2001-2-skeptikko

Magazine Overview

Title: Skeptikko
Issue: 49
Volume: 2/2001
Date: June 20, 2001
Publisher: Skepsis Ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish
ISSN: 0786-2571

This issue of Skeptikko, a Finnish magazine focused on skepticism and critical thinking, is dedicated to Nils Mustelin, a prominent figure in the Finnish skeptical movement, celebrating his 70th birthday. The cover features a photograph of Mustelin with the headline "Nils Mustelin 70 vuotta" and a subtitle mentioning an interview and astrological analysis.

Editorial and Key Articles

The editorial, titled "Skeptikko, maailmankuva ja mielikuvitus" (Skeptic, Worldview and Imagination), addresses the common misconception that skeptics lack imagination. The author, likely the editor Risto K. Järvinen, argues that critical skepticism and creativity can coexist and even complement each other. The editorial touches upon the importance of a scientific worldview for children's development and as a defense against pseudoscientific claims. It contrasts the appeal of well-crafted science fiction, citing authors like Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke, and Carl Sagan, with the often simplistic narratives of ufology.

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to an interview with Nils Mustelin, conducted by Risto K. Järvinen. Mustelin, a founder of Skepsis ry, discusses his journey into skepticism, his early interest in science and space exploration, and his critical stance on astrology. He recounts his disappointment with the Rhine card experiments and his realization that astrology lacks scientific validity. Mustelin emphasizes the importance of educating young people about science and critical thinking as a primary goal for Skepsis.

Several articles delve into the critique of astrology and other pseudosciences:

• "Kaikkein tärkeintä on nuorten valistaminen" (The Most Important Thing is Educating Youth): This is the main interview with Nils Mustelin, where he elaborates on his views on skepticism, the dangers of pseudoscience, and the role of Skepsis ry. He highlights that while he doesn't believe in paranormal phenomena, he advocates for helping those who are drawn to such beliefs rather than criticizing them.
• Nils Mustelinin astrologinen analyysi (Nils Mustelin's Astrological Analysis): This section likely presents Mustelin's critical analysis of astrological claims, possibly examining specific astrological predictions or methods.
• "Uskot korkeampaan, mystiseen voimaan" (Do You Believe in a Higher, Mystical Power): This title suggests an exploration of belief systems and their contrast with scientific reasoning.
• "Astrologian heikot eväät" (Astrology's Weak Arguments): Written by Lauri Gröhn, this article likely dissects the logical fallacies and lack of evidence supporting astrological claims.
• "Eräs astrologi: Nostradamus" (A Certain Astrologer: Nostradamus): Arno Forsius contributes an article likely examining the prophecies of Nostradamus from a skeptical perspective.
• "Litteää ja onttoa" (Flat and Hollow): Hannu Karttunen's piece might critique specific pseudoscientific theories or claims.
• "Siihen aikaan kun jätesäkeistä tuli ufoja" (When Garbage Bags Became UFOs): Angela Bourque's article likely discusses the misinterpretation of ordinary objects as UFOs, a common theme in ufology.
• "Astrologialla ei tutkimuksen mukaan mitään arvoa" (According to Research, Astrology Has No Value): This article directly states the conclusion that astrological claims are not supported by research.
• "Muinaisastronauttiteoriasta myös hyötyä" (Ancient Astronaut Theory Also Has Benefits): Risto K. Järvinen's article might explore the ancient astronaut theory, possibly from a critical or analytical standpoint.

Other sections include:

• "Sporaradan käsi kirjassa liftareille" (The Tram's Hand in the Hitchhiker's Book): This appears to be a reference to the cover story, possibly a metaphor related to Mustelin's life or work.
• "Sporalogia on yritys näyttää, miten helppo on rakentaa systeemejä, jotka käyttävät samanlaisia tuulesta temmattuja argumentteja kuin astrologia." (Sporalogy is an attempt to show how easy it is to construct systems that use similarly far-fetched arguments as astrology.): This quote from Mustelin defines 'sporology' as a method to expose the flawed reasoning in pseudoscience.

