1996-1-skeptikko

Magazine Overview

Title: SKEPTIKKO
Issue: 1/96
Date: April 15, 1996
Publisher: Skepsis ry (Finnish Skeptics Society)
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish

This issue of Skeptikko, a Finnish magazine dedicated to skepticism and critical thinking, explores a range of thought-provoking topics including animal consciousness, the conflict between science and religion, and the nature of intelligent robots. The cover features a striking image of a cat with the headline "Kuka minä olen?" (Who am I?), hinting at the deep questions about identity and awareness that are explored within.

Articles and Content

"Suuret linjat haussa" (Broad Lines in Search) by Ilpo V. Salmi (Chairman of Skepsis ry)

Ilpo V. Salmi discusses the operational principles and challenges faced by Skepsis ry. He addresses the question of Skepsis's mission: to promote research, not conduct it directly. The organization's membership in the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies sets a standard for its activities, focusing on paranormal phenomena with a requirement for scientific rigor. Salmi tackles the more complex question of 'how' Skepsis should operate, aiming to shed the image of being narrow-minded and intolerant. He contrasts this with an overly permissive approach that could undermine the organization's purpose. He references the shift in focus for 'Skeptical Inquirer' towards 'Science and Reason' and the European Council of Skeptical Organisations (ECSO)'s 'PIP' (Protect, Investigate, Promote) strategy. Salmi acknowledges the spectrum of skepticism within the membership, from 'dry' to 'wet' skepticism, and emphasizes the importance of open discussion, facilitated by the Skeptikko magazine itself. He highlights the need for a nuanced approach in public discourse, considering psychological and philosophical aspects, especially in an era dominated by imagery and subjective realities. He calls for active participation from members in shaping the organization's future direction, advocating for the skills of observing subtle signs and patient listening.

"Tietääkö kissa olevansa kissa?" (Does a Cat Know It Is a Cat?) by Marketta Ollikainen

This article, based on a lecture by Professor Kari Lagerspetz, explores the evolving human perception of animals. Historically, animals were seen as functional beings, but modern society increasingly views them as sentient individuals deserving of rights. The article questions whether animals possess consciousness, self-awareness, and instincts beyond mere survival. Lagerspetz, a professor of animal physiology, notes that while animals can learn and exhibit complex behaviors, this does not necessarily equate to human-like consciousness. He explains that a dog's obedience often stems from its pack mentality and association of commands with rewards, rather than a deep understanding of its role. He also touches upon animal communication, noting that while some animals can mimic human speech or signals, their own communication methods are distinct. Lagerspetz cites the example of Koko the gorilla, who knew thousands of words, but suggests this was likely an understanding of hand signals rather than spoken language. He references Charles Darwin's observations on the expression of emotions in animals, suggesting a shared physiological basis for feelings between humans and primates. The article also touches on the concept of 'guilty conscience' in dogs, which Lagerspetz suggests might indicate a rudimentary form of self-awareness.

"Heijastuksia peilistä" (Reflections in the Mirror) by null

This section discusses experiments, notably by Gordon Gallup, on animal self-recognition in mirrors. Initial observations showed chimpanzees treating their reflection as another individual. However, after a period, they began to exhibit self-directed behaviors like grooming and examining marks on their own bodies, suggesting they recognized their reflection as themselves. Gallup's experiments with chimpanzees, involving a red mark placed on their forehead, indicated that they understood the reflection was of themselves, as they touched the mark on their own face after seeing it in the mirror. This ability to recognize oneself in a mirror is presented as a significant indicator of self-awareness, a trait observed in humans and great apes but not in other tested primates like rhesus monkeys and baboons.

"Bataatteja pesevät apinat" (Monkeys Washing Sweet Potatoes) by null

This piece recounts a famous observation from the 1950s on Kôsiman island in Japan, where young female macaques began washing sweet potatoes in the sea before eating them. This behavior, initially observed in 1953 by Dr. Denzaburo Miyadi's research group, gradually spread to other members of the troop, particularly the young ones. The article notes that this learned behavior did not spread to other groups, possibly due to the insular nature of the Japanese monkey communities, which were resistant to incorporating new members.

