1999-4-skeptikko

Magazine Overview

Title: SKEPTIKKO
Issue: 4/99
Date: December 22, 1999
Publisher: Skepsis Ry

This issue of Skeptikko, a Finnish skeptical magazine, explores themes of time, skepticism, and the human perception of reality, particularly as the millennium approaches. The cover prominently features the question "Loppuuko aika?" (Will time end?), hinting at the magazine's focus on eschatological predictions and the nature of time itself.

Articles and Content

Editorial: "Teologia ja rajatieto" (Theology and Fringe Knowledge) by Raija Sollamo

The editorial discusses the classification of knowledge in libraries, noting the emergence of 'rajatieto' (fringe knowledge) as a category that encompasses religion, philosophy, and psychology. The author argues that while religions involve belief in the unprovable, theology and religious studies are academic disciplines that aim to provide reliable and objective accounts of religious phenomena. Sollamo emphasizes the importance of critical thinking and scientific inquiry in understanding religions, cautioning against being swayed by pseudoscientific or cultic beliefs.

"Ajasta ja ajanlaskuista vuosituhannen vaihtuessa" (On Time and Timekeeping as the Millennium Changes) by Ilpo V. Salmi

This extensive article delves into the history and philosophy of timekeeping. Salmi traces the origins of time measurement from ancient Egypt and Rome, discussing the development of calendars, including the Julian and Gregorian reforms. He explores the human tendency to adapt timekeeping to their needs and beliefs, referencing figures like Augustine and Isaac Newton. The article also touches upon Einstein's theory of relativity and its implications for the perception of time. Salmi examines the significance of the year 2000 as a millennial marker and discusses how different cultures experience and conceptualize time, contrasting linear and cyclical views.

"Sextus Empiricus, epäilyn profeetta" (Sextus Empiricus, Prophet of Doubt) by Raimo Lehti

This article focuses on the ancient Greek skeptic Sextus Empiricus and his role as an opponent of dogmatism. Lehti explains that ancient skepticism differed from modern usage, aiming to win arguments rather than discover objective truth. He highlights Sextus's emphasis on suspending judgment ('epoché') when faced with conflicting arguments. The article notes that Sextus's works gained prominence in the late 16th century, influencing thinkers like Michel de Montaigne and contributing to the philosophical debates of the Renaissance and Enlightenment.

"Valkosipulista ei ole lääkkeeksi" (Garlic is Not a Medicine) by Sari Ekholm

This piece likely debunks claims about the medicinal properties of garlic, aligning with the magazine's skeptical stance on pseudoscientific health claims.

"Lumevaikutus uskomuslääkinnässä" (The Placebo Effect in Faith Healing) by Pekka Reinikainen

Reinikainen examines the placebo effect within the context of faith healing, exploring how psychological factors can influence perceived health outcomes. This article critically analyzes the mechanisms behind unproven healing methods.

"Skeptikot vastaan rajatiedon harrastajat" (Skeptics vs. Fringe Knowledge Enthusiasts) by Olavi Kiviniemi

This article likely contrasts the methodologies and viewpoints of skeptics with those who advocate for fringe or paranormal phenomena, highlighting the ongoing debate between scientific reasoning and belief in the unexplained.

"Toimitukselta" (From the Editors)

Marketta Ollikainen, the editor-in-chief, reflects on the past year of Skeptikko, expressing satisfaction with the magazine's production despite its amateurish origins. She thanks the layout designer, Juha Keränen, and emphasizes the importance of reader support through membership fees for the magazine's continued publication. Ollikainen also shares personal reflections on her experiences with fortune-telling and the prevalence of superstition, urging readers to embrace critical thinking. She announces that her term as editor-in-chief is ending.

"ALLAKASTA SÄÄPROFEETTA" (Weather Prophet from the Almanac)

This section discusses the historical practice of including weather predictions in almanacs, often based on cyclical patterns like the Metonic cycle. It notes that modern almanacs have largely abandoned specific daily forecasts in favor of general climate tables.

"Loppuuko aika?" (Will Time End?)

This article explores various theories and predictions about the end of the world. It references historical figures like Newton who attempted to calculate the end times, and discusses modern doomsday cults like Heaven's Gate and the Order of the Solar Temple. The article also touches upon scientific scenarios such as cosmic catastrophes, including comet impacts and gamma-ray bursts, and the Y2K computer bug as a potential harbinger of disruption.

