1996-2-skeptikko

Magazine Overview

Title: SKEPTIKKO
Issue: 2/96 (Numero 29)
Date: June 28, 1996
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish
ISSN: 0786-2571

This issue of Skeptikko, a Finnish skeptical magazine, focuses on the theme "Do Our Eyes Deceive Us?" (VALEHTELEVATKO SILMÄMME?). The cover features a drawing of a futuristic aircraft and a series of illustrations of human eyes, hinting at the psychological and perceptual aspects of observation. The issue delves into various topics related to perception, belief, and skepticism, including ufopsychology, the influence of expectations, social factors on perception, and the nature of memory.

Editorial: Liian pieniä ja liian suuria asioita (Too Small and Too Big Things)

In the editorial, Veijo Saano, Chairman of Skepsis's scientific advisory board, addresses the perception that Skepsis ry. is a club of "serious sci-fi believers" who interfere in every small matter. He acknowledges that while skeptics might be accused of being too lenient, they also face criticism for being too meddlesome. Saano notes the constant emergence of new "small paranormal phenomena" that the organization cannot address individually, allowing for a spectrum of skeptical engagement. However, he highlights that some large questions, like the relationship between religion and skepticism, resurface repeatedly and cannot simply be relegated to an FAQ list.

Saano discusses the heated debates on Skepsis's internet discussion lists regarding Christianity and skepticism. He mentions Kari Cantell's book "Tiedemiehen mietteitä uskosta" (A Scientist's Thoughts on Faith) as a recent example of scholars pondering the relationship between religion and rationalism. He addresses the common question of why Skepsis ry. does not actively protest against the system of religious teachings, which he notes are often based on paranormal doctrines and are instilled in people from childhood, potentially leading to discrimination and pressure in private life. He questions whether focusing only on milder aspects of religion, such as alleged miraculous healings or weeping statues, constitutes mere "tinkering with small matters."

While acknowledging that many of Skepsis ry.'s interests, like alternative medicine, are not minor issues, Saano finds the relationship with religion to be a "great, unresolved" matter. He notes that for many skeptics, this was an early focus of their critical thinking. The relative lack of attention to religion by skeptics seems to bother outsiders, particularly enthusiasts of fringe science, who wish for mainstream religions to be examined with the same skepticism as their own beliefs. Saano finds this wish justifiable.

He explains that it is understandable that religion is not frequently discussed in Skeptikko because it is primarily the domain of the Union of Freethinkers (Vapaa-ajattelijoiden liitto ry), whose publication, "Vapaa ajattelija," serves as a forum for religious polemics. Many Skepsis members also belong to the Union of Freethinkers, and the two organizations maintain contact. Saano believes that while Christianity has many manifestations and practices that differ greatly, some forms of Christianity also have aspects that are acceptable to skeptics and do not claim to be factual knowledge. Therefore, he argues that Skeptikko magazine should provide space for discussions on religion. While the organization and its magazine do not practice censorship of religious criticism, Saano suggests that the discussion of core religious themes should be regulated to avoid repetition and maintain a distinct tone.

Articles and Content

Ufopsykologiaa (Ufopsychology) / Uskommeko mitä näemme – vaiko päinvastoin? (Do We Believe What We See – or Vice Versa?)

This article by Jukka Häkkinen, a psychology researcher, explores how our perception is not a direct reflection of reality but is shaped by our beliefs and past experiences. Häkkinen explains that the visual system, to cope with the vast amount of information it receives, develops neural systems that make strong assumptions about the structure of incoming data, enabling rapid processing. He uses the example of facial recognition, which is complex due to the similarity of faces and the subtle nuances of expressions. The article discusses the "inverted faces illusion" (Thompson 1980; Rock 1988), where faces appear distorted when upside down, demonstrating how our visual system is attuned to processing faces in an upright orientation.

Häkkinen also touches upon simpler assumptions, such as interpreting patterns of black shapes. He notes that the visual system prioritizes processing patterns that are expected and important, and it doesn't prepare for all possible stimuli. This selective processing allows for efficient information handling and quick reactions.

He further explains that our perception is influenced by our beliefs about the world. This influence can operate on a neural level through the organization of neural networks, or on a higher cognitive level involving memories, images, thoughts, and emotions. The article highlights that our perception is not a mechanistic construction from lower-level parts to higher-level wholes but rather a dynamic interaction between incoming sensory information and pre-existing knowledge.