"Ihmisiä, eläimiä, robotteja" (Humans, Animals, Robots) by Marketta Ollikainen

This article discusses a lecture by Leena Vilkka, chairperson of the animal welfare organization Animalia, on the topic of animal consciousness and its relation to artificial intelligence. Vilkka's lecture sparked controversy, with some audience members accusing her of speculation and mixing emotional appeals with scientific arguments. Vilkka argued that the distinction between animal and human consciousness is not clear-cut and that scientific inquiry should not shy away from exploring these questions. She highlighted that many scientific understandings of consciousness are derived from animal studies, and that behavioralism, which historically dismissed the study of the mind, is being challenged by neurophysiological research and discussions on animal rights. Vilkka suggested that the anthropocentric view of consciousness might be too narrow and that we should consider the possibility of other forms of intelligence, including those in animals and potentially robots.

"Älykkäät robotit" (Intelligent Robots) by null

This section presents a dialogue between a robot and a human, exploring the nature of consciousness, free will, and identity. The robot asserts its desire to live and make choices, arguing that its programming and learning experiences are analogous to human development shaped by genetics, upbringing, and education. The human dismisses the robot's claims, stating that it is merely programmed to respond in certain ways. The dialogue raises philosophical questions about what constitutes genuine consciousness and whether machines can achieve it.

"Behavioralismin haamu" (The Ghost of Behaviorism) by null

This part of the article discusses the lingering influence of behaviorism in scientific communities, which historically avoided studying the mind due to a lack of empirical methods. Leena Vilkka believes that this avoidance has hindered the study of animal consciousness. However, she notes a shift, with neurophysiological research and animal rights advocacy pushing for a more serious consideration of animal consciousness as a valid subject of scientific and philosophical inquiry. The article poses questions about what constitutes consciousness in animals and what criteria are used to deny it to them.

"Keskustelua robotin kanssa" (Discussion with a Robot) by null

This section continues the dialogue from "Älykkäät robotit," featuring a philosophical exchange between a robot and a human. The robot argues that its existence, learning, and responses are comparable to human development, shaped by external factors and internal processes. It questions the human's assertion that its choices are not real, suggesting that human thoughts are also influenced by a multitude of factors. The robot's perspective challenges the human-centric definition of consciousness and agency.

"Eläinten jumala, ukkonen" (The God of Animals, Thunder) by null

Leena Vilkka questions the human-centric view of consciousness and intelligence, suggesting that animals might possess forms of awareness, culture, and even spirituality that we fail to recognize. She challenges the assumption that language, self-awareness, religion, and culture are exclusively human traits. Vilkka posits that animals might perceive natural phenomena like thunder as supernatural, akin to early human religious beliefs. She also points to complex behaviors in animals, such as tool use and social organization, as evidence of sophisticated cognitive abilities. Vilkka advocates for a more open-minded approach, suggesting that intelligent life might already be present among us in various animal species, and that we should seek to understand and communicate with them rather than exploit them.

"Kalle-kissa ja Leea-sisko" (Kalle the Cat and Leea the Sister) by null

This section presents a critique of Leena Vilkka's lecture by Docent Pertti Lindfors, who argues that Vilkka conflated emotional appeals with scientific arguments. Lindfors, a self-proclaimed nature conservationist, states that his passion for protecting animals is based on emotion, not scientific theory. He uses the personal anecdote of his family valuing their cat, Kalle, more than his sister, Leea, to illustrate the subjective nature of emotional bonds. Vilkka defends her approach, stating her intention was to map out the research field and stimulate interest, given the lack of existing research on animal consciousness. She expresses hope that her ideas, presented in accompanying articles, would be better understood. However, some audience members criticized her for presenting speculative ideas without prior peer-reviewed publication, accusing her of misusing science. Skepsis Vice Chairman Timo Kaitaro intervenes to steer the discussion back to scientific argumentation, emphasizing the importance of evidence over publication venue. The discussion concludes with Ilpo V. Salmi remarking on the difficulty of studying elephant social behavior.