"SUOMALAISTEN AIKA" (Finnish Time)

This piece details the history of timekeeping in Finland, from the traditional agricultural year to the adoption of the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It highlights the resistance to calendar reforms and the unique Finnish practice of naming days.

"Unelma menneestä kulta-ajasta" (Dream of a Past Golden Age)

This article likely examines the concept of a 'golden age' and how different cultures and historical periods have envisioned a decline from an idealized past, contrasting it with ideas of progress.

"Aika vastaan ajattomuus" (Time vs. Timelessness)

This section likely discusses the philosophical concept of timelessness and its relation to the experience of time, possibly exploring how certain physical phenomena, like the speed of light, are considered outside the normal flow of time.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko revolve around the critical examination of beliefs, the history of science and philosophy, and the debunking of pseudoscientific claims. The magazine consistently promotes a rational, evidence-based approach to understanding the world, encouraging readers to "dare to think" (sapere aude). The editorial stance is clearly skeptical, aiming to distinguish between established scientific knowledge and unsubstantiated beliefs, whether they stem from religious dogma, New Age philosophies, or popular superstitions. The issue reflects a concern with the approaching millennium and the anxieties it generated, addressing both historical and contemporary end-of-the-world narratives with a critical lens.

This issue of SKEPTIKKO (4/1999) delves into the philosophical underpinnings of skepticism, primarily through an extensive examination of the arguments of Sextus Empiricus and, to some extent, Agrippa. The magazine also features articles on the perceived medicinal properties of garlic and a more speculative piece on the concept of the end of the world and human spiritualization.

Sextus Empiricus and Skepticism

The core of the issue is dedicated to dissecting Sextus Empiricus's skeptical arguments. The articles explore how Sextus, a key figure in Pyrrhonian skepticism, systematically dismantled the claims of dogmatic philosophers by highlighting the inherent difficulties in attaining certain knowledge.

Arguments Against Knowledge Claims

Several key arguments are detailed:

• The Argument from Ambiguity of Terms: Sextus addresses the 'dogmatic' claim that critics do not 'understand' them. He distinguishes between understanding the meaning of a statement and accepting its truth, suggesting that those who claim not to be understood might be using the term 'understand' in a way that avoids genuine critique.
• The Argument from Sensory Differences: Sextus points out that different animals perceive the world differently due to variations in their sensory organs. This leads to the conclusion that we cannot ascertain the true nature of objects, only how they appear to us. This argument is extended to human sensory experiences, suggesting that our perceptions are also shaped by our internal states (e.g., being sober or drunk, moving or at rest).
• The Argument from Relativity: Sextus argues that all phenomena are perceived in relation to something else. For instance, 'right' is only meaningful in relation to 'left.' This relativity prevents us from knowing the intrinsic nature of things.
• The Argument from Combination: Objects are always perceived in conjunction with other factors, making it impossible to isolate the object's true qualities.
• The Argument from Frequency: Things that are common are not valued, while rare things are. This variability in perceived value suggests that our judgments are not based on objective reality.
• The Argument from Habits and Beliefs: Different cultures and schools of thought have conflicting customs, laws, and beliefs (e.g., about the soul, atoms). This diversity makes it impossible to establish a universal criterion for truth.
• The Argument from the Criterion of Truth: Sextus critiques the idea of a criterion for truth. He argues that any proposed criterion must itself be proven true, leading to an infinite regress or circularity. If a criterion is based on an assumption (hypothesis), it is not knowledge but mere belief.

Agrippa's Five Modes

The issue also touches upon Agrippa's five modes of skepticism, which Sextus employs:

1. Disagreement (Divergence): Leading to uncertainty because of conflicting accounts.
2. Infinite Regress: The need for justification for every claim, leading to an endless chain of justifications.
3. Relativity: As discussed above, perceptions are relative to the observer or the circumstances.
4. Hypothetical Argument: Arguments based on unproven assumptions, which Sextus considers not to be true knowledge.
5. Reciprocity: When two things are needed to support each other, but neither can be established without the other.

Sextus's critique extends to the idea of a 'wise person' as a criterion, arguing that even the wisest person's judgments are subject to doubt and potential supersession by someone even wiser.

