1997-4-skeptikko

Magazine Overview

Title: Skeptikko
Issue: 4/97
Date: December 31, 1997
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish
ISSN: 0786-2571

This issue of Skeptikko, a Finnish skeptical magazine, delves into the complex relationship between postmodernism, science, and pseudoscience. The cover prominently features the headline "Postmodernismi — feminismi — tiede" (Postmodernism — Feminism — Science), signaling the central themes of the publication.

Editorial: Skepsis in 1998

In the editorial, Ilpo V. Salmi, Skepsis Chairman from 1995-1998, outlines the organization's key objectives for the upcoming year: member services, regional activities, and public relations. He acknowledges the bureaucratic demands of managing a community of nearly a thousand members and expresses gratitude to the volunteers. A significant challenge highlighted is the large number of unpaid membership fees, with most new members joining via the internet. Salmi also notes the expansion of Skepsis's activities beyond Helsinki and Jyväskylä to include regional groups in Tampere, Joensuu, Oulu, and Turku, encouraging local activists to take initiative and promising reimbursement for approved expenses.

A major focus of the editorial is the issue of public engagement, particularly the challenge of fostering meaningful dialogue with individuals interested in paranormal phenomena. Salmi reflects on past attempts to bridge the gap between skeptical and paranormal communities, noting the fundamental differences in understanding what constitutes science, evidence, and proof. He mentions Skepsis's participation in events like the 'Hengen ja tiedon messut' (Spirit and Knowledge Fairs) in Helsinki, Tampere, and Joensuu, emphasizing the importance of listening and studying the history and findings related to the paranormal. The editorial also touches upon the increasing prevalence of 'modern magic' and its commercialization, citing an example of a doll's packaging claiming its humanoid visitors are 'verified by scientists.'

Salmi also addresses the 'two cultures' problem, exacerbated by postmodernist discourse. He contrasts the view that this is a transient phase in Western scientific discussion with the idea that it represents a deeper liberation of thought. The introduction of the concept of 'ammattikorkeakoulu' (university of applied sciences) alongside doctoral degrees in Finland is seen as a factor that, by narrowing specialization, can increase susceptibility to both scientism and paranormal beliefs.

He concludes the editorial with a hopeful vision for the third millennium, envisioning a time of intellectual clarity rather than confusion, where people recognize that their 'demons' are internal.

Articles and Content

"Science and Postmodernism" by Antti Kupiainen

This article examines the "Science Wars," a debate that has emerged between natural scientists and proponents of postmodernist cultural criticism. Kupiainen explains that while Skepsis has long critiqued pseudosciences like astrology and homeopathy, there are concerns that a more sophisticated form of pseudoscience has infiltrated universities. The Science Wars, sparked by the book "Higher Superstition" by Paul Gross and Norman Levitt, argues that the academic left has developed an anti-science stance, rooted in critiques of science's societal applications since the 1960s. The article highlights the postmodernist view that scientific knowledge is a social construct, a narrative, and a power struggle, rather than an objective reflection of reality. It critiques the idea that nature plays a minimal role in the formation of scientific theories and that reality is a social construct.

Kupiainen discusses the "strong program" in the sociology of science, which attempts to provide sociological explanations for the content of scientific theories. He cites sociologists like Harry Collins and Bruno Latour, who suggest that nature has little to no role in the creation of scientific descriptions and that reality is a social construct. The article also touches upon the idea that scientific theories are not necessarily dictated by nature but are shaped by social and historical contexts.

Sociological Explanations for the Content of Theories

This section delves deeper into the relativistic and cultural constructivist approaches within philosophy of science and sociology. It explains how the "strong program" initiated by Barry Barnes and David Bloor sought to sociologically explain the content of scientific theories, not just their genesis. The article quotes Collins and Latour, who argue that nature plays a minimal role in scientific knowledge and that reality is a social construct. It critiques this view by using the analogy of mountaineering, where the success of reaching a summit is an objective reality, not a social construct.

"The Science of Language Games?"

This part of the article explores the epistemological relativism that arises when science is viewed as merely one ethnic group's language game, devoid of universal significance. Andrew Pickering's work on the development of modern particle physics theory is presented as an example of extreme constructivism, where he concludes that theories are culturally specific products and that the role of mathematics in physicists' understanding of reality is no different from an ethnic group's attachment to its mother tongue.

