2000-4-skeptikko

Magazine Overview

This issue of SKEPTIKKO (Issue 4/2000, Number 47, dated 18.12.2000) is published by Skepsis Ry and edited by Risto K. Järvinen. The cover features the question "Ovatko mikroaallot vaarallisia?" (Are microwaves dangerous?), indicating a focus on health concerns related to electromagnetic radiation. The magazine also includes articles on the history of calendars and the nature of skepticism.

Editorial: "Tiesittehän..." (Did You Know...)

The editorial, written by Risto K. Järvinen, begins by presenting a series of humorous, pseudoscientific explanations for common phenomena, such as why days are longer in summer (due to thermal expansion) and why earthquakes occur (due to the Earth's 'main bearing' being lubricated by oil). These absurd examples serve as a prelude to discussing the types of irrational beliefs that skeptics often encounter.

Järvinen then transitions to more contemporary pseudoscientific claims, citing examples like the alleged dangers of mobile phone radiation and microwave ovens causing cancer, hormonal imbalances, and weakened immune systems. He also mentions the theory that comets might be responsible for mad cow disease. The editorial highlights that while some pseudoscientific claims are easily debunked, others, like those concerning health and well-being, offer comfort and simple answers to complex questions, making them appealing to people who seek certainty and fear death.

The editorial concludes by suggesting that during the holiday season (Christmas), it's a good time for skeptics to take a break and reflect, especially if they don't have to deal with the 'holiday' itself.

Articles

"Milloin vuosituhat vaihtuu?" (When Does the Millennium Change?) by Jouko Koppinen

This article delves into the complexities of measuring time, starting with the confusion surrounding the millennium change. Koppinen explains that the human desire to create a consistent and meaningful calendar has led to various systems throughout history, often influenced by natural cycles like the moon and seasons. He discusses the different lengths of months and years, the astronomical basis for timekeeping (synodic, anomalistic, draconic, and sidereal months; tropical, sidereal, and anomalistic years), and how these have been adapted into calendars.

The article traces the history of calendar development from ancient Sumerians and Semitic cultures, through the Roman Republic's calendar (which was notoriously inaccurate and subject to political manipulation), to Julius Caesar's reform and the Julian calendar. It highlights the inaccuracies of the Julian calendar, which led to a drift in seasonal dates. The introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII aimed to correct this drift by skipping ten days and refining leap year rules. The adoption of the Gregorian calendar was gradual, with Protestant countries initially resisting it. The article notes the unique case of Sweden's attempts to synchronize its calendar and the eventual global adoption of the Gregorian system, alongside religious calendars like the Jewish and Islamic ones.

Koppinen also touches upon the cultural significance of the turn of the 21st century, emphasizing that the year 2000 marked the end of the 20th century, not the beginning of the 21st, due to the absence of a year zero in the common era reckoning.

"Milloin alkoi 20. vuosisata?" (When Did the 20th Century Begin?) by Risto K. Järvinen

This article, written by the editor, explores the subjective and cultural markers of historical periods, particularly the start of the 20th century. Järvinen argues that historical epochs are not strictly defined by calendar dates but by significant societal and cultural shifts. He contrasts the perceived order and stability of the pre-World War I era (the Belle Époque) with the dramatic changes that followed.

Järvinen uses the premiere of Igor Stravinsky's "The Rite of Spring" in Paris in 1913 as a cultural marker, symbolizing the avant-garde and the disruption of traditional aesthetics. He then points to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo in 1914 as the event that triggered World War I and irrevocably changed the political landscape of Europe, effectively ending the 19th century and ushering in the 20th. The article describes the brief, surreal Christmas truce of 1914 on the Western Front as a poignant moment before the full horrors of trench warfare set in, marking the true beginning of the 20th century's conflicts.

"Paljon melua sähköstä" (Much Ado About Electricity) by Matti Virtanen

This article, based on excerpts from a TV1 MOT program, investigates the phenomenon of electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS). It features Timo A. Toivonen, a 28-year-old diploma engineer who claims to suffer from EHS, forcing him to avoid electromagnetic fields. Toivonen describes a range of symptoms, including fatigue, insomnia, heart issues, anxiety, pain, and infections, which he initially attributed to amalgam fillings. After removing his amalgam fillings, his symptoms reportedly worsened, leading him to join the Association of the Electrosensitive.