Skepticism and Science

The magazine explores the relationship between skepticism and science. Sextus's arguments are presented as a challenge to dogmatic claims, including those made by scientific schools. The text notes that while Sextus's critique of Aristotelian physics and philosophy is understandable, his general stance might be seen as anti-science by some, as he seems to prioritize suspending judgment over actively seeking definitive answers. However, the article also acknowledges that the skeptical approach, particularly the 'zeteetic' (seeker) approach, can be seen as a precursor to scientific inquiry.

Garlic: Not a Medicine?

An article titled "Valkosipulista ei ole lääkkeeksi" (Garlic is not medicine) by Sari Ekholm examines the scientific evidence for garlic's health benefits. It states that while garlic has traditionally been used in folk medicine for various ailments and contains vitamins and antioxidants, recent well-controlled clinical studies have failed to confirm earlier promising results regarding its effectiveness in treating cardiovascular diseases. While some countries like Germany and Denmark approve its use for hyperlipidemia and hypertension, Finland and Sweden only approve it for alleviating cold symptoms. The article notes that garlic has few side effects, mainly related to its odor and mild digestive issues.

Challenges of Spiritualization and the End of the World

A more speculative and somewhat humorous article, "Henkistymisen haasteet" (Challenges of Spiritualization), discusses the concept of the end of the world and the increasing 'spiritualization' of humanity. It contrasts the traditional, collective fear of the apocalypse with a modern, individualistic perspective. The author humorously imagines a future where humans become electromagnetic beings by the year 3000, requiring a new ethical framework. The article also touches upon the role of international organizations like the UN and NATO in preparing for such future scenarios, albeit with a satirical tone regarding bureaucratic processes.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout the philosophical articles is the critique of dogmatism and the advocacy for skepticism as a path to intellectual tranquility. The magazine presents Sextus Empiricus as a master of argumentation whose methods challenge the certainty of knowledge claims. The editorial stance appears to favor critical inquiry and the examination of evidence, as seen in the article questioning garlic's medicinal efficacy. The tone of the speculative article suggests a critical, perhaps even satirical, view of modern societal trends and the concept of 'spiritualization.' The publication itself, 'Skeptikko,' clearly aligns with a skeptical and critical perspective on various claims, whether philosophical, scientific, or societal.

This issue of Skeptikko, dated 4/1999, delves into various topics related to skepticism, health claims, and paranormal phenomena. The magazine features articles by Pekka Reinikainen, Hannu KarTTUNEN, Jukka HÄKKINEN, Sami TETRI, and Olavi KIVINIEMI, alongside organizational news and event reports.

Garlic and Cardiovascular Health

Pekka Reinikainen's article critically examines the purported health benefits of garlic, particularly for cardiovascular diseases. Early studies from the 1970s suggested positive effects on blood pressure and cholesterol. However, more recent and rigorous research, including meta-analyses from the 1990s, has failed to replicate these findings. The article highlights that while some studies showed short-term reductions in blood pressure and cholesterol, these effects were often attributed to methodological flaws, small sample sizes, and short study durations. The author concludes that the claims of garlic's effectiveness in treating mild hypertension or hypercholesterolemia are not supported by current scientific evidence. The article also touches upon the traditional use of garlic for preventing colds, noting that while in vitro studies show anti-inflammatory effects, clinical trials in humans are lacking.

The Placebo and Nosebo Effects

Hannu KarTTUNEN's article, "Lumevaikutus uskomuslääkinnässä" (Placebo Effect in Alternative Medicine), explores the psychological and physiological mechanisms behind the placebo and nosebo effects. The placebo effect, where a patient experiences benefits from an inert treatment, is explained as a powerful phenomenon influenced by factors like patient expectations, the doctor-patient relationship, and the perceived nature of the treatment. The article notes that individuals prone to the placebo effect may be more socially adept and trusting. Conversely, the nosebo effect can lead to negative outcomes. The author emphasizes that while these effects can be significant, they do not validate the efficacy of the underlying treatment itself. The article also discusses how the body's own endorphin system plays a role in pain relief associated with the placebo effect. It questions the ethics of charging patients for treatments that rely on these self-produced effects.

End-of-World Theories and Astrology

Jukka HÄKKINEN's short piece touches upon end-of-the-world predictions, referencing Nostradamus and the Mayan calendar's prediction for 2012. The author notes that the year 2000 did not bring the expected cataclysms and suggests that the focus has shifted to other dates. The article also briefly mentions the concept of 'light meditation' as a way to alter history.

