serving a serious audience rather than those seeking mere entertainment.

"Livets Kraft" (Life's Force) - Poem by Eva Jagrell: A short poem about life's energy and love.

Book Reviews and Mentions:

• "Alternativa synsätt på morgondagens samhälle" (Alternative Perspectives on Tomorrow's Society): A review of a book featuring contributions from various authors, including Fritjof Capra, John Michell, R.D. Laing, Ivan Illich, Edward de Bono, Amory Lovins, Hazel Henderson, and Leopold Kohr. The review praises Capra's essay "Buddhistisk fysik" for drawing parallels between Buddhism and modern physics, and highlights the book's exploration of ecological concerns, holistic views, and societal transitions.
• "Fysik och mystik" (Physics and Mysticism) by Fritjof Capra: A review of Capra's book, which explores connections between Eastern mysticism and modern physics, particularly quantum field theory. The review notes the book's accessible yet challenging nature, though it points out some inaccuracies in terminology.
• "Kan själen existera utanför kroppen?" (Can the Soul Exist Outside the Body?): A discussion of out-of-body experiences (OBEs), referencing a publication by C.D. Broad and Rolf Ejvegård. It suggests that OBEs could be internal experiences rather than actual disembodiment, but acknowledges their significance for understanding consciousness and the possibility of life after death.
• "Från liv till liv" (From Life to Life) by Eva Seeberg: A review of a novel about a woman's transition from life to death and beyond. The review notes the author's research into death and afterlife beliefs but critiques the novel's literary execution.
• "Skapande drömmar" (Creative Dreams) by Patricia Garfield: A review of a book on dream control. The reviewer finds Garfield's exploration of ancient and modern dream techniques valuable but criticizes her oversimplification of dream control and the book's ambitious title.

"Gyllene visdom" (Golden Wisdom) - Compiled by Nils Kalen: A collection of quotes, including one from Epiktetos on fulfilling one's role.

"Profeten" (The Prophet) - Mammon-Gurun's Mantra: A symbolic illustration related to money.

"Världsalltets natur" (The Nature of the Universe): An article discussing the idea that reality is a projection of consciousness, referencing thinkers like Einstein and Nobel laureates.

"Buddha Dharma": An announcement for a new Buddhist quarterly magazine.

"Dags att leva!": Information about a weekend course on self-confidence and relationships.

Existentiell astrologi: A service offering astrological readings.

Contact Ads: Personal ads are included.

Donations: A list of donors is provided.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the nature of reality, consciousness, and truth. The magazine consistently emphasizes critical thinking and a search for deeper understanding, contrasting its approach with sensationalist media. There's a strong interest in ancient philosophies (atomism, Stoicism, Buddhism), parapsychology, and the intersection of science and spirituality. The editorial stance is one of intellectual rigor, encouraging readers to question assumptions and seek well-supported information, particularly in areas that challenge conventional materialism. The publication positions itself as a resource for those seriously interested in exploring complex philosophical and existential questions.