The article highlights the Association's campaign against mobile phone base station radiation, including appeals to the President of Finland and the UN. The association's chairman, Matti Wirmaneva, advocates for stricter limits on radiation levels, citing examples from Italy and Switzerland. The article also touches upon the scientific debate surrounding EHS, with Säteilyturvakeskus (Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority) research professor Dariusz Leszczynski expressing skepticism about the scientific validity of many studies cited by EHS sufferers. Leszczynski points out methodological flaws, lack of replication, and the tendency for EHS advocates to selectively cite studies that support their claims while ignoring contradictory evidence.

"Liiketoimintaa sähköyliherkkien kustannuksella?" (Business at the Expense of the Electrosensitive?) by Anonymous

This article critically examines the business practices associated with electromagnetic hypersensitivity. It questions the credentials of Matti Wirmaneva, chairman of the Association of the Electrosensitive, noting his use of the title 'medical candidate' despite incomplete studies. The article suggests that Wirmaneva, who also works as a 'natural health therapist,' may be profiting from the condition.

It also discusses the role of certain doctors, like Jaakko Amperla, who promote alternative treatments such as replacing amalgam fillings and taking antioxidant supplements. The article mentions Timo A. Toivonen's experience with a controversial doctor, Kaarlo Jaakkola, who prescribed numerous medications and natural products, costing Toivonen thousands of euros and a significant monthly expense for antioxidant medication. The article implies that some practitioners exploit the fears and symptoms of EHS sufferers for financial gain.

Other Articles

• "Milloin vuosituhat vaihtuu?" (continued): This section likely elaborates on the calendar history, possibly discussing specific calendar reforms or cultural interpretations of time.
• "Puheenjohtajan palsta. Skepsiksen huuhaa-palkinto televisio-ohjelmalle “Akuutti”" (Chairman's Column. Skepsis's Hoax Award to the TV show "Akuutti"): This is likely an editorial or commentary from the chairman of Skepsis Ry, discussing the organization's activities and awards.
• "Antioksidanttiparadoksi" (Antioxidant Paradox): This article probably examines the scientific evidence for or against the benefits of antioxidants.
• "Luontaistuotekaupan huolet entä turvallisuus?" (Concerns of Natural Product Stores: What About Safety?): This article likely discusses the safety and efficacy of products sold in natural health stores.
• "Auttaako hypnoosi?" (Does Hypnosis Help?): This article explores the effectiveness and scientific basis of hypnosis.
• "Bara Normal. Huippulahjakkuuksien mukana..." (Bara Normal. With Top Talents...): The content of this article is unclear from the title alone but might relate to unusual talents or phenomena.
• "Keskustelua. Eriävä näkemys kognitiivisesta dissonanssista" (Discussion. Different View on Cognitive Dissonance): This is a discussion piece likely exploring the psychological concept of cognitive dissonance.
• "Keskustelua. Tyhmiä kysymyksiä evoluutiosta..." (Discussion. Stupid Questions About Evolution...): This discussion likely addresses common misconceptions or questions about evolutionary theory.
• "Tarinoita erilaisista huijauksista." (Stories of Various Scams.): This article probably recounts examples of fraudulent schemes.
• "Miksi scifin harrastaja on usein skeptikko?" (Why is a Sci-Fi Fan Often a Skeptic?): This article explores the potential link between science fiction fandom and a skeptical mindset.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko are skepticism towards pseudoscientific claims, particularly concerning health and technology (electromagnetic hypersensitivity, microwave dangers, antioxidants), and a critical examination of how people perceive and measure time (calendar history, cultural definitions of centuries). The editorial stance is clearly one of promoting critical thinking, scientific literacy, and evidence-based reasoning. The magazine aims to debunk irrational beliefs and highlight the flaws in pseudoscientific arguments, while also providing factual information on topics like the history of science and timekeeping.

This issue of Skeptikko, dated 4/2000, delves into several topics related to health, technology, and belief systems, primarily from a skeptical perspective. The magazine features articles debunking common fears about microwave ovens, examining the prevalence of UFO abduction claims, and exploring the psychological underpinnings of irrational beliefs.