The Sokal Affair

The article details the "Sokal Affair," initiated by physicist Alan Sokal. Dissatisfied with the reception of Gross and Levitt's "Higher Superstition," Sokal wrote a parody article titled "Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity." This article, filled with jargon and references to postmodernist thinkers, argued that physical reality is fundamentally a social and linguistic construct. Sokal's intention was to expose the intellectual vacuity of certain postmodernist writings that misused scientific concepts. The article highlights how Sokal's parody was published in the influential cultural studies journal "Social Text," which was preparing a special issue on "Science Wars." The article quotes Sokal's own description of his parody, emphasizing its "utterly absurd" nature and its reliance on "nonsensical arguments" and "forced analogies."

Sokal and his colleague Jean Bricmont later compiled a book, "Impostures Intellectuelles" (Intellectual Impostures), containing numerous examples of French intellectuals misusing scientific concepts in their writings. The article notes that this book has been influential in revealing the lack of substance in some postmodernist discourse.

"Scientific Nonsense"

This section further elaborates on the Sokal affair, explaining that many of the absurd claims in Sokal's parody were not his own inventions but quotes from prominent French philosophers like Jacques Derrida. The article suggests that these intellectuals often employ scientific terminology without a genuine understanding of the concepts, a practice Sokal and Bricmont term "bullshitting." The authors argue that this is not mere metaphorical language but a systematic misuse of scientific ideas to support their theories.

The article lists several prominent French intellectuals whose works are critiqued, including Jacques Lacan, Julia Kristeva, Gilles Deleuze, Luce Irigaray, Jean Baudrillard, Bruno Latour, and Paul Virilio. The book "Impostures Intellectuelles" is presented as a critical examination of these intellectual trends.

From Academic Pseudoscience to Dowsers

This section ponders whether Skepsis should equate postmodernists with astrologers and dowsers, questioning if there is a connection between academic pseudoscience and more traditional forms of it. It discusses Thomas Kuhn's concept of paradigm shifts and how his ideas, particularly regarding incommensurability, might have been vulgarized by postmodernists. The article distinguishes between Kuhn's 'banal' interpretation of incommensurability (where concepts in one theory may not have equivalents in another) and his 'radical' interpretation, which questions the possibility of rational choice between theories and opens the door to relativism.

The article argues that while postmodernist ideas may not have a direct impact within natural sciences, they significantly influence how science is perceived in broader culture. It suggests that the popularization of science by figures like Steven Weinberg, Richard Dawkins, and Jared Diamond, who represent a "third culture" of scientists communicating directly with the public, is crucial for counteracting the influence of postmodernist thought.

The Worldview of Science Endures

This final section discusses the impact of postmodernism on the perception of science. It notes that while some scholars like Stephen Toulmin and Felipe Fernández-Armesto have written about the perceived loss of certainty and fragmentation of the scientific worldview, Kupiainen argues that this perception does not align with the actual developments in natural sciences. He asserts that concepts like causality and determinism are still robust, and reductionism continues to be a powerful tool in fields like particle physics, biology, and neuroscience. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of popularizing the scientific worldview to ensure it is understood and valued in broader culture, lamenting the lack of such efforts in Finland compared to the English-speaking world.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko revolve around the critique of pseudoscience, the examination of the "Science Wars" debate, and the philosophical underpinnings of postmodernism's challenge to scientific objectivity. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of scientific rationalism and critical thinking, advocating for a robust understanding and defense of the scientific method against what it perceives as relativistic and unsubstantiated claims from postmodernist and pseudoscientific circles. The magazine aims to foster a critical public discourse on these issues and promote a scientific worldview.

Title: Skeptikko
Issue: 4/97
Issue Date: October 1997
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish

This issue of Skeptikko, the Finnish skeptical magazine, covers a range of topics from the intersection of feminism and science to the mysteries of ancient artifacts and the grand sweep of life's evolution on Earth.

Feminism and Science: A Critical Look

The editorial section addresses the relationship between feminism and science, noting that while feminism has advanced societal understanding and scientific inquiry, there's a noticeable underrepresentation of women in skeptical organizations like Skepsis. The magazine highlights the efforts of organizations like CSICOP in the US to foster a 'Rational Feminist Alliance' and host conferences, suggesting a need for more critical engagement with feminist discourse within the scientific community. It also touches upon the popularity of postmodernism among some radical feminists, referencing Evelyn Fox Keller's work and Sirpa Repo's commentary.

The Baghdad Battery: Ancient Technology or Pseudoscience?

