1996-3-skeptikko

Magazine Overview

This issue of *Skeptikko* (3/96), dated November 29, 1996, is published by Skepsis ry and focuses on critical examination of various beliefs and phenomena. The cover prominently asks, 'ASTROLOGIASTA APUA ONGELMIIN?' (Astrology for Problems?), suggesting a skeptical inquiry into astrology. Other cover topics include the legacy of ancient skepticism, controlling life through hypnosis and telepathy, and whether horoscopes are harmless fun.

Editorial: Reason, Appellation Contrôlée

The editorial, titled 'Järki, Appellation Contrôlée' (Reason, Appellation Contrôlée), reflects on a Descartes conference in Paris. It discusses the tension between universal, rational use of reason and esoteric traditions. The author critiques the tendency to rigidly divide knowledge into rational and non-rational categories, likening it to the French wine classification system ('Appellation Contrôlée'). The editorial argues that while science aims for rationality, it can be influenced by authority, and esoteric traditions may contain rational elements. It uses Renaissance astrology and magic as examples, noting that while they seem irrational now, they fit within the Neoplatonic worldview of their time. The piece concludes that even astrologers attempt to present their teachings in a rational form, and that understanding people with unusual beliefs requires approaching them with the assumption that they have reasons for their beliefs.

Articles

The Legacy of Ancient Skepticism

This article traces the origins of skepticism, noting that the impulse to understand the world rationally predates modern science. It highlights ancient Indian materialist schools and Chinese thinker Wang Chong. The main focus is on ancient Greece, identifying Pyrrhon as a key figure whose philosophy led to Pyrrhonism, characterized by the idea that for every argument, an equal counter-argument exists, leading to suspension of judgment (epochê) and ultimately mental tranquility (ataraxia).

Plato, though not typically classified as a skeptic, contributed through his Academy, which fostered academic skepticism. The article credits Sextus Empiricus, a third-century philosopher and physician, with preserving and organizing the ideas of earlier skeptics like Pyrrhon. Later thinkers like Michel de Montaigne, Pierre Bayle, and David Hume kept skeptical thought alive in Western philosophy. A recent symposium on ancient skepticism and its significance in Western thought is also mentioned, featuring researcher Julia Annas.

Hume and Ancient Skeptics

This piece examines Enlightenment philosopher David Hume's skepticism. Hume emphasized empirical knowledge but was skeptical of claims of miracles, proposing that evidence for a miracle must be more extraordinary than the event itself. He is considered a founder of modern skepticism. Researcher Julia Annas suggests that Hume's understanding of ancient skepticism was complex and sometimes contradictory. While Hume's skepticism was broad, encompassing external reality, he did not fully grasp Sextus Empiricus's approach, often misinterpreting his arguments. Annas notes that Hume's focus was on understanding human nature as a subject of study, differentiating him from ancient skeptics who viewed human nature as a given.

Pyrrhonian Skepticism

This article elaborates on Pyrrhonian skepticism, as presented by Sextus Empiricus. It describes the method of gathering conflicting arguments (isostheneia) and the resulting suspension of judgment (epochê), leading to mental peace (ataraxia). The article clarifies that this suspension of judgment does not mean an inability to make observations or distinctions, but rather a refusal to assert definitive truths about the nature of things. It also touches upon the symposium where Richard Bett discussed Pyrrhon's approach versus that of his followers like Ainesidemos, highlighting differences in their views on the nature of reality.

Homeopathic Broth

A satirical piece presents a recipe for a homeopathic remedy, humorously detailing an absurd process involving dead pigeons and sunlight, highlighting the perceived lack of scientific basis in homeopathy.

From the Editor's Desk

This section discusses a seminar on psychology, religion, and spirituality, and Anja Rautajoki's book 'Therapeutic Touch,' which promotes a holistic view of healing involving 'energy fields.' The editor expresses skepticism about the scientific basis of such concepts, questioning the direction of humanistic sciences and citing other examples like graphology and Helena Frankberg-Lakkala's thesis on fasting, which were criticized for lacking scientific rigor. The editor also mentions an upcoming event, 'Science Days '97,' as a positive example of traditional scientific methodology.

