1998-4-skeptikko

Magazine Overview

This issue of Skeptikko, number 4/1998, dated December 31, 1998, is published by Skepsis Ry and focuses on the theme of skepticism as a life attitude, exploring the prevalence of pseudoscience in everyday life and the critical distinction between science and pseudoscience.

Editorial and Lead Articles

Editorial: Skepticism as a Life Attitude

The editorial, written by Juha Savolainen, a lecturer of Worldview and Philosophy, defines skepticism not as a rejection of wonder but as a critical stance against unfounded claims. It argues that while science builds a coherent body of knowledge, pseudoscientific claims often contradict established facts, and it is rational to doubt them. Skepticism, therefore, aims to provide a rational basis for life and actions, distinguishing between genuine inquiry and the acceptance of baseless beliefs.

Arkipäivän huuhaata (Everyday Hooey)

Pete Pakarinen's article discusses the pervasive nature of pseudoscience in modern life, from fortune-telling services advertised in newspapers to urban legends spread online. He notes that the information market often prioritizes demand over truth, catering to people's desire for meaning, control, and entertainment. The article highlights how the shift to an information society and the feeling of diminished personal control contribute to the popularity of pseudoscientific beliefs. Pakarinen also critiques libraries for not adequately distinguishing between scientific and pseudoscientific literature, making it difficult for the public to access reliable information.

Miten erottaa tiede pseudotieteestä? (How to Distinguish Science from Pseudoscience?)

Timo Kaitaro, a researcher of philosophy and neuropsychology, addresses the challenge of differentiating science from pseudoscience. He explains that while many fields like art and psychotherapy are not science, they are not necessarily irrational. The core issue with pseudoscience is not that its theories are incorrect, but that they are presented as scientific without adhering to scientific methods. Kaitaro uses the example of phrenology, which originated from scientific inquiry but became pseudoscience, to illustrate how theories can diverge from their scientific roots. He emphasizes that the history of science and pseudoscience often shows shared origins, but science evolves through testing and revision, while pseudoscience tends to remain static.

Viestejä haudan takaa (Messages from Beyond the Grave)

This article examines the commercialization of paranormal claims, such as phone-based psychic readings and horoscope services. It points out that while many people view horoscopes as entertainment, the underlying belief in astrological determinism can influence self-perception. The article also touches upon the popular belief in the influence of celestial bodies on human events, questioning the scientific basis for such claims. It contrasts the scientific method, which requires rigorous testing and evidence, with the acceptance of anecdotal evidence and tradition in pseudoscientific practices.

Sammakko ei tiedä säätä (The Frog Doesn't Know the Weather)

This piece critiques the reliance on folk wisdom and pseudoscientific methods for predicting the weather. It highlights that while traditional methods were once valuable, modern meteorology provides far more reliable forecasts. The article dismisses claims about predicting weather based on animal behavior, such as frog leaps, as unscientific and lacking empirical support. It emphasizes the complexity of atmospheric systems and the limitations of long-term weather prediction.

Herra Murphy (Mr. Murphy)

This section discusses 'Murphy's Law' and similar everyday beliefs as forms of 'everyday mysticism.' It explores how people cope with misfortune, attributing it to external forces or selective memory rather than statistical probability. The article contrasts this with a scientific approach, which seeks rational explanations and statistical analysis. It also touches upon the persistence of superstitions, such as avoiding the 13th floor in buildings, and how social pressure can reinforce these beliefs.

Arjen taikauskoa (Everyday Superstition)

This article traces the historical roots of superstition from ancient Babylon to modern times. It explains how superstitions, like the fear of black cats, persist despite their lack of rational basis. The author suggests that fear is a primary driver of superstition and that embracing courage and critical thinking are ways to overcome it. The article also notes how group dynamics and the desire to belong can lead people to accept beliefs that are not scientifically supported, citing examples like beliefs about body types and personality.

Tarinoita internetissä (Stories on the Internet)

This article examines the role of the internet in spreading pseudoscience and urban legends. It discusses how online communities can foster their own forms of folklore and how misinformation, such as virus hoaxes, can spread rapidly. The author, Thomas W. Kozma, suggests that these cyber-myths reflect humanity's complex relationship with technology and fears about health and security. He argues that the internet accelerates the dissemination of these stories, making them more pervasive than traditional forms of folklore.

Uskomusten ostoskärryt (Shopping Carts of Beliefs)

David D. Barrett's research on world religions is discussed, highlighting the vast number of religious and spiritual movements. The article presents survey data on beliefs in Finland, showing a significant percentage of the population holds beliefs in phenomena like spirit healing, UFOs, and astrology. It notes that while education might seem to counter such beliefs, the article suggests that people increasingly construct their own worldviews from various fragmented sources, often driven by emotional needs and the desire for pleasant experiences rather than logical consistency.