In a more extensive piece, Hannu KarTTUNEN satirically explores the world of astrology in "TÄHTIIN KIRJOITETTU" (Written in the Stars). He discusses the ancient origins of astrology and its expansion to include newly discovered celestial bodies like asteroids. KarTTUNEN humorously critiques the astrological concept of 'name power,' where the name of a celestial object is believed to influence people. He uses the example of an asteroid named 'Karttunen' (his own surname) to illustrate how astrological beliefs could lead to absurd conclusions, such as a self-destructive obsession with anchovy oil based on the asteroid's supposed influence.

Skeptical Activities and News

Sami TETRI reports on the activities of Skeptikko in Northern Finland, detailing two public lectures held in Oulu. The first, by former chairman Ilpo V. Salmi, discussed millennium and apocalypse theories. The second event featured Rauni-Leena Luukanen-Kilde, a speaker who is more open to paranormal phenomena, drawing a large audience. TETRI also mentions a planned lecture by Risto Ilmoniemi on the health effects of magnetic fields. The article highlights the need for more active members in the region and announces the relocation of Skeptikko's monthly lectures in Helsinki from Tieteiden talo to the Porthania building at the University of Helsinki.

Olavi KIVINIEMI's article, "Skeptikot vastaan rajatiedón harrastajat" (Skeptics versus Paranormal Enthusiasts), addresses the common confrontational nature of debates between skeptics and paranormal believers. KIVINIEMI argues that a genuine dialogue is possible if both sides are willing to critically examine their views. He emphasizes the importance of scientific methodology in gathering reliable information and criticizes the often-unsubstantiated theories found in paranormal literature. The article points out common interpretive errors made by paranormal enthusiasts, such as misinterpreting ordinary events as extraordinary or accepting extraordinary claims without sufficient evidence. It also notes that skeptics often find it difficult to engage in open discussion with those who hold deeply entrenched beliefs.

The "PUHEENJOHTAJAN PALSTA" (Chairman's Column) announces the election of a new board for Skeptikko ry for the year 2000. It mentions the departure of three board members and the election of three new ones, including Anna-Liisa Räihä, Otto J. Mäkelä, and Vesa Kolhinen. Veikko Joutsenlahti and Göran Törnwall continue their board service, and the author, Jukka HÄKKINEN, was re-elected as chairman. The column also announces an increase in the annual membership fee to 120 marks (60 for youth members) and states that the subscription price for Skeptikko magazine will remain 140 marks.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko revolve around critical thinking, scientific evidence, and the debunking of pseudoscientific claims. The magazine consistently promotes a skeptical approach to health, paranormal phenomena, and astrological beliefs. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of evidence-based reasoning and scientific methodology, urging readers to question extraordinary claims and to rely on verifiable facts. The issue highlights the importance of understanding psychological factors like the placebo effect, not as validation for alternative therapies, but as a demonstration of the mind's influence on perceived health outcomes. The magazine also serves as a platform for organizational news and events within the Finnish skeptical community.

Title: SKEPTIKKO
Issue: 4/1999
Volume: 23
Date: October 1999
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish

This issue of Skeptikko magazine delves into various topics, critically examining pseudoscientific claims and phenomena from a skeptical perspective. It features articles on patents for unusual inventions, the purported 'Mozart effect' on intelligence, the risks associated with herbal remedies before surgery, and new customs for the upcoming millennium. The magazine also includes a review of Susan Blackmore's book on parapsychology and a tribute to the late Harri Heino, a long-time member of Skepsis.

Articles

Patents for Pseudoscience

The article "HILAVITKUTTIMILLE PATENTTEJA" (Patents for Gadgets) discusses how the US patent system has become a haven for pseudoscientific inventions. It highlights cases like Clean Energy Technologies Inc.'s patent for a device claiming to produce unlimited energy, and DKL Inc.'s patent for a device that can detect humans through 500 meters of any material. Despite lacking scientific basis and failing independent tests, these patents are granted, leading to investor confidence based solely on the patent's existence. The article also touches upon Mindsong Inc.'s patent for an ESP-detecting device, initially rejected for mentioning ESP but later patented as a toy.