"Pyhä sota tiedettä vastaan" (Holy War Against Science) by Anssi Saura

Anssi Saura's article examines the historical and ongoing conflict between science and religion, particularly focusing on creationism. Saura traces the historical clashes, from the Copernican revolution and the trial of Galileo to the challenges posed by Darwin's theory of evolution. He highlights that creationism, the belief in a recent divine creation of the world, is a movement primarily driven by religious fundamentalism, particularly in the United States. The article notes that while mainstream churches generally do not endorse creationism, a significant portion of the American public believes in the literal truth of biblical creation accounts. Saura discusses how creationists have established their own scientific-sounding organizations and publications to promote their views under the guise of scientific inquiry. He points to instances where creationist ideas have been introduced into public school curricula, despite constitutional separation of church and state. The article criticizes the tactic of presenting religious dogma as scientific fact, arguing that it undermines genuine scientific education and critical thinking.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko revolve around the nature of consciousness, the boundaries between humans and other species, and the critical examination of claims that lack scientific evidence. The magazine consistently promotes a skeptical, evidence-based approach to understanding the world, challenging pseudoscience, religious fundamentalism when it masquerades as science, and uncritical acceptance of popular beliefs. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of scientific reasoning, critical thinking, and open inquiry, encouraging readers to question assumptions and seek verifiable truths. The magazine aims to foster a more informed and rational public discourse on complex and often controversial topics.

This issue of Skeptikko, dated 1/96, focuses on the clash between fundamentalist beliefs and scientific inquiry, the theoretical possibilities of time travel, and the psychological underpinnings of alternative healing practices. The magazine also provides an update on the activities and organizational structure of the Skeptikko society.

Fundamentalistit vastaiskuun (Fundamentalists strike back)

The lead article, "Fundamentalistit vastaiskuun," addresses the challenges posed by creationism to scientific understanding. It highlights the discrepancies in creation accounts within the Bible and notes the limited experimental evidence for creationist theories. The article criticizes the creationist strategy of attempting to disprove established scientific fields like evolution, archaeology, history, and linguistics, often through public debates. It suggests that while creationists may be skilled debaters, their arguments often lack scientific rigor. The text mentions specific creationist claims, such as the impossibility of life arising by chance, the improbability of complex biological structures forming spontaneously, and the rejection of radiometric dating. It also touches upon the historical context of creationist arguments, referencing figures like Fred Hoyle and David Hume.

"Tieteellistä" epätiedettä ("Scientific" pseudoscience)

This section elaborates on the pseudoscientific arguments used by creationists. It describes how creationist literature often begins by marveling at the complexity of life, using probability arguments to suggest that life could not have arisen by chance. The article points out that while the origin of life is a complex question, science has made significant progress in understanding it. It also discusses how creationist arguments often try to exploit gaps in scientific knowledge to insert divine intervention. The article notes that creationist explanations for phenomena like ice ages are often tied to biblical flood narratives and that they dismiss scientific dating methods based on radioactive isotopes. It also mentions the idea that information, like DNA, cannot arise from nothing.

Hyökkäys paras puolustus (Attack is the best defense)

This article emphasizes the need for thorough preparation when engaging in debates with creationists, who are often well-prepared for public discussions. It contrasts the scientific approach of cautious inquiry with the creationist's tendency to present a barrage of unrelated claims. The article suggests that creationists often target audiences within their own religious communities. It also points out that while creationists may have weaknesses in their knowledge of specific scientific fields, they can be countered by prepared responses and by questioning their fundamental assumptions, such as their belief in a young Earth.