Microwave Ovens: No Harm to Health

The lead article, "Mikroruoasta ei haittaa terveydelle" (Microwave food does not harm health) by Risto K. Järvinen, addresses widespread concerns about the safety of microwave ovens and microwave-cooked food. The article systematically refutes ten common myths. It explains that microwaves heat food by causing water molecules to vibrate, generating heat through friction, a process similar to how conventional cooking works. Contrary to popular belief, microwave cooking does not create harmful byproducts or free radicals. In fact, it can be more effective at preserving vitamins, such as C, B vitamins, and folate, than traditional methods because it requires less cooking time and often no added water. The article highlights that the Maillard reaction, which can produce harmful compounds in other cooking methods, does not occur in microwave cooking. It also clarifies that microwave radiation is non-ionizing and does not pose the same risks as X-rays. The article addresses specific claims, such as microwave food causing cancer or altering nutrients, by citing research and expert opinions, including those of Dr. Seija Mäkinen. It concludes that microwave ovens are safe and efficient cooking tools.

Electromagnetic Fields and Health

Several articles discuss the health effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs), particularly from mobile phones and power lines. Research Professor Maila Hietanen from the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health is cited, stating that there is no clear evidence linking low-frequency EMFs to cancer. Studies on electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) have shown that individuals claiming to be hypersensitive cannot reliably distinguish between real and sham EMF exposure in blind tests. Docent Risto Ilmoniemi from Helsinki University of Technology's neuroscience department explains that while strong magnetic fields can affect the nervous system (e.g., in magnetic stimulation), environmental EMFs are millions of times weaker and have no significant health impact. He notes that concerns about power lines and mobile phones are largely unfounded, and resources spent on shielding could be better used to address real environmental hazards. The article also touches upon the EU's recommendations for EMF exposure limits, suggesting that current Finnish limits are well within safe ranges. Professor Kari Jokela from the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) confirms that mobile phone base station radiation levels are far below current guidelines and comparable to those from TV and radio waves, which have been around for decades.

UFO Abductions: No Longer "In Fashion"

An article titled "Ufo-abduktiot eivät enää ‘muodissa’" (UFO abductions are no longer 'in fashion') by Vesa Kolhinen examines survey data on reported UFO abductions in the United States. Funded by businessman Robert Bigelow and later the National Institute for Discovery Science, surveys in 1991 and 1998 revealed a significant decrease in reported abduction experiences. The article details the survey methodology, noting that questions were leading and focused on the frequency of experiences rather than belief in UFOs. The 1991 survey indicated that 2% of respondents had experienced abduction, translating to over 3.7 million Americans. By 1998, this figure had dropped to approximately 1.85 million.

Why Do People Believe in Strange Things?

In "Miksi ihmiset uskovat outoihin asioihin?" (Why do people believe in strange things?), Vesa Kolhinen explores the psychological and evolutionary reasons behind irrational beliefs. The article posits that humans are wired for pattern-finding and causal reasoning, a trait that was advantageous for survival but can lead to misinterpretations. It discusses how cognitive biases, such as confirmation bias and the tendency to accept simple explanations over complex ones, contribute to the persistence of pseudoscientific beliefs like astrology, horoscopes, and conspiracy theories. The article argues that while science provides a more accurate understanding of the world, many people prefer comforting, albeit irrational, beliefs. These beliefs offer solace, immediate gratification, a sense of purpose, and a way to cope with the fear of death. The author emphasizes the importance of skepticism and critical thinking in distinguishing between science and pseudoscience, noting that pseudoscientific beliefs often persist because they are difficult to disprove and can offer psychological comfort.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Skeptikko consistently promotes a rational, evidence-based approach to understanding the world. The magazine debunks common fears and pseudoscientific claims related to technology (microwaves, mobile phones) and paranormal phenomena (UFOs). The editorial stance is clearly in favor of scientific inquiry, critical thinking, and skepticism as tools to combat misinformation and irrational beliefs. The articles emphasize that while science may not have all the answers, it is the most reliable method for understanding reality. The magazine advocates for informed decision-making based on scientific evidence rather than fear or unsubstantiated claims. It highlights the psychological comfort derived from irrational beliefs but argues for the necessity of questioning them for personal and societal well-being.

Title: SKEPTIKKO
Issue: 4/2000
Date: October 2000
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish

This issue of SKEPTIKKO, the journal of the Finnish Skeptics Society (Skepsis ry), focuses on critical examination of pseudoscientific claims in health and media. The cover story highlights the "Huuhaa Award" given to the television program "Akuutti" for its uncritical presentation of alternative medicine. Other articles delve into the paradoxes of antioxidant research and the scientific evidence for and against hypnosis.