UFO Hunting in Hanasaari

This article reports on a two-day Nordic UFO conference held in Hanasaari, Espoo. The conference gained significant media attention when Social Affairs and Health Minister Sinikka Mönkäre was initially listed as a speaker but later withdrew. The event, initially intended to be private, was partially opened to the public. Speakers included figures from the fringe science community, such as Harvard professor John Mack, known for his controversial UFO abduction research. The conference's scientific claims were found to be somewhat weak, with recurring themes of humanity not being ready for extraterrestrial contact and information about alien intelligence being withheld for national security reasons.

Humanoids and Crop Circles

This section briefly mentions Steven Greer, who spoke about 'The Foundation of Universal Peace' and his organization C-Seti, which aims for 'bilateral communication with humanoids.' Greer asserted that the universe is non-linear and that only one intelligence exists. The article also touches upon the use of half-truths by some presenters to appeal to the history of natural sciences, referencing Galileo Galilei and the Copernican revolution.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently adopts a skeptical and critical stance towards pseudoscientific claims, esoteric beliefs, and unsubstantiated phenomena. It champions rational inquiry and empirical evidence, contrasting them with what it perceives as unfounded beliefs in areas like astrology, homeopathy, and certain aspects of psychology and ufology. The editorial emphasizes the importance of reasoned discourse and the critical examination of evidence, even when discussing complex philosophical ideas or controversial topics. The magazine aims to inform its readers about the historical development of skeptical thought and to encourage a discerning approach to knowledge claims.

This issue of Skeptikko magazine, issue 3/96, focuses on phenomena often relegated to the fringes of science, including ufology, hypnosis, telepathy, and astrology. The cover prominently features the theme 'Life control with hypnosis and telepathy'.

UFO Conference and Extraterrestrial Intelligence

The magazine reports on the 'First Scandinavian Conference on Extraterrestrial Intelligence and Human Future' held at Hanasaari Cultural Centre on November 9-10. The conference featured several speakers discussing various aspects of UFO phenomena and potential extraterrestrial contact. Muhammad Ramadan spoke on the societal impact of public disclosure of extraterrestrial presence. British engineer Colin Andrews presented on the phenomenon of crop circles, suggesting they were a manifestation of the Earth's distress. Professor John Mack, known for his research on UFO abduction, shared his challenges at Harvard and presented video evidence, including an account from a black man and interviews with children who claimed to have seen UFOs, asserting their non-terrestrial origin.

The "Did you know?" section from the conference highlights several intriguing claims: an Apollo project leader allegedly revealed astronauts encountered a UFO on the Moon; humans are supposedly present on the Moon; UFOs will land publicly when 75% of Earth's population believes in them; humanoids might resemble humans (e.g., from Sirius); abduction cases are considered valid if certain criteria are met (e.g., affecting young children, visible physical effects, independent sightings); the US can build flying saucers from recovered wreckage; and President Eisenhower stated in 1961 that the UFO issue was no longer under his control.

Hypnosis and Telepathy: Exploring the Mind

An extensive article by Ilpo V. Salmi, Chairman of Skepsis, titled 'Is Classic Hypnosis Moving into the History of Science?', examines hypnosis and telepathy. Salmi notes that while hypnosis is generally accepted as a scientifically justifiable method, telepathy remains in the realm of fringe science, though efforts are being made to research it using scientific criteria. He points out that both phenomena are often associated with undue optimism, and believers are convinced that 'hypnotized' individuals can better receive telepathic messages. Salmi presented his findings at the 'Fringe Knowledge, the Supernatural, and Life Control' symposium at the Psykologia '96 conference in Turku.

Salmi discusses various theories of hypnosis, including the state theory (modified consciousness), dissociation theories (splitting of the psyche), and role-playing/impression management. He highlights the limitations of the state theory, particularly the concept of hypnotic trance, and how comparative studies have challenged the idea of hypnosis as a distinct state. The article mentions the $100,000 reward offered in the US for proving that a hypnotized person can perform feats impossible without hypnosis. Ernest Hilgard's 'hidden observer' concept, allowing communication with a dissociated part of the mind, is also mentioned, though its reliability has been questioned.

