1997-1-skeptikko

Magazine Overview

This issue of Skeptikko (1/97, issue number 32, dated March 27, 1997) is a Finnish magazine dedicated to skepticism and the critical examination of pseudoscientific and esoteric claims. The cover prominently features the headline "Sieppaus-kokemukset psykologiaa?" (Abduction experiences psychology?), suggesting a focus on the psychological aspects of alleged alien abductions. Other cover stories include "Mitä järkeä Steinerin ajattelussa?" (What's the point of Steiner's thinking?), "Parapsykologiaa yliopistossa" (Parapsychology at university), and "Natsit ja mystiikka" (Nazis and mysticism).

Editorial: "Faster, Higher, Stronger!"

The editorial, written by Anneli Aurejärvi, the Skepsis secretary from 1994-1997, celebrates the significant growth of Skepsis ry. Membership has more than doubled in the past three years, and the organization has become more visible and active. Skepsis now has a permanent postal address, a phone number, a website, and engages with the media, offering a critical counterpoint to sensationalist claims. The "Huuhaa-prize" (Bogus prize) is mentioned as a point of anticipation. The organization's public lectures are well-established, and international cooperation with sister organizations has strengthened. Financially, Skepsis is stable, and they have rented a small storage space for their archive and library. The editorial acknowledges that Skepsis's success is partly due to the prevalence of pseudoscientific beliefs, which it aims to counter. However, despite this positive growth, the editorial warns of critical times ahead, referring to a "valley of death" due to the increasing demands on volunteer efforts as the organization expands. Reaching a membership of a thousand is anticipated, and the editorial stresses the need for a positive feedback loop: increased activity leads to publicity, which attracts members, generating income that allows for further expansion. The ultimate goal is to reach a point where the organization can afford to hire office staff, freeing up volunteers for more creative and proactive tasks.

The editorial also addresses the image of skepticism. Aurejärvi expresses a desire to move beyond the stereotype of the "joy-killing skeptic" and to present a more appealing image, especially to young people. A significant challenge is reaching girls, as women constitute less than a fifth of Skepsis members. To address this, the magazine aims to offer positive role models and engage girls more effectively. The editorial notes the media's tendency to focus on personality over substance, but emphasizes the importance of maintaining the quality of arguments.

Aurejärvi concludes by announcing her departure from the Skepsis board after three terms to focus on raising two young skeptics.

Rudolf Steiner and Anthroposophy

One of the main articles, "Steinerista ja antroposofisista oppirakennelmista" (On Steiner and Anthroposophical Doctrines) by S. Albert Kivinen, delves into the life and philosophy of Rudolf Steiner, the founder of Anthroposophy. Steiner, born in 1861, initially studied engineering and philosophy. He was influenced by Madame Blavatsky and the Theosophical Society before founding the Anthroposophical Society in 1913. Steiner traveled extensively, including to Finland, which he considered a unique European country. He believed in reincarnation and the need for a "spiritual science" to revitalize Western culture. He established the Christian Community and developed biodynamic agriculture and anthroposophical medicine. The article highlights the founding of Waldorf schools, initiated by Emil Molt, which became a global network. Kivinen notes that Steiner lacked formal pedagogical training and did not particularly like children, yet emphasized the importance of instilling anthroposophical principles in children from a young age. The article points out that the occult beliefs underlying anthroposophy are rarely discussed, despite the existence of 14 Steiner schools in Finland. It also mentions that Finnish parliament members have not questioned state funding for these schools, nor distinguished between biodynamic and organic farming.

Kivinen critically examines Steiner's writings, particularly an article on "Nature Spirits and Elemental Beings in the Plant World." He quotes Steiner's description of "gnomes" as wise beings with human-like consciousness who possess innate knowledge. Kivinen questions the scientific basis of such claims, contrasting them with the rigorous methods of empirical science. He also touches upon Steiner's "Kristologia" (Christology), which he suggests is controversial.

The article "Rudolf Steiner filosofina" (Rudolf Steiner as a Philosopher) by S. Albert Kivinen further scrutinizes Steiner's philosophical contributions. Kivinen describes Steiner as pedantic, long-winded, and confused. He analyzes Steiner's doctoral dissertation, "Truth and Science," and his concept of truth as a free creation of the human spirit, not merely a reflection of reality. Kivinen relates Steiner's ideas to Popper's World III and discusses Steiner's engagement with Brentano's philosophy, particularly the concepts of intentionality and the classification of mental phenomena. Kivinen criticizes Steiner for turning away from empirical observation and engaging in speculative reasoning. He also mentions George Adams's book "Physical and Ethereal Spaces" as an example of anthroposophical speculation.