Gerhard Eggert's article, "Bagdadin patterin arvoitus" (The Mystery of the Baghdad Battery), critically examines the claim that a 2000-year-old artifact found in Iraq, often dubbed the 'Baghdad Battery,' was an ancient electrical device. The artifact, consisting of a clay vessel, a copper cylinder, and an iron rod, has been theorized by some, including art historian Wilhelm König, to be a galvanic element. Eggert, however, presents a skeptical analysis, detailing experiments with reconstructed models. He points out that while such models can produce a weak current, the lack of supporting evidence for ancient electrical technology, such as electroplated artifacts, makes the theory improbable. He also discusses alternative interpretations, including symbolic or ritualistic uses, and critiques the uncritical acceptance of the 'battery' theory by some popular science communicators.

The Evolution of Life on Earth

Suvi Viranta-Kovanen's article, "Elämä mitä ja missä?" (Life: What and Where?), explores the origins and evolution of life on Earth. It begins by defining life, acknowledging the ambiguity of entities like viruses and prions. The article posits that life on Earth likely originated only once, evidenced by the shared cellular structure and genetic code of all known organisms. It traces the early stages of life, from the formation of the solar system and the chemical building blocks of life in the primordial oceans, to the earliest fossil evidence found in Greenland and Swaziland dating back 3.85 and 3.5 billion years, respectively. The development of photosynthesis, evidenced by stromatolites, is highlighted as a pivotal moment, leading to the oxygenation of the atmosphere and the eventual evolution of complex multicellular life.

Biodiversity Crisis

The article further details the rise of biodiversity, particularly in marine environments, and the subsequent mass extinction events that have punctuated Earth's history. It notes that despite these setbacks, life has always recovered and diversified. However, the current rate of species extinction is presented as unprecedented and alarming, with estimates suggesting a mass extinction event is underway that could rival or exceed past catastrophic events in its speed and scale.

Skepsis Organization Updates

Several short articles detail the internal workings of Skepsis. "Skepsis muutti sääntöjään" (Skepsis Changed Its Bylaws) reports on the association's decision to split its annual general meeting into spring and autumn sessions to improve the efficiency of board elections and planning. "Hallitus vaihtui" (Board Changed) introduces the newly elected board members for the upcoming year, noting the continuation of key figures and the addition of new members. "Yhdistykselle oma nurkka Tieteiden talossa" (A Corner for the Association in the House of Sciences) announces that Skepsis will now have a dedicated workspace in the House of Sciences in Helsinki, which will also serve as a venue for its public events.

Awards and Seminars

"Juhlavuosi toi kosolti julkisuutta" (Anniversary Year Brought Considerable Publicity) summarizes Skepsis's 10th-anniversary year, highlighting increased membership and public visibility, including three major seminars. The article "Huuhaa- ja Sokrates-palkinnot julkistettiin" (Huuhaa and Socrates Awards Announced) details the announcement of the annual awards at the anniversary seminar. The Huuhaa award was given to all alternative medicine practitioners who diagnose illnesses without being licensed medical professionals, aiming to spark discussion about the dangers of such practices. The Socrates award was presented to Radiomafia for its rational-thinking-promoting programming, acknowledging its role in stimulating intellectual discourse despite some controversial content.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes critical thinking, scientific literacy, and skepticism towards pseudoscientific claims and unsubstantiated beliefs. It advocates for evidence-based reasoning and a rational approach to understanding the world, whether examining ancient artifacts, biological evolution, or societal issues. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of science and rational inquiry, aiming to debunk misinformation and encourage informed public discourse.

This issue of Skeptikko magazine, dated 4/97, focuses on awards recognizing skepticism and critiquing pseudoscience, alongside discussions on various pseudoscientific phenomena and their societal impact. The magazine is published by Skepsis ry. and is in Finnish.

Huuhaa Award 1997

Skepsis ry. awarded the 1997 Huuhaa Award jointly to all practitioners of alternative medicine who, while treating clients, make diagnoses without being licensed medical doctors or dentists. The article criticizes the lack of regulation and oversight in alternative medicine in Finland, contrasting it with evidence-based medicine practiced in the official healthcare system. It highlights the dangers of inaccurate diagnoses made through methods like iris diagnosis, kinesiology, and electro-acupuncture, which are sometimes presented on national television. Skepsis ry. aims to draw the attention of authorities to the risks posed by these unreliable diagnostic methods.

Socrates Award 1997

The 1997 Socrates Award was presented to Yleisradio's Radiomafia for its programming policy that stimulates rational thinking. Skepsis commends Radiomafia for consistently incorporating a rational perspective into its daily programming, creating a fearless output that challenges taboos and encourages listeners to form their own opinions. The station is praised for its 'reality-seeking anarchism' and its ability to engage young audiences with a Socratic approach, defending humanistic and gentle values without resorting to superficiality. Skepsis hopes Radiomafia will maintain its intellectually stimulating approach and extend this critical programming to other Yleisradio channels, which often present fiction as fact.