Toimitukselta (From the Editors)

This section, written by the editorial staff, discusses the magazine's commitment to promoting critical thinking and scientific literacy. It highlights the issue's focus on distinguishing between science and pseudoscience, particularly in the context of health and well-being. The editors express concern about the media's role in promoting unscientific claims and the lack of critical inquiry in public discourse. They also mention that this issue is being distributed to Finnish high schools to promote critical thinking among students.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue of Skeptikko is the critical examination of pseudoscience and the promotion of skepticism as a rational approach to understanding the world. The magazine's stance is clearly in favor of scientific evidence, critical thinking, and media literacy. It actively critiques the spread of misinformation, particularly in areas of health, paranormal phenomena, and everyday beliefs, and encourages readers to question claims and seek reliable sources of information. The editorial team expresses concern about the media's tendency to sensationalize or uncritically report on pseudoscientific topics, and they advocate for a more rigorous and evidence-based approach to public discourse.

Title: Skeptikko
Issue: 4/1998
Date: October 1998
Publisher: Skeptikko
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish

This issue of Skeptikko magazine, titled "Tiede korjaa virheitään" (Science Corrects Its Mistakes), delves into the nature of scientific inquiry, its self-correcting mechanisms, and the distinction between science and pseudoscience. The cover story highlights how science, despite occasional missteps, possesses inherent methods for identifying and rectifying errors, citing examples from biology.

The Characteristics of Science

The magazine outlines the defining features of science, emphasizing the use of reliable scientific methods and the importance of public accessibility for replication and verification. It notes that while science is often associated with natural sciences and experimental human research, statistical analysis plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliability and objectivity of findings. The principle of publicity, where methods and results are clearly described, allows for independent verification. In humanities, this is achieved through documentation, citation practices, and source criticism.

The article discusses the self-correcting nature of science, where criticism helps to identify and eliminate errors over time. This critical process ensures that flawed theories are eventually discarded in favor of better explanations. The concept of progress in science is linked to the development of new and improved theories, rather than just the accumulation of knowledge. The magazine contrasts this with pseudoscience, which often fails to evolve or abandon outdated ideas.

Identifying Pseudoscience

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to helping readers distinguish between scientific and pseudoscientific claims. It provides several criteria to consider when evaluating a claim's scientific validity:

• Citations and Sources: Legitimate scientific claims are typically backed by references to specific studies, researchers, and publications. Vague references like "centuries of experience" or "countless studies show" should be treated with skepticism.
• Use of Scientific Terminology: The misuse or loose application of scientific terms (e.g., 'energy') in non-scientific contexts can be a sign of pseudoscience.
• Grand Promises and Certainty: Pseudoscience often promises absolute certainty and miraculous results (e.g., a single cure for multiple ailments). Science, on the other hand, acknowledges uncertainty and the need for further research.
• Lack of Falsifiability: Pseudoscientific theories are often constructed in a way that makes them impossible to disprove.
• Anecdotal Evidence: Claims based solely on individual testimonials or isolated cases (like miracle cures) are not scientifically valid. Controlled studies with comparison groups are necessary.
• Conspiracy Theories: Claims of secret research or suppressed scientific findings (e.g., involving the CIA) are often used to compensate for a lack of evidence.
• Commercial Bias: Advertisements disguised as scientific articles, particularly for natural health products, should be viewed critically.
• Expert Authority: While experts are valuable, their opinions outside their field of expertise should be evaluated with caution.

The magazine also touches upon the idea of "internal pseudoscience" within academia, where speculative theories or metaphorical language might be used, but emphasizes that imagination and speculation can also drive scientific discovery when grounded in reality.

Historical Examples of Scientific Errors and Corrections

The issue presents several historical examples illustrating how science corrects itself:

• Fredrik Elfving's Research on Bacteria: In the early 20th century, Professor Fredrik Elfving claimed that bacteria could arise from dead plant cells. His findings were met with polite silence, but later research by students identified the actual source of the bacteria, demonstrating the importance of thorough sterilization and verification.
• Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics: The magazine discusses experiments by William McDougall and W. E. Agar on rats, which initially suggested that learned behaviors could be inherited. However, the inclusion of proper control groups in Agar's later experiments revealed that the observed improvements were due to other factors, not the inheritance of acquired traits.
• Memory Transfer Experiments: Experiments in the mid-20th century, particularly those involving the transfer of RNA from trained to untrained animals, were initially hyped as evidence for memory transfer. However, meta-analyses of these studies, including those by James A. Dyal, showed that the results were largely inconclusive or attributable to other factors, debunking the idea of direct memory transfer through biological material.

These examples highlight that while science can err, its methodology—including peer review, replication, and critical analysis—provides a robust system for identifying and correcting these errors over time.

Lucid Dreaming (Selkounet)

The article also explores the phenomenon of lucid dreaming, known as "selkounet" in Finnish. It defines lucid dreaming as a state where the dreamer is aware they are dreaming and can exert control over the dream. The magazine notes that while the concept has ancient roots, scientific research into lucid dreaming has been limited due to its rarity and the difficulty of studying it in a laboratory setting. It distinguishes lucid dreaming from other sleep-related phenomena like hypnagogic and hypnopompic states.