A list of Steiner schools in Finland is provided, including institutions in Seinäjoki, Helsinki, Jyväskylä, Oulu, Lahti, Tampere, Turku, Vaasa, Espoo, and Rovaniemi.

Unusual States of Consciousness and Abduction Experiences

Jukka Häkkinen's article, "Epätavalliset tajunnantilat ja sieppauskokemukset" (Unusual States of Consciousness and Abduction Experiences), explores the phenomenon of alleged alien abductions. Häkkinen recounts a friend's experiences of waking up to find an unknown entity in the room, feeling paralyzed, and later realizing the experience resembled described abduction scenarios. He references a US survey indicating that millions of Americans claim to have been abducted by aliens, with many suffering psychological distress. The article mentions John Mack's book "Abduction: Human Encounters with Aliens" as an attempt to legitimize these experiences. Häkkinen notes that scientific discussion on the topic is emerging, citing a special issue of "Psychological Inquiry" dedicated to the subject.

Other Articles and Sections

The magazine also includes a "Kolumni" (Column) titled "Tieteen rajat" (The Limits of Science) by an unnamed author, and an article by Karlo Kauko titled "Natsien uskonkappaleet ja mystiikka" (Nazi Articles of Faith and Mysticism).

There is a section on "Yhdistys toimii" (The Association at Work), reporting on the annual meeting and new board members. "Bara Normal" is a brief section, followed by "Lyhyet" (Shorts), "Kirjat" (Books), and "Keskustelua" (Discussion).

"Tulevia tapahtumia" (Upcoming Events) and an "English summary" are also included.

Editorial Stance and Themes

Skeptikko magazine consistently adopts a critical and skeptical stance towards pseudoscientific, esoteric, and paranormal claims. It aims to provide evidence-based analysis and to debunk unfounded beliefs. The magazine champions scientific reasoning and critical thinking, often contrasting them with the speculative and unverified nature of subjects like anthroposophy, parapsychology, and UFO phenomena. The editorial emphasizes the importance of clear argumentation and intellectual honesty. The recurring themes include the critique of pseudoscience, the promotion of scientific literacy, the examination of the psychological and social factors behind belief in the paranormal, and the defense of rationalism against irrationalism. The magazine actively seeks to engage a broader audience, including younger readers, while maintaining its rigorous analytical approach.

This issue of Skeptikko, dated 1/97, focuses on the intersection of science, skepticism, and unexplained phenomena, with a particular emphasis on UFO abductions, parapsychology, and the mystical beliefs of Nazi Germany. The magazine presents a critical examination of these topics, encouraging readers to approach them with a discerning and evidence-based perspective.

UFO Abductions: Experiences and Explanations

The article "Tyypillinen sieppauskokemus" (A Typical Abduction Experience) delves into the nature of alleged UFO abduction experiences. It notes that these experiences can range from vivid and detailed recollections to vague feelings of anxiety and missing time. Often, individuals report being taken to a spacecraft for medical examinations, sometimes with sexual undertones, and that memories are subsequently erased. The article highlights the significant increase in reported abductions in recent decades, questioning whether this reflects an actual rise in incidents or greater willingness to report them.

It critically examines a study by Hopkins, Jacobs, and Westrum (1992) that estimated 3.7 million abductions in the US, pointing out methodological flaws in their survey-based approach. The author argues that while these surveys might identify individuals with certain unusual experiences, they do not prove alien abductions.

The piece "Miksi etsiä vaihtoehtoa avaruusolioselitykselle?" (Why Seek an Alternative to the UFO Alien Explanation?) questions the automatic acceptance of alien explanations for these experiences. It suggests that psychological factors and cultural influences play a significant role in shaping these narratives.

Further exploration of alternative explanations is found in "Aivotoiminta ja epätavalliset kokemukset" (Brain Activity and Unusual Experiences). This section discusses how normal brain function can lead to unusual experiences, distinguishing them from severe psychological disorders. Key explanations offered include sleep paralysis, a phenomenon where individuals experience temporary paralysis and hallucinations upon falling asleep or waking up. The article notes the striking similarities between descriptions of sleep paralysis and abduction experiences. Another factor discussed is 'highway hypnosis,' a state of reduced awareness during long, monotonous drives, which can lead to periods of missing time.