Skepsis ry. Bylaws

This section details the bylaws of Skepsis ry., including amendments made on October 15, 1997. It covers the association's name (Skepsis ry.), its home city (Helsinki), and its official languages (Finnish and Swedish). The association's purpose is to promote objective and unbiased scientific research into paranormal claims, maintain a network of interested individuals, publish articles and bibliographies on paranormal phenomena, and organize meetings and conferences. Skepsis ry. is politically, ideologically, and religiously independent. It outlines membership categories (regular, supporting, honorary), the process for accepting members, and grounds for expulsion. The bylaws also detail the structure and functions of the board, the signing authority for the association, financial matters, and the procedures for calling general meetings and amending bylaws or dissolving the association.

Skepsis Challenge

Skepsis offers a 10,000 Finnish markka reward to anyone who can produce a paranormal phenomenon under controlled conditions. A further 10,000 markkas is offered to a humanoid who can collect the stipend and provide DNA samples. An additional 10,000 markkas is offered by magician Iiro Seppänen to anyone who can successfully produce a paranormal phenomenon, doubling the total reward.

Psychic Tested in Jyväskylä

An account of a test conducted in Jyväskylä on a woman claiming to have the ability to change the colors of images in photographs. The test, a preliminary to the official Skepsis challenge, involved the subject attempting to identify and alter a specific photograph from a selection of 25 identical magazines. The test was conducted under double-blind conditions to prevent any influence from the participants. The subject failed to correctly identify the altered photograph after multiple attempts, attributing her failure to all the images changing simultaneously. Despite the failure, she requested a new test, which was declined. The article emphasizes the importance of careful planning and clear criteria for success in such tests.

What Was Learned from the Test?

The article reflects on the Jyväskylä psychic test, highlighting the critical need for meticulous planning, clearly defined success criteria, and the involvement of independent observers. It notes that individuals claiming paranormal abilities often dictate test conditions and resist controlled experiments, fearing failure. The experience underscored that even in failure, believers often find external reasons rather than questioning their abilities.

Changing Worldview

This personal reflection describes a sudden realization of an outdated worldview. The author recounts feeling disconnected from news and societal events, leading to a desire for a new worldview. The experience is likened to replacing a car rather than a simple change, as the author had previously defended their old worldview in debates. The author explores purchasing new books on spirituality, astrology, and philosophy, finding them expensive and not entirely satisfactory. The piece concludes with the author adapting to a life without a fixed worldview, finding it more economical and flexible to borrow perspectives as needed.

Astrology as a Folk Religion in Estonia

Enn Kasak, an astrophysicist, discusses the rise of astrology in Estonia, describing it as evolving into a mass folk religion. He notes that while he is an astrophysicist, his hobby is the history of astrology. Kasak explains how the relationship between natural sciences and humanities can lead to the acceptance of pseudoscientific claims, particularly when terms are misused or when proponents appeal to open-mindedness. He contrasts the scientific approach with the way humanistic fields might be approached, where elaborate narratives and seemingly complex calculations can lend an air of credibility to unfounded theories. Kasak suggests that understanding the terminology used in these fields is crucial for distinguishing between genuine science and pseudoscience.

Astrology: Special Knowledge of the 'Wise'

This article details the surge in popularity of astrology in Estonia following the country's independence. Previously suppressed during the Soviet era, astrology emerged as a niche interest among the educated elite, eventually becoming a widespread phenomenon. It became a business, with professional astrologers, associations, and media coverage, even appearing in school textbooks. The article notes a shift among former materialists who, facing economic hardship, became more receptive to astrological explanations for life's uncertainties. It also mentions the publication of "Paholaisen asianajajan paluu" (The Devil's Advocate Returns) in Estonian, a book that aligns with the growing interest in such topics.

Skeptical Feminists Gather in the USA

The first-ever conference of women skeptics was held in Colorado, USA, focusing on the intersection of rational feminism and science. Organized by the Rational Feminist Alliance, the conference aimed to critically examine irrational elements within some feminist movements. Paul Kurtz, founder of CSICOP, emphasized the importance of scientific objectivity and the primacy of methodological questions over gender issues. The conference addressed pseudoscientific phenomena in 'soft' sciences and critiqued aspects of women's studies. Specific examples included the critique of "facilitated communication," a controversial therapy for autistic children, and the discussion of Barbara Eisenstadt's views on the dangers of cultural dependency and the commodification of psychological issues.

