12-13-skeptikko

Magazine Overview

SKEPTIKKO is a Finnish magazine focused on skepticism, science, and critical inquiry, published by Skepsis ry. This issue, number 12/13 from Autumn 1991, features a range of articles exploring pseudoscientific claims, scientific debates, and societal issues from a skeptical viewpoint. The cover cartoon humorously depicts a card promising a better future, hinting at the magazine's critical stance towards unsubstantiated claims.

Key Articles and Content

Usko ja tieteisusko (Faith and Scientific Faith)

This article by Pekka Roponen delves into the discussion within Skepsis about whether criticism should also be directed at science itself, or more precisely, at its misuse, which can be termed 'scientific faith.' The author argues that the phrase 'scientific fact' is often used to dismiss opposing opinions. While natural laws in physics and mathematics are relatively clear, complexities arise when studying more intricate phenomena like the human body, or when moving into applied fields like medicine. The article highlights that scientific research can yield contradictory results, and while treatments should be based on known information, one must often choose which interpretations to believe. Science requires humility, and observations must be interpreted cautiously. The author warns against elevating science to the status of religion, as science is inherently uncertain. Misusing science to provide meaning and purpose to life is dangerous. Science can explain much about our existence, but the only meaning it offers is the transmission of DNA to future generations.

Palvelukseen halutaan (Seeking Staff)

This section is a call for volunteers to help with the production of Skeptikko magazine. The editorial team is seeking a journalist or editorial secretary to dedicate a few hours a week to planning, writing, and processing articles. While no salary is offered, the role might lead to a reputation as a narrow-minded and serious person. The appeal is based on the observation that the association has untapped resources.

Mars ja EY epäilyksen alaisina (Mars and the EC Under Scrutiny)

This article by Matti Virtanen reports on the third European Skeptics' meeting held in Amsterdam. The main topics were the 'Mars effect' and the European Community's (EY) pharmaceutical policy. The 'Mars effect,' a theory linking the position of Mars at birth to the birth rates of notable athletes, was discussed in five presentations. Professor Cornelis de Jager of Utrecht University presented findings suggesting a correlation between the frequency of births of prominent athletes and Mars's position, though he noted that any cyclical terrestrial event could appear statistically significant but physically erroneous if the data is collected over a limited period. The article suggests that the 'effect' might not be related to Mars but to seasonal variations in birth rates. Dr. Piet H. Jongbloet discussed the 'Seasonal Preovulatory Overripeness Ovopathy' (Sproo) hypothesis, suggesting that suboptimal fertilization occurs more frequently when the 'ovulation season' is over. He also mentioned the 'Seasonal Optimum Ovulation Rate' hypothesis, which posits that optimal fertilization occurs at specific times. Jongbloet stated that these hypotheses, while empirically supported, do not fully explain the Mars effect, which also seems to involve daily birth variations. Journalist Carl Koppeschaar also found a correlation between planetary movements and birth rates, attributing it to the rhythm of light, and considered the Mars connection to be apparent. Professor Ertel, who has studied the Gauquelins' original data, confirmed the existence of the 'Mars correlation' but stressed that correlation does not imply causation. Francoise Gauquelin, Michel Gauquelin's widow, presented her husband's work, emphasizing that they aimed to disprove astrology but found unexpected correlations. She highlighted their 20 years of research compared to others' one year, and acknowledged the complexity of the issue, suggesting collaboration to find a rational explanation.

Homeopatia etenee EY:ssä (Homeopathy Advances in the EC)

This section reports on a significant victory for homeopaths in the European Community. Professor Wim Betz of the Free University of Brussels discussed how the EC Parliament approved the 'Chanterien proposal,' which would extend the existing German norms for registering and supervising homeopathic products to the entire community.

Other Articles and Sections

• Hengen ja tiedon messut (Health and Knowledge Fairs): A report on an event related to health and knowledge.
• Kuka saa harjoittaa psykoterapiaa (Who Can Practice Psychotherapy?): An article discussing the regulation and practice of psychotherapy.
• Lehdistökatsaus loppuvuodelta 1991 (Press Review of Late 1991): A review of news and articles from the end of 1991.
• Skeptikot järjestäytyvät Virossa (Skeptics Organize in Estonia): An account of the formation of a skeptical organization in Estonia.
• Okkultistisia atomeja (Occult Atoms): An article likely discussing pseudoscientific or occult theories related to atomic science.
• Kirja-arvostelu: Tähtien lähettiläs (Book Review: Messenger of the Stars): A review of a book, possibly related to astronomy or astrology.
• Keskustelua (Discussion): This section includes letters and discussions, such as 'Syytettyjen penkillä' (In the Dock), Uri Geller's open letter, James Randi's open letter, and a letter to Skeptikko.
• Skeptisiä pilkkeitä (Skeptical Jests): A collection of humorous or satirical pieces.
• Rajatiedon pörssiennuste 1992 (Paranormal Stock Market Forecast 1992): A critical look at paranormal predictions for the stock market.
• Biocloaca-terapia (Biocloaca Therapy): An article likely discussing a pseudoscientific therapy.
• Nuoruuden molekyyli? (The Molecule of Youth?): A piece possibly exploring scientific or pseudoscientific ideas about aging or youth.
• Vuoden 1991 huuhaa-palkinto (1991 Hoax Award): An award given for a notable hoax or pseudoscientific claim.
• Jäsenkysely (Member Survey): Results or discussion of a survey conducted among members.
• Jäsenasiaa (Member Matters): Information relevant to the association's members.
• English summary: A summary of the issue in English.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko are skepticism towards pseudoscientific claims, the importance of scientific methodology and critical thinking, and the examination of controversial topics like astrology and alternative therapies. The editorial stance is clearly pro-science and anti-pseudoscience, advocating for evidence-based reasoning and a cautious approach to extraordinary claims. The magazine aims to educate its readers about scientific principles and to debunk popular myths and misconceptions. The inclusion of letters and discussions suggests an engagement with its readership and a platform for diverse skeptical viewpoints. The magazine also highlights the activities of the skeptical movement in Finland and internationally.

