1994-3-skeptikko

Magazine Overview

Title: SKEPTIKKO
Issue: Numero 22 (3/94)
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish
ISSN: 0786-2571

This issue of Skeptikko, a Finnish skeptical magazine, focuses heavily on the topic of hypnosis, exploring common myths and expert opinions. It also touches upon the psychology of belief in paranormal phenomena, legal aspects of therapy, and the controversial topic of ETI and humanoid visits.

Articles and Content

He kutsuvat sitä hypnoosiksi (They Call It Hypnosis)

This extensive article, authored by Ilpo V. Salmi, delves into the historical and scientific understanding of hypnosis. It begins by tracing the term's origin to James Braid and his book 'Neurypnology' in 1943, noting Braid's later regret over the term. The article highlights the ongoing debate about whether hypnosis is a distinct phenomenon, citing Professor Robert A. Baker's view that it is a misnomer, akin to 'phlogiston'.

Baker's book presents 25 claims commonly associated with hypnosis, which he considers unfounded. The article then presents these claims and provides commentary from two Finnish hypnosis experts: Väinö Pertamo (P), president of the Finnish Hypnosis Association and a hypnotherapist, and Pekka Roponen (R), a psychiatrist who uses hypnosis in his practice. Roponen has studied hypnosis in Sweden and written for Skeptikko.

Key Claims and Expert Responses:

• Claim 1: Hypnotists have mystical powers to control people. Both experts refute this, stating hypnosis cannot control will or force actions against one's morals. Attempts to do so would cause the subject to awaken or reject suggestions. Roponen notes hypnosis is not supernatural and cannot break someone's will alone, though 'brainwashing' is possible.
• Claim 2: Hypnotized individuals can be made to commit immoral or illegal acts, even murder, without their knowledge. Pertamo states suggestions against a person's ethics won't work. Roponen suggests this might be possible in conjunction with other methods, not solely hypnosis, and notes that studies on 'brainwashing' are likely secret.
• Claim 3: Hypnotists can influence people from afar via telepathy. Pertamo states a connection is always needed, possibly via phone, but not telepathically. Roponen agrees that conditioning can allow someone to enter hypnosis with a single cue if they wish.
• Claim 4: Skilled hypnotists can hypnotize anyone, anytime, anywhere, even against their will. Pertamo emphasizes the need for a 'bridge of goodwill'. Roponen notes that only those with dissociative disorders might be hypnotized against their will; otherwise, it's possible anytime, anywhere.
• Claim 5: Strong-willed or intelligent people cannot be hypnotized. Pertamo finds this untrue, stating strong-willed individuals are often easy to hypnotize. Roponen notes that while the reasons for varying susceptibility are unclear, the intellectually disabled are generally considered unhypnotizable.
• Claim 6: People can get stuck in hypnosis and may never wake up. Both experts dismiss this as a myth. Pertamo suggests they would simply get bored or fall asleep. Roponen states he has never heard of anyone remaining permanently in hypnosis.
• Claim 7: Only the hypnotist can wake the subject, making hypnosis dangerous. Pertamo believes the subject would eventually wake up on their own if the hypnotist disappeared. Roponen calls this 'complete nonsense'.
• Claim 8: Hypnotized individuals are slaves to the hypnotist's commands. Both experts reiterate that individuals will not act against their morals or will.
• Claim 9: Hypnosis can cure any ailment quickly. Pertamo states hypnosis cannot regrow a finger. Roponen acknowledges that in some cases hypnosis has helped, but spontaneous remission is also a factor.
• Claim 10: Deep hypnosis is required for results. Pertamo states the depth of hypnosis doesn't always correlate with results.
• Claim 11: Hypnosis is a state of sleep or unconsciousness. Roponen describes it as a state of inward focus, where orientation is reduced but awareness of surroundings is often maintained.
• Claim 12: Hypnosis is dangerous and is an area of medicine. Pertamo notes most hypnosis is not for curing illness. Roponen states hypnotic states are normal mental processes, and only crude hypnosis is dangerous. The legal status of non-medical hypnosis is uncertain in Finland.
• Claim 13: Hypnosis is un-Christian and demonic. Pertamo suggests the Bible contains many references to hypnosis, calling it an early textbook. Roponen, not being Christian, declines to comment on its religious implications.
• Claim 14: Hypnosis only shifts symptoms. Pertamo attributes this claim to psychoanalytic therapists justifying long-term therapy.
• Claim 15: Hypnosis is the same as sleep. Roponen refers back to Claim 11, stating hypnotic brain activity is different from sleep.
• Claim 16: Hypnosis is the same as meditation or yoga. Pertamo sees similarities in altered states of consciousness. Roponen notes differences in methods but similar outcomes.
• Claim 17: Hypnosis causes amnesia. Pertamo states subjects usually remember well, but amnesia suggestions can be given. Roponen notes that in Western legal practice, hypnotic testimony is not considered proof.
• Claim 18: Hypnosis improves memory and allows recall of past events. Pertamo agrees, but warns that memories can be 'colored' and unreliable, citing cases where hypnotic testimony led to wrongful convictions.
• Claim 19: Engaging in activities like reading, watching movies, or listening to music can be forms of hypnosis. Pertamo agrees that hypnotic states can arise spontaneously.
• Claim 20: Hypnosis enhances psychic abilities. Pertamo states there is no clear scientific evidence for this.
• Claim 21: Hypnotized people cannot lie. Pertamo states the subconscious can block certain information. Roponen notes that people can lie even under hypnosis.
• Claim 22: Hypnotized individuals can be kept in trance for extended periods. Both experts suggest this is limited, with the subconscious acting as a safeguard.
• Claim 23: Hypnosis allows people to do extraordinary things like endure surgery without anesthesia. Roponen notes that many of these phenomena can occur outside of hypnosis, and the line between hypnosis and waking states is blurry.
• Claim 24: Hypnosis, like dreams, offers insights into the subconscious. Pertamo partially agrees, referencing claims 18 and 21. Roponen refers to claim 21.
• Claim 25: Hypnosis involves an altered state of consciousness. Pertamo states people experience such states daily.