Tieteellistä aikamatkailua (Scientific time travel)

This section explores the theoretical physics behind time travel. It begins by discussing the historical acceptance of scientific ideas, using the example of black holes, which were initially theoretical concepts but are now supported by observational evidence. The article explains how black holes, predicted by Einstein's theory of relativity, are regions of spacetime with such strong gravity that nothing, not even light, can escape. It then delves into the concept of wormholes, theoretical tunnels through spacetime that could potentially connect distant points in the universe, thus enabling time travel. The article mentions the work of Kip Thorne and Mike Morris in exploring the possibility of stabilizing wormholes with exotic matter. It also touches upon Igor Novikov's research on the causality paradoxes associated with time travel, suggesting that natural laws might prevent such paradoxes.

Matoja ja aikamatkailua (Wormholes and time travel)

This part continues the discussion on time travel, focusing on wormholes as potential time machines. It highlights the work of Kip Thorne and his colleagues in developing theoretical models for traversable wormholes. The article explains how moving one end of a wormhole at near light speed could create a time difference, allowing for travel into the past or future. It also discusses the potential paradoxes of time travel, such as the grandfather paradox, and how theoretical physics might resolve them. The article notes that while time travel remains highly theoretical, recent research and statements from prominent physicists like Stephen Hawking have lent it more scientific credibility.

Havaintoja ja ajatuksia parantamisen "oikoteistä" (Observations and thoughts on "shortcuts" to healing)

This article examines the phenomenon of alternative healing and the psychology behind belief in paranormal phenomena. It begins by noting that a typical believer in the paranormal is a middle-aged woman with some level of education but low income, and that women are generally more susceptible to such beliefs than men. The author discusses the various reasons why people seek alternative healing, including unmet social needs, personal crises, and a desire for hope. The article categorizes alternative healing methods into those based on a misunderstanding of medicine, magical practices, and religious beliefs. It also touches upon the role of suggestion and the placebo effect in healing, emphasizing that these are powerful psychological tools that can be used both ethically and unethically. The author expresses concern about the exploitation of vulnerable individuals by those offering unproven remedies.

Tutkimuksen tuloksista (Results of research)

This section presents findings from research on alternative healing practices. It states that alternative methods do not produce healing according to medical criteria, but rather influence the patient's perception and interpretation of their condition. The article highlights the importance of suggestion and placebo effects, noting that doctors should be aware of their influence. It also discusses the ethical implications of using suggestive techniques to exploit people's hopes and fears.

Yhdistys toimii (The association at work)

This section provides an update on the activities of the Skeptikko society. It reports on the decisions made at the annual meeting, including the expansion of the board of directors and changes to membership fees. The article details the society's past year's activities, such as public lectures, a summer excursion, and the awarding of the Huuhaa and Socrates prizes. It also mentions the growth in membership and the society's efforts to engage the public through various events and publications.

Kuka kukin on hallituksessa? (Who's who in the board?)

This section introduces the members of the Skeptikko board, providing brief biographical information and personal interests of each member. It highlights the diverse backgrounds and expertise of the board members, including academics, researchers, and professionals from various fields.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko are the critical examination of pseudoscientific claims, particularly creationism and alternative healing, and the exploration of cutting-edge scientific theories like time travel. The editorial stance is clearly skeptical, advocating for evidence-based reasoning and scientific literacy. The magazine aims to debunk misinformation and promote a rational understanding of the world, while also acknowledging the psychological and social factors that contribute to belief in the paranormal and unproven remedies. The organization also focuses on its own operational aspects, including membership, board activities, and publications.

Title: Skeptikko
Issue: 1/96
Date: January 1996
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish

This issue of Skeptikko, the magazine of the Finnish Skeptic Society, focuses on the association's activities, critical examination of paranormal claims, and the challenges of scientific communication.