The article "Minkä vuoksi epätavalliset kokemukset tulkitaan sieppauskokemuksiksi?" (Why Are Unusual Experiences Interpreted as Abduction Experiences?) examines the role of hypnosis in eliciting abduction memories. It points out that hypnosis can create vivid 'false memories' by lowering critical judgment and allowing associations to fill in gaps, even if the events never occurred. The author cites research showing that people can recall fabricated childhood events with detailed accuracy, suggesting that memory is reconstructive and susceptible to suggestion.

Parapsychology Research at Edinburgh University

"Koestlerin perintö Parapsykologiaa Edinburghin yliopistossa" (The Koestler Legacy: Parapsychology at Edinburgh University) by Robert L. Morris, a professor of parapsychology, details the establishment and work of the parapsychology unit at Edinburgh University, funded by the legacy of Arthur Koestler. The unit's mission is to conduct systematic and responsible research into phenomena that challenge current scientific understanding, referred to as 'psi' phenomena.

Morris outlines a six-point framework for integrative parapsychology, defining it as the study of unknown communication or interaction methods, an interdisciplinary field, a questioning rather than assuming discipline, and one that investigates both the 'psi hypothesis' (genuine psychic abilities) and the 'pseudo-psi hypothesis' (explanations for apparent psi phenomena through fraud or misinterpretation). The research program focuses on two main areas: investigating phenomena that appear supernatural but have mundane explanations, and rigorously testing for genuine 'psi' phenomena.

Specific research projects mentioned include studies on self-deception, perceptual errors, the formation of belief systems related to the paranormal, and the psychological strategies used by magicians and tricksters. The unit also conducts experiments in areas like ganzfeld (sensory deprivation) to test for telepathy and explores psychokinesis, the purported ability to influence physical objects with the mind. The research aims to develop reliable methods for studying these phenomena and to understand the psychological factors that influence belief in them.

Nazi Mysticism and Occultism

"Natsien uskonkappaleet ja mystiikka" (Nazi Articles of Faith and Mysticism) by Karlo Kauko explores the influence of mysticism and the occult on Nazi ideology. The article notes that while Nazi leaders, including Hitler, were interested in astrology and the supernatural, their beliefs were often vague and unsystematic. Hitler's book "Mein Kampf" is presented as a key text for understanding Nazi ideology, though it contains few concrete claims about the supernatural, instead featuring vague references to Valhalla and a 'divine will.'

The article suggests that Hitler held a nuanced view of religions, generally accepting monotheistic faiths except for Judaism, which he saw as a source of 'spiritual terror.' However, the specific alternative monotheistic religion he favored remains unclear.

Further information indicates that Nazi Germany was receptive to astrology, with Hitler regularly consulting astrologer Erik Jan Hanussen. The article also touches upon the Nazis' interest in alternative medicine, mentioning Hitler's physician, Dr. Morell, and his unusual treatments.

Science and Ethics

Anto Leikola's "Tieteen rajat" (The Limits of Science) addresses the ethical considerations in scientific research, particularly in light of advancements like cloning. Leikola argues that while scientific technology can be misused, the pursuit of knowledge itself should not be halted. He emphasizes the importance of open, evidence-based science and the ethical imperative to avoid harming individuals without their consent, particularly in biological experiments on humans.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

Throughout the issue, Skeptikko maintains a skeptical yet open-minded stance. The magazine encourages critical thinking and the search for evidence-based explanations for phenomena that are often shrouded in mystery or sensationalism. The editorial stance consistently favors rational inquiry and scientific methodology, while acknowledging the complexity of human experience and the limitations of current scientific understanding. The issue implicitly argues against the uncritical acceptance of extraordinary claims, advocating instead for rigorous investigation and a cautious approach to interpreting unusual events and beliefs.

Title: Skeptikko
Issue: 1/97
Date: 1997-01-01
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish
Document Type: Magazine Issue

Content Summary

The Psychological and Occult Underpinnings of Nazism

The issue delves into the complex psychological landscape of Adolf Hitler, highlighting his profound fear of death and his obsession with leaving a lasting legacy. This fear, it is suggested, drove his accelerated plans and the extensive anti-aircraft defenses employed by his convoys in 1938. Hitler's desire to avoid his remains falling into the hands of the Red Army, leading to his cremation order, is presented as further evidence of his lack of belief in an afterlife.