Huuhaa Award for 'Akuutti'

The editorial, "Huuhaa-palkinto televisio-ohjelmalle 'Akuutti'" (Huuhaa Award for the TV program 'Akuutti'), details Skepsis ry's decision to award its annual "Huuhaa Award" to the television program "Akuutti." The award was given for the program's one-sided and uncritical presentation of information related to alternative medicine and the mystical "New Age" worldview. The article states that "Akuutti" has repeatedly featured topics such as trace element therapies, spiritual healing, homeopathy, rose therapy, reiki, shamanism, feng shui, and other controversial diagnostic and treatment methods without providing any critical evaluation or warnings. The program has presented claims about the effects of undefined energy fields, meridians, or currents on health, concepts for which there is no scientific basis in medicine. Skepsis criticizes "Akuutti" for not critically assessing the actual benefits of these questionable treatments, instead giving a platform solely to those offering them, which can create a misleading impression of their efficacy. The article emphasizes that health information programs are expected to be responsible and critical, especially when dealing with health-related topics. It calls for the inclusion of medical experts' opinions to prevent misconceptions about the effectiveness of alternative treatments. The magazine argues that presenting alternative therapies by relying solely on the claims of those selling them, and even disseminating their contact information, creates an impression of advertising.

Antioxidant Paradox

An article titled "Antioksidanttiparadoksi" (Antioxidant Paradox) by Pertti Kolari discusses the complex and often contradictory findings regarding antioxidants. It references a doctoral dissertation by Nea Malila, which found that antioxidants like beta-carotene and vitamin E do not prevent colon cancer and may even increase the incidence of precancerous lesions. The article explains the role of antioxidants in combating free radicals, which are byproducts of cellular metabolism and can damage DNA, potentially leading to cancer. While antioxidants are part of the body's defense system, the article questions the widespread marketing of antioxidant supplements, especially in light of research suggesting they may not be beneficial and could even be harmful in certain contexts. The research by Malila involved a large study of male smokers who were given beta-carotene, vitamin E, or a placebo. The study found no evidence that these antioxidants prevented colon cancer, and in some cases, vitamin E supplementation was associated with an increased number of adenomas. The article also touches upon the SETTI study, which investigated the link between antioxidant intake and various cancers and cardiovascular diseases. While some findings suggested a potential benefit of vitamin E for prostate cancer, beta-carotene showed no benefit for lung cancer and even an increased risk in some groups. The article notes that the marketing of these supplements often outpaces the scientific evidence, and that the Finnish market for high-dose vitamins and trace elements is subject to regulations that differ from those in other EU countries.

Hypnosis: Does it Help?

Another article, "Auttaako hypnoosi?" (Does Hypnosis Help?) by Professor Hannu Lauerma, examines the scientific evidence for hypnosis as a therapeutic tool. The article defines hypnosis as a relaxation-based method that uses suggestions to induce psychological or physiological changes. It clarifies that hypnosis is not sleep or a dream-like state, contrary to some popular misconceptions, and that its effects can be measured and visualized using brain imaging techniques. The article confirms that there is strong scientific evidence for hypnosis in pain management and as an adjunct to psychotherapy for various physical ailments and psychological conditions, including irritable bowel syndrome, childbirth preparation, phobias, anxiety, insomnia, and bedwetting. However, it also points out that the evidence for hypnosis in areas like smoking cessation and weight loss is weak or non-existent, according to a Cochrane analysis. Lauerma criticizes "hypnologists" who lack scientific training for making unsubstantiated claims about hypnosis, often attributing its success to their own expertise rather than the patient's motivation or the natural course of recovery. The article warns against the manipulative potential of hypnosis, especially when used by untrained individuals for personal gain or to influence others without their full consent. It highlights the importance of ethical guidelines and proper training for practitioners, noting that in Finland, the regulation of hypnosis is less strict than in some other countries, allowing anyone to market and teach it.

Skepsis Board and Activities

A brief report on the Skepsis ry's autumn meeting details the election of the board for 2001. Jukka Häkkinen was re-elected president, and Otto Mäkelä vice-president. New board members include Professor Veikko Näntö and engineer Pertti Laine. The report also outlines plans for public events and collaborations with international skeptical organizations. The society aims to strengthen its public image by providing clear, science-based information on paranormal phenomena.