Discussion on Skepticism and Pseudoscience

Mustelin discusses the challenges faced by skeptics, particularly in educating the public and countering the widespread appeal of pseudoscientific beliefs. He emphasizes that the work of Skepsis ry is crucial for disseminating reliable information and promoting scientific literacy. He contrasts the scientific approach with the often unfounded claims of parapsychology, astrology, and creationism. Mustelin also touches upon the James Randi Educational Foundation's challenge, noting that while many claim paranormal abilities, few can demonstrate them under controlled conditions.

He addresses the dangers of pseudoscience, particularly in the realm of alternative medicine, where people may forgo proven treatments for unscientific ones. Mustelin advocates for a calm and rational approach to debunking, distinguishing between criticizing the claims and attacking the individuals who hold them. He argues that while religions operate outside the realm of empirical evidence, pseudoscientific beliefs that contradict observable reality are dangerous.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are skepticism, the critique of astrology and other pseudosciences, the importance of scientific education, and the promotion of critical thinking. The magazine's stance is clearly in favor of science and rational inquiry, actively debunking claims that lack empirical support. The issue champions Nils Mustelin as a key figure in the Finnish skeptical movement, celebrating his contributions and advocating for his principles of critical evaluation and evidence-based reasoning. The magazine aims to inform and educate its readers, particularly young people, about the scientific worldview and the pitfalls of pseudoscience.

This issue of Skeptikko magazine, dated 2/2001, delves into critical perspectives on astrology and related phenomena. The central figure is Nils Mustelin, a skeptic, author, and critic of pseudoscience, whose ideas and analyses are featured prominently. The magazine explores his invented concept of 'sporology' as a satirical critique of astrology, examines an astrological analysis performed on him, and discusses the scientific basis (or lack thereof) for astrological claims.

Nils Mustelin and Sporalogy

The magazine features an extensive interview with Nils Mustelin, who explains his creation of 'sporology'. He developed this concept to demonstrate how easily pseudoscientific systems can be constructed using vague arguments and analogies, similar to astrology. Sporalogy uses the movement of trams on their routes as a basis for 'predictions', mirroring astrological concepts. Mustelin argues that astrology oversimplifies the universe into a flat, one-dimensional model based on zodiac signs, ignoring the complexities of celestial bodies and their actual positions.

Mustelin also discusses the 'Mars effect', a claim that athletes are more likely to be born when Mars is in a specific astrological position. He suggests that studies on this effect, notably by Gauquelin, may have been manipulated, citing a Dutch astronomer's findings that Gauquelin might have tampered with his data. Mustelin concludes that the Mars effect was likely an illusion, an interesting but ultimately unfounded episode in the history of astrology research.

Astrological Analysis of Nils Mustelin

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to an astrological analysis of Nils Mustelin, commissioned by the magazine's editor. The analysis, provided by Liz Green through Unio Mystica, is described as a unique psychological and deep character interpretation. It claims to reveal both conscious and subconscious traits. The analysis suggests Mustelin is a romantic who finds everyday life restrictive and seeks to imbue it with mythic significance. It notes his sharp, intuitive observations that he struggles to explain logically, possibly stemming from his upbringing.

However, Mustelin himself critically reviews this analysis. He finds it to be a well-written, elegant, and persuasive text, but questions its scientific basis. He notes that while the analysis describes many of his traits, he suspects it relies on the Barnum effect, where general statements are perceived as personally accurate by the recipient. He points out the lack of connection between the astrological data and the detailed textual interpretation, suggesting a sophisticated computer program might be involved. He also questions the business model of selling such analyses.

Critique of Astrology

Arno Forsius contributes an article titled 'Astrologian heikot eväät' (Astrology's Weaknesses), tracing the history of astrology and its relationship with astronomy. He notes that while astrology was once a respected discipline, it has largely been relegated to pseudoscience. Forsius highlights that astrology relies on a geocentric model and a limited number of celestial bodies, and that its interpretations are often vague and subject to the Barnum effect.