This issue of Skeptikko magazine, number 12/13 from Autumn 1991, is a Finnish publication focused on skepticism towards pseudoscientific claims and alternative therapies. The issue features several articles and presentations from a conference or seminar.

EU Regulation of Homeopathic Medicines

The lead article discusses the European Union's approach to regulating homeopathic medicines. Betz, in a presentation, explained that existing EU directives (from 1965, 1975, and 1989) require documented clinical evidence for drug registration. The traditional pharmaceutical industry has found these requirements too strict, causing difficulties for homeopathic manufacturers. The homeopathic industry has lobbied in Brussels and Strasbourg to create an exception for homeopathic and anthroposophic medicines, aiming to free them from the burden of scientific proof. They argued that differing regulations in EU countries were barriers to free trade. A committee, led by Belgian MEP Mr. Chanterie, was formed, and its proposal was nearly unanimously approved by the European Parliament on June 13, 1991. Betz highlighted key points of the directive, stating that while homeopathy is officially recognized in some member states, it is merely tolerated in others. The directive acknowledges that homeopathy is widely used even where not officially recognized. A crucial clause suggests a simplified registration procedure for homeopathic preparations due to their unique properties, such as very low active ingredient concentrations, making standard clinical trials difficult to apply. The directive also stated that allopathy, anthroposophy, and homeopathy should be seen as different approaches, often complementary. Specific articles mentioned include: Article 1, defining homeopathic preparations; Article 2, requiring clear labeling; Article 3, stating that the therapeutic efficacy required for conventional drugs is not demanded for homeopathic medicines; Article 6, allowing member states to refuse registration but not to prevent sales of registered products from other member states; Article 7, stipulating that homeopathic products must be sold as harmless solutions and include text advising consultation with a qualified homeopath if symptoms persist; and Article 9, aiming for a European drug catalog and directives on alternative medicine within five years. Article 10 set a deadline of December 31, 1992, for member states to comply. The directive's preamble noted that a 1987 EU study indicated 7-25% of the population in nine member states used alternative therapies annually, with homeopathy being the most common.

Betz also outlined the tactics of alternative medicine lobbyists, which include framing demands as consumer protection, asserting that market success is sufficient proof of efficacy, and occasionally presenting methods as scientific. He argued that to counter these claims, one should accept their reasoning and then push it to its logical conclusion, questioning the basis for accepting specific alternative treatments over others and highlighting the absurdity of not also recognizing other unproven methods like 'earth ray protection' or 'Japanese spirit summoning' if market success is the sole criterion.

"Moon-Belief" in Grenoble

Claude Benski, Secretary General of the French skeptics' organization CFEPP, reported on a course at Grenoble University designed to teach engineering students scientific problem-solving. Students were tasked with investigating paranormal claims. One group studied the accuracy of psychics' predictions, another tested the ability of faith healers to diagnose illnesses from photographs, a third examined whether doctors believed in a link between the moon and birth rates, and a fourth investigated whether the incidence of murders and suicides increased during full moons. None of the studies found evidence for paranormal phenomena; predictors failed, faith healers were ineffective, and the moon's influence on births was negligible. The study on doctors' beliefs about the moon and birth rates revealed that a significant portion of doctors believed births were higher during full moons, despite hospital statistics showing otherwise. When informed of the statistics, many doctors maintained their belief.

Psychotherapy Under Scrutiny

Two presentations addressed psychotherapy. Professor Terence Hines from Pace University critically examined the belief that modern Western psychotherapy is more effective than traditional shamanic healing. His research indicated that psychotherapy generally yields results comparable to placebo treatments, and professionally trained therapists are no more effective than untrained individuals in administering placebos. He concluded that psychotherapy is akin to folk remedies and that insurance companies should cease covering it unless demonstrable effectiveness beyond placebo can be shown.

Psychologist Michael Heap from Sheffield University presented a new approach where patients suffering from conditions like depression or panic disorder are encouraged to adopt a more "scientific" outlook on life. The goal is to help individuals objectively analyze their situations to break free from obsessive thought patterns.

Heap shared personal case examples, including a woman with a panic disorder who feared getting wet and would call in sick if her usual parking spot was taken. She was successfully treated through therapy that involved analyzing her obsession and presenting it in a 'scientific' manner.

Ineffective Dowsing, Skeptical Disagreements

Amardeo Sarma, representing German skeptics, described an experiment in Kassel in November 1990 involving about twenty dowsers. Organized by the German Skeptics Association (GWUP) and designed with input from James Randi, the experiment tested two claimed abilities: dowsing for underground water and selecting a specific object from ten boxes. In initial 'test runs' where the dowsers knew the conditions, they performed perfectly. However, in a double-blind test, the dowsers' performance was no better than chance, equivalent to flipping a coin. Sarma noted that while this experiment doesn't definitively disprove dowsing, it reinforces the view that dowsers' claims should not be trusted.

Rob Nanninga, secretary of the Dutch Skeptics Association, advocated for cooperation with parapsychology researchers, stating that there are serious and skeptical individuals within parapsychology. He warned skeptics against isolation and criticized those who do not follow developments in parapsychology. Nanninga specifically criticized Terence Hines' book "Pseudoscience and the Paranormal" for dedicating a large portion of its chapter on laboratory parapsychology to Uri Geller's research, which Nanninga felt had little to do with actual parapsychology.