Natural Product Store Concerns

An article titled "Luontaistuotekaupan huolet - entä turvallisuus?" (Concerns of Natural Product Stores - What About Safety?) by Veikko Näntö discusses the challenges faced by natural product retailers in Finland due to regulations on high-dose vitamin and trace element sales. It also addresses safety concerns, referencing a case where a product called "Chaparral" caused severe liver damage, leading to its ban. The article criticizes the tendency of some natural product representatives to downplay the risks associated with these products, emphasizing the need for consumer vigilance and more effective regulatory oversight. It argues that high-potency vitamin and trace element products, often marketed as food supplements, should be treated as medicines and their use should be supervised by healthcare professionals.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of SKEPTIKKO consistently promotes a skeptical and evidence-based approach to health claims and paranormal phenomena. The editorial stance is critical of pseudoscientific marketing and unverified claims, advocating for scientific rigor and consumer protection. The magazine champions the importance of critical thinking and informed decision-making, particularly in areas related to health and well-being. The articles highlight the need for proper regulation and consumer education to combat misinformation and protect the public from potentially harmful practices.

Title: Skeptikko
Issue: 4/2000
Date: October 2000
Publisher: Skeptikko ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish
Price: 35 mk

This issue of Skeptikko magazine, a publication focused on critical thinking and skepticism, features a diverse range of articles tackling pseudoscientific claims, psychological phenomena, evolutionary theory, various scams, and the intersection of science fiction with skepticism.

Article: Huippulahjakkuuksien mukana (With Supertalents)

The issue opens with a personal reflection on 'supertalents,' describing a unique ability to consciously control bodily energies, exemplified by athletes like Wayne Gretzky, Björn Borg, and Muhammed Ali. The author recounts an experience of demonstrating such a talent by influencing a 'love testing machine.' The article quotes research suggesting that gifted individuals can consciously alter measurable responses, such as fingertip conductivity, and that deep concentration is key to controlling bodily reactions. It touches upon the idea of moving beyond the separation of subject and object to perceive the universe as a living whole.

Article: Eriävä näkemys kognitiivisesta dissonanssista (A Different View on Cognitive Dissonance)

This article critically examines an earlier piece in Skeptikko that discussed cognitive dissonance in relation to paranormal research. The author challenges the notion that Western scientific thinking is inherently flawed or narrow-minded, arguing that it is precisely the scientific method, with its reliance on rational thought and evidence, that allows for the revision of beliefs when confronted with contradictory data. The piece contrasts this with what it terms 'new thinking' that embraces Eastern philosophies and the paranormal. It criticizes the idea that science is 'blind' and unable to grasp higher spiritual realities, suggesting that proponents of the paranormal often use the argument that such phenomena cannot be scientifically proven as a shield against scrutiny. The author contends that scientists, by adhering to empirical evidence, are less likely to experience cognitive dissonance regarding the paranormal because there is no scientific evidence to contradict their existing worldview.

Article: Voiko olla maailmankatsomusta ilman kognitiivista dissonanssia? (Can there be a Worldview Without Cognitive Dissonance?)

This piece continues the critique of cognitive dissonance, particularly as applied to scientific inquiry. The author argues that while cognitive dissonance is a psychological phenomenon, it is not inherently a flaw in scientific thinking. Instead, the scientific method's strength lies in its ability to confront and resolve such dissonances through evidence and rational analysis. The article suggests that those who rigidly adhere to a worldview, whether scientific or otherwise, may engage in a form of self-censorship to maintain consistency. It posits that scientists, by their very nature, are trained to question and revise their understanding based on new data, making them less susceptible to the kind of cognitive dissonance that might arise from trying to reconcile contradictory beliefs.

Article: Tieteen paradoksi (The Paradox of Science)

The author discusses the perceived paradox of science, where scientists must act as objective observers of the universe, yet their findings are always relative and subject to revision. The article suggests that the pursuit of knowledge inherently involves acknowledging uncertainty. It contrasts this with the certainty sought by those who believe in paranormal phenomena, implying that such certainty is often based on subjective experience rather than empirical evidence.