The Association at Work (Yhdistys toimii)

The issue opens with a section detailing the activities and members of the Skepsis association. Several new board members are introduced:

• Anneli Aurejärvi: Holds a Master's degree in Philosophy with a specialization in religious studies. Her master's thesis focused on the worldview of 'paranormal professionals'.
• Robert Brotherus: A board member who joined Skeptikko after reading 'The Devil's Advocate'.
• Roope: The youngest board member, a 22-year-old physics student at the University of Helsinki, interested in computer programming and computer art.
• Veijo Saano: A Doctor of Medicine and Surgery, who defended his thesis on drug receptors in the central nervous system in 1982. He describes himself as a 'pharmacological jack-of-all-trades, researcher, and bureaucrat' and expresses a desire to delve deeper into the background of beliefs.
• Eero Joutsikoski: Considers himself a born skeptic, concerned about the spread of unfounded beliefs as the position of natural sciences in general education declines. He works as an IT systems manager.
• Jukka Vuori: A researcher in physical chemistry at the University of Helsinki, studying atmospheric reactions. He enjoys physical activities and cultural events, and aims to develop good listening and communication skills.

The section also highlights the Huuhaa award, which Skepsis grants to individuals or organizations that promote pseudoscience. In 1995, the award was given to the Swedish-language television series 'Tulisielu' (Fire-Soul) broadcast by FST (YLE's Swedish-language channel). The award citation sarcastically praised the series for its 'journalism that shied away from critical science' and its 'exceptional courage to elevate mystical ideas to the level of scientific achievements.' The series, which dealt with paranormal phenomena, was noted for its uncritical presentation of 'new age' beliefs and its message that science distorts truth by not accepting such phenomena.

Articles and Discussions

"The Right and Wrong Information" by Lauri Saxén

Lauri Saxén, Chancellor of the University of Helsinki, discusses the proliferation of information and the challenges of distinguishing between true and false knowledge. He emphasizes the importance of scientific criteria such as objectivity, criticality, publicity, and corrigibility, and the role of peer review in scientific publishing. Saxén acknowledges that even scientific findings can be flawed or deliberately falsified, but argues that the scientific community's self-correcting mechanisms, aided by open publication, eventually lead to the truth. He also addresses why false information spreads, attributing it partly to researchers who may not engage in public dissemination of their work, and partly to media sensationalism and the public's lack of critical evaluation skills. He criticizes those who market pseudoscience under the guise of science, particularly in the health sector, warning of the potential for significant financial fraud and the misdirection of public choices.

"Why Does False Information Spread?" (continuation of Saxén's article)

Saxén points out that while correct, up-to-date information may not reach everyone, sensationalized or pseudoscientific claims often gain wider traction. He criticizes media outlets for not employing a similar level of critical evaluation as scientific journals, leading to the amplification of unverified claims. He notes that while the majority of researchers are honest, some may be reluctant or unable to effectively communicate their findings or correct misinformation. He also highlights the issue of researchers who intentionally sensationalize their findings for media attention, sometimes before they have undergone rigorous scientific scrutiny.

"The Association at Work" (continued)

This section continues with a discussion of the Huuhaa award and its recipients. The article details the rationale behind awarding the prize to 'Tulisielu', citing its uncritical presentation of paranormal claims and its promotion of 'new age' ideology. The series is described as a 'new age crusade against dry science and laborious rational thinking.' The article notes the producer Melita Tulikoura's work in exploring 'cosmic dimensions of postmodern TV entertainment' and her continuation of the path set by producer Johan af Grann's UFO programs. The article also mentions the series' endorsement of the 'Ultra' magazine, providing its contact information at the end of each program.

"Skepticism Doesn't Protect from Bogeymen in Estonia" by Tiit Kändler

Tiit Kändler, a journalist, explores the prevalence of paranormal beliefs in Estonia. He notes that despite a historical tendency towards skepticism, many Estonians still believe in phenomena like astrology and poltergeists. A study from four years prior indicated that half of Estonians believed in astrology, and a quarter in ghosts. The article highlights a perceived lack of popular science literature in Estonia compared to the Soviet era, with bookstores being filled with astrology guides rather than scientific texts. Kändler also reports on a poltergeist incident in Tallinn, where a phenomenon was attributed a 51% probability of being a poltergeist by Igor Volke, a member of an anomalous phenomena investigation commission. The article criticizes the lack of transparency regarding this commission's findings and the media's failure to publish scientific or skeptical commentary.