Hengen ja tiedon messut (Spirit and Knowledge Fair)

Markku Javanainen reviewed the "Hengen ja tiedon messut" (Spirit and Knowledge Fair), questioning its rather bland name compared to more provocative titles like "Occultism Days" or "New Age Fair." He noted that the term "New Age" itself is becoming less marketable in the US, with books being rebranded under more neutral categories like philosophy or psychology. The fair, which attracted over 80 exhibitors and around 4000 visitors, saw an increase in younger and more educated attendees, suggesting a broader societal interest beyond economic downturns. The article suggests that the rise of narcissistic personality traits in modern society might explain the emphasis on personal well-being and individual spiritual growth at such fairs, offering seemingly effortless paths to happiness through various therapies and products.

New Age: A Postmodern Umbrella

The article touches upon the idea that if modern psychological theories of narcissism are insufficient, they can be combined with a sociological theory of societal transition to a postmodern phase. This theory suggests the decline of "grand narratives" and overarching ideologies.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko revolve around critical examination of alternative medicine, paranormal claims, and psychological theories. The magazine consistently promotes scientific skepticism, emphasizing the need for evidence-based reasoning and questioning claims that lack empirical support. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of scientific methodology and critical thinking, challenging the validity of practices like homeopathy, dowsing, and certain forms of psychotherapy when they are not supported by robust scientific evidence. The magazine also highlights the importance of distinguishing between genuine scientific inquiry and pseudoscience, as seen in the discussions on parapsychology and the critique of popular New Age phenomena.

This issue of Skeptikko, number 12/13 from Autumn 1991, critically examines the cultural and intellectual trends of the time, focusing on the rise of New Age beliefs, the proliferation of pseudotechnologies, and the debate surrounding the regulation of psychotherapy. The magazine adopts a skeptical stance, dissecting these phenomena through a rational and scientific lens.

Postmodernism and the New Age

The issue begins by discussing the perceived breakdown of modernist narratives and the emergence of postmodernism. It argues that the modernist project, which promised liberation through reason and progress, has failed, and its grand narrative has become a myth. This shift, the article suggests, is characterized by a move away from objective truth towards semiotic discourse and a valuing of irrationality and paradox as creative forces.

The New Age movement is presented as an adequate reflection of the postmodern individual's worldview. It is described as an umbrella term encompassing diverse and often contradictory beliefs, where individuals select and combine elements to suit their personal needs. The article notes that at fairs and events, sociologists, seers, artists, and theater creators are seeking new myths for this emerging era, with Jussi Parviainen being mentioned as gathering material for a new play. The audience at these events is characterized as the 'new middle class' of the postmodern era.

However, the magazine questions whether these new offerings truly represent new myths or are merely recycled ideas. It points out that many of the teachings presented at these fairs were known in the previous century, suggesting a cyclical, rather than progressive, pattern of belief.

Pseudotechnology and Marketed Phenomena

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to scrutinizing various pseudoscientific products and practices marketed at fairs. The article highlights the resurgence of homeopathy, which was supposedly relegated to obscurity in Finland in 1974 following a legal case. It notes that homeopathy, developed in the early 19th century, is still being promoted.

Other pseudotechnologies discussed include:

• Kirlian photography: Devices that claim to capture the 'aura' around objects using high-voltage discharges. The article details the varying costs for different types of prints and offers an 'inside tip' about hand dryness affecting the image quality.
• Magnetotherapy devices (Jo-El): The article questions the efficacy and necessity of these devices, suggesting that simply being near a transformer can provide similar magnetic field exposure for free.
• Inner Quest brainwave synchronizer: A device costing at least 2600 Finnish Marks.
• Bullmann-hovihieroja: An electric vibrator priced at 3200 Marks.
• Computer-generated star charts: Presented as a modern, scientific alternative to traditional hand-drawn charts.

The issue's 'hit' for the year is identified as auraphotography, which claims to capture the 'electromagnetic energy field' of the upper body and head. The article is highly critical of this technology, explaining that it involves measuring the hand's electrical conductivity and using this data to influence a Polaroid camera's output to produce colored images. It suggests that the process is likely a double exposure or a computer generating random colors based on hand pressure. The symmetrical nature and colors of the 'auras' are questioned, given the asymmetry of the human body and brain. The article concludes that while these devices may become more sophisticated, the current practice is a profitable scam, with color photos costing 80 Marks and offering vague interpretations.

Other 'interesting products' or 'pure trash' include:

• Gemstone therapy: Various gemstones are claimed to treat specific ailments, such as jasper for epilepsy and agate for deafness. The article notes that these stones are meant to be kept in contact with the skin and can be reactivated in water.
• Alchemy books by Count Saint Germain: Presented as a way to make money, even if not literal gold.
• 'Vaccination is Social Violence' book: The article notes the decline in activity from anti-vaccination groups.
• Hopi ear candles: A product marketed as a natural way to clean the ears and balance pressure, with claims of aiding migraines and sinus infections. The article sarcastically compares this to other 'natural' practices attributed to indigenous peoples.

New religious movements are also featured, such as Mahikari, which offers simple, totalizing doctrines and requires followers to accept teachings without question. This is contrasted with the idea of postmodernism as a 'patchwork' from which individuals can choose elements.

Psychotherapy Regulation Debate

The latter part of the issue delves into the complex issue of psychotherapy regulation in Finland. The article by Pekka Roponen explains that while there have been efforts to introduce a law governing psychotherapy for about ten years, no such legislation exists. Unlike medical professionals, psychotherapists are not subject to a similar legal framework for practice and oversight.

While the National Social Insurance Institution (Kela) and hospital districts have certain qualification requirements for therapists whose services they fund, private practice is largely unregulated. Anyone with a business license can operate as a psychotherapist. The article contrasts this with Sweden, where a system of licensed psychotherapists exists, overseen by the National Board of Health and Welfare (Socialstyrelsen).

