Sokaren - 1978 No 02

Magazine Overview

Title: SÖKAREN
Issue: NR2
Year: 1978
Cover Headline: Behöver den kristna läran reformeras? (Does Christian Doctrine Need Reformation?)

This issue of Sökaren, dated 1978, features a prominent article by Fil. dr Birger Edmar, who advocates for a significant reformation of Christian doctrine. The cover image depicts a religious ceremony, setting the tone for the theological discussions within.

Behöver den kristna läran reformeras? (Does Christian Doctrine Need Reformation?)

Fil. dr Birger Edmar, chairman of the Association for Religion and Culture (Förbundet Religion och Kultur), expresses strong criticism of certain aspects of the church's teachings. He believes that outdated elements within the Christian faith system must be removed to allow Christianity to once again become a vital force in people's lives. Edmar argues that Christianity is an integral part of our cultural heritage, having shaped our understanding of humanity and society. However, he contends that the Christian church has failed to keep pace with modern life and has been bypassed by contemporary people, despite its continued presence as a symbol of ideals, hope, and longing. He states that religion has increasingly become a private matter.

To regain its leading position and serve as a unifying force, Edmar asserts that the church must undergo a thorough reformation. He identifies several "stumbling blocks" that need to be removed:

1. Worldview and Conception of God: Edmar notes that the traditional "three-story" view of the world (hell below, God above, humans in the middle) has long been abandoned. Concepts like descending into the underworld or the resurrection of the body are no longer relevant in a literal sense. He suggests that the creation story should be viewed allegorically, as the church currently does, rather than literally, especially given scientific understanding of Earth's origins billions of years ago. He emphasizes that humans are part of a long evolutionary chain, not suddenly created in God's image. Religion, he posits, is humanity's attempt to find meaning in existence, evolving alongside our growing insight.

2. God's Image: Edmar believes God's image is becoming increasingly free from anthropomorphic traits and is evolving into a symbol of the inner reality and the driving force of development. He acknowledges that Jesus embodied qualities of God (goodness, righteousness, love, mercy) but questions the concept of an omnipotent God given the suffering in the world. He suggests it's more plausible to believe in a struggling, suffering God who needs human help against evil, rather than a God of absolute power.

3. The Trinity: Edmar criticizes the Trinitarian formula ("in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit") as a mystical incantation, asserting it does not originate from Jesus but from the early church. He views it as a departure from the Jewish and Jesus' own monotheistic belief, likening it to a "family of three gods." He connects the "holy spirit" to divine fellowship and the dove symbol, which he links to the goddess of love and the mother goddess, a role later assumed by Mary.

4. Doctrine of Atonement: This doctrine, based on the idea of inherited sin from Adam and Eve, posits that a "second Adam" was needed to redeem humanity through suffering. Edmar finds this concept of a pre-ordained salvation plan, even before creation, to be peculiar. He views the idea of Jesus as a sacrificial lamb, a concept reminiscent of pagan sacrificial rites, as a "ghastly butcher's idea" (Tegnér). He criticizes the Old Testament for its ethical inconsistencies and cruelties.

5. The Sacrament of the Eucharist: Edmar argues that the church's practice of the Eucharist lacks direct support from Jesus himself. He questions how consuming bread and wine can lead to spiritual communion, emphasizing Jesus' teaching of worship in spirit and truth. He sees the ritualistic celebration of the Eucharist at various times as a departure from Jesus' original Passover meal, which was an intimate fellowship. He notes that the institution of the Eucharist, as described in the Bible, likely stems from Paul's writings and pagan mystery cults.

6. The Sacrament of Baptism: Edmar criticizes the ritualistic aspect of baptism, including the concept of original sin and the idea that unbaptized infants are damned. He finds the "Confession of Faith" recited during infant baptism meaningless for the child and unrealistic for adults. He advocates for a return to simpler baptismal practices, such as those in the early church, where baptism symbolized repentance and discipleship.

Edmar concludes that Christian doctrine contains absurdities that obscure its essential spiritual meaning, offering "stones instead of bread." He calls for a reformation inspired by Jesus, who broke new ground and challenged religious conservatism.

Interviews and Other Articles

Stanley Krippner on Parapsychology, Healing, and Hypnosis

The magazine features an interview with Stanley Krippner, Ph.D., a renowned parapsychologist and hypnotherapist. Krippner, formerly director of the Maimonides Dream Laboratory, discusses his research and observations.