The 'Mozart Effect' Debunked

"MOZARTIN MUSIIKKI JA ÄLYKKYYSOSAMÄÄRÄÄ" (Mozart's Music and IQ) examines the popular belief that listening to Mozart can enhance intelligence. The article references studies, including the initial findings by Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky, which suggested a short-term improvement in spatial-temporal reasoning. However, subsequent attempts to replicate these results have largely failed. A meta-analysis by Chabris (1999) concludes that while Mozart's music may have a relaxing and uplifting effect, it does not boost general intelligence. The article notes that the original researchers attribute the failures to differences in methodology and testing parameters.

Chiropractic and Asthma

"KIROPRAKTINEN HOITO JA ASTMA" (Chiropractic Treatment and Asthma) reviews a study published in The New England Journal of Medicine that investigated the effectiveness of chiropractic manipulation for childhood asthma. The research by Jeffrey Balon and his team found no significant difference in improvement between children receiving chiropractic treatment and those receiving simulated treatment. While the children in both groups reported an improved quality of life, this was attributed to the attention received rather than the specific treatment.

Projective Personality Tests Under Scrutiny

"MUSTELÄISKILLÄ SIELUN SALAT SELVILLE?" (The Secrets of the Soul Revealed with Inkblots?) discusses the controversy surrounding projective personality tests. Assistant Professor Scott O. Lilienfeld argues that these tests often lack reliability and validity. While acknowledging that some tests, like the Rorschach test for schizophrenia diagnosis, have shown utility, he attributes this to the descriptive insights they provide rather than their projective nature. The article suggests that not all projective tests are equally flawed and that criticism should be specific.

Superstition and the Regression Effect

"PUUN KOPUTTAMINEN EI ESTÄ FLUNSSAN TULOA" (Knocking on Wood Doesn't Prevent the Flu) explores the psychological mechanisms behind superstitions. The article references research by Kruger, Savitsky, and Gilovich, which suggests that people tend to seek causal explanations even when none exist. The regression effect, where unusual events are followed by more average ones, can be misinterpreted as a result of superstitious actions. The article uses examples like athletes avoiding media attention before important events to illustrate this phenomenon.

UFOs and Legal Challenges

"CAUS HAASTOI YHDYSVALTAIN HALLITUKSEN" (CAUS Sues the US Government) reports on the legal actions taken by CAUS (The Citizens Against UFO Secrecy) in the US. The organization has sued various government agencies, including the CIA and NASA, for withholding information. While initial results have been limited, CAUS has shifted its strategy to suing the US government and the state of Nevada for failing to protect citizens from alleged alien abductions, citing a violation of the US Constitution. The article also mentions a controversial R.J. Reynolds cigarette advertisement that jokes about aliens abducting 'dumb' people, leading to potential legal action from CAUS.

Risks of Herbal Remedies Before Surgery

"YRTTIVALMISTEET ANESTESIARISKI" (Herbal Preparations: Anesthesia Risk) highlights concerns raised by anesthesiologists in the US regarding patients not disclosing their use of herbal remedies. These remedies can potentially increase risks like bleeding, blood pressure, and heart rate during surgery. The article lists common herbal products such as Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and garlic, and their potential interactions with anesthesia. The American Society of Anesthesiologists advises patients to discontinue herbal use at least two weeks before surgery.

New Customs for the New Millennium

"TAIAT UUSIKSI ENSI VUOSITUHANNELLE" (Customs Renewed for the New Millennium) presents a collection of newly invented customs by French surrealist poet Benjamin Péret. Péret, while appreciating the poetic aspect of superstitions, was critical of organized religion. He proposed these new customs as a way to embrace the irrationality of magic without the dogma of religion. Examples include leaving cupboard doors open for good luck and saving sardine bones.

Parapsychology Research and Skepticism

"PARAPSYKOLOGI SEIKKAILEE" (Parapsychologist Wanders) is a review of Susan Blackmore's autobiography, "In search of the light, The adventures of a parapsychologist." The review highlights Blackmore's journey from a believer in paranormal phenomena to a skeptical researcher. It discusses her experiences with parapsychological research, including her critical examination of the Ganzfeld experiments and her eventual ostracization by the parapsychological community. Despite her skepticism, Blackmore concludes her book with an open mind, stating, "As for the paranormal, I still don't know."

Obituary: Harri Heino

"HEINO ON POISSA" (Heino is Gone) is an obituary for Harri Heino, a long-time member of Skepsis and director of the Church Research Centre. Heino was a theologian who extensively studied beliefs and paranormal phenomena in Finland. His work included books on Finnish beliefs and regular opinion polls on the subject, which were often referenced in Skeptikko.