The Importance of Skepticism and Critical Thinking

Throughout the issue, there is a strong emphasis on the importance of skepticism and critical thinking in navigating the modern information landscape. The magazine argues that in an age of abundant information, the ability to discern reliable knowledge from misinformation is crucial. It suggests that skepticism is not an ideology but a method that allows individuals to question claims and arrive at a more accurate understanding of reality. The article criticizes the uncritical acceptance of pseudoscientific beliefs, particularly among young people who may be seeking simpler answers to complex problems.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the self-correcting nature of science, the critical evaluation of claims, and the distinction between scientific inquiry and pseudoscience. The editorial stance is clearly pro-science and pro-skepticism, advocating for evidence-based reasoning and critical thinking as essential tools for understanding the world. The magazine aims to empower readers with the knowledge and critical faculties to identify and reject unsubstantiated claims, promoting a more rational and informed worldview.

This issue of Skeptikko, dated 4/1998, features a cover story on the 'Face on Mars' and delves into topics of lucid dreaming and aromatherapy, all examined with a critical and scientific perspective.

Lucid Dreaming: Practicing the Dream State

The article "Unta voi harjoitella" (One Can Practice Dreaming) explores the phenomenon of lucid dreaming, largely through the work of Stephen LaBerge. LaBerge's research in the late 1970s linked rapid eye movements (REM) during sleep to the content of dreams, a discovery made when a sleeping subject reported dreaming of a table tennis match while their eyes moved back and forth. This connection allowed for a method to signal awareness of dreaming by moving the eyes in a specific pattern. LaBerge developed techniques to induce lucid dreams, combining physiological monitoring with mental preparation. The article highlights that during lucid dreams, the body's motor functions are suppressed, preventing physical action in the dream from manifesting in reality, except for eye movements. This suppression is attributed to the locus coeruleus in the brainstem. The practice of lucid dreaming is presented as a skill that can be trained, with some individuals naturally experiencing them more frequently than others. The article notes that lucid dreams typically occur during REM sleep, which becomes longer and more frequent towards the morning, suggesting that sufficient morning sleep is important for their occurrence. LaBerge also suggests practical methods for increasing lucid dream frequency, such as keeping a dream journal and using specialized eye masks that emit light signals during REM sleep. While some Finnish trials with such devices were less optimistic than LaBerge's claims, the potential benefits of lucid dreaming are discussed, including therapeutic applications for nightmares and enhancing performance in activities like sports or music through mental rehearsal.

Aromatherapy: Between Science and Pseudoscience

Two articles, "AROMA terapian avúlla" (With the Help of Aroma Therapy) by Marketta Ollikainen and "Eteeriset öljyt aromaterapiassa" (Essential Oils in Aromatherapy) by Yvonne Holm, critically examine aromatherapy. Ollikainen introduces aromatherapy as a practice that claims to promote well-being by using essential oils, often marketed as a holistic beauty treatment. She notes that while some products emphasize ancient traditions, professional aromatherapists list a wide range of conditions treatable by essential oils, from asthma to AIDS. However, she cautions that these substances can be potent and may cause allergic reactions or interact with medications, advising against their use by pregnant or breastfeeding women and young children without professional guidance. Holm, approaching the topic from a pharmacological perspective, defines aromatherapy as the use of aromatic substances, primarily essential oils, for therapeutic purposes, often through inhalation. She distinguishes between two schools of thought: those who consider only inhalation as true aromatherapy, and those who include massage. The article discusses the historical use of substances like myrrh and frankincense. It highlights the work of chemist R. Gattefossé, who is credited with coining the term 'aromatherapy' in the 1930s after a laboratory accident involving lavender oil. Holm also references G. Buchbauer's definition and research, which includes pharmacological studies on the effects of essential oils. The article presents a table summarizing the effects of various essential oils on smooth muscle, noting that some oils with monoterpenes stimulate muscle contraction, while those with sesquiterpenes relax it. However, exceptions exist, such as eucalyptus oil. The article also touches upon the use of essential oils in massage, where components are absorbed through the skin and inhaled, affecting the body and brain. It mentions studies on the sedative effects of lavender oil on sleep quality and the impact of rosemary oil on motor activity in mice. The article also includes a section on the purported effects of various essential oils like jasmine, chamomile, lavender, rosemary, rose, and sandalwood, often linking them to emotional and physical well-being.

The 'Face on Mars' Phenomenon

The article "Marsin kasvot" (The Face of Mars) by Hannu Karttunen addresses the famous 'Face on Mars' image. It recounts how in the late 20th century, observers interpreted images from the Viking 1 orbiter, taken in 1976, as evidence of artificial structures, including canals and a human-like face. These interpretations fueled speculation about Martian civilization. However, the article explains that subsequent, higher-resolution images taken by the Mars Global Surveyor in 1998 revealed the 'face' to be a natural rock formation. The initial 'face' was a result of low resolution, lighting, and shadow conditions. The article notes NASA's caution in releasing early images, emphasizing that scientific data requires thorough analysis. It predicts that despite the evidence, some may still cling to the belief in artificial structures on Mars.