The article suggests that cognitive learning theories, which consider the cultural and conceptual context, offer the best current explanation for hypnosis, viewing it as a collaborative process between the hypnotist and the hypnotized person, where the latter can sometimes be more creative.

Regarding telepathy, the article details the history of research, including Charles Honorton's Ganzfeld experiments from the 1970s. These experiments involved isolating subjects and attempting to transmit visual information from a sender to a receiver. Positive results, exceeding chance levels, were often reported. However, skeptics like Ray Hyman criticized the methodology. Despite disagreements, research on Ganzfeld-like experiments has continued.

The article also touches upon government interest in telepathy, citing the US Department of Defense's Pentagon and the CIA's Project Stargate, which invested significant funds in parapsychological research, including remote viewing. While some results were interpreted positively, the overall conclusion from studies was that there was no reliable evidence for ESP's significance in warfare or espionage. The review of Project Stargate by Ray Hyman and Jessica Utts yielded differing conclusions, with Utts believing telepathy was experimentally proven and Hyman remaining unconvinced.

Problems with Telepathy Experiments

A section titled 'Problematic Telepathy Experiments' lists several issues that hinder the scientific validation of telepathy: non-random material selection, the EE effect (results depending on the experimenter), the shyness effect (PSI appearing only when believers are present), the "twin" effect (skeptics suppressing the phenomenon), and the problem of repeatability (phenomena disappearing when attempts are made to replicate them). A major issue is the lack of falsifiability, as ESP is often defined negatively as whatever remains after known factors are excluded.

The Mars Effect in Astrology

Another article, 'The Problematic Mars Effect', discusses the astrological claim that the position of Mars at birth influences an individual's athletic prowess. The article notes that while some astrologers embrace this as scientific validation, others see it as undermining traditional astrology. Skeptics find the proposed mechanisms for such an effect difficult to imagine but acknowledge the importance of empirical evidence. The article highlights the conflicting results of studies on the Mars effect and the need for critical examination of research methodologies, potential biases, and repeatability. Nils Mustelin clarifies his position, stating he cannot 'disprove' the Mars effect but acknowledges the inconclusive nature of current research, suggesting potential methodological flaws in Gauquelin's studies.

Why Do People Need Astrology?

'Why Do People Need Astrology?' by Outi Lillqvist explores the psychological reasons behind belief in astrology. Despite empirical studies showing no correlation between planetary positions and personality, astrology remains popular. The article suggests that psychological factors, such as cognitive biases, the Barnum effect (accepting vague descriptions as accurate), and the desire for self-knowledge, contribute to its persistence. Astrology is presented as a framework that can provide a sense of order, predictability, and control, particularly in times of stress or uncertainty, thereby bolstering self-esteem and a coherent worldview.

Research into the effects of astrology courses on self-perception and worldview is mentioned, indicating that while the effect on self-perception might be weak, it can reinforce existing beliefs. The article concludes by noting that astrology can function as a psychological coping mechanism, helping individuals manage anxiety and find meaning in life.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Skeptikko strongly emphasizes a critical and skeptical approach to phenomena often presented as paranormal or pseudoscientific. The articles consistently evaluate claims based on scientific methodology, empirical evidence, and logical reasoning. The magazine highlights the challenges in validating claims related to UFOs, telepathy, and astrology, often pointing out methodological flaws, lack of repeatability, and the influence of psychological biases. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of scientific inquiry and against unsubstantiated beliefs, while acknowledging the complexity of human psychology and the persistent appeal of these phenomena.

This issue of Skeptikko, dated 3/96, features a collection of articles that critically examine various phenomena, from astrology and ufology to the state of science and skepticism in Estonia. The magazine, published by Skepsis ry, aims to promote critical thinking and scientific literacy.

Astrology: Worldview and Crisis Management

The lead article explores the psychological aspects of astrology, suggesting that belief in it can help individuals cope with uncertainty and maintain a stable worldview, particularly during personal crises or stressful life events. A study indicates that astrological knowledge might reinforce an individual's self-image and worldview, potentially offering a sense of control. The research also found a connection between interest in astrology and recent stressful experiences, suggesting it acts as a coping mechanism for acute crises rather than for long-term trauma.

