1995-4-skeptikko

Magazine Overview

Title: SKEPTIKKO
Issue: 4/95 (Numero 27)
Date: December 29, 1995
Publisher: Skepsis ry

This issue of Skeptikko, a Finnish skeptical magazine, focuses on the intersection of UFO phenomena and scientific inquiry, alongside explorations of consciousness and the brain. The cover prominently features headlines such as "Ufot ja tähtitiede" (UFOs and Astronomy), "Aivot ja tietoisuus" (The Brain and Consciousness), and "Kutsu vuosikokoukseen" (Call to the Annual Meeting).

Ufot ja tähtitiede (UFOs and Astronomy)

This article by Hannu Karttunen examines the scientific perspective on UFOs and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. Karttunen begins by addressing the common question of whether astronomers believe in UFOs, noting the ambiguity of the term. He emphasizes the need to define 'life' and 'intelligent life' before discussing their potential existence elsewhere in the universe. The article delves into the conditions necessary for life as we know it, focusing on planets with suitable temperatures and compositions. It touches upon the formation of stars and planets, suggesting that planetary systems are common.

The core of the astronomical discussion revolves around the Drake Equation (N = N*p1*p2*p3*p4*p5), which attempts to estimate the number of communicative civilizations in the Milky Way. Karttunen explains each variable: N* (number of stars), p1 (probability of habitable planets), p2 (probability of life arising), p3 (probability of intelligence developing), p4 (probability of developing technology for communication), and p5 (longevity of such civilizations). He presents two scenarios: an optimistic one suggesting 500,000 civilizations and a pessimistic one resulting in less than one civilization per galaxy. The conclusion highlights the immense uncertainty in these estimates, particularly regarding the lifespan of civilizations.

The article also discusses the challenges of interstellar communication. The vast distances, measured in light-years, make direct contact extremely difficult. While space probes like Pioneer and Voyager are en route, they will take tens of thousands of years to reach nearby stars. Electromagnetic radiation, particularly radio waves, is presented as the most feasible method for communication due to its speed and ease of generation. The article mentions the 21 cm hydrogen line as a potential universal communication channel for SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) projects.

Aivot ja tietoisuus (The Brain and Consciousness)

This section explores the complex relationship between the brain and consciousness. It questions whether consciousness is merely a product of the brain's physical and chemical processes. The article touches upon the philosophical implications of this question and the difficulty in defining consciousness itself.

Kommunikoinnin keinot (Methods of Communication)

This article, featuring a quote from Douglas Adams, discusses the practicalities of interstellar communication. It reiterates the immense distances involved and the limitations imposed by the speed of light. The author explains the concept of spacetime diagrams (Figure 1) to illustrate how relative motion affects the perception of time and space, and the potential for causality paradoxes if faster-than-light travel or communication were possible. The article then focuses on SETI efforts, detailing projects like Project Ozma, META, and the High Resolution Microwave Survey (HRMS). It explains the rationale behind searching for signals at specific wavelengths, such as the 21 cm hydrogen line, and the challenges posed by Doppler shifts and planetary motion. The Serendip project is mentioned as a more passive SETI approach.

Vieraan älyn etsintä (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence)

This section elaborates on SETI initiatives. It discusses the evolution of the term from CETI (Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence) to SETI, reflecting a shift towards detection rather than active communication. The article highlights the importance of focusing on sun-like stars and nearby systems. It details the use of radio telescopes and the significance of the 21 cm hydrogen line. The challenges of filtering out natural signals and the effects of Doppler shifts are discussed. Various SETI projects are mentioned, including early efforts like Project Ozma and more recent ones like META and HRMS. The article also touches upon the concept of using existing radio telescope data for SETI through projects like Serendip.

Ufot (UFOs)

This section provides a definition of UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) as phenomena that draw attention due to unusual behavior or appearance and lack a natural explanation. It introduces J. Allen Hynek's classification of UFO sightings into three types of 'close encounters': CE I (no physical effects), CE II (physical effects), and CE III (sightings involving occupants, including abductions). The article critiques earlier classification systems and presents a more modern approach based on the solvability of the phenomenon: 'unidentified phenomena,' 'insufficient data,' and 'explained cases.'

The author points out the inherent difficulties in UFO research, noting that researchers often rely on secondhand accounts, which are filtered through the observer's cultural background and psychological biases. The amateur status of many UFO researchers and their potential preconceptions are also mentioned as challenges. The article lists common explanations for reported UFO sightings, including celestial bodies (Moon, planets like Venus), aircraft, balloons, and rocket launches. It acknowledges that some cases remain unexplained, suggesting a variety of causes rather than a single phenomenon.