The article highlights the difficulties in defining psychotherapy, questioning whether activities like pastoral counseling or a police officer mediating family crises should be considered psychotherapy. It notes that professional organizations, such as the Finnish Psychological Association and the Association of Finnish Psychiatrists, have advocated for regulation, often proposing that a psychiatrist's referral should be required for psychotherapy to begin, a move that could benefit psychiatrists financially.

The issue points out that the US is seeing a rise in 'counselors' with varied backgrounds, often social workers, who obtain licenses to practice psychotherapy after completing specific courses. These counselors tend to employ newer, less academically grounded forms of therapy like hypnotism and neuro-linguistic programming.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine's stance is consistently critical of pseudoscientific claims and unregulated practices. It champions reason, scientific evidence, and critical thinking as essential tools for navigating the complexities of the modern world. The editorial implicitly argues that while the promises of science and progress may not have been fully met, returning to myth and irrationality is not the solution. Instead, it suggests that science and technology, applied differently, are needed to address contemporary problems like environmental pollution. The magazine views the commercialization of these beliefs at fairs as a symptom of a society struggling with complexity, where the easier path of accepting guru-led doctrines is chosen over rigorous intellectual engagement.

Title: SKEPTIKKO
Issue: 12/13
Date: Autumn 1991
Publisher: Skepsis
Country: Finland
Price: 35 mk

This issue of Skeptikko, a Finnish skeptical magazine, delves into various topics related to pseudoscience, parapsychology, and critical thinking. The main articles focus on psychotherapy, the claims of Rauni-Leena Luukanen regarding UFOs and alien humanoids, and the debunking of astrological beliefs.

Psychotherapy: Pseudoscientific or Scientific?

The lead article, "Psykoterapia - pseudotiedettä vai tieteen haara?" (Psychotherapy - pseudoscience or a branch of science?), questions the definition and practice of psychotherapy. It argues that limiting psychotherapy to individuals with specific, often lengthy, analytical training might exclude effective practitioners with different backgrounds. The article notes that while some advocate for stricter regulation, defining the 'true' psychotherapy is problematic due to the diverse training and approaches available. It highlights that medical training alone does not equip individuals for psychotherapy, nor does psychological training in Finland, which focuses on psychometrics and research methods. The author cites American family therapist Jay Haley, who stated that psychotherapy cannot be defined in a single way due to the variety of methods, and there's no evidence that therapists with certain backgrounds are superior. Surprisingly, some studies suggest that less-trained therapists achieve better results. The article posits that psychotherapy is inherently ideological, with patients often adopting the therapist's worldview. It advocates for consumer choice among various therapies, as no single method has proven overwhelmingly superior. The author warns that attempts to restrict psychotherapy might serve professional union interests rather than consumer benefit, potentially creating a closed market and hindering the introduction of new therapeutic methods.

Rauni-Leena Luukanen and UFOs

Several articles discuss the media coverage of Rauni-Leena Luukanen's "fictional non-fiction book" "Tähtien lähettiläs" (Ambassador of the Stars). The book, which describes her encounters with UFOs and alien humanoids, generated significant media attention in the summer of 1991. While some journalists, like Tapani Ranta from Lapin Kansa, remained neutral, others, such as Jukka Järvelä from Hämeenlinnan kaupunkiuutiset, demanded evidence. Luukanen claimed that her experiences occurred during out-of-body experiences or dreams, thus not providing physical proof. Hannu K. Saloranta of Nurmiset even proposed her for a 'huuhaa' (hoax) award, criticizing her for mixing beliefs with facts. Women's magazines also covered her claims, with "Me Naiset" presenting her ideas but expressing skepticism. The article notes that Luukanen believes humanoids have taken human form to teach humanity, and even a European statesman might be an alien. Finnish politicians are also examined through this 'humanoid hypothesis.' The article also touches upon the media's tendency to sensationalize such topics, citing a humorous piece in Ultra magazine that explores the idea of art depicting events from other planets. The piece also mentions the possibility of 'Aku Ankka' (Donald Duck) originating from another dimension.

James Randi and Nils Mustelin in the Media

James Randi's visit to Finland in June 1991 and Nils Mustelin's interviews were widely reported. Randi's visit was covered by television news and several newspapers. The article notes a misreporting of Randi's prize money by Kansan Uutiset. Nils Mustelin, a prominent figure in the Finnish skeptical movement, commented on numerous 'huuhaa' phenomena in various publications. He addressed a New Age television program and criticized the concept of color analysis, suggesting it's a way to exploit people financially. Mustelin also commented on the distinction between science and pseudoscience, noting that while natural sciences are clear, the line between humanities and religion is blurred. He argues that the existence of certain phenomena depends on the scientific community's consensus.

Debunking Pseudoscientific Claims

Several sections of the magazine focus on debunking specific pseudoscientific claims. The crop circle phenomenon is explained as a hoax perpetrated by artists Doug Bower and Dave Chorley, who fooled the public and even researchers like Patrick Delgardo. The magazine also discusses the media's coverage of Rauni-Leena Luukanen's claims about new races of humanoids and alien intervention. The "Hengen ja tiedon messut" (Spirit and Knowledge Fair) is criticized for promoting pseudoscientific ideas, with Skepsis noting the event's growing popularity despite its lack of scientific merit. The magazine also addresses the claims of dowsing and earth radiation, with Nils Mustelin arguing that dowsing is psychological, relying on the dowser's belief rather than any external force. Scientology is also scrutinized, with an article in Teto magazine analyzing its personality test and its aggressive marketing tactics. The magazine also reports on Uri Geller's lawsuit against James Randi for defamation, where Geller is demanding a large sum for Randi's claims that Geller is a fraud.

Astrology and Politics

The magazine touches upon the intersection of astrology and politics, mentioning that Minister Eeva Kuuskoski is an astrology enthusiast. An article describes how an astrologer interpreted her birth chart, predicting a significant period in her life and a potential marriage. The article also notes that the President of Finland is believed to believe in 'contacts' between the Moon and Pluto.