Warnings and Scientific Scrutiny

Veijo Saano's article, "Aromaterapian hoidollisista arvoista" (On the Therapeutic Values of Aromatherapy), critically evaluates the claims made for aromatherapy. Saano points out that while aromatherapy is listed with numerous purported uses on websites like Quackwatch, the scientific evidence supporting these claims is largely absent. He contrasts the extensive requirements for evidence in conventional medicine with the lack thereof in aromatherapy. The article highlights that only one human study on lavender oil's effect on sleep is cited, leading Saano to categorize aromatherapy as a form of faith healing rather than evidence-based medicine. He criticizes the use of terms like 'toxin removal' and 'energy centers,' which he associates with ancient beliefs and pseudoscience. While acknowledging preclinical studies showing sedative and stimulant effects of essential oils on smooth muscle and other tissues, Saano stresses that these findings do not automatically translate to therapeutic efficacy in humans without extensive clinical trials. He also discusses the challenges of using essential oils, noting that while inhalation is a common method, direct skin application requires caution, with only a few oils like lavender and tea tree considered safe for direct use. He warns against the use of citrus oils and angelica oil due to their potential photosensitivity. The article also touches upon the complexity of studying uterine contractions, influenced by hormones, and the potential for essential oils to interfere with the metabolism of certain medications, like eucalyptus oil affecting drug levels.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Skeptikko maintains its commitment to scrutinizing claims that lack robust scientific evidence. The articles on lucid dreaming, while acknowledging the phenomenon and research, focus on the scientific methodology. Aromatherapy is presented as a practice with significant pseudoscientific claims, where purported benefits are often not supported by rigorous clinical trials, despite some limited pharmacological research. The 'Face on Mars' story serves as a classic example of misinterpretation of data due to technological limitations, later corrected by scientific advancement. The overall stance of the magazine is one of promoting critical thinking and evidence-based understanding, encouraging readers to question extraordinary claims and to rely on scientific methodology for evaluating phenomena and therapies.

Skeptikko is a Finnish magazine focused on critical thinking, skepticism, and the scientific examination of pseudoscientific claims, alternative medicine, and paranormal phenomena. This issue, dated 4/1998, features several in-depth articles scrutinizing popular health trends and belief systems.

Aromatherapy: A Critical Look

The article "Aromaterapiaa" (Aromatherapy) critically examines the practice, highlighting the difficulty in determining precise dosages of active ingredients in essential oils. It suggests that perceived therapeutic effects often stem from the placebo effect, the therapist's interaction, and the overall experience rather than the inherent medicinal properties of the oils. The author notes that while some essential oils might have psychoactive effects, these are not necessarily linked to treating specific ailments. The article also touches upon the potential for therapists to develop tolerance or withdrawal symptoms due to constant exposure. It contrasts aromatherapy with scientifically developed treatments, such as minoxidil for hair loss, which are not given a therapeutic name based on their scent.

The author points out that aromatherapy products are often used without precise indications, relying on intuition and belief, and are marketed as beneficial for a wide range of issues, contributing to the trend of 'wellness' services. The integration of transdermal application is mentioned, but the challenges in controlling dosage and ensuring skin safety are noted. A study published in the Archives of Dermatology regarding the treatment of alopecia areata with essential oils is cited, showing some hair regrowth, but the author implies this might be due to the massage and placebo effect.

Noni Juice: The "Miracle" Fruit?

The article ""Ihmeaine" NONI" (Miracle Substance NONI) investigates the marketing and claims surrounding Noni juice. It begins by quoting an advertisement for Tahitian Noni Juice, which claims it is a significant health discovery. The article reveals that the Finnish Food Administration (Elintarvikevirasto) banned the marketing and import of Noni juice in November 1998 due to its claims being contrary to food regulations. The juice was sold as a network marketing product, with claims of curing various ailments. The article notes that the product was popular among athletes, including Olympic champion Mika Myllylä.

Emeritus Professor Veikko Näntö explains that Noni (Morinda citrifolia) is a plant found in tropical and subtropical regions. Its fruit has been used in traditional medicine, and its juice has been marketed with extensive health claims. The article mentions that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had previously issued a sales ban on Noni products for making unsubstantiated health claims, though the product was later approved as a food item.

A key element in Noni marketing is the purported compound 'xeronine,' allegedly discovered by biochemist R. Heinicke. Heinicke claims xeronine is a vital alkaloid that regulates protein structure and function, and its deficiency is linked to numerous diseases. However, the article strongly criticizes the lack of scientific publications or peer-reviewed studies supporting Heinicke's claims about xeronine. His findings are primarily found in patents and marketing materials, not in scientific literature. The author suggests that the 'xeronine theory' is likely a marketing construct to support the sale of Noni products.

The article also discusses the use of testimonials in marketing alternative health products, warning that they are not scientifically reliable and can be easily manipulated. It highlights the network marketing model used by companies like Morinda, Inc., and advises consumers to be wary of exaggerated promises of health benefits and financial gains.

Feng Shui: Cosmic Forces in Interior Design

Olli Jokinen's article "Oma koti "kosmisten voimien" armoilla" (My Home at the Mercy of "Cosmic Forces") critically analyzes Feng Shui, the Chinese practice of arranging environments to harmonize with energy flows. The author explains the core principles of Feng Shui, including chi energy, yin and yang, the five elements, compass directions, and astrology. Chi energy is described as a vital force influenced by the environment, affecting mood, emotions, and health. Yin and yang represent complementary dualities that govern all phenomena.