Kutsu vuosikokoukseen (Call to the Annual Meeting)

This section contains an announcement for the annual meeting of Skepsis ry, inviting members and interested parties to attend.

Tulevia tapahtumia (Upcoming Events)

This section lists future events related to skepticism and science.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko are the critical examination of paranormal claims, particularly UFOs, through the lens of scientific methodology and astronomical knowledge. The magazine consistently promotes a skeptical approach, emphasizing evidence-based reasoning and the importance of distinguishing between scientific inquiry and pseudoscientific speculation. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of rationalism and the scientific method, encouraging readers to question extraordinary claims and seek natural explanations for phenomena. The articles advocate for a rigorous approach to understanding the universe, from the search for extraterrestrial intelligence to the nature of consciousness.

This issue of Skeptikko, dated 4/95, delves into the nature of consciousness, the skepticism surrounding UFO phenomena, and a critical examination of historical claims of miracles and supernatural events. The magazine features articles by researchers, editors, and philosophers, offering a blend of scientific inquiry and critical analysis.

Consciousness: A Brain Process?

The lead article, "Onko tietoisuus aivojen fysikaalis-kemiallisen prosessin tulos?" (Is Consciousness the Result of the Brain's Physical-Chemical Process?), explores the complex question of consciousness. Researcher Stefan Salenius from the Technical University of Helsinki's Cryolab discusses how the brain processes information both consciously and unconsciously. He highlights experiments showing that certain events can influence behavior even if not consciously perceived. Salenius points out that while the brain processes sensory input in different areas (e.g., for shape, color, movement), the synthesis of these into a unified conscious experience remains a mystery. He touches upon theories like the 'grandmother cell' theory and the role of brain rhythms (around 40 Hz) in synchronizing neural activity to form conscious experience. The article also discusses the time lag between sensory input and conscious awareness, suggesting that consciousness might be a slightly delayed perception of events.

Further exploring the brain's role, the article "Aivoja ei voi huijata" (The Brain Cannot Be Tricked) delves into how the brain prepares for actions before conscious decision-making. It also examines 'neglect patients' who, due to brain damage, are unaware of one side of their body or even limbs. These patients often invent elaborate explanations for their condition, demonstrating the brain's tendency to rationalize even when conscious awareness is impaired. Salenius suggests that consciousness is a result of complex physical-chemical processes in the brain, but it is more than just the sum of these parts, representing the result of the interaction of neuronal populations.

UFOs and the UN

The article "YK ei ole kiinnostunut ufoista" (The UN is Not Interested in UFOs) addresses the persistent myth that the UN has established a special department to investigate UFO sightings. It clarifies that while Grenada proposed such a department in 1977, the UN General Assembly's response in 1978 was to invite member states to coordinate national scientific research into extraterrestrial life, including UFOs, and to report findings. The article includes the text of the UN resolution 33/426. It emphasizes that the definition of a UFO simply means an unidentified flying object, and while SETI research into extraterrestrial life is a recognized scientific field, no positive findings have yet been made. The article concludes that while UFOs exist as unexplained phenomena, the extraterrestrial hypothesis for their origin is unlikely due to the immense difficulties of interstellar travel.

Skepticism Towards Miracles and Testimony

David Hume's contribution, "Ihmeistä, osa 3" (Miracles, Part 3), critically examines historical accounts of miracles. He analyzes the case of Vespasian's alleged healing of a blind man and a paralytic in Alexandria, citing Tacitus and Svetonius. Hume questions the reliability of such accounts, especially when they are used to support religious beliefs. He also recounts a story from Cardinal de Retz about a man who allegedly regrew a leg, highlighting how such extraordinary claims are often presented with seemingly strong testimony but lack credible evidence. Hume argues that human testimony, even from respected sources, is not sufficient to prove miracles, particularly when they contradict established laws of nature. He emphasizes that the more extraordinary the claim, the stronger the evidence required, and that skepticism is a rational response to claims that defy natural explanations. He posits that the public, easily swayed by superstition and wonder, readily accepts claims that flatter their beliefs.