The article concludes by noting that while Robert Baker's claims are often exaggerated, many of his points are valid when considering the common, often misguided, understanding of hypnosis. The article also mentions the influence of Milton Erickson's narrative techniques in hypnosis.

Miksi ihmiset uskovat parailmiöihin? (Why Do People Believe in Paranormal Phenomena?)

Authored by Marketta Ollikainen, this article explores the psychological reasons behind belief in paranormal phenomena. Docent Marjaana Lindeman-Viitasalo of the University of Helsinki's psychology department explains that humans simplify information to navigate the world and maintain their psychological well-being. These beliefs offer a sense of order, explain the inexplicable, and provide comfort in the face of life's uncertainties. The article suggests that while science may present a world without inherent purpose, paranormal beliefs offer a more palatable narrative, enhancing self-esteem and coping mechanisms. It highlights that societal pressures on identity are increasing, potentially leading people to seek external validation and explanations.

Terapeutit lain valvontaan (Therapists Under the Law)

Authored by Timo Kaitaro, this piece discusses the legal implications for therapists in Finland. It touches upon the new law concerning healthcare professionals and licensing, which may require official permits for psychotherapy. The legal interpretation of this law is still pending.

Oikeusapuohjeita skeptikoille (Legal Aid for Skeptics)

Erkki Aurejärvi provides legal guidance for skeptics, likely addressing issues related to pseudoscientific claims or scams.

ETI ja humanoidien vierailut (ETI and Humanoid Visits)

Kari A. Kuure writes about the phenomenon of extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) and alleged visits by humanoids. This article likely examines UFO sightings and encounters from a skeptical perspective.

Ufot - laman lähettiläät? (UFOs - Messengers of Crisis?)

Karlo Kauko's article explores the connection between UFO phenomena and times of societal crisis, suggesting that increased sightings or interest in UFOs might correlate with periods of economic or social instability.

Toimitukselta (From the Editors)

This section, written by Marketta Ollikainen, reflects on the changing demographics of the Skeptikko readership. It notes that while older members remain, there is a growing interest among younger people in skepticism, though they may not always engage with critical thinking as deeply as expected. The editorial highlights a trip to Oulu where young people showed interest in a science vs. pseudoscience debate at the university. It also mentions a visit to the Tietokeskus Tietomaa's UFO and paranormal exhibition, which was previously awarded a 'Huuhaa' prize (likely a humorous award for pseudoscience).