Strange Theories

Archaeologist Linda Cordell and anthropologist Carla Selby discussed the influence of gender bias in science. Cordell noted how personal biases affect research, while Selby recounted her experience with her advisor's theory of an ancient matriarchal, goddess-worshipping culture in Europe. Professor Bernard Ortiz de Montellano's theory about Nubian rulers from Egypt influencing pre-Columbian civilizations was also critiqued for its lack of empirical evidence.

Feminism Misunderstood

Social psychologist Carol Tavris traced the historical relationship between science and feminism. She argued that early feminism aimed for genuine equality but later trends became adversarial towards science, promoting the idea that women were inherently superior. Tavris criticized the misinterpretation of feminist critiques of science, leading some to reject scientific methods altogether. She also noted that grassroots feminist therapies, intended as alternatives to male-dominated psychotherapy, had become as unscientific as the practices they sought to replace.

Pseudocure Treatments Under Fire

Psychology Professor Elizabeth Loftus spoke about the "false memory syndrome," where therapists implant traumatic memories in patients. Loftus described how this process can lead to false accusations, broken families, and significant financial costs. "Therapeutic touch" was also criticized at the conference for being falsely presented as scientific, opening the door to other unverified alternative therapies. Eugenie Scott of the National Center for Science Education stated that the problem lies not with religion itself, but with those who misuse science to gain credibility by selectively citing outdated theories.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Skeptikko consistently promotes a skeptical and rational approach to understanding phenomena. It critiques pseudoscience, alternative medicine, and unverified claims across various fields, including psychology, astrology, and parapsychology. The magazine emphasizes the importance of scientific methodology, evidence-based reasoning, and critical thinking. The editorial stance is clearly against the uncritical acceptance of pseudoscientific ideas and highlights the dangers of misinformation and unregulated practices. There is a strong focus on media criticism, pointing out how pseudoscientific claims are sometimes amplified by media outlets. The magazine also engages with feminist discourse, advocating for a rational and evidence-based approach within feminism itself.

Title: Skeptikko
Issue: 4/97
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish
Cover Headline: Mikrosirua metsästämässä (Hunting for Microchips)

This issue of Skeptikko magazine, published by Skepsis ry, focuses heavily on fears and conspiracy theories surrounding microchips and electronic identification, alongside discussions on pseudoscience, feminism in science, and the Ig Nobel prizes.

Mikrosirua metsästämässä (Hunting for Microchips)

The main article explores the widespread rumors in Finland about people being implanted with microchips for total control or being forced to use electronic ID cards for surveillance. The article notes that some interpret this as the 'mark of the beast' from the Book of Revelation. A religious group, Ristiretki Via Dolorosa, organized a seminar in Jyväskylä on this topic, attracting a large audience. The seminar featured discussions on the upcoming electronic ID card, which Päivi Hentunen from the Consumer Agency explained would function as an electronic signature for official transactions. Hentunen emphasized that the card should not enable excessive identification or the creation of detailed databases, and that access to one's own data should be possible. The card's acquisition would remain voluntary.

Former Minister for Development Cooperation, Toini Kankaanniemi, expressed concern that the electronic ID card might lead to the merging of public and commercial cards, enabling extensive tracking of individuals and potential discrimination against specific groups like students and the unemployed. She also speculated that the EU central bank might mandate the use of cards and microchips for commerce, as the EU is becoming a federal state with centralized decision-making.

Markku Lappalainen, vice-chairman of Ristiretki Via Dolorosa, addressed concerns about bank and credit cards, stating he didn't yet consider them the 'mark of the beast' but viewed microchips as a precursor to the Antichrist, similar to the EU project. He urged people to choose sides and suggested that while speakers like Hentunen were open, there were likely others with more knowledge. He cited a bank manager who wished to have a microchip implanted to avoid carrying multiple cards.

Antti Tornianen, a retired history teacher, took a more extreme stance, declaring that microchips would be used as the ultimate tool for human control by a dictatorship, which he identified as the European Union and its central bank. He predicted that the central bank would mandate chip usage for commerce, and that the chip would contain the 'number of the beast'. He urged Finland to leave the EU to avoid this fate.

Despite the controversial nature of Tornianen's speech, it received enthusiastic applause. The article also mentions that microchips are already a reality in devices like mobile phones and calculators. Other speakers at the seminar included former journalist Pertti Jotuni, lay preacher Veli Lavia, priest Juha Molari, and businessman Tony Mishima, who marketed a cylinder-shaped microchip.