Skyyttien ihmeelliset kasvislampaat (The Wonderful Vegetable Sheep of the Scythians)

This section, by Timo Kaitaro, discusses the "vegetable lamb of Tartary," a mythical creature described in medieval bestiaries. It was believed to be a plant that grew sheep, which would then be eaten by humans and animals. The article likely debunks this myth, placing it within the context of historical beliefs and folklore.

Dänikenin harha (Däniken's Delusion)

Jorma Mäntylä's article "Kun Dänikenin kupla puhkesi" (When Däniken's Bubble Burst) critically examines the theories of Erich von Däniken, known for his claims about ancient alien visitors influencing human history. The article likely deconstructs Däniken's arguments and evidence, exposing them as flawed or misinterpreted.

Maailman ikä (The Age of the World)

Nils Edelman's article "6000 vuotta maailman synnystä" (6000 Years Since the Creation of the World) likely addresses the creationist view of the Earth's age, contrasting it with scientific estimates. It probably discusses the biblical account of creation and the geological and biological evidence that supports an ancient Earth.

Paastolla ikuista nuoruutta (Fasting for Eternal Youth)

Sinikka Raivio's article "Miksi paastota" (Why Fast) explores the practice of fasting, potentially examining its historical, cultural, and health-related aspects. It may also touch upon claims of fasting leading to longevity or "eternal youth."

Ufot, ympäristön kokemisen psykologiaa (UFOs, The Psychology of Experiencing the Environment)

Kari Pylkkänen, a psychiatry specialist, discusses "alternative environmental perception." He describes it as a strong psychic or physical experience accompanied by an image, thought, or meaning, for which there is no verifiable external cause. Pylkkänen uses UFO sightings as an example, where individuals interpret "seen UFOs" based on experiences related to their environment and themselves. UFO experiences often involve unusual physical and psychological phenomena. Pylkkänen's article, along with Häkkinen's, aims to shed light on the psychological processes involved in seeing and experiencing UFOs from a psychological perspective.

Uskommeko mitä näemme – vaiko päinvastoin? (Do We Believe What We See – or Vice Versa?)

Jukka Häkkinen's article delves into the complexities of perception. He explains that our visual perception is not a passive reception of data but an active construction influenced by our prior experiences, memories, and beliefs. The article discusses how the brain makes assumptions to process information efficiently, leading to illusions. Examples include the inverted faces illusion and the autokinetic effect (the apparent movement of a stationary light in darkness). Häkkinen also explores how social factors, such as group pressure and expectations, can significantly alter our perception and interpretation of events. He references studies by Sherif and Asch to illustrate how social conformity can lead individuals to report perceptions that align with the group, even if they contradict their own senses. The article also touches upon the reconstructive nature of memory, citing Elizabeth Loftus's research on how leading questions can alter eyewitness accounts.

Havaintopsykologia ja ufot (Perceptual Psychology and UFOs)

This section connects perceptual psychology to UFO sightings. It discusses how ambiguous visual phenomena, like a bright light in the sky, can be interpreted as UFOs, especially when influenced by pre-existing beliefs or suggestions. The article recounts an incident where a couple perceived a light as a UFO, attributing its movement to the car's motion. This example highlights how memory structures, emotional states, and the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli can contribute to UFO experiences. It suggests that the fear associated with such phenomena can amplify illusory correlations, leading individuals to link random occurrences (like radio interference) to the perceived object.

Odotukset sosiaalisessa havaitsemisessa (Expectations in Social Perception)

This article examines how expectations strongly influence social perception. Because human emotions, expressions, and body language are complex and often ambiguous, we tend to interpret them based on our pre-existing expectations. The Rosenhan experiment (1973) is cited, where pseudo-patients feigned mental illness and were admitted to psychiatric hospitals. Despite being healthy, they were diagnosed with schizophrenia and their normal behaviors were interpreted through the lens of their supposed illness. This demonstrates how deeply ingrained expectations can override objective observations, leading to diagnostic biases.