The article details the five elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, water) and their interactions, as well as the eight directions and their associated energies and attributes. It also touches upon Feng Shui astrology, which combines numerology and directional analysis to predict personal energy patterns.

However, Jokinen strongly critiques Feng Shui from a scientific standpoint. He argues that the practice lacks empirical evidence and that its principles are based on speculation and tradition rather than scientific research. He contrasts Feng Shui's subjective approach with Western design methodologies, which are based on principles of geometry, surface treatment, interaction, order, and representation, offering a more analytical and verifiable framework for design. The author suggests that while Feng Shui might offer some practical advice on hygiene and organization, its core tenets are not scientifically sound. He concludes that Western design principles provide a more robust and adaptable approach to creating functional and aesthetically pleasing environments.

Skepsis ry's Autumn Meeting and Leadership Change

The final section reports on the autumn meeting of Skepsis ry, the Finnish Association for Skeptical Inquiry. The long-serving chairman, Ilpo V. Salmi, stepped down, and Jukka Häkkinen, a psychologist and researcher, was elected as the new chairman. The board also saw changes with the addition of new members. The meeting confirmed that membership fees would remain the same for the upcoming year. Skepsis ry announced plans for continued public lectures, a summer excursion, and the development of a skeptical encyclopedia, intended to be published in both Finnish and English online.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Skeptikko consistently adopts a critical and evidence-based stance. The articles on aromatherapy and Noni juice actively debunk pseudoscientific claims and marketing hype, emphasizing the importance of scientific validation and regulatory oversight. The critique of Feng Shui further reinforces the magazine's commitment to distinguishing between scientifically supported practices and those based on tradition, belief, or unsubstantiated theories. The report on Skepsis ry's activities highlights the organization's ongoing efforts to promote critical thinking and scientific literacy within Finland. The editorial stance is clear: to challenge unsubstantiated claims, promote scientific understanding, and protect consumers from misleading information, particularly in the realms of health and wellness.

Title: Skeptikko
Issue: 4/1998
Date: October 1998
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish

This issue of Skeptikko magazine focuses on the organization's award to a newspaper and highlights various regional skeptic activities and discussions on alternative medicine.

Huuhaa-palkinto Keskisuomalaiselle (Huuhaa Award to Keskisuomalainen)

Skepsis ry awarded its 1998 Huuhaa award to the Keskisuomalainen newspaper, specifically for its Kunnonsuomalainen supplement. Skepsis criticized the supplement for uncritically presenting and promoting alternative medicine and New Age beliefs, such as mineral balance determination via crystal pendulum, energy healing, metamorphic reflexology, and homeopathic remedies. The award ceremony took place at Skepsis's "Many Faces of Reality" seminar on December 12th. Skepsis expressed concern that the supplement presented itself as a reliable source of information on health and medicine, especially when it featured unproven diagnostic and therapeutic methods. The organization emphasized that while they do not oppose writing about alternative medicine, such articles should include criticism to allow readers to make informed choices.

The editorial staff of Kunnonsuomalainen reacted negatively to the award. Journalist Eija Kiiskinen, in a column, questioned the award's value since it came with no monetary prize or celebratory event. She argued that Skepsis was mistaken in claiming Kunnonsuomalainen blurred the lines between pseudoscientific claims and established facts, stating that even official scientific research often presents conflicting results, leading to uncertainty. Kiiskinen also criticized the demand for absolute truths from scientific research, suggesting that uncertainty is inherent in the scientific process. Marketta Ollikainen, writing for Skeptikko, critiqued Kiiskinen's column for misunderstanding the nature of scientific research and for implying that readers should simply accept what they read. The newspaper declined Skeptikko's request to publish Kiiskinen's column.

Keskisuomalaista tiedon välitystä (Keskisuomalainen's Information Dissemination)

This section lists headlines from Keskisuomalainen and its Kunnonsuomalainen supplement that were deemed to promote alternative or pseudoscientific ideas. Examples include articles on nature healers, UFO researchers, homeopathy, Tibetan movements, massage therapy, Feng Shui, yoga, and various other alternative healing methods.

Sokrates-palkinto tietokirjojen toimittajalle (Socrates Award for Non-Fiction Editor)

Kimmo Pietiläinen received Skepsis's 1998 Socrates Award for his work in translating and publishing scientific literature in Finnish. Pietiläinen founded Terra Cognita, a publishing company that focuses on making high-quality Finnish and translated foreign non-fiction accessible to the general public.

Aktiivista aluetoimintaa (Active Regional Activities)

Skeptic activities are expanding beyond the capital region. Jyväskylä has had an active group since 1992, with recent growth in Oulu and Joensuu. The Jyväskylä group organized five lectures in the latter half of the year, covering topics like feminism and science, the physics of immortality, and network marketing. The Oulu group held its founding meeting in March 1998, with Skepsis chairman Ilpo V. Salmi as a speaker. The Joensuu group has been active in organizing events and participating in alternative health fairs.