Other Topics

The issue also includes a report on the media's handling of UFO news, with Rauni-Leena Luukanen expressing frustration over alleged censorship. Nils Mustelin expresses concern about the blurring of the concept of science. The magazine also discusses the commercialization of horoscopes through automated machines. Finally, it reports on Skepsis awarding its 'huuhaa' prize to the Finnish Scientology Association and Dianetics Center.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko are critical examination of psychotherapy, debunking of UFO claims and other paranormal phenomena, skepticism towards astrology, and a general emphasis on scientific methodology and evidence-based reasoning. The editorial stance is clearly that of promoting critical thinking and exposing pseudoscience. The magazine actively engages with media coverage of these topics, often providing counter-arguments and factual corrections. There is a strong emphasis on consumer protection against fraudulent claims and a concern for the integrity of scientific discourse. The magazine appears to be a platform for disseminating skeptical viewpoints within Finland, encouraging readers to question extraordinary claims and rely on verifiable evidence.

This issue of Skeptikko (12/13, Autumn 1991) is a critical examination of pseudoscientific claims and phenomena, with a strong emphasis on skepticism and rational inquiry. The magazine covers a range of topics, from alleged paranormal healing methods to the scientific basis of occult theories and the ongoing debate surrounding UFOs.

Pseudoscience in Practice

The issue begins by questioning the validity of various pseudoscientific practices. One article discusses a dentist, Heikki Tammisalo, who claims to 'revitalize the molecular biological structures of water' using 'laser treatment' in Lahti, Finland. The magazine expresses skepticism about this method, noting that the city of Lahti has a contract for this treatment and that authorities are monitoring it. The article also mentions Sumiainen municipality's expenditure of 2,400 Finnish marks for a 'geosomatic mapping' conducted by a Soviet 'expert group' using dowsing rods, which led to the relocation of planned housing sites.

Another point of contention is the use of public funds for astrology courses at the Tampere Workers' Institute. This sparked criticism from the magazine, which was met with anger by the chairman of the professional astrologers' association, Sven Stenberg. Stenberg controversially compared the persecution of astrologers in Finland to that of Hitler's Germany, a claim that was refuted by referencing historical accounts of Hitler's interest in astrology.

Skeptics Organize in Estonia

The magazine reports on the formation of a skeptical organization in Estonia. A group of Estonian scientists and science journalists, associated with the magazine *Horisont*, have established a committee to promote skeptical thinking in independent Estonia. Indrek Rothmets, editor-in-chief of *Horisont*, is leading this informal group. Hendrik Relve, a biology teacher and freelance journalist, is also an active member. Relve noted that after gaining independence from Soviet rule, Estonia has seen a rise in various esoteric beliefs, including Eastern religions, astrology, and UFO phenomena. He attributes this to the communist era, which had made people distrustful of 'scientific' thinking. The Estonian skeptics plan to organize seminars and lectures in Tallinn in 1992, inviting Finnish skeptics to participate.

Occult Atoms and Theosophy

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to an article titled "Occult Atoms" by Matti Virtanen, which revisits an article by Gustaf Mattsson from the 1907 *Argus* magazine. This section focuses on illustrations from the book "The Leading Ideas of Theosophy," which in turn quotes from "Occult Chemistry." These illustrations depict theoretical atomic structures based on theosophical and clairvoyant insights. The text explains these diagrams, such as "Figure 78," which describes the 'seven embodiments of the Triune Logoi' and 'seven planetary logi' as seven parallel spirals forming a physical atom. Each spiral reflects a color of the sun's spectrum and the unique influence of its planetary logus. Figures 79 and 80 illustrate positive and negative atoms, described not as matter but as 'matter-voids,' with white lines representing 'force currents.' Figures 82, 83, and 84 detail the atomic structures of various elements, categorized by their 'valence' (e.g., two-valued, three-valued, four-valued). Figures 85 and 86 present the atomic structures of Lithium (197) and Sodium (418) according to Crook's occult system, where numbers represent the quantity of 'anuses,' which are described as the 'most physical parts of the matter-composition.'

Book Review: "Tähtien lähettiläs" (Ambassadors of the Stars)

Hannu Karttunen reviews Rauni-Leena Luukanen-Kilde's book "Tähtien lähettiläs" (Ambassadors of the Stars), published by WSOY in 1991. Karttunen is critical of the book, which he describes as typical 'New Age' preaching, presented as messages from humanoids. He questions the author's claim of 'automatic writing,' suggesting the text reflects her own thoughts and experiences rather than external communication. Karttunen finds the book vague and lacking specific information, noting that when it does refer to scientific facts, the author's knowledge appears to be deficient. He also expresses dislike for the term 'humanoid,' finding it demeaning for potentially more advanced beings.

The review highlights that the book's preface and postscript contain numerous verifiable claims whose sources are not cited, leading Karttunen to suspect the author is relaying unverified information. He mentions that the book refers to a visit by a professor of parapsychology from the University of Edinburgh, Robert Morris, who was invited by Skepsis. The review also touches upon the TREAT conferences mentioned in the book, which dealt with the study and treatment of unusual injuries. Karttunen points out that these conferences, organized by ufologist Rima Laibow, were closed-door events and questions the presence of 'high-ranking government officials' and 'UFO experts' from the Finnish Air Force and Navy, as claimed by the author.

Luukanen-Kilde's statement about participating in 'confidential' international meetings organized by 'top scientists' is interpreted by Karttunen as referring to these TREAT conferences, which he does not consider to be top-tier scientific events.