Article: Tyhmiä kysymyksiä evoluutiosta (Stupid Questions About Evolution)

This section presents three critical questions regarding evolutionary theory, framed as 'stupid questions' that skeptics might pose. The first question challenges the origin and nature of 'chance' as a driving force in evolution, suggesting it might be a placeholder for human ignorance of causality. The second question probes the absolute nature of causality, asking if the universe's development was predetermined from the Big Bang or if external, non-causal influences were involved. The third question critiques the concept of evolution by natural selection, questioning the definition of 'selection' and suggesting a circular argument where mutations produce advantageous traits, and chance dictates mutations. The author implies that the theory might be an anthropomorphic interpretation of natural processes, potentially masking the role of chance.

Article: Tarinoita erilaisista huijauksista (Stories About Various Scams)

This extensive section, compiled by Jukka Pöyry, details various fraudulent schemes. It begins with the adage that 'it's not the fool who asks, but the one who pays.' The article describes 'Finalta's' 'fill envelopes at home' scheme as a chain-letter-like operation. It then delves into chain letters themselves, explaining their mechanics and why they are often illegal and ultimately unprofitable for most participants. Network marketing (MLM) is discussed, with a distinction made between legitimate and fraudulent operations, highlighting how some MLMs can devolve into pyramid schemes where recruitment is prioritized over product sales. The article also covers 'search engine robot trickery,' where website owners manipulate keywords to improve search rankings, and 'betting systems,' which promise guaranteed winnings in gambling but are based on flawed logic and often lead to losses. Finally, it recounts an experience with a timeshare sales pitch in Tenerife, detailing the high-pressure tactics used to sell overpriced holiday ownerships.

Article: Hakurobottien hämääminen (Tricking Search Engine Robots)

This article explains how search engine robots (crawlers) index websites. It describes a technique where website owners hide keywords in the website's code or background to improve their search engine ranking. The author shares a personal experiment where they added 100 popular search terms to their website's footer, resulting in a significant increase in visitors, demonstrating the effectiveness of this SEO manipulation tactic.

Article: Pelisysteemit (Betting Systems)

This section exposes fraudulent betting systems sold with promises of guaranteed winnings in games like football pools. The article analyzes a specific example where a system claims to guarantee winnings within a certain timeframe, but the conditions for claiming a refund are designed to be almost impossible to meet, effectively making the guarantee void for most customers.

Article: Lomaosakebisnes (Timeshare Business)

The article describes the aggressive sales tactics used in the timeshare industry, particularly in tourist destinations like Tenerife. It details how potential buyers are lured into presentations with promises of free gifts and then subjected to high-pressure sales pitches, often involving emotional manipulation and time constraints, to sign contracts for overpriced holiday ownerships.

Article: Miksi scifin harrastaja on usein skeptikko? (Why is a Science Fiction Fan Often a Skeptic?)

This article explores the perceived link between science fiction fandom and skepticism. The author argues that engaging with speculative fiction, which often involves exploring alternative realities and questioning the status quo, cultivates a critical and questioning mindset. Readers of science fiction are exposed to complex ideas and often possess a scientific or well-educated background, leading them to naturally doubt unsubstantiated claims, including those related to the paranormal and pseudoscience. The article suggests that the very nature of science fiction, which thrives on 'what if' scenarios, encourages a skeptical approach to extraordinary claims.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko are skepticism, critical thinking, and the debunking of pseudoscience and fraudulent claims. The magazine consistently adopts a rationalist and evidence-based stance, challenging pseudoscientific theories, psychological fallacies, and various forms of deception. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of scientific inquiry and rational analysis, aiming to educate readers about common scams and flawed reasoning. The inclusion of articles on cognitive dissonance, evolution, and the nature of scientific inquiry underscores a commitment to promoting a scientific worldview.

This issue of Skeptikko magazine, dated 4/2000, is published by Skepsis ry, a Finnish skeptical association. The magazine focuses on critically examining paranormal claims, pseudoscientific theories, and unverified phenomena.

Articles

Human-made Crop Circles

The lead article discusses the appearance of crop circles in Espoo, Finland, and the assertion by ufologists that they were human-made. The report notes that Ilta-Lehti also suggested a human origin, citing the discovery of a human-made path near the circles. The article questions whether the skepticism expressed by Skeptikko magazine might have influenced this discussion.