Homeopatian tehoa tutkitaan Turussa (Homeopathy's Effectiveness Being Studied in Turku)

A comparative study on the effectiveness of homeopathy in treating childhood ear infections began in Turku in December 1998. The study, led by LL and homeopath Liisa Sulkakoski, will compare homeopathic treatment with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs in 300 children. The research is funded by Gyllenberg and Wihuri foundations. The study also includes a nursing science component examining patient and family experiences, costs, and parental work absences.

Euroskeptikot kokoontuvat Hollannissa (Euroskeptics Gather in the Netherlands)

The next European Skeptics Conference will be held in Maastricht, Netherlands, on September 17-18, 1999, with the theme "Challenges of the Millennium." Topics will include environment, health, secularization, media, science, and old superstitions. The third World Skeptics Congress is scheduled for 2000 in Sydney, Australia.

Skeptikon tilausmaksu nousee (Skeptikko Subscription Fee Increases)

Starting in 1999, the subscription fee for Skeptikko magazine will increase to 140 Finnish marks. Members will pay 110 marks (55 marks for those under 20) to support the magazine's development and marketing.

Pappa kummittelee Kuubassa (Papa Haunts Cuba)

This short piece humorously describes the alleged haunting of Ernest Hemingway's former home in Cuba by his ghost, who is said to wander the property in a T-shirt, Bermuda shorts, and sandals.

Skepsiksen Haaste (Skepsis Challenge)

Skepsis offers a 10,000 mark prize for anyone who can produce a paranormal phenomenon under controlled conditions. A separate 10,000 mark stipend is offered for a humanoid. The prize can be tripled if the phenomenon is successfully produced. The challenge is supported by astronomer Hannu Karttunen and magician Liro Seppänen.

Terveydenhuollon ekumeniaa (Ecumenism in Healthcare)

This section reviews the book "Täydentävät vaihtoehdot terveydenhoidossa – Opas ja käsikirja" (Complementary Alternatives in Healthcare – Guide and Handbook), edited by Saana Saarinen. The book aims to provide up-to-date information on alternative treatments and their status in healthcare, including official perspectives. The review notes that while the book aims for neutrality, the contributions from alternative medicine proponents are often uncritical, while those from conventional medicine are more measured. The review highlights the fundamental differences in worldview between conventional and alternative medicine, with the latter often relying on imagination and personal belief rather than scientific evidence.

Hoidetaanko oireita vai syitä? (Are Symptoms or Causes Treated?)

This article discusses the claim by alternative medicine proponents that conventional medicine only treats symptoms while alternative methods address the root causes of illness. The author argues that this is a misrepresentation and that alternative methods often lack scientific rigor, relying on belief rather than testable principles. The article criticizes the use of the term 'science' by practitioners who reject scientific principles like objectivity and testability.

Näennäistieteellistä todistelua (Pseudoscience Proof)

This section examines how alternative medicine practitioners use pseudo-scientific language and concepts to lend credibility to their claims. It critiques the use of terms like 'energy' and 'information' in explaining phenomena without scientific basis, citing examples from the book reviewed.

"Usko on järjelle hullutus” ("Faith is madness to reason")

This part of the review of the book "Täydentävät vaihtoehdot terveydenhoidossa" categorizes different healthcare approaches, including Eastern traditions, Western conventional medicine, and naturopathy. It notes that the book presents these approaches using their own terminology, which can highlight the lack of scientific basis for many alternative methods. The review points out the difficulty in reconciling the imaginative explanations of alternative medicine with the evidence-based approach of conventional medicine.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko are skepticism towards alternative medicine and pseudoscience, the promotion of critical thinking, and the activities of regional skeptic groups. The magazine's stance is clearly in favor of evidence-based science and critical inquiry, actively challenging claims that lack scientific support. The issue highlights the importance of distinguishing between scientifically validated treatments and unproven or pseudoscientific practices, emphasizing the need for informed decision-making in healthcare.

This issue of Skeptikko, dated 4/1998, is a Finnish magazine focused on skepticism, science, and critical inquiry. It features a range of articles, book reviews, and event information, all presented from a rational and evidence-based perspective. The cover prominently asks, 'Do you know your true sun sign?', hinting at an article that likely debunks or critically examines astrology.

Articles and Content

Alternative Medicine and Pseudoscience

The issue begins with a critical look at alternative medicine. The author questions the acceptance of alternative practitioners by some medical professionals, quoting LL Rauli Mäkelä who acknowledges conventional medicine's role in critical emergencies but implies a lack of efficacy in alternative treatments for such situations. Assistant Professor Tuula Vaskilammi's article is highlighted for placing the rise of alternative health practices within a societal context, viewing it as a social movement reflecting postmodern societal changes and addressing an 'existential vacuum'. The article suggests that alternative health care presents conflicting trends, emphasizing individualism and humanism on one hand, and commercialism and exploitation on the other. The magazine also notes the importance of patients knowing when treatments are based on scientific evidence.

Two recent sources are mentioned for providing balanced information on alternative treatments: an EU commission report on 'Unconventional medicine' and a special issue of JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association) from November 11, 1998. The JAMA editors, P.B. Fontanarosa and D. Lundberg, are quoted stating that 'there is no alternative medicine, only scientifically proven medicine... or unproven medicine that lacks scientific evidence.' They argue that the origin or type of practice (e.g., Eastern vs. Western, unconventional vs. official) is irrelevant compared to scientific validation.