• Healing: Krippner identifies four types of healers: those using esoteric systems (astrology, Kabbalah), spiritualists who believe spirits work through them, shamans who can astral project, and intuitive healers who feel a calling. He notes that while he hasn't conducted his own healing experiments, he has observed and interviewed many healers. He mentions studies on enzymes and seeds treated with healing water, showing positive effects. Krippner suggests healing might involve a psychic interaction between the healer and patient, or a psychokinetic effect. He also touches upon self-healing, citing Dr. Carl Simonton's work with cancer patients.
• Hypnosis: Krippner highlights his work at Maimonides Medical Center, where hypnosis was found to enhance ESP abilities by promoting relaxation and openness to psychic phenomena. He explains that subjects need to turn their attention inward and avoid distractions. He discusses the concept of a universal subconscious and its connection to the divine, drawing parallels to holographic theory and Edgar Cayce's ideas.
• Uri Geller: Krippner expresses caution regarding Uri Geller, noting Geller's reluctance to participate in rigorous scientific testing. He suggests that other psychics might be more suitable for scientific study.

Ananda Marga and PROUT

The issue includes an article by journalist Karl Christiansen detailing criticisms against the Ananda Marga movement and its spiritual leader, Anandamurti (P.R. Sarkar). The article discusses allegations of violence, political ambitions, and corruption, contrasting them with the movement's stated goals of universalism and social reform.

• Ananda Marga's Ideology: The movement's political wing, the Universal Proutist Revolutionary Federation, is described as advocating for a "dictatorship of the spiritual elite" (sadvipras) and potentially resorting to bloody revolution if their ideals are not accepted. This ideology is contrasted with the yogic principle of ahimsa (non-violence).
• Legal Issues: The article mentions P.R. Sarkar's conviction for conspiracy and incitement to murder, with claims of false testimony. It also touches upon the movement's alleged involvement in terrorist activities and threats against Indian Prime Minister Morarji Desai.
• PROUT: The Progressive Utilization Theory (PROUT) is presented as a socio-economic philosophy aiming for a new, just society with decentralized economic units and a world government led by enlightened individuals (sadvipras). It emphasizes humanism, spiritual development, and the rejection of corruption and exploitation.

Other Sections

• Religiöst Forum (Religious Forum): This section describes the activities of Religiöst Forum, an organization founded in 1976 to address legal, economic, and media-related issues for new religious communities in Sweden. It aims to promote the application of human rights declarations and freedom of religion.
• Atman - Brahman: An explanation of the fundamental concepts in Hinduism, detailing Atman (the inner self) and Brahman (the ultimate reality), and their perceived unity.
• Personal Horoscopes: An advertisement for personalized horoscope readings.
• Sökarguiden (Seeker's Guide): A section listing upcoming events, courses, and lectures related to parapsychology, spirituality, and alternative practices.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue strongly advocates for a critical re-evaluation of traditional Christian doctrines, arguing for their reformation to align with modern understanding and values. The magazine also explores alternative spiritual and parapsychological phenomena, presenting them as areas of legitimate interest and research. There is a clear editorial stance in favor of questioning established religious and societal norms, encouraging a more progressive and open-minded approach to spirituality and belief systems. The critical examination of religious institutions and the exploration of new movements like Ananda Marga suggest a commitment to challenging the status quo and fostering intellectual debate.

Title: Sökaren
Issue: 2
Volume: 15
Date: 1978
Publisher: Sjuhäradsbygdens Tryckeri AB
Country: Sweden
Price: 5 kr

This issue of 'Sökaren' delves into the multifaceted concept of 'religion surrogates,' exploring what constitutes genuine religion versus imitations. It features critical analyses of new religious movements, discussions on macrobiotics and UFO phenomena, and personal reflections on faith and spirituality.

Religion Surrogates: What Are They?

The main cover story, "RELIGIONSSURROGAT - vad är det?" (Religion Surrogates - What Are They?), features the opinions of four Christians: Erland Sundström, Per Beskow, Sten Rodhe, and Gunnar Hillerdal. They discuss the distinction between traditional Christianity and newer spiritual movements, which are often labeled as surrogates. Erland Sundström defines surrogates as substitutes for what is perceived as 'the real thing,' including political ideologies like Nazism, Leninism, and Maoism, as well as cults that distance themselves from mainstream religious communities.