Critical Analysis of Evidence and Belief

The magazine also features a section on "Kirjallisuutta" (Literature), listing relevant books on UFOs and astronomy. The editorial section, "Toimitukselta" (From the Editors), discusses the difference between journalism and scientific research, emphasizing the journalist's role in selecting perspectives rather than providing exhaustive explanations. It also touches upon the media's tendency to present pseudoscientific claims alongside scientific ones, potentially blurring the lines for the public. The magazine announces the postponement of the "Huuhaa-palkinto" (Hoo-ha Award) to January 1996.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are critical thinking, scientific skepticism, and the rigorous examination of evidence. The magazine consistently questions extraordinary claims, whether they pertain to UFOs, consciousness, or historical miracles. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of evidence-based reasoning and a cautious approach to phenomena that lack scientific validation. The magazine promotes the idea that while the unknown is fascinating, it should be approached with critical inquiry rather than blind acceptance. The articles collectively advocate for a rational worldview, grounded in scientific understanding and a healthy dose of skepticism towards unsubstantiated claims.

This issue of Skeptikko, dated 4/95, is a Finnish publication focused on skepticism and critical inquiry into various claims, particularly those related to the paranormal, pseudoscience, and alternative beliefs. The magazine features a mix of philosophical discussions, reviews of books and articles, and commentary on current events related to science and skepticism.

Key Articles and Themes

The Philosophical Foundation of Skepticism: David Hume

The issue prominently features an exploration of the ideas of Scottish philosopher David Hume. The article "Valistuksen enfant terrible" (The Enlightenment's Enfant Terrible) delves into Hume's skepticism, particularly his views on miracles and the limitations of human reason when confronted with faith. Hume's argument that the evidence against miracles is always stronger than the evidence for them, due to their inherent violation of natural laws established by experience, is highlighted. The text emphasizes that for Hume, belief in miracles requires a suspension of reason, making faith a necessary component of religious belief, which he viewed as distinct from rational understanding. The article also touches upon Hume's critique of causality and his materialist approach to religion, suggesting that religious claims should be examined historically.

Science Communication and the Challenge of Pseudoscience

Lauri Saxén, Chancellor of the University of Helsinki, is quoted in an article titled "Tutkittu tieto uhkaa jäädä huuhaatiedon alle" (Researched Knowledge Risks Being Drowned by Pseudoscience). Saxén criticizes the media for giving equal platform to both scientific and pseudoscientific claims, creating a false sense of relativism. He points out that pseudoscience often presents itself with certainty and simplicity, making it more appealing to the public than the cautious and nuanced approach of scientific research. He urges universities to develop clear communication strategies to better disseminate factual information and combat the spread of misinformation, especially in fields like alternative medicine.

Critiques of Alternative Medicine and Numerology

An article discusses the case of Marja-Leena Aho, a spiritual healer whose claims of curing patients with cosmic energy were examined by doctor Leif Lindberg. Lindberg found no evidence of miraculous healing, attributing any perceived improvements to the natural course of chronic illnesses or conventional medical treatments. This case serves as an example of how pseudoscientific claims are often presented without empirical support.

Another piece reviews Pentti Lempiäinen's book "Lukujen symboliikka nollasta miljoonaan" (The Symbolism of Numbers from Zero to a Million). While acknowledging the book's critical stance on numerology and its exploration of the religious symbolism of numbers, the review notes the absence of certain relevant literature in its bibliography. The article also briefly mentions Martin Gardner and Osmo Pekonen in the context of mathematical games and numerology.

The Järnefelt Institute and the Nature of Science

A section titled "Järnefeltin teoretisointi ei vakuuta" (Järnefelt's Theorizing is Unconvincing) presents a critique of the Järnefelt Institute's rector, Richard Järnefelt. The author, Riku Ylönen, challenges Järnefelt's definition of a "proper skeptic" and his view of science, particularly his emphasis on positivism. Ylönen argues that Järnefelt's definition of science might exclude fields like art and that his understanding of objectivity in art appreciation is flawed, potentially leading to an "aesthetic anarchism."

Other Noteworthy Content

• Physicist Johan Silén's Claim: Physicist Johan Silén is reported to have discovered a "law of nature" stating that skeptics cannot perceive truth because they close themselves off from reality. His work is presented as a strong argument against skepticism, although his background in geophysics and his Baháʼí faith are also mentioned.
• John Mack's Research: The issue touches upon the controversial research of Harvard professor John Mack into alien abductions. It notes that while Mack was granted academic freedom, his work faced scrutiny, and a committee report was not made public.
• Book Reviews: Besides Lempiäinen's book, the issue reviews "Toden näköiset harhat" (Plausible Illusions), edited by Marjaana Lindeman-Viitasalo, which examines various pseudoscientific beliefs from historical and critical perspectives.
• Skepsis ry Information: The magazine includes details about Skepsis ry, the Finnish skeptical society, including its purpose, principles, and membership information. It also contains a call for a general meeting of the association.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko are the importance of critical thinking, empirical evidence, and rational inquiry in evaluating claims. The magazine consistently advocates for a scientific approach to understanding the world, challenging pseudoscience, superstition, and unverified beliefs. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of skepticism as a tool for discerning truth from falsehood, promoting intellectual honesty, and defending the integrity of scientific research against unfounded assertions. The publication aims to educate its readers about the pitfalls of irrationality and the methods of critical evaluation.