Quantum Physics and Misinterpretations

An article titled 'Järjellisesti kvanttifysiikasta' (Rationally about Quantum Physics) by Kari Enqvist, author of 'Olemisen porteilla', discusses the misuse of quantum physics concepts in popular culture and self-help literature. Enqvist argues that terms like friction and elasticity are often applied to quantum phenomena without logical relevance. He explains that while macroscopic objects have emergent properties that seem more than the sum of their parts, this is due to information loss. For example, knowing the sum of two numbers (e.g., 7) doesn't reveal the original numbers (e.g., 2+5). This information loss is presented as a 'blessing' that allows for simplified theories at different scales, like using Newtonian mechanics for planets instead of a full quantum mechanical equation for the solar system. The article criticizes 'quantum mysticism' that arises from misinterpreting quantum phenomena and holistic thinking. It suggests that focusing on what calculations reveal, rather than forcing interpretations into everyday logic, resolves paradoxes. The concept of decoherence is mentioned as explaining why phenomena like Schrödinger's cat (a superposition of alive and dead states) are not observed in practice.

Book Reviews

The magazine features an extensive 'Book Reviews' section, listing numerous books reviewed in previous issues of Skeptikko and other publications. These reviews cover a wide array of topics, including:

• Pseudoscience and Belief: 'Why people believe weird things' by Michael Shermer, 'The Demon-haunted world' by Carl Sagan, 'Frauds, myths and mysteries: Science and pseudoscience in archaeology' by K. L. Feder, 'Paholaisen asianajajan paluu' (The Devil's Advocate Returns) by Selin, Ollikainen, and Salmi.
• Paranormal and UFOs: 'UFOs & Alien Contact' by Bartholomew & Howard, 'Mind Games: Exposing Today's Psychics, Frauds, and False Spiritual Phenomenon' by Kole A. MacGregor, 'Katoavatko ufot?' (Do UFOs Disappear?) by Kuure et al.
• Philosophy and Science: 'The Science is Repairing Itself' by Karl Lagerspetz, 'How to think about weird things' by Schick and Vaughn, 'Intellectual impostures: Postmodern philosophers' abuse of science' by Sokal and Bricmont.
• Psychology and Consciousness: 'What are Lucid Dreams' by Ilpo Kojo, 'Therapeutic Madness' by John I. Lynch, 'The Presence of the Past' by Rupert Sheldrake.
• Other Topics: 'Astrology' (various books), 'Reincarnation' (various books), 'Humanism'.

Specific reviews mentioned include:

• 'Paholaisen asianajajan paluu' (The Devil's Advocate Returns): This book by Risto Selin, Marketta Ollikainen, and Ilpo V. Salmi is described as a guide for skeptics, with Finnish scientists strongly criticizing superstition and pseudoscience. The first edition was published in 1989 and was named the 'Science Book of the Year'. A new edition is being considered due to demand.
• 'The Science is Repairing Itself' by Karl Lagerspetz: This article discusses how science corrects its own errors, using examples of experiments by Fredrik Elfving and Holger Hydén. It notes that science possesses methods for revealing fallacies, and while self-correction can be time-consuming, it is a fundamental aspect of the scientific process.
• 'What are Lucid Dreams' by Ilpo Kojo: This piece explores lucid dreaming, a phenomenon known for millennia, and its relevance to understanding the brain and mind. It notes that while the body acts normally during a lucid dream, movements are directed by the brain, not reaching the muscles except for eye movements.

Awards and Recognition

• The Flimflam Award: This award from Skepsis was given to the newspaper Keskisuomalainen for blurring the lines between pseudoscience and tested facts in its health-oriented supplement.
• The Sokrates Award: This award was given to Kimmo Pietiläinen, a scientific author recognized for promoting critical thinking and scientific interest through his translations and editing of science popularizing books.

Events and Membership

• Skepsis Events: Information is provided about upcoming lectures in Jyväskylä (on topics like 'Miraculous healings: Are there medical explanations?' and a discussion on skepticism vs. newspapers) and Helsinki. The dates are February 24, March 24, and April 28 for Jyväskylä, and Wednesdays in February, March, April, and May for Helsinki.
• Summer Retreat: A summer retreat is planned for June 12-13.
• Membership: The magazine emphasizes the importance of membership fees for funding Skeptikko's operations, including the publication of the magazine. It outlines the membership fees for adults (110 marks) and those under 20 (55 marks), noting that members receive the Skeptikko magazine four times a year. The subscription price for non-members is 140 marks per year.
• Submission Deadline: The deadline for material for the next issue (March 1999) is February 12, 1999.