Maarit Laurenno's presentation on 'Astrology and the Scientific Discussion' is also discussed. Laurenno addresses criticisms that astrologers are ignorant of precession and the 13th zodiac sign (Ophiuchus). She distinguishes between sidereal and tropical zodiacs, suggesting that astrology's complexity lies in its system of random number generation rather than empirical evidence. Laurenno compares astrological chart interpretation to detective work or weeding a garden, where specific clues are selected and arranged to form a narrative. Forsius criticizes this view, stating that astrology cannot predict the future and that its interpretations are not scientifically validated.

Another section, 'Yksi rasismin muoto' (A Form of Racism), critiques the idea that astrological charts can predict innate temperament or guide child-rearing. It argues that any correlations found are likely due to chance or the Barnum effect, and that forcing children into predetermined astrological patterns is a form of racism.

The Meaning of Life and Skepticism

Mustelin also shares his views on the meaning of life. He does not believe in an afterlife, stating that consciousness is tied to the physical brain. For him, the meaning of life lies in contributing positively, making a difference, and experiencing life as fulfilling. He finds satisfaction in leaving behind positive memories and making life worthwhile for oneself and others.

He addresses the question of whether skepticism can be a form of scientism, acknowledging that some skeptics might hold extreme views. However, Mustelin emphasizes that his skepticism is rooted in critical thinking and the pursuit of evidence. He values the human capacity for imagination and the creation of meaningful inner worlds, suggesting that these psychological aspects are as important as external reality.

Sketsis ry and Humor

The magazine also features a segment on 'Sketsis ry', an organization that has declared war on 'pseudo-humor'. The chairman, Muls Nistelin, offers a reward for scientifically proving the existence of genuinely funny sketches. The article presents an anecdote about a 'cigar-shaped object' that turned out to be a comedian, highlighting the subjective nature of humor and the potential for misinterpretation.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Skeptikko strongly advocates for critical thinking, scientific evidence, and rational inquiry. It consistently debunks pseudoscience, particularly astrology, by exposing its flawed methodologies, reliance on vague interpretations (Barnum effect), and lack of empirical support. The magazine promotes a worldview grounded in materialism and human agency, emphasizing personal responsibility and the search for meaning within the confines of a finite life. The editorial stance is clearly that of a skeptical organization aiming to educate the public about the importance of scientific literacy and critical evaluation of extraordinary claims.

This issue of Skeptikko, dated 2/2001, features a prominent article on the astrologer Nostradamus and also explores the persistent belief in a Flat Earth theory. The magazine delves into the historical context of astrology, its integration into various aspects of life, and its eventual challenge by scientific advancements.

Astrology: A Historical Perspective

The issue begins by tracing the origins of astrology back to ancient Babylon, where celestial bodies were believed to influence human affairs and the natural world. The concept of the zodiac, with its twelve constellations, played a central role in these beliefs. The article notes how these ancient interpretations, based on a 4000-year-old celestial map, are still used by many modern astrologers, despite the precession of the equinoxes having shifted the Sun's position relative to these constellations.

The influence of astrology extended to various cultures, including ancient Greece and Rome, where it developed into a more mathematical science. During the Middle Ages, astrology became deeply integrated with religion and medicine. The article highlights the role of key figures like Ptolemy and Albumasar in shaping astrological doctrines. It also discusses the tension between astrological determinism and the concept of free will within Christian theology, with the Church eventually accepting astrology as indicating possibilities rather than predetermined fates.

Astrology's connection to medicine is explored in detail. Ancient Greek physicians believed that imbalances in bodily fluids (blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm) were influenced by celestial bodies. The Moon, in particular, was thought to have a significant impact on the body, especially on the brain and intellect. Treatments and the timing of medical procedures were often guided by astrological principles, with specific constellations associated with different parts of the human body.

Nostradamus: The Prophet of the Ages

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to the life and prophecies of Nostradamus (Michel de Notredame). The article details his background, his medical studies, and his rise to fame as a seer. It recounts his experiences during the plague in Agen, where he lost his family, and his subsequent travels across Europe. His move to Salon in 1544 marked a period of renewed family life and professional success, particularly in his efforts to combat plague epidemics in Aix and Lyon.