Title: Skeptikko
Issue: 4/95
Date: 1995 (implied by issue number)
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish

This issue of Skeptikko magazine focuses on upcoming events and provides contact information for the organization.

Upcoming Public Lectures: Spring 1996

The magazine announces a series of public lectures scheduled for Spring 1996, under the overarching theme "Illusions of Consciousness - The Origin of Beliefs?" These events aim to explore various aspects of consciousness, perception, and belief formation from a skeptical perspective.

• January 17, 1996, 17:00-18:00: Announcement of the "Huuhaa" award for 1995 at Porthania lecture hall II.
• January 17, 1996, 18:00: "Animal - Machine - Human?" A lecture by Leena Vilkka from the University of Helsinki, continuing the theme from a previous lecture on November 15, 1995. Held at Porthania Is. III, Yliopistokatu 3, Helsinki.
• February 14, 1996, 18:00: "Alternative Environmental Perception?" Dr. Kari Pylkkänen, Chairman of the Finnish Psychiatric Association and a specialist in psychiatry, will present a psychiatric perspective on UFO-related beliefs and similar phenomena. The association's annual meeting will be held in the same location at 16:00. Held at Porthania ls. IV, Yliopistokatu 3, Helsinki.
• March 13, 1996, 18:00: "How Can Consciousness Deceive Itself?" Associate Professor Risto Vuorinen from the University of Helsinki will lecture on the illusions of consciousness. Held at Porthania ls. IV, Yliopistokatu 3, Helsinki.
• April 17, 1996, 18:00: "What You See, You Believe - Or Vice Versa?" Researcher and psychologist Jukka Häkkinen from the University of Helsinki will lecture on the perceptual psychology of illusions. Held at Porthania ls. IV, Yliopistokatu 3, Helsinki.
• May 15, 1996, 18:00: "Searching for the Sixth Sense. The Limits of the Sense of Touch?" Acting Professor Heikki Hämäläinen from the University of Turku will lecture on the function and sensitivity of the senses. Held at Porthania ls. IV, Yliopistokatu 3, Helsinki.
• June 12, 1996, 18:00: "Strange Experiences, Strange Dreams?" Psychologist, psychotherapist, and sleep researcher Soili Kajaste will lecture on sleep disorders. Held at Säätytalo, room 15, Snellmaninkatu 9-11, Helsinki.

Information about potential changes to the program will be announced in Skeptikko magazine and other media. All public lectures are free of charge.

Skepsis Summer Trip to Tallinn

Skepsis is planning a summer trip to Tallinn, Estonia, tentatively scheduled for June 15-16, 1996. The departure is planned for Saturday morning, June 15, with a return to Helsinki on Sunday morning. The trip aims to meet with Estonian skeptics. Further details about the summer trip's program will be published in the next issue of Skeptikko.

Skepsis ry Board and Contact Information

The magazine lists the board members of Skepsis ry:

• Chairman: Ilpo V. Salmi
• Secretary: Anneli Aurejärvi
• Vice Chairman: Timo Kaitaro
• Board Members: Robert Brotherus, Eero Joutsikoski

It also provides contact details for Skepsis ry:

• General Phone Service: 09-72270195
• Postal Address: PL 483, 00101 HELSINKI
• Website: http://www.helsinki.fi/~sjhiltun/skepsis.html

For matters related to membership, magazine subscriptions, and other organizational activities, inquiries should be directed to the association's secretary, Anneli Aurejärvi, at 09-8514851 or by post to Punalatvantie 20 C, 01350 VANTAA.

Skepsis ry is a member organization of the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies.

Scientific Advisory Board

The issue also lists the members of the Skepsis ry Scientific Advisory Board, comprising numerous professors, docents, and researchers from various Finnish universities and institutions. Notable members include:

• Professor Nils Edelman
• Dr. Kari Enqvist
• Professor Kirsti Lagerspetz
• Professor Ilkka Niiniluoto
• Professor Risto Vuorinen

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are skepticism towards paranormal claims, the scientific investigation of consciousness and perception, and the organization of public outreach events. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of rational inquiry and evidence-based understanding, as indicated by the focus on scientific lectures and the organization's name, "Skeptikko" (Skeptic).