UFOs and Government Secrecy

The magazine delves into the topic of UFOs and government secrecy, referencing a 1960 statement by Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter, the first director of the CIA, who reportedly said that unidentified flying objects operate under intelligent control and that it is vital to learn their origin and purpose. However, a later letter from Hillenkoetter in 1970 clarifies that he never stated UFOs were under intelligent control, but rather that they should be investigated to determine their existence and origin. He expressed doubt about extraterrestrial UFOs, citing a lack of any clear hostile or friendly actions by them over 25 years.

The article notes that during the Cold War, UFOs were viewed with suspicion, potentially as new weapons of the enemy. This led to investigations by air forces, but with a desire for secrecy. The National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena (NICAP) accused the Air Force of secrecy and demanded the release of information. The article mentions a *New York Times* article from February 28, 1960, detailing this issue, but states that Hillenkoetter did not take a definitive stance on what UFOs actually are.

Furthermore, the magazine discusses the strict regulations in the USA regarding the disclosure of UFO sightings by military personnel. Under the Joint Army Navy Air Publication (JANAP) 146 from 1952, members of the US Army are subject to fines or dismissal for revealing any information related to UFOs. This regulation, cited in the Condon Report, requires reporting of various unidentified aerial and naval phenomena, including UFOs, as potential enemy threats during the Cold War.

The article also mentions that Sir Erik Gairy, who reportedly believed in UFOs and witches, requested a UN conference on UFOs. The General Assembly rejected this proposal. The magazine questions the lack of progress on UN-backed UFO research, despite a decision to investigate the matter more thoroughly.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Skeptikko consistently adopts a skeptical and critical stance towards pseudoscientific claims, occult theories, and unsubstantiated paranormal phenomena. The magazine prioritizes scientific evidence, rational analysis, and transparency. It actively debunks claims that lack empirical support and questions the use of public resources for unproven practices. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of critical thinking and the scientific method as the primary tools for understanding the world. The magazine also highlights the importance of organized skepticism, as evidenced by the report on the formation of a skeptical group in Estonia.

This issue of SKEPTIKKO (Issue 12/13, Autumn 1991) features a critical examination of New Age philosophy and a detailed account of legal disputes involving prominent skeptics and claimants. The magazine adopts a skeptical and critical tone throughout its articles.

Review of a New Age Book

The issue begins with a review of a book that discusses a UFO case from South Africa in May 1989. The reviewer expresses skepticism towards the New Age philosophy presented in the book, particularly its emphasis on subjective truth and the idea that 'everything goes.' The reviewer criticizes the book's 'long-winded rambling about humanoids' and its failure to provide new, verifiable information. A key quote from the book, "There is no absolute truth that is independent of the observer, it does not exist!" is presented as typical of the New Age mindset. The review highlights the New Age concept of 'no guilty or innocent' and the idea that victims consent to their suffering, which the reviewer finds problematic. The article concludes by suggesting that the book's publisher, WSOY, is aiming for a 'Huuhaa Award' (a Finnish award for pseudoscience) and thanks Philip Klass for providing material.

Discussion: On the Defendant's Bench

The main feature of this issue is a lengthy discussion titled "On the Defendant's Bench," written by Matti Virtanen, focusing on the legal challenges faced by the skeptical organization CSICOP and its chairman, Paul Kurtz. The article details a conflict involving James Randi and Uri Geller, where both have filed lawsuits. Paul Kurtz is quoted extensively, explaining CSICOP's position.

Kurtz agrees with US Vice President Dan Quayle that many lawsuits are frivolous and costly. CSICOP is a defendant in two lawsuits: one filed by Eldon Byrd, a "paranormal researcher," seeking $38 million, and another by Uri Geller, seeking $15 million.

CSICOP has been advised by its lawyers not to comment publicly on these cases. A detailed response was drafted but not published. Some skeptics have accused CSICOP of abandoning Randi, who resigned from the organization to protect it from further legal action.

Kurtz clarifies that CSICOP has not abandoned Randi and is not indifferent to attempts to silence CSICOP through lawsuits. However, the legal situation is complex. CSICOP has a partial defamation insurance policy that covers the organization and its officials if sued for public statements. This policy requires the insurance company to appoint lawyers whose advice must be followed.

In Eldon Byrd's case, the insurance company refused to cover Randi's expenses, arguing he was not acting as a CSICOP representative when he made the allegedly defamatory statements in the *Twilight Zone* magazine and at a local skeptics' meeting. Kurtz states that CSICOP cannot be responsible for opinions expressed at all affiliated organizations' events.

CSICOP switched insurance companies, but the new insurer also refused to cover costs related to Uri Geller's lawsuit. Geller sued Randi, *The International Herald Tribune*, and CSICOP. Kurtz questions whether CSICOP should be responsible for every statement made by James Randi. The CSICOP board has decided it should not, as it would prevent the organization from carrying out its primary mission.

Kurtz highlights that the 70 local and national skeptical organizations are independent legal entities responsible for their own actions. CSICOP has made it clear that no group or individual can act as its representative without explicit authorization.

A significant issue is that Randi's lawyers claim he was acting as a CSICOP representative, and that the CSICOP board had authorized him to make the statements in question. Kurtz denies this, fearing that if a court rules in favor of this claim, it could set a precedent for future lawsuits.

Kurtz recalls two previous cases where skeptical organizations were sued for defamation. In 1986, John Merrill of Northwest Skeptics lost a case brought by a psychic, Noreen Reiner, and he alone was responsible for his statements. Another case in Hawaii involved Ghareth Pendragon suing members of Hawaiian skeptical groups and CSICOP; CSICOP won this case with the help of its insurance company.

Kurtz cites a judge's statement in the Pendragon case, suggesting the plaintiff was using legal action to suppress freedom of expression rather than to seek justice. Kurtz also mentions that his own publishing company, Prometheus Books, has faced multiple lawsuits, with two currently ongoing.