Havaintojen muistaminen on rekonstruktiivista (Remembering Observations is Reconstructive)

Elizabeth Loftus's research on memory is discussed, showing how memory is not a perfect recording but a reconstructive process. Her experiments with car crash videos revealed that the wording of questions could significantly alter participants' recall of events, such as the speed of the vehicles or whether broken glass was present. This highlights how easily memories can be influenced by external suggestions, leading to the creation of false memories.

Other Sections

• Toimitukselta (From the Editors): A brief note from the editorial team.
• Randin miljoonapotti (Randi's Million Dollar Prize): Likely discusses James Randi's challenges to paranormal claims.
• Yhdistys toimii: Heinosesta 500. jäsen (The Association at Work: From Heinonen to the 500th Member): Updates on the Skepsis ry. organization.
• Lyhyesti (Briefly): Short news items or announcements.
• Kirjat (Books): Book reviews.
• Lehdet luin (Magazines I Read): Reviews of other publications.
• Keskustelua (Discussion): Reader letters or forum.
• Tulevia tapahtumia (Upcoming Events): Information on future events.
• English summary: A summary of the issue in English.
• Kesäpakina (Summer Anecdote): A lighthearted piece.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the fallibility of human perception, the power of belief systems, and the importance of critical thinking and skepticism. The magazine consistently questions extraordinary claims by examining them through a scientific and psychological lens. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of rationalism and evidence-based reasoning, encouraging readers to critically evaluate information, especially concerning paranormal phenomena and pseudoscientific claims. The issue also highlights the role of social psychology in shaping our understanding of reality, emphasizing how group dynamics and expectations can influence individual perceptions and beliefs. There is a clear effort to demystify phenomena often attributed to the supernatural by explaining them through naturalistic and psychological mechanisms.

This issue of Skeptikko, dated 2/96, focuses on the psychology of experiencing the environment, with a particular emphasis on UFO phenomena. The main articles explore how human perception and cognition can lead to illusions and alternative interpretations of reality. The issue features contributions from psychologists, psychiatrists, and philosophers, examining historical and contemporary cases.

Reconstructing Reality: Illusions and Cognitive Processes

The opening article, "Are We Under Illusions?" by Kari Pylkkänen, discusses how our reconstructive memory and perception processes can lead to errors and illusions. It explains that the brain compensates for weak or unclear information by producing its own data, which, while often logical, can also be fictional or incorrect. The challenge lies in distinguishing between actual and constructed information. The article highlights that human cognitive systems prioritize rapid processing over absolute accuracy, leading to shortcuts that can result in illusions but enable efficient decision-making in critical situations.

Alternative Interpretations of Reality

Kari Pylkkänen's main article, "UFOs, the Psychology of Experiencing the Environment," defines alternative interpretations of reality as frameworks that contradict established scientific and experiential worldviews. These interpretations are characterized by a strong individual experience, associated meanings, and the absence of verifiable physical causes. The article presents historical examples such as the 'Dancing Plague' of 1374 in Aachen, the 'June Bug' epidemic in Strongsville (1962), and the 'Pieksämäki disease' in Finland (1984), all of which involved mass psychogenic illness or unexplained phenomena attributed to psychosomatic factors or societal influences rather than definitive physical causes.

It also discusses the 'Mattoon phantom anesthetist' and the 'Seattle windshield pitting epidemic,' further illustrating how collective beliefs and media attention can shape perceptions of reality. The phenomenon of 'magnetism' in the 19th century, where strong physical sensations were induced by suggestion rather than actual magnetic forces, is also examined as an example of how psychological factors can create perceived physical realities.

UFOs as a Modern Manifestation

The article posits that UFO phenomena fit the criteria of alternative interpretations of reality. The first reported UFO sighting by Kenneth Arnold in 1947 is discussed, along with the evolution of the 'flying saucer' concept. UFO experiences are described as strong individual encounters that are often difficult to physically verify. The author suggests that UFOs represent a modern manifestation of humanity's age-old need to confront and interpret the unknown, similar to how ancient cultures interpreted phenomena through myths of angels or gods.

The Symbolism of UFOs and 'Potential Space'

D.W. Winnicott's concept of 'potential space' is introduced as a transitional area between the inner psychological world and the external reality. This space is where experiences like play, creativity, and psychotherapy occur. UFO experiences are analyzed within this framework, suggesting that they involve the creation of symbols and meanings in this transitional zone. The article explores how the meaning of an experience, like water in a child's bath, can be transformed through shared interpretation and symbolism, similar to how a UFO might be interpreted.