Nostradamus gained widespread recognition for his rhyming prophecies, published in quatrains known as 'Centuries Astronomiques'. These prophecies, written in a deliberately ambiguous style, covered a vast range of future events. The article mentions specific predictions attributed to him, such as the defeat of the French at St.-Quentin in 1557 and the death of King Henrik II in a jousting accident in 1559, which significantly boosted his reputation. His services were sought by royalty, including Queen Katarina de' Medici.

The article notes the enduring fascination with Nostradamus's prophecies, with new editions and interpretations appearing long after his death. It also touches upon the controversy surrounding his work, including the Catholic Church's condemnation of his writings in 1781 for predicting the downfall of the papacy. The magazine also briefly mentions the fate of Nostradamus's son, Michel, who was executed for attempting to fulfill his own prophecy of a fire in Le Puy.

The Flat Earth Society: A Persistent Belief

Another prominent section of the magazine addresses the Flat Earth theory, exploring its modern proponents and arguments. The article introduces the Flat Earth Society, an organization dedicated to the belief that the Earth is a flat disk. It discusses some of the arguments put forth by Flat Earthers, such as the idea that gravity is an illusion and that the Earth is supported by a giant turtle or pillars.

The article highlights the literal interpretation of biblical texts as a primary driver for some Flat Earth adherents. It points out that while many creationists reject the Flat Earth theory as unscientific and potentially embarrassing, some fundamentalists still cling to it. The magazine also touches upon the idea of a hollow Earth, though it dismisses it as impractical due to the lack of gravity.

It is noted that the Flat Earth Society claims the Earth is currently being made spherical by television companies, but they are working to restore its original flat form. The article also mentions the society's assertion that space travel is faked and that the Earth's shape was misrepresented by figures like Columbus, contrary to historical evidence that the Earth's sphericity was understood much earlier.

The Decline of Astrology and the Persistence of Belief

The magazine concludes by discussing the gradual decline of astrology's influence as scientific understanding grew. While scientific advancements, such as the invention of the telescope, debunked many astrological claims, the practice persisted. The article notes that almanacs, which historically contained astrological predictions, continued to be popular, and even in recent times, astrological columns are common in magazines.

Despite the scientific community's rejection of astrology, the article acknowledges its cultural impact. It suggests that the pursuit of astrological accuracy spurred advancements in astronomy. The magazine frames astrology as an example of human curiosity leading down unconventional paths, and while stars may not dictate fate, astrological predictions have significantly influenced human thought and actions throughout history.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Skeptikko critically examines beliefs that have historically challenged or coexisted with scientific understanding. The magazine adopts a skeptical stance, presenting historical accounts of astrology and Nostradamus's prophecies while also scrutinizing the arguments of Flat Earth proponents. The editorial stance appears to be one of promoting critical thinking and scientific literacy, contrasting evidence-based knowledge with pseudoscientific beliefs and historical superstitions. The magazine aims to inform readers about the historical context of these beliefs and to encourage a rational evaluation of their validity.

This issue of Skeptikko, dated 2/2001, focuses on critically examining various pseudoscientific beliefs and practices, with a strong emphasis on astrology. The magazine features several articles that dissect the claims of astrology, ancient astronaut theories, and UFO phenomena, presenting scientific counterarguments and analyses.

Astrology: Worthless According to Research

The main article, authored by Hannu Vuori based on Angela Bourque's research, thoroughly debunks astrology. Bourque, initially open to astrology, found insufficient evidence to support its claims after examining arguments from both proponents and critics. The research reviewed works by Robert Parry and John Anthony West, who attempted to defend astrology. Parry's defense is described as weak, relying on a list of historical figures without providing concrete evidence of their astrological beliefs. West's arguments are also critiqued for their lack of empirical support, despite his attempt to link astrological phenomena to scientific concepts like magnetic fields.

Bourque highlights that critics like H.J. Eysenck and D.K.B. Nias have found significant flaws in astrological research, including poor methodology and statistical errors. They also point out that astrological concepts like zodiac signs are human constructs and that the influence of celestial bodies is not scientifically demonstrable. The article discusses the limitations of scientific testing for astrology, noting that its proponents often claim it works only as a whole system, making individual components difficult to test.