Lyhyesti (Briefly)

Parapsykologista soppaa Kouvolassa (Parapsychological Stew in Kouvola)

An acupuncturist named Heino Tiik gave a lecture in Kouvola titled "Parapsychological War." The lecture, which attracted about twenty people, reportedly wandered into various areas of fringe science. Tiik described himself as a passionate individual with a vast knowledge of fringe science, attempting to convey a large amount of information to convince the audience. He discussed psychotronic devices, claiming that those from the former Soviet Union were particularly effective. He mentioned a device developed for cosmonauts that could analyze a person's body without any physical samples, and a similar device available in Lahti from a doctor specializing in 'water memory.' Tiik also touched upon conspiracy theories, suggesting Finns would accept higher gasoline prices as they are being made 'submissive' through psychotronic generators. He argued that protection against psychotronic warfare is impossible with traditional methods, and that lead shielding could even amplify psi effects. He linked this to homeopathy, suggesting dilution increases information transfer. Tiik also referred to Chinese spiritual teachings as accurate. The latter part of the lecture focused on the dangers of electrical devices, recommending a 500-meter distance from high-voltage power lines and advising ventilation of saunas after electric heaters ionize the air. Tiik concluded by stating that conventional physics methods are insufficient for parapsychology, and a new field of 'bioenergetic science' is emerging.

Vuoden 1997 Ig-nobelistit (1997 Ig Nobel Laureates)

The 1997 Ig Nobel Prizes were awarded on October 7th at Harvard University. These prizes, established by the MIT Museum and the journal 'Annals of Improbable Research,' honor achievements that cannot, or should not, be repeated. The biology prize went to researchers who studied brainwave responses to different chewing gum flavors. The ethnology prize was awarded to Mark Hostetler for his book "That Gunk on Your Car," which details insects that form a paste on car windshields. The astronomy prize was given to Richard Hoagland for his work identifying artificial features on the Moon and Mars, such as the 'face on Mars' and a 16-kilometer-high structure on the far side of the Moon. The physics prize was awarded to John Bockris for his work on the transmutation of elements into gold and the electrochemical combustion of waste. The literature prize was awarded to Doron Witztum, Eliyahu Rips, and Yoav Rosenberg for their statistical studies suggesting a hidden code in the Bible, and to Michael Drosinin for his book "The Bible Code." The medicine prize was awarded to Carl J. Charnetski and Francis X. Brennan Jr. for their study suggesting that listening to Muzak in elevators increases immunoglobulin A (IgA) production, which may help prevent the common cold. The economics prize was awarded to Akihiro Yoko and Aki Maitani for their work on the Tamagotchi virtual pet, which they claim channels millions of work hours. The peace prize was awarded to Harold Hillman for his report "The Possible Pain Experienced During Execution by Different Methods." The science prize was awarded to Bernhard Vonnegut for his report "Chicken Plucking as Measure of Tornado Wind Speed." The award ceremony also featured the premiere of a mini-opera titled "Il Kaboom Grosso."

Randin Pigasus-palkinnot humpuukin harrastajille (Randi's Pegasus Prizes for Hobbyists of Hoaxes)

James Randi Educational Foundation annually awards Pegasus prizes to those who promote hoaxes. The prizes for the previous year were announced in four categories. The first prize, for promoting the most unusual paranormal phenomenon, went to physicist Ed May, who led the CIA's 'remote viewing project,' which spent $20 million on psychics without producing useful results. The second prize, for funding organizations that have supported the most useless paranormal research, was awarded to Robert Bigelow's organization for funding John Mack and Bud Hopkins for their abduction books. Bigelow also purchased a 'haunted' property in Utah. The third prize, for media outlets that have reported on the Roswell UFO incident without adequately considering the US Air Force's explanations, was awarded to various media outlets. The fourth prize, for a 'psychic' who has deceived the most people with the least effort, was awarded to Sheldon Nidle, who predicted the end of the world for December 17, 1996. Nidle maintained his prediction was correct even though the predicted events did not occur, attributing it to a 'holographic projection.'

Kirjat (Books)

Huuhaan lohikäärmettä vastaan (Against the Dragon of Hoax)

This section reviews the book "Paholaisen asianajajan paluu" (The Devil's Advocate Returns), a guide for skeptics published by Ursa in 1997. The book, a follow-up to "Paholaisen asianajaja" (The Devil's Advocate) from eight years prior, aims to debunk various pseudoscientific claims, including UFO sightings, abductions, astrology, homeopathy, and creationism. The authors argue that these phenomena lack scientific basis and are rooted in questionable beliefs. The book is described as a valuable resource for skeptics, helping them defend their views in debates. It also critiques the business aspect of alternative medicine, where profit often outweighs genuine healing. The review suggests the book is intellectually stimulating and encourages lively debates, comparing the persistence of hoaxes to a seven-headed dragon that regrows heads when one is cut off.