Kirjallisuutta (Literature)

This section provides a list of recommended books and articles related to the topics discussed in the magazine:

• Leo Hilden: Hypnoosi - parantava vaihtoehto (Hypnosis - A Healing Alternative), Otava 1987.
• Reima Kampman: Ihmisen rajat (Human Limits), WSOY, 1992.
• Pekka Roponen: Mitä hypnoosi on ja mitä se ei ole (What Hypnosis Is and Isn't), Skeptikko, no. 3, spring 1989.
• Pekka Roponen: Hypnoosi ja parapsykologia (Hypnosis and Parapsychology), Skeptikko, no. 6, winter 1990.
• Robert A. Baker: They call it hypnosis, Prometheus Books, New York 1990.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are skepticism towards paranormal claims, a critical examination of hypnosis, and the psychological underpinnings of belief systems. The editorial stance is clearly one of promoting critical thinking and scientific inquiry, debunking pseudoscience, and encouraging a rational approach to understanding phenomena. The magazine aims to provide accurate information and challenge unfounded beliefs, particularly among its readership, which appears to be increasingly diverse in age.

This issue of Skeptikko, dated 3/94, features articles exploring psychological aspects of belief, the regulation of professions, and scientific considerations of space travel and extraterrestrial life. The magazine maintains a skeptical stance towards paranormal claims and pseudoscientific practices.

Articles

The Psychology of Belief and Control

Marjaana Lindeman-Viitasalo discusses the human need for control as a fundamental factor in forming one's worldview and the tendency to seek external control when internal control is lacking. This need, she suggests, makes people susceptible to paranormal beliefs. She explains that individuals often construct their reality based on their perceived control over situations, citing an experiment where participants who believed they could control a noisy environment performed better than those who did not. Lindeman-Viitasalo also touches upon why people seek alternative medicine, suggesting it offers simpler, more understandable explanations and treatments compared to conventional medicine, which can sometimes feel vague.

The article further explores how people choose to build their worldviews, with some believing in internal control and others in external forces like fate or divine intervention. Those who believe in paranormal phenomena may have low self-esteem and an unclear self-image, potentially experiencing fear of death and exhibiting a lack of critical thinking. The tendency to seek simple, direct causal links, known as the 'analogy error,' is also highlighted as a factor in maintaining irrational beliefs. This is observed in practices like astrology and graphology, where perceived similarities are taken as evidence of underlying truths.

Lindeman-Viitasalo emphasizes that while everyday thinking often relies on heuristics for efficiency, it can also lead to biases. She notes that the absence of events is rarely registered as information, making it difficult to correct false beliefs. The article concludes by stating that while it's not always possible to be perfectly rational, it's important to verify situations rather than dismiss potential dangers based on low probabilities.

Regulation of Healthcare Professions

Authored by Timo Kaitaro, this section details the new Finnish law concerning healthcare professionals, which came into effect in June. Previously, many professions, including psychotherapy, lacked legal protection, allowing individuals without proper qualifications to practice. The new law aims to ensure that all listed healthcare professionals have the necessary education, competence, and qualifications. It specifies professions requiring a license from the National Authority for Welfare and Health, such as psychologists and psychotherapists, and those protected by title, like trained chiropractors.

The law mandates that psychotherapists must have completed at least a three-year, specialized psychotherapy training program approved by the National Authority for Welfare and Health, including supervision and personal therapy. Similarly, trained chiropractors require at least four years of continuous training. The law also outlines general duties for healthcare professionals, including the obligation to apply generally accepted and empirically supported methods and to continuously update their knowledge. The National Authority for Welfare and Health will oversee these professionals, with the power to restrict or revoke their right to practice if they fail to meet their obligations or act improperly.

This legislation is expected to improve patient rights by requiring professionals to have patient injury insurance, covering potential damages from treatment. While some argue that regulation hinders free markets, the article posits that patient safety is paramount. It also notes that while alternative therapies may still exist outside the regulated framework, the new law makes it easier to distinguish between legally recognized psychotherapists and others.

Skeptics and Legal Rights

Erkki Aurejärvi's article addresses the legal boundaries of criticism, particularly concerning pseudoscientific claims. He explains that freedom of speech in Finland is protected by the constitution, but it is limited by laws against defamation, slander, and libel. Criticizing scientific or societal claims is permissible, but using overly harsh language can lead to legal consequences. Slander involves falsely accusing someone of a crime or misconduct, while libel involves personal insults and attacks on character. The article advises that criticism should target the doctrines of pseudoscience rather than the individuals practicing them.