Further critiques come from Roger B. Culver and Philip A. Ianna, who argue that astrology violates the laws of cause and effect. They also point out that newly discovered celestial bodies like Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto have had insufficient time to be incorporated into astrological systems, yet astrologers claim to understand their influence.

John Ankerberg and John Weldon's work is also discussed, which frames astrology as part of occultism and links it to spiritual entities. They argue that the perceived accuracy of birth charts is often due to the Barnum effect and selective memory, where individuals focus on hits and ignore misses.

The article concludes that while some research, like Michel Gauquelin's, might suggest correlations between celestial positions and human traits, these do not validate astrology itself. The lack of a clear causal mechanism and the subjective nature of astrological interpretation are major weaknesses. Bourque suggests that if astrology is to be taken seriously, it should be presented as a belief system rather than a science, and its practitioners should acknowledge its limitations.

A Joke About UFOs

This short piece recounts a humorous incident from Savannah, USA, in 1975, where unusual aerial phenomena were reported. It turned out to be teenagers releasing helium-filled trash bags, which, in the dark and with their reddish glow, were mistaken for UFOs by some residents. The anecdote serves to highlight how easily people can be misled by appearances and sensational claims.

Astrology to Universities

This brief news item reports on India's plan to offer astrology degrees at 35 universities, a move that has alarmed Indian scientists. It also mentions that a Kepler College in Washington State, founded by American astrologers, received accreditation to award bachelor's and master's degrees in astrology. This highlights the growing institutionalization of astrology in some parts of the world, despite scientific skepticism.

Ancient Astronaut Theory: Also Beneficial?

FT Juha Hiltunen from the University of Turku discusses the ancient astronaut theory, particularly as it relates to the Andes region. He argues that many claims made by proponents of this theory, such as the existence of advanced ancient technology and extraterrestrial visitors, are pseudoscientific. Hiltunen explains that artifacts and structures often cited as evidence can be explained by known archaeological and cultural contexts. He points out that images interpreted as ancient astronauts or flying machines are likely misinterpretations of local art, such as depictions of hummingbirds.

Despite debunking the theory, Hiltunen acknowledges that the debate around ancient astronauts has had some positive side effects. It has spurred interest in archaeoastronomy, space exploration, and ufology, leading to increased interdisciplinary cooperation and tourism in regions like Peru. He uses the analogy of mushroom picking to illustrate the difference between science, which collects only edible mushrooms (valid findings), and pseudoscience, which collects both edible and poisonous ones.

Why Would UFOs Need Landing Sites?

This section, also by Hiltunen, addresses the Nazca lines in Peru. He refutes the idea that these geoglyphs were landing sites for UFOs, suggesting instead that they served practical purposes such as water line markers and aids for navigation at sunrise. He emphasizes that ancient knowledge, while advanced, does not necessarily imply extraterrestrial influence.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the critical examination of claims that lack scientific backing. Skeptikko consistently promotes a rational, evidence-based approach to understanding the world. The editorial stance is clearly skeptical of pseudoscience, including astrology and ancient astronaut theories, advocating for scientific rigor and critical thinking. The magazine aims to educate its readers about the flaws in these belief systems and to encourage a discerning approach to information.

Title: Skeptikko
Issue: 2/2001
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish
Cover Headline: Kokee muutoksen (Experiences Change)

This issue of Skeptikko magazine delves into the nature of change, both personal and societal, from a skeptical perspective. It features a personal narrative, articles on scientific inquiry, and updates on the activities of the Finnish skeptic organization, Skepsis ry.

Personal Transformation and Skepticism

The lead article, "Kokee muutoksen" (Experiences Change), recounts the author's personal journey of observing and experiencing shifts in the beliefs and behaviors of those around them. Initially, the author notes changes in friends' lifestyles, increased success, and more vibrant relationships. However, these positive changes are juxtaposed with more disturbing events, such as a friend's cousin having a kidney removed in Russia, leading to a sense of the world becoming more threatening. The author also reflects on the increasing amount of information available through media, such as new cancer cures and the possibility of levitating away wars, alongside the persistent presence of conspiracy theories. The author grapples with seemingly contradictory information, like the dual nature of nuclear power or the efficacy of homeopathy. This leads to a realization that the rapid pace of information dissemination might mean encountering new information about the same topics frequently. The author's personal skepticism is challenged when a friend notes that the author has become more agreeable and less prone to questioning statements, a change the author attributes to a loss of disbelief.