Conference Announcement

"PARAKONFERENSSI TAMPEREELLA" (Paraconference in Tampere) announces a two-day conference on paranormal phenomena organized by ParaNet and other Finnish organizations. The conference, scheduled for February 19-20, 2000, at the University of Tampere, will cover topics such as the relationship between paranormal phenomena and science, spiritual healing, crop circles, and Kirlian photography.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko are critical examination of pseudoscientific claims, the importance of scientific methodology, and the debunking of popular myths and superstitions. The magazine consistently promotes a skeptical and evidence-based approach to understanding phenomena, encouraging readers to question extraordinary claims and rely on scientific inquiry. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of rationalism and against unsubstantiated beliefs, as evidenced by the critical reviews of patents, the 'Mozart effect,' and alternative medicine practices.

Title: SKEPTIKKO
Issue: 4/1999
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Date: 1999

This issue of Skeptikko magazine, published by the Finnish skeptical organization Skepsis ry, focuses on critical thinking, skepticism, and the examination of various claims and phenomena.

Book Reviews

Kansanhumanismin Aakkosia

The magazine features a review of the book "Kansanhumanismin Aakkosia" (The ABC of People's Humanism), edited by Aaro Vaismaa. Vaismaa believes that there is little public knowledge about the Finnish humanist movement and its history. The book compiles articles, speeches, and presentations from three decades, covering the movement's message and history. While primarily focused on the Finnish Humanist Association, the book also includes broader reflections, such as an article by Pekka Elon and Juha Savolainen on the boundary between philosophy and life-stance education, and reflections on personal humanism by Professor Anto Leikola, a member of Skepsis's scientific advisory board. Vaismaa also highlights organizations that promote a critical, humane worldview, including Skepsis ry. The book is available for 80 Finnish marks.

Taikauskoisia Tapoja

Another reviewed book is "Taikauskoisia Tapoja" (Superstitious Habits) by Ari Turunen. The book begins with a list of questions about common superstitions, such as why a witch spins a spindle, why one spits when a black cat crosses the path, or why breaking a mirror brings bad luck. Turunen's book offers a comprehensive overview of everyday beliefs and customs, exploring the magical background of practices like knocking on wood, the original magical significance of makeup and jewelry, and customs related to places, food, dreams, and spells. The author maintains a neutral stance on the existence of paranormal phenomena, sometimes treating modern superstitions with gentle irony. While the book cites cultural researchers and psychoanalysts, the reviewer notes a certain superficiality in the theoretical depth, suggesting that figures like Jung might not be the most suitable for analyzing modern superstitions. However, the book's primary aim seems to be a fun exploration of the wide range of superstitious beliefs, which it achieves successfully, making it a recommended read for skeptics.

Aikakirja

Heikki Oja's book "Aikakirja" (Chronicle) is reviewed. Oja, a member of Skepsis's scientific advisory board, was a finalist for the Tieto Finlandia prize with this work. The book addresses the complexities of timekeeping and calendars, noting that while years, months, and days are natural divisions, their relationships are not simple. The book explains the historical development of calendars, including the influence of ancient Egypt and Babylon, and the origins of units like hours, minutes, and seconds. It also discusses the evolution of the Finnish almanac and its unique features, such as name days. A calendar for the years 1700-2005 is included. The reviewer praises Oja's clear and engaging writing style, which makes the dense information accessible. The book focuses on the technical aspects of time measurement and does not delve into the psychology or cultural history of time perception. It is recommended to be read alongside "Ajan historia" (History of Time) by Whitrow, which focuses on the philosophical aspects of time.

English Summary

The magazine also provides an English summary of several articles:

Conceptualization of time at the end of the millennium

By Ilpo V. Salmi, this article discusses how the concept of time has evolved, influenced by figures like St. Augustine and Newton, and later revised by Einstein's theory of relativity. It touches upon the current flood of information and entertainment leading to a decreased attention span and a paradoxical feeling of dissatisfaction.

Garlic is not medically useful

By Sari Ekholm, this article examines the traditional uses of garlic in folk medicine and modern beliefs about its health benefits, such as preventing blood clots and lowering cholesterol. However, it concludes that new studies demonstrate these claims lack scientific basis, and earlier positive results may be due to methodological weaknesses or small sample sizes.