It is generally permissible to criticize pseudoscientific teachings, but personal insults are not protected. While courts may agree with a critic's assessment of someone's foolishness, it does not exempt them from penalties for slander. For defamation, the truth of the statement is a defense. Skeptics are generally advised to focus their criticism on the ideas and practices, not on labeling individuals as 'fools' or 'idiots.' The article notes that penalties for defamation in Finland are typically fines or compensation for damages, and are generally mild.

Regarding the use of astrology or graphology in hiring, employers have broad discretion, but this is limited by anti-discrimination laws. While it is unclear if pseudoscientific tests fall under prohibited grounds for discrimination, some legal experts believe that arbitrary hiring practices constitute discrimination. The article suggests that the Equality Act might offer recourse if an applicant is rejected based on pseudoscientific criteria and the chosen candidate is of a different gender.

ET and Alien Visits

Kari A. Kuure's article examines the possibility of extraterrestrial visits and the scientific feasibility of interstellar travel. He notes that while many people claim encounters with aliens, credible evidence remains scarce. The article discusses the Drake equation, which estimates the number of technological civilizations in the Milky Way, and presents calculations suggesting a range of 0.5 to 5 simultaneous technological cultures in our galaxy. This implies that the nearest neighboring civilization could be as far as 100 light-years away or even in the Andromeda galaxy.

The immense distances pose a significant challenge to space travel. Even at speeds of 15 km/s, traveling one light-year would take 20,000 years, and reaching the nearest potential alien civilization could take millions or billions of years. The article also considers Nikolai Kardashev's classification of civilizations based on their energy consumption. Type I civilizations use a fraction of their star's energy, Type II use their entire star's energy, and Type III utilize the energy of their entire galaxy. The author suggests that Type II and III civilizations would be detectable through their infrared radiation, but no such sources have been found.

If humanity were to reach Type III status and attempt interstellar travel, it would be a massive undertaking, comparable to the Apollo program. The article questions where such a mission would be directed and how a target civilization would be identified. It also touches upon the limitations of radio signals, noting that current broadcasts have only reached about 100 light-years, and their signals would likely be too weak to detect amidst cosmic noise.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently promotes critical thinking and scientific skepticism. It challenges pseudoscientific claims in areas like alternative medicine, astrology, and graphology, advocating for evidence-based practices and regulated professions. The magazine also engages with scientific inquiry into topics like extraterrestrial life and the feasibility of space travel, grounding discussions in scientific principles and known physical laws. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of rationalism and against unsubstantiated beliefs.

This issue of Skeptikko, dated 3/94, features a cover story titled "UFOs - Messengers of Recession?" by Karlo Kauko, exploring the potential link between UFO sightings and economic cycles in Finland. The magazine also includes articles on the nature of pseudoscience, the work of skeptic James Randi, and discussions on skepticism, atheism, and agnosticism.

UFOs and Economic Cycles

Karlo Kauko's article "Ufot - laman lähettiläät?" (UFOs - Messengers of Recession?) investigates the phenomenon of UFO sightings in Finland, drawing data from a 1974-1991 statistical study by Finnish UFO researchers. The author notes a trend of declining interest in UFOs over time, but observes that the number of sightings appears to be cyclical, peaking during national emergencies and economic downturns. The article presents a statistical analysis using Granger causality testing to examine the relationship between Finland's real Gross Domestic Product (BKT) and UFO sightings. The analysis, based on quarterly data from 1974 to 1991, suggests that while past BKT values and seasonal factors are significant predictors of current BKT, past UFO sightings also contribute to a better prediction of BKT. Conversely, BKT does not appear to be a significant factor in predicting UFO sightings, although past UFO sightings are important for forecasting future ones. The author speculates that the correlation might be due to reporting delays or a psychological need for distraction during hard economic times. The article also references a book "Katoavatko ufot?" (Do UFOs Disappear?) by Kari A. Kuure, Juhani Kyröläinen, Göte Nyman, and Jukka Piironen.

Debunking and Pseudoscience

An article titled "Todistaminen" (Proof) by an unnamed author critiques the claims of ufologists and proponents of faster-than-light travel, wormholes, and other science fiction concepts, stating they lack a basis in current scientific understanding. The author argues that any claims of alien visitation or unknown natural laws must be supported by concrete evidence. The article emphasizes that until such proof is presented, there is no rational reason to believe in extraterrestrial visitors. The author also notes that the magazine's contributor is one of the authors of the book "Katoavatko ufot?"