Critical Examination of Beliefs

Several articles in the magazine critically examine various pseudoscientific and paranormal claims.

Astrology

"The frail textiles of astrology" by Lauri Gröhn discusses how astrologers view astrological charts as a "fabric of meaning." The author, however, posits that astrology is essentially a collection of random numbers from which meaning is constructed using its own grammar and symbols.

"Epochs of astrology" by Arno Forsius traces the historical connection between astrology and medicine, noting that in the past, human diseases were often attributed to imbalances in bodily humors, which were believed to be influenced by celestial bodies, particularly planets. The article suggests that astrology is a cultural artifact reflecting human curiosity.

Flat Earth and Ancient Astronauts

"Flat and hollow" by Hannu Karttunen addresses the persistence of the flat earth theory. Karttunen argues that while such an idea might seem plausible to someone isolated from the wider world, modern technology allows for quick verification of geographical realities. He points out logical inconsistencies, such as the visibility of the sun at all locations simultaneously on a flat earth.

"The theory of ancient astronauts also useful" by Risto K. Järvinen, referencing Dr. Juha Hiltunen, discusses the concept of ancient astronauts. While acknowledging that this theory has stimulated interest in ancient research and archeoastronomy, Hiltunen suggests that depictions of ancient aircraft are likely misinterpretations of hummingbirds. He also notes that common elements like antennae and helmets can be found in ancient art if one actively looks for them, and questions the need for UFOs to have landing strips.

Nils Mustelin and Skepticism

An interview with Nils Mustelin, a prominent Finnish skeptic celebrating his 70th birthday, is featured. Risto K. Järvinen highlights Mustelin's role as a founding member of Skepsis ry and his critique of astrology. Mustelin emphasizes that the primary mission of skeptics is to educate young people with common sense and reliable information, as those who have already embraced belief systems are often beyond persuasion. He also advocates for Skepsis not to be an exclusive academic club, as it was initially.

Skepsis ry Activities and Information

The magazine provides comprehensive information about Skepsis ry:

• Membership: Details on how to join Skepsis ry are provided, including the membership fee for 2001 (120 mk, or 60 mk for those under 20) which includes a subscription to Skeptikko. A separate subscription to Skeptikko costs 140 mk per year.
• Contact Information: A list of contact persons for membership, regional representatives, and the organization's postal address, internet site, and bank details are included.
• Board and Committees: The current board members of Skepsis ry for 2001 are listed, along with the members of the Scientific Advisory Board.
• Events: Upcoming events are announced, including:
• A dowsing experiment in Joensuu during the summer of 2001.
• Monthly meetings at Tieteiden talo in Helsinki on Wednesdays, starting at 6 PM, with specific dates for lectures and the annual general meeting.
• Participation in the Hengen ja Tiedon Messut (Spirit and Knowledge Fair) and the Helsinki Book Fair in October 2001.
• Participation in the Turku Book, Theatre, and Education Fair in October 2001.
• Publications: Information is provided about the book "Paholaisen asianajajan paluu" (The Devil's Advocate's Return), a collection of articles by Finnish scientists debunking superstition and pseudoscience, available from Skepsis and URSA. The book is also available in Estonian.
• Merchandise: Skepsis ry is selling custom t-shirts.
• Skepsis Challenge: A challenge is announced offering 40,000 mk to anyone who can demonstrate a paranormal phenomenon under controlled conditions. Hannu Karttunen and Iiro Seppänen have pledged 10,000 mk each towards this prize.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the importance of critical thinking, the scientific method, and the dissemination of reliable information, particularly to younger generations. Skepsis ry positions itself as an organization dedicated to investigating paranormal claims objectively and promoting a rational worldview. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of evidence-based reasoning and against pseudoscience and superstition, encouraging readers to "dare to think" (Uska alla ajatella!). The magazine serves as a platform for disseminating skeptical viewpoints and informing the public about the organization's activities and its commitment to scientific literacy.