Uri Geller's Open Letter to Skeptical Organizations

Uri Geller writes an open letter dated May 11, 1991, addressed to skeptical organizations. He states that James Randi has been trying to discredit him since the early 1970s. Geller claims Randi's recent statements have become outrageous, slanderous, and false, causing him and his family significant harm and reputational damage. Geller specifically mentions Randi accusing him of blackmail (a crime) in a magazine interview, which Geller denies and has attested to in a sworn statement. Randi also allegedly called Geller a psychopath and a social deviant, and blamed him for the suicide of an American scientist. Geller refutes this, presenting the scientist's death certificate which attributes it to diabetes and heart failure. Geller views Randi's accusations of him being responsible for another person's death as a malicious lie. He also states that Randi has slandered his friend Eldon Byrd, accusing Byrd of participating in a blackmail scheme and of being a child molester. Geller asserts that Eldon Byrd is not a child molester and has never been convicted of such a crime. Geller believes that this continuous series of lies can only be stopped through legal means.

Geller states that Randi claims he intends to sue Geller in "every state and every country." Geller clarifies that he has initiated two lawsuits against Randi, not four as Randi claims. Two cases were dismissed due to technical reasons: one for missing a statute of limitations, and another because the Japanese magazine involved had no circulation in the USA. Geller has since filed a similar suit in Japan. He notes that Randi has not defended himself in the Japanese case, which is still ongoing. Geller filed another suit after Randi made defamatory remarks about him in *The International Herald Tribune*. Geller insists his lawsuits are not frivolous but are a response to Randi's repeated slander.

James Randi's Open Letter

James Randi responds to Uri Geller's letter, stating that Geller has threatened to sue him in "every state and every country." Randi claims Geller has filed four lawsuits against him, two of which Randi has won (incurring $155,000 in legal costs). Geller has promised to file a suit against Randi in Japan and has already filed one in California. This California suit concerns two statements Randi made about Geller to an *International Herald Tribune* reporter: 1) Geller has fooled some scientists, and 2) Geller's tricks are similar to those found on the back of cereal boxes from Randi's childhood. Randi calls this lawsuit frivolous and believes Geller is using legal processes to bankrupt him and prevent him from speaking the truth. Randi asserts his constitutional right to speak the truth and will not give it up.

Randi states he has resigned from CSICOP because the organization was named as a co-defendant in Geller's lawsuits, and he does not want CSICOP to be further involved. He explains that if these legal actions continue, he will have to remain silent due to the cost of legal defense. CSICOP has already been silenced, and he fears he will be next. Randi states he has no money to continue his defense and suggests a fund be established to support him. He concludes by saying he is in trouble and needs help.

Miettinen Comments on Publicity Received

This section features a commentary by someone named Miettinen, who notes that their name has been mentioned in the magazine frequently over the past year due to their research into religious faith healing. Miettinen states that if they had maintained a "low profile," they would likely be a celebrity. They express frustration at being sought after by sensationalist media but not by constructive and factual outlets. Miettinen suggests that sensationalism and "hoo-ha" (pseudoscience) sell well, allowing one to earn money through superstition and ignorance, keeping the public content with "bread and circuses." They acknowledge the immense power of the media in controlling public discourse and shaping narratives, emphasizing that the editor's final word can resolve any ambiguity. Miettinen concludes that there is no reason to change their approach and that taking on the role of a "world-improver" is frustrating.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critique of New Age beliefs, the challenges faced by skeptical organizations in defending themselves against legal action, and the role of media in shaping public perception. The editorial stance is clearly skeptical, critical of pseudoscience, and supportive of free speech while acknowledging the need for responsible and factual discourse. The magazine appears to champion the cause of scientific skepticism against what it perceives as unfounded claims and attempts to silence critics through legal means.

This issue of SKEPTIKKO, volume 12/13 from Autumn 1991, is published by Skepsis ry and is in Finnish. The cover headline announces a 'Paranormal Information's Stock Market Forecast for 1992'. The magazine critically examines various pseudoscientific beliefs, alternative therapies, and questionable marketing practices.

Article: Skeptisiä pilkkeitä (Skeptical Jests)

Authored by Matti A. Miettinen, this piece reflects on the human tendency to live by beliefs and utopias rather than facts. Miettinen notes the prevalence of alternative healing methods and the surprising ignorance of the placebo effect among healthcare professionals. He observes a disproportionately high number of teachers and healthcare workers among participants in his research, suggesting a particular susceptibility to such beliefs. The author advocates for common sense and warns against rigid adherence to any single belief system, stating that the universe corrects itself and that individuals can only cause minor disturbances. He concludes with a somewhat pessimistic outlook.

Article: Rajatiedon pörssiennuste vuodeksi 1992 (Paranormal Information's Stock Market Forecast for 1992)

Written by Markku Javanainen, this article presents a 'stock market forecast' for paranormal and alternative phenomena for the year 1992. Based on qualitative observation, intuition, and meditative information, Javanainen predicts the 'courses' of various practices.

Courses in ascent: Homeopathic and anthroposophical medicine, aura photography, biodynamic agriculture, spiritual healing related to new religions, Osho meditation, Mahikari, ear candle therapy, tarot card reading, crystal therapy, pyramid therapy, contact therapy, alchemy, aromatherapy, color diagnosis, Rosenterapia, Reiki, Rebirthing techniques, meridian massage, certain forms of astrology (e.g., Markku Manninen's intuitive astrology), lunar magic and its health applications, witchcraft, and rituals.

Courses fluctuating strongly: Automatic writing, iridology, reflexology, acupuncture (declining due to placebo doubts), self-use products (acupressure rollers, balls), Shiatsu massage, anthroposophy and Steiner pedagogy, vitamin/mineral overdosage, Bach flower therapy, macrobiotics, raw food diet (declining as research questions its benefits), OBE phenomena.