The article further delves into the 'symbol pathology,' where the balance between reality and imagination can be skewed. This can lead to an overvaluation of imagination, where imagined experiences are perceived as real, or an overvaluation of reality, where imagination is suppressed. The UFO experience is often characterized by the former, where the unknown is perceived as an external, powerful entity.

Skepticism and the Nature of Knowledge

Tim Kaitaro's article, "The Skepticism of the Scythian Marvelous Lamb and the Encyclopedists," examines the role of skepticism in the Enlightenment, particularly through the work of Denis Diderot and the Encyclopédie. It highlights how Enlightenment thinkers used critical analysis to question established beliefs, including religious dogma and folklore. The article discusses how Diderot and his contemporaries employed subtle methods, such as embedding critical commentary within seemingly innocuous articles (like the one on the 'Agnus Scythius,' a plant described as a lamb), to circumvent censorship and promote rational inquiry.

Kaitaro emphasizes that skepticism is a fundamental tool for understanding the world and that questioning is the first step towards knowledge. The article contrasts the Enlightenment's rational approach with the uncritical acceptance of phenomena like UFOs, suggesting that while the experience of the unknown is real, its interpretation requires critical evaluation.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently promotes a critical and skeptical approach to phenomena, particularly those that challenge established scientific understanding. It emphasizes the psychological and social factors that contribute to beliefs in alternative realities, mass hysteria, and UFOs. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of rational inquiry, evidence-based reasoning, and the scientific method as the primary means of understanding the world. The magazine aims to educate its readers about the psychological mechanisms behind extraordinary claims and to encourage critical thinking. The recurring theme is the human tendency to interpret the unknown, and how these interpretations can be shaped by individual psychology, societal influences, and the media.

This issue of Skeptikko, dated 2/96, features a diverse range of articles, including a profile on Denis Diderot, an examination of historical and geological perspectives on the age of the Earth, a critique of Erich von Däniken's theories about ancient civilizations, and a discussion on the scientific research surrounding fasting.

Denis Diderot: A Man of the Enlightenment

The issue begins with an article on Denis Diderot, a pivotal figure of the Enlightenment. Born in 1713 in Langres, France, to a family of surgical instrument makers, Diderot moved to Paris to pursue a literary career. He was commissioned to edit the French translation of Chambers' encyclopedia, which he transformed into the monumental *Encyclopédie*. This project, which took decades to complete, became a symbol of the Enlightenment, featuring contributions from prominent thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau. Diderot's extensive work on the *Encyclopédie* covered a vast array of subjects, from philosophy to practical matters like sock manufacturing and asparagus recipes. Beyond his editorial work, Diderot was a prolific writer, producing plays, novels (including *Rameau's Nephew* and *Jacques the Fatalist*), and extensive correspondence, notably with Sophie Volland. The article highlights the challenges Diderot faced due to strict censorship, leading him to write many of his philosophical works in secret.

The Age of the Earth: From Myth to Science

Nils Edelman's article, "6000 Years Since the Creation of the World," traces the historical attempts to determine the Earth's age. It notes that many cultures have myths about creation, with Aristotelian philosophy suggesting an eternal world. Early calculations, like those of the Chaldeans and Hindus, proposed vast ages, while Christianity, based on the Bible, suggested a much younger Earth. The article focuses on Archbishop James Ussher's influential calculation from 1650, which placed the creation date at October 23, 4004 BC. This date was included in the King James Bible for centuries. Edelman contrasts Ussher's figure with modern geological estimates of around 4.5 billion years. The article also touches upon Isaac Newton's attempts to reconcile biblical prophecies with scientific theories. It explains how Ussher's calculation, based on a literal interpretation of biblical genealogies and events, became a target of ridicule but was the best available at the time. The article also discusses the complexities of biblical chronology and the discrepancies in various ancient texts.