The article explores how Nazi ideology masterfully manipulated 'mystical atmospheres' to influence the masses, appealing to emotions typically channeled through religion. Psychologist Carl Jung is cited, suggesting Hitler's power was almost magical, stemming from his ability to articulate Germany's national traumas, particularly the defeat in World War I. This 'magical charisma' was amplified by elaborate stagecraft, such as Albert Speer's monumental light shows at Nuremberg rallies, which reportedly induced trance-like states in the audience.

Hitler's symbolic entrances by airplane to rallies were designed to project an image of arrival from the heavens. The swastika, adopted as the Nazi Party symbol in the early 1920s, is described as an ancient magical symbol imbued with a potent, mystical charge. The 'Eternal Jew' exhibition in Munich (1937) is highlighted as an example of using dark, occult symbolism to represent racial hatred.

Richard Wagner's music was also politicized by the Nazis, who sponsored the Bayreuth festivals. While Wagner himself was an anti-Semite, the article argues he was not an aggressive Nazi, quoting him as advocating for Germans to 'ennoble' themselves rather than rule the world. Despite this, his works were co-opted by the more aggressive Nazi ideology.

Internal Conflicts and Skepticism within the Nazi Leadership

Despite the pervasive use of mystical symbols, Hitler himself was reportedly skeptical of incorporating overt mysticism into party ideology. He rejected Himmler's suggestion of making him an SS saint, calling it 'absurd' and expressing a desire to move beyond mysticism. He also dismissed the idea of reviving ancient Germanic Wotan cults as foolish.

However, other Nazi leaders were more receptive to the occult. Alfred Rosenberg, who considered himself a philosopher, infused Nazism with mysticism through his writings, particularly in 'The Myth of the 20th Century,' which presented racial theories in a mystical light. His ideas, however, were dismissed by Hitler as 'medieval trash.'

Rudolf Hess's inexplicable parachute jump into Scotland in 1941 is linked to astrological predictions and a dream his friend Haushofer had, suggesting a peace mission. Goebbels and Himmler were also noted believers in astrology, with Goebbels seeking comfort from horoscopes in his bunker.

Persecution of Esoteric Groups and the Church

Totalitarian regimes, by nature, suppress anything outside their ideological control. Esoteric groups and secret societies, including Freemasons, were quickly outlawed. The Nazi regime also had a deeply problematic relationship with Christianity, given its incompatibility with Nazi doctrines. Martin Bormann famously stated that Nazism and Christianity were irreconcilable.

Most German Protestants belonged to Lutheran or Reformed churches, which merged in 1933 under the leadership of Ludwig Müller, who promoted a syncretic ideology of Christianity and Nazism. This led to the formation of the 'Confessing Church' in opposition. The relationship with the Catholic Church also deteriorated significantly after an initial concordat in 1933. The Nazis quickly moved to dissolve Catholic youth organizations and arrested thousands of priests and nuns on fabricated charges. Propaganda Minister Goebbels, who had a religious upbringing, vehemently attacked the Catholic Church.

Baldur von Schirach, head of the Hitler Youth, was an exception among Nazi leaders for his positive view of Christianity, even calling Jesus a great leader. He sent Christmas gifts of books containing Christian themes to Hitler Youth leaders, and facilitated an agreement that made Hitler Youth members automatically members of the Protestant state church's youth organizations.

Despite this, the Nazis harbored plans to eradicate Christianity. Rosenberg drafted a plan to reform the 'State Church' by removing Christian elements, replacing crucifixes with swastikas, and making 'Mein Kampf' the holy scripture. This plan, however, was never implemented.

Skeptikko Association's Activities and Challenges

The magazine reports on the annual meeting of Skepsis ry, a Finnish association dedicated to critical examination of paranormal claims. The meeting, held in conjunction with a winter day event, saw a good turnout. The association's challenge of awarding 10,000 marks for the production of a paranormal phenomenon under controlled conditions was discussed. Last year, only four inquiries were received, none leading to testing.

The association experienced significant membership growth, reaching 602 members by year-end, with nearly a hundred new applications by February. Public events, including lectures, were well-attended, with a talk by Risto Vuorinen on perceptual illusions drawing over 300 people.