Sextus Empiricus — a skeptic in antiquity

By Raimo Lehti, this piece focuses on Sextus Empiricus, the only ancient skeptic whose writings have survived. His work gained influence in the 16th century, contributing to the spread of skeptical principles and sparking philosophical discussions about the basis of human knowledge. Sextus's aim was to win debates by criticizing human attempts to define truth, highlighting the multiplicity of views and endless debates.

Placebo effect in alternative medicine

By Pekka Reinikainen, this article discusses how proponents of alternative medicine often claim to cure diseases, but many healings can be explained by the placebo effect. Recent research has uncovered the complex mechanisms of the placebo effect, noting that even meditation's positive effects can be attributed to it. The article raises ethical concerns about charging for treatments that rely on the body's own healing mechanisms, considering the placebo effect a medically secondary treatment method.

Skepsis Organization and Events

Skepsis ry:n Kevät (Skepsis Spring)

Skepsis ry announces its spring 2000 events. In Helsinki, three public lectures will be held on February 9, March 8, and April 12 at the University of Helsinki, Porthania IV, from 6:00 PM to 8:00 PM. In Jyväskylä, three lectures are scheduled for February 16, March 29, and April 26 at Sepänkeskus, starting at 6:00 PM, with homeopathy as a likely topic. In Oulu, a lecture on the potential dangers of power lines and mobile phones will be held on January 15, 2000, at the Oulu main library, featuring docent Risto Ilmoniemi.

Kokouskutsu (Meeting Invitation)

Skepsis ry's statutory spring meeting will take place on Wednesday, February 9, 2000, at 7:20 PM (after the lecture) at the University of Helsinki, Porthania IV. The agenda includes opening the meeting, electing officials, approving the agenda, reviewing the 1998 financial statements, and other business.

Skepsiksen Haaste (Skepsis Challenge)

Skepsis offers a prize of 10,000 Finnish marks for anyone who can produce a paranormal phenomenon under controlled conditions. A separate challenge offers the same prize for a humanoid who retrieves the stipend and provides DNA evidence. The challenge sum can be tripled if the paranormal phenomenon is successfully produced, with Hannu Karttunen and Iiro Seppänen each contributing 10,000 marks.

Membership and Subscriptions

Information is provided on how to join Skepsis ry, with a membership fee of 120 marks (60 marks for those under 20) which includes a subscription to Skeptikko magazine. The subscription-only fee for the magazine is 140 marks per year. Application forms are available online at www.skepsis.fi.

Skepsis ry's Mission and Activities

The magazine details Skepsis ry's mission, which includes promoting objective and unbiased scientific investigation of paranormal claims, maintaining a network of interested individuals, publishing research articles and bibliographies, and organizing conferences and educational activities. Skepsis ry is politically, ideologically, and religiously unaffiliated and is a member of the European Council of Skeptical Organizations (ECSO). It publishes the Skeptikko magazine four times a year.

Contact Information

Contact details for Skepsis ry, including a phone service, postal address, website, and bank details, are provided. Regional contact persons for Jyväskylä, Joensuu, Oulu, and Tampere are listed, along with their contact information. The magazine also lists the members of Skepsis ry's board and its scientific advisory committee.

Publications and Merchandise

Paholaisen asianajajan paluu

The book "Paholaisen asianajajan paluu" (The Devil's Advocate Returns), co-edited by Risto Selin, Marketta Ollikainen, and Ilpo V. Salmi, is back in print and available for purchase. This guide for skeptics, published by Ursa, is a follow-up to the 1989 award-winning book "Paholaisen asianajaja." Both books critically examine superstition and pseudoscience. A special Estonian edition, "Teine Maailm," is also available.

Skepsis T-shirt

Skepsis offers custom T-shirts for sale at events and via mail order. The shirts cost 60 marks, with an additional 10 marks for postage. Ordering information is provided.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko revolve around critical thinking, scientific inquiry, and the debunking of pseudoscience and superstition. The magazine actively promotes skepticism as a method for evaluating claims and understanding the world. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of evidence-based reasoning and scientific methodology, as demonstrated by the reviews of books that challenge unfounded beliefs and the organization's mission statement. The magazine also serves as a platform for Skepsis ry to communicate its activities, events, and membership opportunities to its readership.