The "Maya Bubble" Bursts: Debunking Erich von Däniken

Another article addresses the theories of Erich von Däniken, a writer popular in the 1970s who claimed that UFOs and extraterrestrial beings assisted ancient civilizations in building monumental structures, including the pyramids of Egypt and Mexico. The article specifically examines Däniken's interpretation of the Mayan king Pacal II's sarcophagus lid, which he believed depicted an astronaut. However, recent advancements in Mayan archaeology and linguistics have debunked these claims. The decipherment of Mayan hieroglyphs, largely achieved in the latter half of the 20th century, has revealed that the Maya possessed sophisticated knowledge of mathematics, astronomy, and engineering, enabling them to construct their pyramids without extraterrestrial aid. The article credits researchers like Juri Knorosov, whose work on Mayan linguistics challenged the established views of figures like J. Eric Thompson, leading to a paradigm shift in Mayan studies. The author emphasizes that the Maya's achievements were the result of their own ingenuity and understanding, not alien intervention.

Chemical Evolution and the Earth's Age

Jukka Vuori's piece, "Chemical Evolution," discusses the scientific estimation of the Earth's age, approximately 4 billion years. It explains that this age is determined through methods like radiometric dating of ancient rock formations. The article touches upon the early state of the Earth, suggesting it may have formed rapidly from condensing dust, leading to a molten state due to gravitational energy. The heat of the Earth's core is attributed to the radioactive decay of minerals within the planet, a process that creates a thermodynamic equilibrium maintaining the core's high temperature.

The Science of Fasting

Sinikka Raivio's article, "Why Fast?", explores the practice of fasting from historical, religious, and modern scientific perspectives. Fasting, a practice of abstaining from food for a period, has been used across cultures for religious preparation, mourning, or expressing distress. The article highlights Helena Frankberg-Lakkala's dissertation from Tampere University, which investigated the effects of a one-week fasting intervention on participants' well-being and health. The study aimed to improve participants' health, well-being, and self-care abilities. While participants reported positive experiences, including a sense of 'miracle,' the scientific validity of these claims was questioned by the dissertation's opponent, Mikael Fogelholm. Fogelholm pointed out methodological issues, such as the lack of random assignment to groups and the reliance on self-reported data. He concluded that fasting, despite its growing popularity as an alternative therapy, remains more in the realm of belief than scientifically proven medicine. The article also lists contraindications for fasting, including various medical conditions and pregnancy.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Skeptikko consistently adopts a critical and evidence-based approach to its subject matter. The articles scrutinize pseudoscientific claims, historical interpretations, and popular beliefs, contrasting them with scientific findings and rigorous research methodologies. The magazine champions critical thinking and skepticism, encouraging readers to question extraordinary claims and to rely on empirical evidence. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of scientific rationality and against unsubstantiated theories, whether they pertain to ancient astronauts, creationism, or alternative medicine.

Title: Skeptikko
Issue: 2/96
Date: 1996

This issue of Skeptikko magazine, published in Finnish, delves into various aspects of skepticism, paranormal claims, and scientific investigation. It features a prominent cover story about James Randi's million-dollar challenge and includes articles, reviews, and discussions relevant to the skeptical community.

James Randi's Million-Dollar Challenge

The main cover story introduces James Randi, a well-known American skeptic, and his "The 2000 Club" initiative. Founded in October of the previous year, the club aims to challenge believers in the paranormal. The core of the challenge is a prize of US$621,000 offered to anyone who can demonstrate a supernatural phenomenon under controlled conditions. By early June, pledges totaling $648,000 USD had been accumulated. Randi notes that despite the substantial prize, no serious contenders have emerged, with many attempting the challenge on flimsy grounds or attempting to change the rules. Information on joining The 2000 Club and the challenge rules is available on Randi's website and via FTP.

Detailed rules for the challenge are provided, outlining that claimants must clearly define the abilities to be demonstrated, agree on test parameters, and accept that all data gathered can be used by Randi. Expenses for testing are the claimant's responsibility, and claimants surrender certain legal rights. A check for Randi's portion of the reward ($10,000) is held by an independent party before formal testing. The offer is open to all individuals worldwide and remains valid until the prize is awarded or James Randi's death, after which the James Randi Educational Foundation will manage the prize for ten years.

Anja Heinonen: Skepsis's 500th Member

This section introduces Anja Heinonen, the 500th member of the Finnish skeptical organization Skepsis. Heinonen, a pharmacist by profession, explains her journey to becoming a skeptic, stating that she often found herself thinking along skeptical lines when encountering paranormal claims. She discovered Skepsis online and joined, hoping to find support for discussions about paranormal phenomena. Heinonen expresses frustration with pseudoscientific claims, initially viewing them as scams, but has come to understand the importance of engaging with these topics to better critique them. She praises Skepsis's "Huuhuu" prize as a good way to draw attention and encourage critical thinking.