Scientific Critique of Astrology

Another article, co-authored by Paul Kurtz and Andrew Fraknoi, provides a strong scientific critique of astrology. It highlights that despite its popularity, astrology lacks a scientific basis. The authors point out that many astrological claims are vague and can be applied to anyone, citing studies that found no correlation between astrological signs and personality traits or life events. They also question the fundamental assumptions of astrology, such as why birth time is considered significant over conception, and note that modern astronomy has discovered planets (Uranus, Neptune, Pluto) unknown to classical astrology.

UFO Sightings by Astronomers

A piece by Tapani Kuningas addresses the common misconception that astronomers do not report UFO sightings. The article cites historical evidence, including a 1964 book, 'The UFO Evidence,' which lists ten UFO reports by astronomers. It also references a 1975 study by Professor Sturrock, where 62 astronomers reported UFO sightings, though most preferred to remain anonymous due to the prevailing scientific skepticism surrounding the topic.

Skepticism in Estonia

The magazine features a report on a Finnish-Estonian skeptic seminar in Tallinn. Estonian skeptics discuss the lingering effects of Soviet-era ideology, where science was manipulated as a tool of the state. They note that with the collapse of this system, various pseudoscientific beliefs have gained traction, leading to credibility issues within the scientific community. The article highlights the challenges faced by scientific popularization and the need for critical thinking in Estonia.

Book Review: Carl Sagan's 'The Demon-haunted World'

Hannu Karttunen reviews Carl Sagan's book, 'The Demon-haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark.' The review praises Sagan as a skilled science popularizer, despite his sometimes irritating presentation style. Sagan's book critiques ufology, warning against the dangers of misinterpreting anecdotal evidence and the potential for therapeutic practices to implant false memories. The review also touches upon Sagan's views on science education, suggesting that while Finland may be ahead of the US, there is still a need to foster scientific curiosity and critical thinking in schools.

Other Articles

The issue also includes a brief section on graphology, questioning its scientific validity despite its use in some professional settings. Another article discusses the magazine 'Minä olen,' which features a mix of humanistic and pseudoscientific content, including astrology and discussions on consciousness. A piece on 'Herbalife' critically examines its claims as a miracle weight-loss and muscle-gain product, with medical professionals debunking its purported mechanisms.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

Throughout the issue, a consistent theme is the critical examination of pseudoscientific claims and the promotion of scientific literacy and critical thinking. The magazine takes a skeptical stance towards astrology, ufology, and other paranormal phenomena, emphasizing the importance of evidence-based reasoning. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of scientific inquiry and against the uncritical acceptance of unsubstantiated beliefs. The magazine also highlights the challenges faced by skeptics in promoting rational thought, particularly in societies transitioning from ideological regimes or grappling with societal changes.

Title: Skeptikko
Issue: 3/96
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish
Document Type: Magazine Issue

This issue of Skeptikko magazine, published by the Finnish skeptic organization Skepsis ry, focuses on upcoming events, the organization's mission, and its involvement in promoting scientific understanding. The cover highlights the continuation of Skepsis ry's themed evenings and features an abstract eye illustration.

Upcoming Events and Lectures

The magazine details several upcoming events hosted by Skepsis ry:

• December 11th, 1996, 17:00-18:00: Announcement of the 1996 Huuhaa and Socrates awards, with an introduction to Skepsis ry's scientific advisory board. Location: Porthania Is IV, Yliopistonkatu 3, Helsinki.
• December 11th, 1996, 18:00-20:00: A lecture by Dr. Sami Pihlström on "Does Science Study Reality?", with commentary by Professor Ilkka Niiniluoto. Location: Porthania Is III, Yliopistonkatu 3, Helsinki.

The issue also lists future public lectures and events for the spring of 1997:

• January 15th, 1997, 18:00: Public lecture.
• February 15th, 1997, 10:00-18:00: Skepsis ry's annual meeting and winter day, including several lectures.
• March 12th, 1997, 18:00: Public lecture.
• April 16th, 1997, 18:00: Public lecture.
• May 17th-18th, 1997: Skepsis ry's 10th-anniversary seminar. Detailed programs for these events will be published in the next issue of Skeptikko.