Another section discusses James Randi's visit to Finland and his demonstration at the Heureka science center. While Randi, known for debunking Uri Geller's spoon-bending tricks, was expected to reveal the secret, the trick remained undisclosed at Heureka. Randi also presented on other topics, including Filipino psychic surgery and the authenticity of relics, such as the blood of Saint Januarius. He expressed concern that the European Union might lead to an increase in fraudulent activities in Finland, similar to what he observed in the United States.

The magazine also reports on a court case where a woman was released from a 150,000 mark loan obligation to Scientologists. The court found that the woman was not in a state to assess the implications of the guarantee due to systematic hypnotic and psychological methods used by Scientologists, including sleep deprivation and isolation.

A piece titled "Rajatieto valtasi Oulun Tietomaan" (Paranormal Information Conquered Oulu's Tietomaa) criticizes the Tietomaa science center for its exhibition on paranormal topics, which included astrology, mediums, and ghosts. The exhibition was criticized for presenting pseudoscientific and esoteric beliefs uncritically, with only a small mention of skepticism. The article notes that Tietomaa had contacted Skeptikko for material, and a text panel based on Skeptikko's information was included.

Furthermore, the Tietomaa science center's managing director, Heikki Kähärä, expressed his displeasure with the "Huuhaa Award" (a prize for pseudoscientific claims) received by the center, returning the award. However, he promised to include the book "Katoavatko ufot?" in the UFO-themed library section.

Philosophical Discussions: Skepticism, Atheism, and Agnosticism

Several articles delve into the definitions and distinctions between skepticism, atheism, and agnosticism. Paul Kurtz's article "Uus-skepsismi" (New Skepticism) defines critical atheists as those who find claims of transcendent reality incomprehensible and the arguments for God's existence unconvincing. He contrasts this with a more a priori rejection of beliefs without examination. Kurtz advocates for a position where belief is contingent on evidence.

Veli Toukomies, in his article "Näkökulmia selitettyyn ja selittämättömään" (Perspectives on the Explained and the Unexplained), discusses the categorization of atheism. He distinguishes between dogmatic atheism, which he equates with scientism and pure materialism, and critical atheism, which he aligns more closely with skepticism and agnosticism. Toukomies emphasizes the principle of the burden of proof, stating that those who make claims must provide evidence. He criticizes the tendency of some to dismiss claims as unprovable rather than examining them critically.

S. Albert Kivinen's classification of attitudes towards paranormal phenomena is mentioned, highlighting the "proof burden" principle as analogous to critical atheism. Ilkka Niiniluoto's book "Järki, arvot ja välineet" (Reason, Values, and Tools) is cited for its more thorough categorization of atheism, agnosticism, and theism, placing skepticism in its proper context.

The article "Onko skepsismi yhtä kuin agnostisismi?" (Is Skepticism the Same as Agnosticism?) by Markus Lång, a candidate in philosophy, explores the relationship between these concepts. Lång argues that the common understanding of agnosticism, which posits an unknowable reality, is not a well-founded position. He emphasizes that the burden of proof lies with those making claims, and that skepticism is about critically examining evidence, not about a priori rejection of beliefs.

Other Sections

"Skeptikko hukkui kesähelteeseen" (Skeptikko Drowned in Summer Heat) is a brief note apologizing for a delay in the magazine's distribution due to lost copies.

"Yhdistys sai palautetta yleisötilaisuuksista" (The Association Received Feedback on Public Events) reports on a survey conducted at a Skeptikko event in Helsinki. The survey indicated that information about the events was disseminated effectively through various channels, including university publications and local news. While most attendees had positive feedback, some suggested that the association should take a stance on religious matters.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko revolve around the critical examination of pseudoscientific claims, particularly in the realm of ufology and paranormal phenomena. The magazine strongly advocates for a scientific and evidence-based approach, emphasizing the principle of the burden of proof. It also engages in philosophical discussions to clarify the distinctions between skepticism, atheism, and agnosticism, positioning skepticism as a rational and critical stance towards unsubstantiated claims. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of scientific rationality and against the uncritical acceptance of beliefs that lack empirical support.