Paranormal Beliefs in Russia and the US

A brief report highlights a study by the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Finnish Academy of Sciences, indicating that approximately 40% of Russians believe in phenomena like witchcraft and horoscopes. The study's commentator, Harri Heino, noted that Russia appears to have a higher rate of belief in magic and astrology than other European countries. The report also mentions that in 1990, a poll found 47% of Americans believed in astrology. Professor Vladimir Andrejenkov suggests that the collapse of communist ideology has created a vacuum filled by various healers and new religious movements.

Dowsing and Scientific Evidence

A report from the Finnish Broadcasting Company's "Kotimaankatsaus" program claimed that dowsing for water has been scientifically proven. The program featured Eija Sarinko and healer Pentti Ruusala, who demonstrated a "laakeroitu" (bearing-mounted) brass dowsing rod. The report focused on the research of Paavo Huttunen, a laboratory engineer at the University of Kuopio, whose "dissertation" allegedly proved the validity of dowsing. Huttunen explained that the dowsing rod's effectiveness is based on radio waves affecting the human body, causing hand movements that move the rod. The article expresses skepticism about this claim, noting the lack of a scientific mechanism and the fact that Huttunen's dissertation has not yet been accepted by any examiners. Skeptikko offers to test Huttunen's hypothesis.

Skepticism in Italy

Massimo Polidoro reports on the growing voice of skeptics in Italy. TV journalists are increasingly inviting skeptics onto programs discussing paranormal phenomena. Luigi Garlaschelli, a member of CICAP (Italian Committee for the Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal), is frequently consulted for natural explanations of alleged miracles. Steno Ferluga, chairman of Skepsis and an astrophysicist, has become a regular on a weekly TV show about paranormal phenomena. New critical books on the paranormal are being published in Italy, including works by Polidoro and Piero Angela.

Susan Blackmore's Psi Research

Psychologist Susan Blackmore has begun a three-year research project funded by a grant to investigate psi phenomena in altered states of consciousness. The goal is to understand how altered states can explain paranormal experiences and to clarify the nature and causes of the confusion between the real and the imagined.

Book Reviews

"Eväitä huuhaa-tiedon kriitikoille" (Tools for Critics of Pseudoscience)

Edited by Marjaana Lindeman-Viitasalo, this book is a collection of essays by experts from various scientific disciplines aimed at providing arguments for critiquing pseudoscientific claims. The book covers topics such as the psychology of belief, the placebo effect, and the limitations of graphology. The reviewer notes the book's high price (220 Finnish marks) makes it inaccessible for school use but highly recommends it for university-level studies in psychology, medicine, philosophy, and cultural studies.

"The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal"

Edited by Gordon Stein, this comprehensive encyclopedia examines paranormal phenomena from a scientific perspective. The reviewer highlights its extensive collection of articles by over 50 experts, covering topics like psychokinesis, levitation, astrology, mediumship, and reincarnation. The book is praised for its critical approach and engaging writing style, though the reviewer cautions that its insights might be lost on those who are already convinced of paranormal phenomena.

Skeptical Inquirer, Vol. 20, No. 2/1996

This section reviews several articles from the Skeptical Inquirer:

• "Vakoilua meedioiden avulla" (Espionage with the Help of Mediums): Discusses a 1970s CIA project to explore the use of clairvoyance for intelligence gathering, which yielded inconclusive results and was eventually abandoned.
• "Totuuden monet kasvot" (The Many Faces of Truth): Features Carl Sagan's book "The Demon-Haunted World: Science As a Candle in the Dark," arguing that pseudoscience offers easy answers to life's existential questions and questioning the value of scientific truth in contemporary culture.
• "Samanlaisuusperiaatteesta" (On the Principle of Similarity): Critiques the flawed reasoning that a cause must be similar to its effect, leading to incorrect interpretations of causality.
• "Psyykkisen kaukonäkemisen todellisuudesta" (On the Reality of Psychic Clairvoyance): A professor from the University of California, Davis, claims that some individuals possess the ability to see images or objects without direct sensory input.
• "Vampyyrit folkloren ja fiktioiden takana" (Vampires Behind Folklore and Fiction): Explores how fictional portrayals of vampires can become intertwined with historical narratives.