Mielen koukeroita (Intricacies of the Mind)

This section reviews Daniel C. Dennett's book "Miten mieli toimii" (How the Mind Works), published by WSOY in 1997. The review discusses the book's exploration of consciousness, awareness, and the possibility of artificial intelligence having consciousness. Dennett argues that linguistic ability is a key indicator of consciousness, and that non-linguistic entities like robots can mimic intelligent behavior. The review notes that Dennett's work challenges the idea that only humans possess consciousness and encourages empirical evidence for such claims. It also touches upon the difficulty of defining consciousness and the potential for anthropomorphism when observing animals or machines. The review criticizes the Finnish translation's title, suggesting it is misleading, and notes the absence of a bibliography. It compares Dennett's work to Stephen Pinker's "How the Mind Works" as a valuable resource for those interested in the mind.

Feminististä tiedediskurssia (Feminist Discourse in Science)

This section reviews Evelyn Fox Keller's book "Tieteen sisarpuoli" (A Sister, Science), published in 1988. The review discusses three interpretations of feminism in science: equality feminism, which advocates for objective, gender-neutral science; radical feminism, which emphasizes the unique epistemology of women's studies and values intuition, emotion, and connection; and postmodern feminism, which deconstructs (male) science. The review highlights Keller's exploration of how science is intertwined with masculinity and questions the notion that only 'soft' sciences are influenced by societal factors. Keller argues that science is personal and that even physics laws are influenced by gender. She advocates for a paradigm that acknowledges the interaction between the knower and the known, and the inherent gap between theory and reality. The review concludes by pondering why only a fifth of Skepsis members are women, questioning if women are justifiably skeptical of the organization.

Tulevia tapahtumia (Upcoming Events)

This section lists upcoming events organized by Skepsis ry in Helsinki during the spring of 1998. These include lectures on feminism and science, paranormal phenomena, Jungian synchronicity, parapsychology and psychedelia, and a discussion on the current state of parapsychology. A winter trip to Tallinn is also announced, involving a book launch and a theater visit.

Seuraava Skeptikko (Next Skeptikko)

An announcement for the next issue of Skeptikko, due in March, with a deadline for submissions on February 6th.

English Summary

About natural sciences and postmodernism by Antti Kupiainen

This article discusses the relationship between natural sciences and postmodernism. Professor Antti Kupiainen notes that while pseudoscience like astrology and homeopathy primarily exists outside academia, some claims suggest it is entering universities. He describes a 'science war' between natural scientists and proponents of postmodern cultural critique, some of whose ideas are seen as bordering on pseudoscience.

Astrology - the new popular religion in Estonia by Enn Kasak

Astrophysicist Enn Kasak writes that astrology has become a mass religion in Estonia, supported even by the social elite. He attributes its popularity to a desire for a 'very sensible and broad-minded' perspective. He notes that astrology was forbidden during the Soviet era but became a business after freedom, with professional groups, advertising, TV shows, and even school book entries. However, he observes that the initial enthusiasm is waning, and people are becoming more interested in critical information about astrology.

A psychic tested by the Finnish Skeptics

This piece details an experiment conducted by the Finnish Skeptics in Jyväskylä to test a woman claiming she could alter picture colors by concentration. The double-blind test involved 25 identical magazine pictures, with the psychic needing to identify the altered one. The test was repeated three times, with two correct guesses indicating success. The psychic became increasingly uncertain and eventually announced she would resume, but the test ended unfavorably. She defended her claim by stating all pictures had changed simultaneously.

Flim-Flam and Sokrates -prizes awarded

The annual Huuhaa (Flim-Flam) and Sokrates prizes, awarded by the Finnish Sceptics, were presented on December 13th. The Flim-Flam prize was awarded to "all the quarters of alternative medicine" for diagnosing customers without being legal doctors or dentists, aiming to highlight the risks of inappropriate diagnostics. The Sokrates prize, for promoting critical thinking, was awarded to the youth-oriented radio station Radiomafia for its critical broadcasting policy.

The new Skeptic's handbook in Finnish and Estonian

A new handbook, 'Return of the Devils Advocate,' published by the Finnish Sceptics and the Ursa astronomical association, was released in both Finnish and Estonian on December 13th. The Estonian edition, titled 'Teine maailm' (The Another World), was translated and compiled by Kulle Raig.