A new board was elected, with Ilpo V. Salmi continuing as chairman. New board members include Kari Enqvist, Veikko Joutsenlahti, Rauni Tiainen, and Risto Selin. The membership fees remained unchanged at 100 marks for adults and 50 marks for those under 20.

Skeptikko is planning a 10th-anniversary seminar and an international seminar in December.

Profiles of New Board Members

Brief profiles are provided for the new board members: Ilpo V. Salmi (former radio journalist, lecturer), Kari Enqvist (docent in theoretical physics), Veikko Joutsenlahti (former auditor, electrical engineer), Rauni Tiainen (works in finance, interested in Egyptology), and Risto Selin (psychology student, interested in debunking graphology and personality tests).

Other Skeptical News and Investigations

The 'Ig Nobel' Prizes: The humorous 'Ig Nobel' prizes were awarded for research that 'cannot, or should not, be replicated.' Notable winners included Harald Moi for his research on the transmission of gonorrhea via a stuffed doll, and a study on the effect of beer, garlic, and sour cream on leeches' appetites.

Pope Approves Evolution: Pope John Paul II affirmed that evolution is not in conflict with Catholic doctrine, marking a significant shift from previous papal statements.

Alan Sokal's Hoax Goes Political: Physicist Alan Sokal discussed the political implications of his hoax, arguing that the debate is not just between scientists and humanists, but about the nature of truth and objectivity, which are crucial for future left-wing politics.

James Randi's Million-Dollar Challenge: The article mentions James Randi's ongoing challenge, offering over a million dollars to anyone who can demonstrate paranormal abilities under controlled conditions. A similar challenge exists in Finland.

Psychics Interpreting Pet Thoughts: The piece touches upon the growing field of animal psychics who claim to communicate telepathically with pets, citing examples of individuals charging significant fees for such services.

Homeopathic Hangover: The cover story satirically explores the concept of a 'homeopathic hangover,' questioning the efficacy and rationale behind various homeopathic remedies through a fictional family dialogue.

Rudolf Steiner's Philosophy: The article briefly mentions the influence of Rudolf Steiner's philosophy on certain groups.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes a skeptical and critical approach to paranormal claims, pseudoscience, and unsubstantiated beliefs. It highlights the importance of scientific evidence, critical thinking, and rational inquiry. The editorial stance is clearly against the uncritical acceptance of phenomena that lack empirical support, as demonstrated by its coverage of Nazi occultism, homeopathy, and psychic claims. The magazine also engages with historical events and figures through a critical lens, aiming to debunk myths and expose irrationality. The recurring theme is the defense of a scientific worldview against superstition and irrationalism.

This issue of Skeptikko, dated 1/97, focuses on critical examinations of various topics, including alternative medicine, the Sokal affair, and paranormal beliefs. The magazine features in-depth reviews and discussions, aiming to promote scientific skepticism and critical thinking.

Articles and Reviews

"Huuhuu-palkittua hoito-oppia Yhdysvalloista" (Award-winning 'Hooey' Healing Teachings from the USA)

This extensive review by Anja Rautajoki critically analyzes the book "Terapeuttinen kosketus" (Therapeutic Touch) by Anja Rautajoki. The reviewer, Timo Kaitaro, questions the scientific validity of 'Therapeutic Touch,' a method that supposedly involves manipulating energy fields without physical contact. Kaitaro points out the vague and pseudoscientific language used in the book, which draws heavily on New Age philosophy and concepts like 'energy fields' and 'holism.' He highlights that the method's proponents often dismiss criticism by labeling skeptics as unscientific or lacking empathy. The review also touches upon the historical context of 'Therapeutic Touch,' its origins with Dora Kunz and Dolores Krieger, and its controversial reception in the medical community, including critiques from the American Journal of Nursing.

Kaitaro argues that 'Therapeutic Touch' relies on subjective experiences and the placebo effect, rather than empirical evidence. He criticizes the book for not addressing the scientific debate surrounding the method and for promoting it as a legitimate healing practice. The review concludes that 'Therapeutic Touch,' despite its claims of scientific backing, is essentially a ritualistic practice that allows practitioners to distance themselves from patients and their immediate needs.

"Edukinesio-logista aivojumppaa" (Edu-kinesiology Brain Gym)

This short article reports on the introduction of 'edukinesiologista aivojumppaa' (edu-kinesiology brain gym) in primary schools in Lahti, Finland. The method, based on the work of Paul E. Dennison, involves drinking water and performing simple exercises to improve brain hemisphere communication. The article notes that the head of education in Lahti, Juhani Tommola, is not concerned about the scientific basis of the method as long as it improves children's motivation.