Astrology Article

A separate article, 'Tunnetko todellisen aurinkomerkkisi?' (Do you know your true sun sign?), explains the concept of sun signs in Western tropical astrology. It highlights that due to the precession of the equinoxes (a shift of about 30 degrees over two millennia), the astrological sign associated with a person's birth date may not correspond to the actual constellation the sun was in at that time. The article includes a diagram illustrating the difference between astrological signs and the actual constellations. It mentions that Indian sidereal astrology accounts for precession. The diagram was created by astronomer Hannu Karttunen.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko are the critical examination of pseudoscience, alternative medicine, and pseudoscientific interpretations of scientific concepts like quantum physics. The magazine consistently advocates for evidence-based reasoning, scientific literacy, and critical thinking. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of science and against unsubstantiated claims, aiming to educate the public and debunk common misconceptions. The extensive book review section underscores the magazine's commitment to providing resources for those interested in skeptical inquiry.

Title: Skeptikko
Issue: 4/1998
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish
Date: October 1998

This issue of Skeptikko magazine, published by the Finnish skeptical association Skepsis ry, is primarily focused on recruiting new members and informing the public about the organization's activities and principles. The cover prominently features the call to action: 'LIITY SKEPSIKSEN JÄSENEKSI!' (Join Skepsis as a Member!).

Membership and Subscription Information

The magazine provides detailed instructions for potential members. To join, individuals are instructed to send a completed application form (or a copy) to Anna-Liisa Räihä, the membership secretary, at her address in Helsinki or via email ([email protected]). The annual membership fee is 110 Finnish Marks (mk), with a reduced rate of 55 mk for individuals under 20 years old (who are asked to provide their date of birth).

For those interested only in the magazine, a separate subscription is available for 140 mk per year. The application form can be adapted for this purpose by crossing out 'jäsenhakemus' (membership application) and writing 'tilaus' (subscription). Only the name and address are required for a magazine subscription.

The membership application form itself is included, requesting the applicant's name, profession and education, address, postal code, phone number, and email address. It also includes a section for applicants to describe their experience with topics related to Skepsis's field, any relevant publications, memberships in scientific societies, and particular interests. The form emphasizes that anyone interested can apply, regardless of their educational background or life experience.

About Skepsis ry

Page 2 delves into the background and mission of Skepsis ry. Founded in 1987, it is a Finnish skeptical organization operating independently but in cooperation with international bodies like CSICOP (Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Para-normal). Skepsis ry is also a member of ECSO (European Council of Skeptical Organizations).

The association's statutes outline its purpose:

• To promote objective and unbiased scientific investigation of claims of paranormal phenomena, without making prior judgments about their validity.
• To maintain a network of individuals interested in such research and to connect with similar organizations domestically and internationally.
• To publish articles and books that critically examine paranormal claims and to compile bibliographies of relevant publications.
• To organize meetings and conferences related to the field and to conduct public education and information activities.

Skepsis ry is explicitly stated to be politically, ideologically, and religiously non-aligned. The association's board has the authority to accept applications from individuals and legally recognized organizations that agree with its principles. Skepsis ry is also a member organization of the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies and publishes the quarterly magazine 'Skeptikko'.

Contact Information and Organization Structure

Page 3 provides comprehensive contact details for Skepsis ry. The general phone service is available at 0208-355 455, with a postal address at PL 483, 00101 HELSINKI. The official website is http://www.skepsis.fi, and the general email address is [email protected]. Banking details are also provided.

Regional contact persons are listed for Jyväskylä (Matias Aunola), Joensuu (Vesa Tenhunen), and Oulu (Sami Tetri), encouraging local members to inform them of their contact details to facilitate regional activities.

The magazine also lists the members of the Skepsis ry board, including Jukka Häkkinen as Chairman, Matias Aunola, Veikko Joutsenlahti as Secretary, Sami Tetri, Rauni Tiainen, Göran Törnwall, and Jukka O. Vuori.

Furthermore, a detailed list of the members of the Skepsis ry Scientific Advisory Board is provided. This board includes numerous professors and docents from various academic fields, chaired by docent Kari Enqvist. Notable members include professors Nils Edelman, Pertti Hemánus, Kirsti Lagerspetz, Raimo Lehti, Anto Leikola, Nils Mustelin, Ilkka Niiniluoto, and Heikki Oja, among others.

Anna-Liisa Räihä, the membership secretary, is listed again with her contact details, emphasizing that membership and subscription inquiries should be directed to her.

Advertisement: Heureka Exhibition

Page 4 features an advertisement for the Heureka Science Centre, promoting two thematic exhibitions: 'Ancient Cultures' and 'Technology'. The 'Ancient Cultures' exhibition is described as exploring the time when science and religion intertwined, allowing visitors to experience an ancient Egyptian doctor's office, determine time from constellations, and learn about Mesopotamian mathematics. Highlights include a life-sized Egyptian dwelling, a tomb, and an authentic mummy. The exhibition is presented in collaboration with 'Tekniikka!' (Technology!). Ticket prices are listed for combined exhibition visits and for the 'Verne' exhibition.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue strongly promotes active participation in the Skepsis ry organization, emphasizing its role in fostering critical thinking and scientific inquiry into paranormal claims. The editorial stance is clearly one of advocating for evidence-based investigation and skepticism towards unsubstantiated claims. The detailed listing of the scientific advisory board underscores the organization's commitment to academic rigor and its connection to the broader scientific community in Finland. The inclusion of the Heureka advertisement suggests an interest in promoting science and critical thinking to the general public through accessible means.