Title: Skeptikko
Issue: 4/97
Date: 1997
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish

This issue of Skeptikko magazine, published by Skepsis ry, focuses on encouraging new members to join the organization. The cover prominently features the headline "Liity Skepsiksen jäseneksi!" (Join Skepsis as a member!) and provides a detailed application form.

Membership and Subscriptions

The primary goal of this issue is to recruit new members. The magazine clearly outlines the process for joining Skepsis ry. Interested individuals are instructed to send a completed membership application form to Rauni Tiainen, the membership secretary, at the provided postal address in Helsinki or via email ([email protected]). The annual membership fee is 100 Finnish Marks (mk), with a reduced fee of 50 mk for individuals under 20 years old (who are asked to provide their birth date). This membership fee includes a subscription to the Skeptikko magazine.

For those who wish to subscribe to the Skeptikko magazine without becoming a member, the annual subscription fee is also 100 mk. The process for subscribing involves modifying the membership form by crossing out "jäsenhakemus" (membership application) and writing "tilaus" (subscription) instead. A name and address are sufficient for subscription purposes.

The magazine also highlights that the membership application form, as well as a subscription form, can be found online on Skepsis's website at http://www.skepsis.fi.

Skepsis ry: Purpose and Principles

The magazine elaborates on the purpose and principles of Skepsis ry, a Finnish skeptical organization founded in 1987. Skepsis operates similarly to the American CSICOP (Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal) but functions independently, though it collaborates with CSICOP and other similar organizations.

The stated purposes of the organization, as per its statutes, are:

• To promote objective and unbiased scientific research into paranormal claims, without making prior judgments on their validity, but based on research-driven evidence.
• To maintain a network of individuals interested in such research and to foster connections with similar communities domestically and internationally.
• To publish articles and books that investigate paranormal claims, and to compile bibliographies of publications containing such claims.
• To organize meetings and conferences related to the field, and to engage in public awareness and information activities.

Skepsis ry emphasizes its political, ideological, and religious neutrality.

The organization's board has the authority to approve applications from individuals and legally capable organizations that accept the aforementioned principles of the association.

Contact Information and Organization Structure

Detailed contact information for Skepsis ry is provided. The board of Skepsis ry is listed, with Ilpo V. Salmi as the chairman, Kari Enqvist as the vice-chairman, and Veikko Joutsenlahti as the secretary. Other board members include Jukka Häkkinen, Arto Siitonen, Rauni Tiainen, and Jukka O. Vuori.

The magazine also lists the members of Skepsis's scientific advisory board, which includes numerous professors and doctors (dosentti) from various academic fields, such as Kari Enqvist (chairman), Nils Edelman, Pertti Hemánus, Raimo Keskinen, S. Albert Kivinen, Kirsti Lagerspetz, Raimo Lehti, Anto Leikola, Nils Mustelin, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Heikki Oja, Jeja Pekka Roos, Jan Rydman, Heikki Räisänen, Veijo Saano, Lauri Saksén, Anssi Saura, Raija Sollamo, Raimo Tuomela, Tytti Varmavuo, Yrjö Vasari, Johan von Wright, and Risto Vuorinen.

Regional contact persons are listed for Jyväskylä, Tampere, Joensuu, Turku, and Oulu. These individuals serve as local points of contact for information dissemination and to encourage local participation in the organization's activities.

Specific contact details are provided for membership matters, with Rauni Tiainen serving as the membership representative. Address changes should be reported directly to Marko Vehämäki, the registrar, via email ([email protected]) or phone (09-717 062).

General contact information includes a phone service (0208-355 455), a postal address (PL 483, 00101 HELSINKI), the website (http://www.skepsis.fi), and an email address ([email protected]). The organization's bank connection (PSP 800011 - 465 302) is also listed.

Article: Numerologiaa...

Page 4 features an advertisement for Mathcad 7 Professional, a software program for calculations. The ad poses the question, "Minkä luulet olevan helpointa?" (Which do you think is easiest?), offering options like programming languages, spreadsheets, and Mathcad. It highlights Mathcad's user-friendly interface, which uses familiar mathematical notation, and its ability to handle units automatically in physics and chemistry calculations. The ad encourages readers to call 09-692 7677 for more information about Mathcad and other technical software. The advertiser is ZeNex, located in Helsinki.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue strongly promotes the Skepsis organization and its mission of promoting scientific skepticism. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of critical thinking and evidence-based investigation of paranormal claims. The emphasis is on encouraging participation and disseminating information about the organization's activities and goals. The inclusion of a detailed membership form and contact information underscores the proactive approach to growing the skeptical community in Finland.