"Australialaisten uskomukset selvitettiin" (Australian Beliefs Investigated)

A brief report on a survey conducted in Australia reveals that nearly half of Australians believe in paranormal phenomena. The survey, published in Australian news magazine, found significant belief in ghosts, angels, alien visitations, astrology, and spiritual healing. The article mentions that Australian Aboriginal myths about supernatural powers were also believed by 41% of respondents.

"Skepsiksen jäsenhankinta-kampanja" (Skepsis Membership Drive)

This short announcement details Skepsis ry.'s membership drive aimed at increasing its membership over the next decade. It encourages members to recruit new members to strengthen the organization's impact.

"Keskustelua" (Discussion)

This section includes several letters and responses:

• "Vielä kerran tapaus Sokalista" (Once Again on the Sokal Affair) by Juha Savolainen. Savolainen critiques the tendency to lump together various postmodern thinkers and philosophers, arguing that Alan Sokal's critique of postmodernism was flawed in its methodology. He suggests that the idea of scientific fraud being contagious is based on magical thinking rather than rational argument.

• "Sanahelinää?" (Word Salad?) This part of the discussion addresses the critique of French philosophers like Derrida, suggesting that unfamiliarity with their language and context leads to misinterpretations. It emphasizes the need to understand philosophical concepts within their historical and cultural frameworks.

• "Retorista vitsailua vai argumentteja" (Rhetorical Joking or Arguments). This section continues the critique of the Sokal affair, arguing that responding to complex philosophical ideas with simplistic analogies or rhetorical jokes is unproductive.

• "Hypnoosia ja telepatiaa" (Hypnosis and Telepathy) by Timo Kaitaro. Kaitaro responds to a previous article by Ilpo Salmi, clarifying the scientific research on hypnosis. He distinguishes between 'state' models of hypnosis and 'sociocognitive' models, emphasizing that modern research increasingly focuses on cognitive processes rather than altered states of consciousness. Kaitaro also briefly touches upon telepathy, noting the lack of scientific evidence for it.

• "Vastine Skeptikko-lehden 3/96 Toimitukselta-palstan kirjoitukseen" (Response to the Skeptikko Magazine 3/96 Editorial Section Article) by Ilpo V. Salmi. Salmi responds to a critique of his doctoral dissertation, defending its scientific rigor and explaining that while it was accepted by the University of Tampere's medical faculty, he chose to focus on psychological and medical aspects due to a lack of suitable supervisors in the nursing science department.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critical examination of alternative medicine and pseudoscience, the importance of scientific methodology and evidence-based practices, and the promotion of critical thinking. Skeptikko consistently advocates for a rational approach to health and science, challenging claims that lack empirical support and warning against the marketing of unproven therapies. The magazine's stance is clearly in favor of scientific rigor and against the uncritical acceptance of New Age philosophies and pseudoscientific claims, particularly within the healthcare sector.

Title: Skeptikko
Issue: 1/97
Date: 1997
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish

This issue of Skeptikko magazine delves into various aspects of skepticism, research, and paranormal claims, featuring a detailed critique of a doctoral dissertation, announcements of upcoming events, and articles exploring consciousness, mysticism, and the history of skepticism.

Helena Frankberg-Lakkala's Dissertation Defense

The issue prominently features a letter from Helena Frankberg-Lakkala addressing criticisms of her dissertation, which was based on a study of fasting. She states that her dissertation underwent rigorous review by multiple committees and experts, receiving positive feedback. However, she highlights difficulties in finding suitable opponents who met the required criteria. Two opponents, Professor Eriksson and Docent Fogelholm, raised concerns about the dissertation's methodology and presentation.

Their criticisms included issues with the literature review being unsystematic, the inclusion of non-scientific and unpublished materials, and numerous technical errors in the bibliography. They also pointed out flaws in the experimental design, such as the lack of randomization of subjects into their respective groups. Specifically, male subjects were grouped with verrokki (control) subjects and given diet advice, making it difficult to isolate the effects of the fasting course on variables like mood, weight, and health behavior. The opponents also noted that the statistical analyses, while technically correct, were not consistently applied, and some tests were missing from the comparison groups or follow-up measurements.