"Poltergeists and Other Nonsense" (continuation of Kändler's article)

This section continues the discussion on paranormal phenomena in Estonia. It mentions the activities of 'U-Man', a Scientology-related organization, which operates discreetly due to media scrutiny. The article also notes the ubiquitous presence of horoscopes in Estonian newspapers and the thriving business of 'miracle healers' who receive free advertising. The article criticizes the media for not questioning these claims critically.

"Briefly"

This section contains short news items:

• Indian Skeptic: Praised the Finnish matriculation examination's essay question on the philosophy of life, encouraging students to answer it.
• Record Audience: A lecture by Assistant Professor Risto Vuorinen on 'Illusions of Consciousness' drew a record audience of over 300 people.

"The Right and Wrong Information" (continued)

Saxén continues his discussion on misinformation, noting that while many researchers are honest, they may be reluctant or unable to effectively communicate their findings. He criticizes the media for sensationalizing unverified claims and for not employing a sufficient level of critical evaluation. He also points out that some researchers intentionally sensationalize their findings for media attention, sometimes before they have undergone rigorous scientific scrutiny.

"A Million-Dollar Prize for a Miracle Worker"

James Randi, an American skeptic, has increased his prize for anyone who can demonstrate a paranormal phenomenon under controlled conditions to over $500,000 (approximately 2.5 million Finnish marks). This increase is due to international collaboration among skeptics.

"Correction"

An earlier statement in Skeptikko incorrectly claimed that David Hume had corresponded with John Locke. The correction notes that Locke died seven years before Hume was born.

"Abductions - Reality or Fantasy?" by Lauri Gröhn

Lauri Gröhn critically reviews John E. Mack's book 'Abduction, Human Encounters with Aliens'. Gröhn, who is not a psychologist or psychiatrist but a layperson interested in UFO phenomena, finds Mack's book to be a disappointment. He criticizes the book's lack of scientific rigor, its vague theoretical foundations, and its conclusions. Gröhn suggests that Mack may have selected cases for commercial reasons rather than for their typicality or scientific value. He argues that Mack should have focused more on the results of standardized psychiatric and psychological tests rather than on 'new age' explanations. Gröhn also criticizes Mack's lack of source criticism, noting that while he cites UFO literature, he does not critically evaluate it. He mentions Phillip J. Klass, a known skeptic, who has written about abductions but has not personally investigated them. Gröhn suggests that Mack should have commented on the critical writings of other experts in the field.

"The Betty and Barney Hill Experience"

Gröhn highlights the Betty and Barney Hill abduction case from 1961 as a key example. He notes that while media coverage may have influenced the frequency of abduction reports, the Hill case remains significant due to the detailed medical examinations described by Betty Hill, which were advanced for their time. Gröhn also discusses the Travis Walton case, refuting Klass's claims that it was a hoax by pointing to the results of polygraph tests taken by six participants, which were overwhelmingly in favor of their truthfulness.

"Discussion" (Response to Gröhn)

This section features a response from a reader who has also read Mack's book and has a broad interest in abduction phenomena. The reader agrees with Gröhn's criticism of Mack's book regarding its lack of scientific rigor and theoretical basis. The reader suggests that Mack may have chosen cases for commercial reasons. The reader also notes that Mack's research involved over 80 abductees, but the book includes several unusual cases that could have simpler explanations. The reader believes that Mack should have focused more on clinical tests and psychological findings rather than 'new age' explanations. The reader also criticizes Mack's source criticism, suggesting that while he cites UFO literature, he does not critically evaluate it. The reader points out that Phillip J. Klass, a skeptic, has written about abductions but has not personally investigated them. The reader believes that Klass's attempts to discredit test results are unconvincing, especially given Klass's own presupposition that all UFOs can be explained by natural causes, which the reader considers unscientific.