Nobel Laureate Defends Pseudoscience

This piece reports on Nobel laureate Brian Josephson (Physics, 1973) from Cambridge University, who advocates for increased research into parapsychology. Josephson suggests that phenomena like ESP might be explained by organisms utilizing 'non-local quantum correlations' or 'entanglement.' The article expresses surprise at the lack of detailed evidence for this claim in Josephson's brief writing, while acknowledging that a Nobel laureate might have valid reasons for his assertions, unless he has become senile.

Rebirthing Therapy Kills Young Girl

An article from the Skeptical Inquirer details a tragic incident in Colorado where a 10-year-old girl died during a rebirthing therapy session. The girl was wrapped in a blanket with pillows around her head and reportedly suffocated. The therapist allegedly told the girl to 'die then' when she expressed difficulty breathing. The therapist and three others face legal charges. The therapy, developed by Leonard Orr in 1970, cost $7000 for a two-week course. Two other children have reportedly died from suffocation during similar therapies since 1993. The blanket symbolizes the womb, and the pillows represent birth contractions.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome is Also Somatic

This 'Discussion' section addresses a previous article in Skeptikko (2/2000) by Professor Veikko Näntö regarding hypersensitivity. The author, Robert Paul, an Associate Professor of Internal Medicine, argues that Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBD) is not merely psychosomatic. He cites research indicating that serotonin (5-HT) receptors in the gut play a key role in regulating intestinal function and that drugs targeting these receptors, like alosetron, are being developed for IBD treatment. While acknowledging the psychological component of IBD, the article emphasizes its somatic basis and the potential for identifying underlying pathophysiological factors, similar to how serotonin receptors are implicated.

SkUTu - The Association for Victims of Skepticism

This article introduces SkUTu (Skeptismin Uhrien Tuki), an unregistered association aiming to support individuals who feel harmed by scientific worldviews. The association offers therapy, including 'healing' through methods like homeopathy, acupuncture, aromatherapy, and astral travel. They also employ 'skepticism therapists' who use tools like E-meters, astrology, aura photography, and hypnosis to help individuals recover from what they perceive as the negative effects of scientific thinking. The association seeks members and donations, stating that while the therapy is free, membership fees and course costs apply.

When Does the Millennium Change?

By Jouko Koppinen, this article reflects on the difficulties in determining the exact timing of the millennium change, drawing parallels to historical confusions in calendar systems. It touches upon the human tendency to seek logical patterns in the universe and the idea of humanity as its purpose, while noting that the universe operates independently of human intentions.

The Antioxidant Paradox

Written by Pertti Kolari, this piece discusses a study by Nea Malila suggesting that antioxidants like beta-carotene and vitamin E do not prevent colon cancer and may even increase the risk of early-stage growths. The article warns that with the EU's demand for free sales of vitamins and supplements, the marketing of antioxidants might increase despite these cautionary findings.

Does Hypnosis Help?

Hannu Lauerma's article explores the efficacy of hypnosis. It states that hypnosis, a method of care based on relaxation and suggestion, has been scientifically measurable and describable in recent years. Convincing scientific evidence supports its effectiveness in treating certain somatic disorders and as an aid in psychotherapy, although it can be inefficient for some purposes and carries potential side effects. The article also cautions against 'hypnologists' lacking scientific education who spread misinformation.

Why Are SciFi Readers Usually Skeptics?

Marko Ahonen explores the connection between science fiction readership and skepticism. He argues that true appreciation of SciFi goes beyond blockbuster movies and involves a deeper engagement with 'What if...?' questions, suggesting a natural inclination towards critical thinking and questioning.

Much Ado About Electricity

Matti Virtanen discusses the health risks associated with mobile phone radiation. While acknowledging that radiation can cause biological changes at the cellular level and that cells initiate processes to prevent damage, the article states that it is not yet known whether these cellular responses are harmful. It mentions research linking mobile phone radiation to various complaints and illnesses, but notes the problem of results often coming from a single laboratory and being difficult to replicate, thus remaining scientifically uncertain.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes a skeptical and scientific approach to claims of the paranormal, pseudoscience, and unverified phenomena. It encourages critical thinking, evidence-based reasoning, and objective investigation. The editorial stance is clearly against unsubstantiated claims and in favor of scientific methodology, as evidenced by its critical examination of topics like crop circles, parapsychology, and alternative therapies. The magazine also highlights the importance of scientific research in understanding health issues and debunking misinformation.