Despite acknowledging the work's merits and the smooth defense, Eriksson and Fogelholm expressed reservations, stating that they were reluctantly recommending the dissertation for acceptance for a Doctor of Health Care degree. Frankberg-Lakkala requests that the magazine publish her letter to correct what she perceives as a misleading and dismissive account of her dissertation's review process.

Upcoming Skepsis Events

The magazine announces several upcoming events organized by Skepsis ry:

• Public Lectures: The association is holding public lectures on Wednesday evenings. One scheduled for April 16th in Helsinki features Docent Marjaana Lindeman-Viitasalo discussing "Everyday Beliefs: Much Emotion and a Bit of Reason."
• Local Activities in Tampere: An event on April 24th in Tampere will focus on initiating local activities, including a lecture by Ilpo V. Salmi on "50 Years Since Roswell: UFOs, Humanoids and the Myth of a Great Conspiracy."
• Sateenkaari-messut (Rainbow Fair) in Tampere: Scheduled for June 14-15, this fair will showcase phenomena related to the spirit and knowledge.
• Skepsis Spring Seminar: Held on May 17-18, 1997, in Helsinki, the seminar's theme is "Skepsis: 10 Years of Questions 1987–1997." It includes lectures on critical science, pseudoscience publicity strategies, human consciousness, science and fantasy, and a panel discussion on the future of Skepsis.
• Skepsis Summer Trip: From July 10-12, 1997, Skepsis will organize a trip to Jyväskylä, participating in the Jyväskylä festival with the theme "72 Hours of Hoaxes." The program includes visits to "Öhman's Department Store" to expose hoaxes, a Skepsis event discussing Roswell, humanoid support person training, pendulums, and telepathy, and a performance by magician James Randi.

Articles and Features

• English Summary: This section provides English translations of several articles:
• "Citius, Altius, Fortius" by Anneli Aurejärvi: The withdrawing secretary of The Finnish Skeptics discusses the association's growth and challenges, emphasizing the need to promote a positive public image of skepticism, especially among young girls.
• "Rudolf Steiner - a Philosopher" by S. Albert Kivinen: Kivinen critiques Rudolf Steiner's philosophical contributions, describing him as obscure, tiresome, and pedantically arrogant.
• "Unusual States of Consciousness and Abduction Experiences" by Jukka Häkkinen: Häkkinen suggests that while some abduction claimants may be cheaters or suffer from mental problems, a majority are stable. He highlights sleep paralysis and hypnosis as potential explanations for such experiences.
• "Nazis and Mysticism" by Karlo Kauko: Kauko explores Nazism's appeal to mysticism and its use of astrology for propaganda, noting the lack of concrete supernatural claims due to the leaders' inability to systematically deliberate on such matters.
• "Unusual Brain Exercise" by Juhani Tommola: This article discusses a method of educational kinesiology developed by Paul E. Dennison, involving simple movements and water consumption to stimulate brain activity in school children. The educational director of the Lahti area supports the method if it improves children's work motivation.
• "The Finnish Skeptics: First Decade Behind": This piece commemorates the Finnish Skeptics' tenth anniversary, mentioning past lectures and upcoming seminars.

• "Skepsiksen haaste" (Skepsis' Challenge): Skepsis offers a 10,000 markka prize for anyone who can produce a paranormal phenomenon under controlled conditions. They also present a challenge related to humanoids, offering 10,000 markkaa to Dr. Rauni-Leena Luukanen-Kilde if humanoids are officially presented by the end of 1998, with a smaller payment from her to Skepsis if they are not.

Skepsis Organization Information

The magazine includes detailed information about Skepsis ry, including its founding in 1987, its mission to investigate paranormal claims objectively, and its commitment to fostering a network of interested individuals and publishing relevant research. It outlines the association's statutes, membership criteria (open to anyone interested), and lists the board members and the scientific advisory board.

Contact information for membership, subscriptions, and address changes is provided, along with the association's postal address, phone number, and website.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around critical thinking, scientific investigation, and the debunking of pseudoscientific claims. Skepsis ry positions itself as an organization dedicated to promoting a rational and evidence-based approach to understanding phenomena, whether they be paranormal, historical, or psychological. The editorial stance is clearly one of skepticism towards unsubstantiated claims and a commitment to rigorous scientific methodology. The critique of the dissertation highlights the importance of sound research practices, while the announcements of events and challenges aim to engage the public in critical inquiry.