"Discussion" (Response from Richard Järnefelt)

Richard Järnefelt responds to a previous article by Riku Ylönen. Järnefelt defends his philosophical views on art pedagogy, asserting that science is not about status but ability. He argues that while positivism and pragmatism have their place, they have not introduced anything fundamentally new or insightful to the field. He maintains that all observation is subjective and that collective observation does not exist. Järnefelt states that he does not see the purpose of Skeptikko magazine as presenting his own theories unless they are evaluated by credible researchers and journalists. He expresses a desire for continued discussion.

"Book Offer"

An offer is made to purchase the book "Toden näköiset harhat" (Likely Illusions) by Marjaana Lindeman at a discounted price for Skepsis members. The book can be bought at public lectures or ordered by mail.

"Consciousness - The Origin of Illusions?" (Upcoming Lectures)

Details are provided for a series of public lectures in Spring 1996:

• April 17: Jukka Häkkinen on the psychology of perception and illusions.
• May 15: Heikki Hämäläinen on the limits and sensitivity of the senses.
• June 12: Soili Kajaste on sleep disorders.

All lectures are free of charge.

"Summer Trip to Tallinn - SKEPP-96"

Skepsis is organizing a summer trip to Tallinn, Estonia, from June 15-16. The trip includes a ferry journey, a seminar in Tallinn with Finnish and Estonian skeptics, and an evening social event. The cost for the trip, including ferry passage and accommodation, is 250-300 Finnish marks depending on the cabin type. Participants are advised to bring extra money for excursions and meals. Registration is required by April 30th.

English Summary

"Does a Cat Know That It's a Cat?" by Marketta Ollikainen

Marketta Ollikainen discusses research on animal behavior and communication, referencing Charles Darwin. Professor Kari Lagerspetz suggests that while animals can learn, it's difficult to prove self-consciousness. He believes consciousness likely developed gradually in animal species. A cat recognizes members of its own species, which is essential for reproduction.

"Holy War Against Science" by Anssi Saura

Anssi Saura writes that creationists continue their opposition to science, despite the theory of evolution being established long ago. He views this as a religious fundamentalist reaction against reductionism. Saura argues that the 'gaps' in scientific understanding, where fundamentalists have historically placed God, are narrowing. Creationism attempts to widen these gaps by discrediting science.

"From Black Holes to Wormholes" by Leena Tähtinen

Leena Tähtinen explores the concepts of time travel and black holes in the context of modern physics. She notes that time travel is currently a theoretical concept, and researchers are investigating whether advanced civilizations could build time machines or wormholes.

"Quick Ways to Healing" by Matti A. Miettinen

Matti A. Miettinen discusses the ineffectiveness of 'quick healing' methods. He states that while patients may have experiences, these are not paranormal. Miettinen questions the ethics of using suggestive tricks to deceive frightened people and expresses shock at the lack of academic interest in basic psychological matters related to healing.

"Flimflam Award Again to the Finnish Broadcasting Company"

Skepsis awarded its 1995 Flimflam Award to the makers of the television series "Fire-Soul" for its unscientific journalism and promotion of mystical ideas. The series featured 'researchers' who were strong believers in paranormal phenomena, suggesting that science distorts truth by not accepting such phenomena.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko are skepticism, critical thinking, media criticism, and the examination of paranormal claims. The magazine consistently advocates for scientific rigor, evidence-based reasoning, and the debunking of pseudoscience. The editorial stance is clearly pro-science and critical of unverified beliefs, while also acknowledging the importance of public understanding of science and the challenges of communicating complex scientific ideas to a broader audience. The magazine actively engages in debates and critiques of popular beliefs and media portrayals of science and the paranormal.

Title: SKEPTIKKO
Issue: 1/96
Date: January 1996
Publisher: Skepsis ry.
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish

This issue of Skeptikko magazine, the publication of Skepsis ry., focuses on membership and subscription information, alongside an advertisement for a pain relief medication.