Science Days '97: The magazine promotes "Science Days '97" (Tieteen päivät '97), a large-scale review of Finnish science taking place in Helsinki from January 8-11, 1997. The event will feature public lectures and activities, primarily at the University of Helsinki's Porthania building. Information brochures were available in early November, and the program can also be ordered or found online.

Skepsis ry: Organization and Mission

Skepsis ry was founded in 1987 as a Finnish organization for skeptics. Its principles are similar to those of the US-based CSICOP (Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal), with which it collaborates independently. The organization is politically, ideologically, and religiously unaffiliated.

The organization's stated purpose includes:

• Promoting objective and unbiased scientific research into claims of paranormal phenomena, without prior judgment on their validity.
• Maintaining a network of people interested in such research and connecting with similar organizations domestically and internationally.
• Publishing articles and books that investigate claims of paranormal phenomena and compiling bibliographies of relevant publications.
• Organizing meetings and conferences related to the field and conducting public education and information activities.

Membership: The Skepsis ry board can accept applications from individuals and legally capable organizations that agree with the organization's principles. The issue includes a membership application form.

• Contact Information:
• Phone service: 09-7227 0195
• Postal address: PL 483, 00101 HELSINKI
• Internet: http://www.helsinki.fi/~sjhiltun/skepsis.html

Membership Fee: The annual membership fee is 100 Finnish marks (mk), or 50 mk for those under 20 years old. This fee includes a subscription to the Skeptikko magazine. Subscribing to the magazine alone costs 100 mk per year.

Board and Scientific Advisory Council: The magazine lists the members of Skepsis ry's board and its scientific advisory council, which includes numerous professors and researchers from various fields.

Science Fiction Section

This issue features a section dedicated to science fiction, with the headline "You Won't Find UFO Believers Among Sci-Fi Enthusiasts." Several prominent science fiction authors and critics offer their perspectives on the genre:

• Samuel R. Delany states that science fiction's purpose is not to predict the future but to offer a meaningful variation of the present, engaging in a dialogue with reality.
• Simon Ings suggests that while much realistic literature is clever, it can lack emotional depth. He believes science fiction, when focused on human experience rather than just setting, can be a beautiful and visual way to reach true humanity.
• Leena Peltonen defines speculative literature as differing from prevailing reality in some essential way, with science fiction explaining these differences through rational means based on contemporary science and knowledge.
• Johanna Sinisalo notes that the "science" in science fiction can encompass fields beyond hard sciences, such as psychology, philosophy, history, or linguistics, allowing it to reveal truths about ourselves and question self-evident assumptions.

A special offer from "Tähtivaeltaja" (Star Wanderer), a science fiction publication, is included, offering back issues and a 1997 subscription at a discounted price for Skeptikko readers.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the promotion of critical thinking, scientific inquiry, and skepticism towards paranormal claims. Skepsis ry positions itself as an organization dedicated to evidence-based understanding and rational discourse. The magazine's editorial stance is clearly in favor of scientific methodology and the objective examination of extraordinary claims. The inclusion of a science fiction section suggests an interest in how speculative narratives engage with reality and explore human nature, often from a rationalist perspective.

Notable Quote: "En usko, että science fictionin tarkoitus on ennustaa tulevaisuutta, vaan sen sijaan se tarjoaa merkityksellisen muunnelman nykyisyydestä. Omalla tavallaan science fiction - kuvatessaan maailmaa, joka toimii eri tavoin kuin todellinen maailma - käy dialogia todellisuuden kanssa." - Samuel R. Delany

Key Facts Synopsis: This issue of Skeptikko magazine highlights Skepsis ry's commitment to scientific skepticism through its upcoming events, including award ceremonies and lectures on topics like the nature of reality. It announces the "Science Days '97" event and details the organization's mission to foster objective research into paranormal phenomena. Membership information and contact details are provided. A significant portion is dedicated to science fiction, exploring its relationship with reality and featuring insights from prominent authors who emphasize its role in examining human experience and questioning assumptions.