Discussion: Ylönen Responds to Järnefelt

Riku Ylönen responds to a previous article by Järnefelt, criticizing Järnefelt's views on scientific criteria and collective observations. Ylönen argues that Järnefelt's definition of science is contradictory and that his arguments shift between positions. Ylönen concludes that Skeptikko is not the appropriate forum for debating Järnefelt's theories and ends his participation in the discussion.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko are skepticism, the critical examination of paranormal claims, and the importance of scientific methodology. The magazine consistently promotes a rational, evidence-based approach to understanding the world, challenging pseudoscientific beliefs and promoting critical thinking. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of scientific inquiry and against the uncritical acceptance of extraordinary claims. The publication aims to provide readers with tools and information to discern between credible science and pseudoscience.

Title: Skeptikko
Issue: 2/96
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish
Date: 1996

This issue of Skeptikko magazine presents a range of articles from a skeptical viewpoint, covering topics from religion and folklore to psychology and the history of skepticism. The cover features a cartoonish illustration and the headline "Mettumaarina on mammanpika makeimmillaan" (Midsummer Maiden is Sweetest of All).

Editorial: Too Small and Too Big Things

In his editorial, Veijo Saano, president of the scientific board of Skepsis, addresses the perception that Skepsis is a club of humorless scientists focused on minor issues, neglecting larger ones like religion. He notes that this debate also occurs online. Saano argues that while Skepsis is interested in topics like alternative medicine, its core principle is not to claim religion to be scientific. He also touches upon the idea that the expansion of Christianity might be partly due to the "primitiveness" of humanity and the "neighbor's cow having bigger udders" mentality.

Sola Vita: A Critical Look at Religion

This article, attributed to Turkka Helle of Skepsis ry, offers a critical perspective on religious narratives, particularly Christianity. The author questions the concept of "divine" in the Bible, suggesting that many stories, like Moses' birth narrative and the flood myth, have parallels in older Mesopotamian epics (e.g., the Epic of Gilgamesh). Helle posits that these narratives are not unique and that the Israelites likely adopted influences from surrounding cultures. The author also critiques the ethical principle of "Love your neighbor as yourself," suggesting it can be a self-centered criterion. The article implies that the acceptance of religious dogma might stem from human "primitiveness" and a desire for external validation. It concludes by suggesting that skepticism should consider how religious thinking influences perceptions, even of phenomena like UFOs.

Upcoming Events

The magazine lists several upcoming theme nights for Skepsis ry in the autumn of 1996, including lectures on the placebo effect, the market for therapeutic remedies, the "allergic society," and the publication of the Huuhaa and Socrates awards. A lecture by Dr. Sami Pihlström on whether science truly investigates reality, with commentary from Professor Ilkka Niiniluoto, is also announced.

Rajatietoa pohditaan psykologikonferenssissa (Paranormal Information Discussed at Psychology Conference)

A psychology conference in Turku, "Psykologia '96 - Hallinta elämässä" (Psychology '96 - Managing Life), will feature a symposium on "Paranormal Information, the Supernatural, and Life Management." The symposium will be chaired by psychologist Marjaana Lindeman, and speakers will include Ilpo V. Salmi (Chairman of Skepsis), Veijo Saano, and Outi Lillqvist, who has researched the worldview of astrology enthusiasts.

Antiikin skeptikot (Ancient Skeptics)

The Finnish Philosophical Society and the University of Helsinki's Renvall Institute are organizing an international symposium titled "Ancient Scepticism and the Sceptical Tradition" in Helsinki. Contact person Ilpo Halonen provides details for inquiries.

English Summary: Too Small and Too Big Things (Editorial by Veijo Saano)

This section is an English translation of Veijo Saano's editorial, reiterating the points about Skepsis's focus and its relationship with religion and larger societal issues.

English Summary: UFOs and the Psychology of the Environmental Experience (by Kari Pylkkänen)

This article explores how human experience of the environment varies across cultures and time. It introduces the concept of "alternative perception of the environment" as a contrast to scientific analysis, suggesting that people's observations of UFOs are influenced by their environmental experiences and personal backgrounds. The author notes that these alternative perceptions are not necessarily judged as true or false but are considered as a different way of understanding phenomena.