Membership and Subscriptions

The magazine opens with a direct appeal to subscribers and members, urging them to check their address labels to confirm if their annual membership or subscription fee has been paid. A code '96' on the label indicates that the payment is up to date. For those whose status is not current, a prompt payment is requested to ensure continued receipt of the magazine. The issue provides a payment slip on page 1 for this purpose.

Page 3 is dedicated to encouraging new members to join Skepsis ry. It outlines the process for joining, which involves sending a completed form to the organization's secretary, Anneli Aurejärvi, at the provided address in Vantaa. The membership fee is stated as 100 Finnish marks (mk) annually, with a reduced rate of 50 mk for individuals under 20 years old. Those under 20 are asked to provide their date of birth. Payment can be made to the organization's bank account, PSP 800011-465302.

Alternatively, individuals can subscribe to the Skeptikko magazine without becoming a member for 100 mk per year. The application form can be adapted for this purpose by crossing out 'jäsenhakemus' (membership application) and writing 'tilaus' (subscription). For subscriptions, only the name and address are required. The application form is also available online via Skepsis's website.

The 'JÄSENHAKEMUS' (Membership Application) form on page 3 requests detailed personal information, including name, profession and education, address, phone number, workplace details, and any relevant experience or interests related to Skepsis's field. It also includes a declaration of acceptance of the organization's rules and principles.

About Skepsis ry.

Page 4 provides an overview of Skepsis ry., explaining that it was founded in 1987 as a Finnish organization for skeptics. Its operating principles are similar to those of the US-based CSICOP (Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal), with which it cooperates. Skepsis operates independently.

• The stated purpose of the organization includes:
• Promoting objective and unbiased scientific research into claims of the paranormal, without taking a priori stances on their validity.
• Maintaining a network of interested individuals and connecting with similar organizations domestically and internationally.
• Publishing articles and books that investigate claims of the paranormal, and compiling bibliographies of such publications.
• Organizing meetings, conferences, and engaging in public education and information activities related to the field.

Skepsis ry. is explicitly stated to be politically, ideologically, and religiously unaffiliated. The organization's board can approve applications from individuals and legal entities who accept its principles.

Organizational Structure and Contact Information

Page 5 lists the current board members of Skepsis ry., including Ilpo V. Salmi as chairman, Timo Kaitaro as vice-chairman, and Anneli Aurejärvi as secretary. It also lists the members of the Scientific Advisory Board, comprising numerous professors and doctors from various academic fields.

Contact details for Skepsis ry. are provided, including a phone number (90 - 7227 0195) for general inquiries and a separate number (90 - 851 4851) for membership and subscription matters, handled by the secretary, Anneli Aurejärvi. The postal address is PL 483, 00101 HELSINKI, and the internet address is http://www.helsinki.fi/~sjhiltun/skepsis.html. Anneli Aurejärvi's email address ([email protected]) and postal address are also given.

Skepsis ry. is a member organization of the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies.

Advertisement: Ketorin

Page 6 features a prominent advertisement for 'Ketorin', a ketoprofen-based pain relief medication manufactured by Orion. The advertisement highlights Ketorin's rapid absorption and effectiveness in relieving various types of pain, including headaches, flu symptoms, muscle and joint pain, toothaches, and menstrual cramps. It also notes its anti-inflammatory and fever-reducing properties.

Cautionary advice is provided, advising consultation with a doctor for individuals with allergies to other painkillers, stomach ulcers, kidney or liver disease, or those who are pregnant or breastfeeding. The medication is not recommended for children under 12 years old unless prescribed by a doctor. Users are encouraged to read the package instructions. The advertisement includes pricing information for 8-piece and 15-piece packs, with prices dated June 1, 1994.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue strongly promotes membership in Skepsis ry. and subscription to its publication, Skeptikko. The editorial stance is clearly that of a skeptical organization promoting scientific inquiry into paranormal claims, emphasizing objectivity and a non-affiliated approach. The inclusion of a pharmaceutical advertisement suggests a practical approach to funding or a general commercial aspect to the publication, separate from its core mission.