Per Beskow, a Catholic docent, views 'religion surrogate' as a linguistic issue, suggesting that a surrogate should be something other than religion itself. He references Efraim Briem's 1926 book, 'Moderna religionssurrogat' (Modern Religion Surrogates), which identified socialism and the temperance movement as examples of religious fervor channeled into non-religious forms. Briem also categorized spiritualism, theosophy, and Christian Science as surrogates, arguing they lacked essential religious elements.

Sten Rodhe, a lecturer in religious studies, notes that many 'new religions' are built upon older traditions. He criticizes the tendency of some Christians to dismiss new movements without understanding their historical context, advocating for a more open dialogue. Rodhe emphasizes that Christian faith is about discipleship of Jesus, not necessarily adherence to specific church doctrines, and that good thoughts and practices can arise outside of traditional Christian frameworks.

Gunnar Hillerdal, a rector, distinguishes 'true religion' by Jesus's life and teachings, particularly his critique of hypocrisy and his inclusive interactions. He sees the growing interest in new spiritual movements as a sign of the church's failure to effectively convey Jesus's message. Hillerdal labels groups like the Tongil family and Children of God as surrogates due to their perceived fanaticism and psychological pressure on members.

Macrobiotics: The Teaching of the Great Life

An article titled "MAKROBIOTIKEN - läran om det stora livet" (Macrobiotics - The Teaching of the Great Life) by Åke Mälhammar explains the philosophy of macrobiotics, originating from the teachings of George Oshawa. It describes macrobiotics as a system based on the principles of yin and yang, representing opposing yet complementary forces in the universe. The article traces the origins of this philosophy to the ancient Chinese sage Fou-Hi, who sought to understand the fundamental laws of the universe. Macrobiotics is presented as a practical philosophy applicable to religion, science, medicine, and psychology, with known applications in acupuncture, judo, and cooking. The core principle is living in harmony with nature's order, including consuming food that is seasonally appropriate and balanced in yin and yang elements. The article suggests that macrobiotics offers a compass for navigating modern life and making healthier food choices.

UFOs and Skepticism

An article titled "KVALITETEN PÅ UFO-RÖRELSEN" (The Quality of the UFO Movement) by Sven Magnusson reviews the stance of UFO-Sverige, an organization dedicated to investigating UFO phenomena. Thorvald Berthelsen, the chairman of UFO-Sverige, is quoted emphasizing the importance of critical analysis and thorough investigation of UFO reports, warning against the prevalence of errors and speculation in media coverage. The article criticizes UFO-information magazine for often publishing sensationalized reports without proper verification. It also touches upon the use of artistic illustrations in UFO publications, suggesting they can unduly influence readers' perceptions by presenting detailed spacecraft imagery for distant light phenomena.

Scientology: A Danger?

An excerpt from Svante Nycander's book, "De fördömda scientologerna" (The Condemned Scientologists), is presented under the heading "SCIENTOLOGIN - EN FARA?" (Scientology - A Danger?). The article provides factual information about Scientology, describing it as a rapidly expanding new religious movement founded by L. Ron Hubbard. It highlights Scientology's blend of influences from Buddhism, Hinduism, occultism, science fiction, and psychoanalysis, and its promise to improve various aspects of human life through 'auditing' and the use of an 'E-meter.' The article notes Scientology's global organization and internal discipline, as well as its associated programs like Narconon for drug rehabilitation and the Citizens Commission on Human Rights. Criticisms of Scientology are detailed, including accusations of quackery, psychological manipulation, family disruption, and financial exploitation. The article mentions that Swedish authorities, including the National Board of Health and Welfare, have expressed concerns about Scientology, deeming it a cult rather than a religion and warning of potential mental health risks.

Other Sections

The issue also includes a section on "Adamski-intresse på nytt i Sverige?" (Adamski Interest in Sweden Again?), discussing the renewed interest in UFO author George Adamski and the controversial nature of his claims. A book review section features reviews of books on UFOs and other spiritual topics. There are also personal letters, horoscopes, and advertisements for related books and organizations.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine 'Sökaren' appears to adopt a critical yet open-minded stance towards new religious movements and spiritual phenomena. It encourages thorough investigation, critical thinking, and a balanced perspective, often contrasting sensationalized claims with more grounded analysis. The editorial stance seems to favor a nuanced approach, acknowledging the potential value in various spiritual paths while also highlighting concerns about manipulation, exploitation, and the distinction between genuine spiritual seeking and what might be considered 'surrogates.' The magazine aims to provide a platform for diverse viewpoints and encourage informed discussion on complex issues of faith, philosophy, and the human search for meaning.