Title: Skeptikko
Issue: 3/94
Date: September-December 1994
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish

This issue of Skeptikko magazine focuses on upcoming events, discussions on skepticism, and the role of the organization Skepsis. It includes announcements for public lectures, an editorial on the importance of skepticism, and articles exploring beliefs in the paranormal and the implications of a new therapy law.

Upcoming Events

The magazine announces a series of public lectures organized by Skepsis throughout the autumn. The first event was held on September 14th at Säätytalo, Helsinki, featuring psychiatry specialist Ben Furman discussing "Psychotherapy – A Pseudo-Scientific Form of Help." Upcoming topics include the current state of evolutionary theory, presented by Curator Mikael Fortelius on October 11th at Porthania III, Helsinki. Other lectures will address why people turn against science, with Professor Ilkka Niiniluoto of the University of Helsinki speaking on November 16th at Säätytalo, and how to communicate science, to be discussed on December 14th at Säätytalo, where the recipient of the Huuhaa award will also be announced.

Skepsis will also participate in the "Hengen ja tiedon messut" (Spirit and Knowledge Fair) on October 15th-16th at the Finnish School of Public Administration in Haaga, Helsinki, aiming to inform visitors about their work.

Editorial: Skepsis - Needed or Not?

In his editorial, Veli Toukomies, the chairman of Skepsis, addresses the recurring question of whether Skepsis is needed. He argues that the public's demand for "flim-flam businesses" is a constant resource, and while not all believers can be educated, Skepsis aims to influence newcomers seeking miracles or engaging in such experiments. He emphasizes that skeptics work to protect consumers from various swindlers in this field, making Skepsis's work both needed and necessary.

They Call It Hypnosis

This section discusses hypnosis in the context of Professor Robert A. Baker's book, "They Called It Hypnosis." Skeptikko asked two Finnish experts for their comments on claims that Baker found false. The experts indicated that some claims were partly true but not necessarily fully justified, suggesting Baker presented his arguments sharply to make them appear indefensible.

Why Do People Believe in the Paranormal?

Dr. Marjaana Lindeman-Viitasalo explains that people's inclination towards the paranormal can be understood through their everyday thinking. She suggests that individuals tend to simplify ambiguous information with linear and causal explanations, prioritizing information that best fits their self-perception and worldview over strict accuracy or truth. Science, she notes, does not provide answers to existential questions like the meaning of life or what happens after death, making it easier for some to believe in things like astrology, which offers order to a complicated world.

New Therapy Law

Timo Kaitaro reports on a new therapy law that took effect in July. This law specifies the conditions under which therapists and other health service personnel can practice. While it doesn't prevent anyone from offering therapies, it mandates proper education and necessary working experience to be recognized as a professional therapist.

Corrections

The magazine includes corrections for its previous issue (3/94). An article titled "Little Information About Alternative Medicine" mistakenly referred to the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health instead of STAKES (the former National Agency for Welfare and Health). Another correction clarifies that the article "Electromagnetic Pollution?" referenced Pirkka magazine, which was published on March 4, 1994, not 50 years prior.

Membership and Subscription

Information is provided on how to join Skepsis as a member. The annual membership fee is 100 Finnish marks (30 mk for those under 20), which includes a subscription to Skeptikko magazine. Payment can be made to the association's account. It is also possible to subscribe to Skeptikko magazine without becoming a member, with the same annual fee of 100 mk. A membership application form can be used for subscriptions by filling in only name and address and specifying the desire to subscribe only.

Skepsis Organization Details

Skepsis was founded in 1987 as an association of Finnish skeptics, operating independently but in cooperation with CSICOP (Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal) and similar organizations. The association's purpose, as stated in its statutes, is to promote objective scientific research into paranormal phenomena, maintain a network of interested individuals, publish relevant articles and bibliographies, and organize meetings and educational activities. Skepsis is politically, ideologically, and religiously unaffiliated. The board can accept individuals and legal entities as members who accept the association's principles.

The issue also lists the members of the Skepsis ry board and its scientific advisory board, along with contact information for membership and subscription inquiries.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the promotion of scientific skepticism, the critical examination of paranormal claims, and the importance of evidence-based reasoning. The editorial stance, as articulated by Veli Toukomies, is strongly in favor of skepticism as a necessary tool for consumer protection and for guiding individuals away from unsubstantiated beliefs and practices. The magazine actively engages in educating the public about scientific methodologies and debunking pseudoscientific claims, positioning itself as a vital resource in an environment where such claims often find fertile ground.