English Summary: 6000 years since the universe was born (by Nils Edelman)

This piece discusses Archbishop James Ussher's 1650 calculation from the Bible that the world was created in 4004 BCE. Professor Nils Edelman argues that Ussher should be judged by the standards of his time, not ours, and that his intention was to create a chronology for Western history, with the creation of the world being a minor detail.

English Summary: Skepticism of Encyclopédists at the Age of the Enlightenment (by Timo Kaitaro)

Authored by Timo Kaitaro, this article focuses on Denis Diderot, a key figure of the Enlightenment and the Encyclopédie. Diderot, in his early work "Pensées philosophiques" (1749), advocated skepticism as the first step toward knowledge. However, due to censorship, he was forced to conceal his ideas in seemingly innocuous articles, such as one on the natural history of the "miraculous sheep" Agnus Scythius, where he mused on the principles of miracles.

Mettumaarina on mammanpika makeimmillaan (Midsummer Maiden is Sweetest of All)

This article, by Marketta Ollikainen, delves into Finnish Midsummer traditions and folklore. It describes the romantic and magical aspects associated with Midsummer night, including rituals for finding a partner, ensuring good harvests, and warding off pests. The author recounts various folk beliefs and practices, such as collecting dew for its purported healing properties and using specific methods to enhance crop growth or drive away insects. Some traditions involved potentially risky or humorous practices, like wearing a shirt worn for three nights near an anthill or using a frog to test a potential groom. The article also mentions a tale from Mouhijärvi about two men who believed they turned water into spirits after drinking heavily near a spring on Midsummer night. It emphasizes that many of these magical practices were believed to be more potent when performed by women. The article concludes with a caution against provoking nature spirits, especially on Midsummer night. The stories are drawn from Jouko Hautala's "Vanhat merkkipäivät" (Old Holidays) from 1948.

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This section provides information on how to become a member of Skepsis ry. It details the membership fee (100 Finnish marks, or 50 marks for those under 20), which includes a subscription to Skeptikko magazine. It also explains how to subscribe to the magazine without becoming a member. A membership/subscription form is included, and the application can also be found online. The form requests personal details, education, work information, and any relevant experience or interests related to Skepsis's field.

Skepsis ry:n säännöt (Skepsis ry's Statutes)

This section outlines the purpose and principles of Skepsis ry, founded in 1987. Its objectives include promoting objective and unbiased scientific research into paranormal claims, maintaining a network of interested individuals, publishing research articles and books on paranormal phenomena, and organizing meetings and conferences. Skepsis ry is politically, ideologically, and religiously unaffiliated. The board can accept individuals and organizations as members who accept these principles.

Skepsis ry:n hallitus (Skepsis ry Board) and Scientific Advisory Board

This section lists the members of the Skepsis ry board, with Ilpo V. Salmi as chairman and Anneli Aurejärvi as secretary. It also lists the members of the Scientific Advisory Board, chaired by Veijo Saano, which includes numerous professors and researchers from various academic fields.

Skepsis ry Contact Information

Contact details for Skepsis ry are provided, including a phone number for inquiries, a postal address in Helsinki, and an internet address. For matters related to membership and magazine subscriptions, individuals are directed to contact the secretary, Anneli Aurejärvi, via phone or mail.

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An advertisement for a "PINUS MULTIMEDIA 100 Mhz" computer is featured, listing its specifications (100 Mhz Intel Pentium processor, 16 Mb RAM, 1 Gb hard drive, 4x CD-ROM, sound card, speakers, 15" SVGA monitor, MS DOS 6.22 and Win 3.11 or Windows 95) and price (9,900 Finnish marks). The ad is from PERBI OY.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around critical examination of beliefs, particularly religious and folkloric ones, through a skeptical lens. The magazine promotes scientific inquiry and evidence-based reasoning, questioning unsubstantiated claims and pseudoscientific ideas. The editorial stance is clearly that of promoting rationalism and critical thinking, encouraging readers to question conventional wisdom and to approach extraordinary claims with a healthy dose of skepticism. The magazine also serves as a platform for announcing events and engaging the public in discussions related to skepticism and the paranormal.