Courses stable but falling: Krisaliike, numerology, lycanthropy, phrenology, modern Satanism (Anton La Vey), polar therapy, nasal diagnosis, walking on coals, stigmatization, Jungian-inspired psychotherapy, orgonetherapy, lowenilainen bioenergetics, and spiritualism.

Courses falling: Belief in UFOs (Luukanen boom fading), Kirlian photography, chiromancy, graphology, traditional fortune-telling, channeling, spiritism, telepathy, poltergeist phenomena, psychokinesis, jetilogy, biorhythmics, psychokirurgia, Christian spiritual healing, charismatic tooth repair, hair analysis/therapy, dandruff therapy, conventional yoga forms, radiesthesia, TM meditation, Scientology (and Dianetics-based businesses facing legal scrutiny, U-MAN bankruptcy), Kuhne baths, anti-vaccination movements, and quantum theology.

Courses not yet rated: Hammasdiagnostiikka (dental diagnosis and therapy), Kynsidiagnoosi (nail diagnosis and therapy), and Rearlogia.

Javanainen pledges to resign from Skepsis ry if his forecast is not 80% accurate, based on an OA-test score.

Article: Biocloaca-terapia vihdoin Suomessa – Instituuttilääketiede haastaa koululääketieteen (Biocloaca-therapy Finally in Finland – Institute Medicine Challenges School Medicine)

Authored by Hannu Suomela, this article introduces Biocloaca-therapy, described as a modern yet ancient holistic healing method, now available in Finland. Biocloaca-therapist Keijo K. Kreppes has returned from years abroad, combining ancient knowledge with high technology. The therapy involves transferring a healing principle through water to remove acidic waste and purify the liver and spleen. It is based on ancient Indian 'aqua vera' healing and the Roman 'cloaca' technique, named after the goddess Cloacina, associated with Roman sewage systems.

Kreppes states that he cannot promise help to everyone, as it requires a strong desire to heal and multiple sessions, potentially lasting months. He claims success in treating developmental disabilities, epilepsy, cancer, and depression, though improvements in blindness and quadriplegia have been partial and short-lived. Kreppes holds no Finnish medical degree but has high qualifications from the Biocloaca Institute in Pakistan and the Aqua Therapeutica Maxima institute near Rome. The Aleksandrian Institute in Helsinki and hypnologist Helo Linden support the therapy, with Linden co-founding the Kaivopuisto Institute in Helsinki.

Kreppes advises patients to first consult their health center and only then seek his services if conventional medicine fails. He presents two case studies:

• Hilja K.: Suffered from widespread internal cancer for nearly ten years with a poor prognosis from conventional medicine. After two months of intensive Biocloaca therapy, she reports improved appetite, mobility, and pain relief, with cancer progression halted.
• Kirsti H.: Had a severe spinal trauma requiring multiple surgeries, leaving her nearly immobile. She felt Biocloaca was her only option, investing significantly in the treatment. She reports improved handwriting as a sign of recovery.

The article describes the Kaivopuisto Institute, featuring spacious waiting rooms and calming decor. The treatment progresses in stages ('doshasta toiseen'), described as 'progressive' unlike the 'regressive' approach of conventional medicine. The goal is to balance the 'biogenerator's magnetism'. The institute uses patented equipment, developed with a Finnish engineering firm and manufactured in Portugal. The system is described as a meter-high device connected to the city's power grid via a patented cloaca system with laser optics. Kreppes believes this therapy can cure cancer and depression by removing negative energy fields.

He expresses a desire for Biocloaca-therapy to be researched in Finland, noting that many studies exist abroad. A young Estonian scientist specializing in bioenergy is expected to join the institute to demonstrate the scientific principles behind aura magnetization.

Article: Nuoruuden molekyyli? (The Molecule of Youth?)

Authored by Timo Kaitaro from Paris, this article investigates Korff's advertising campaign for anti-aging creams, 'Anti Age Retard' and 'Anti Age Super', priced between 340 and 2600 French francs. The main active ingredient claimed to affect wrinkles is 'retinoic acid' (A-vitamin derivative), which is available by prescription at a much lower cost. Retinol, a common form of Vitamin A, is stated to have no such effect on skin aging. Korff's products reportedly contain only retinol, similar to some pharmacy creams.

Professor Seurat Geneven from Geneva's cantonal hospital confirms that Korff's products contain only retinol and that the advertised studies have not been published in scientific journals. Korff's distribution in France is handled by 'Campagne pour la pharmacie en France', a tactic also used in other European countries. French pharmacists have filed a lawsuit against Korff for 'parasitic competition'.

The French competition and consumer protection agency is also investigating. Korff's director claims the products are 'appropriate', despite a 10-million franc marketing campaign. The article notes Korff's potential entry into the Finnish market, citing an advertorial in Ilta-Sanomat claiming two American researchers, Geoffrey Brooks and Hans Schaeffer, discovered 'super-retinol'. This new molecule is said to be absorbed 8-20 times more effectively than traditional retinol, acting like an 'engine' to reduce wrinkles. The advertorial states Anti-Age Super will soon be available in European and Finnish pharmacies.

The editorial section questions whether Finnish pharmacists are aware of 'super-retinol' and its 'atomic chain', and whether they will sell any product simply because it is advertised.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Skeptikko consistently adopts a skeptical and critical stance towards pseudoscientific claims, alternative medicine, and unsubstantiated marketing. The magazine aims to inform readers about phenomena that often prey on people's beliefs and desires for quick solutions, whether for health or financial gain. It emphasizes the importance of scientific evidence, critical thinking, and consumer protection against misleading advertising and unproven therapies. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of scientific rigor and against the uncritical acceptance of paranormal or unverified claims.

Title: SKEPTIKKO
Issue: 12/13
Date: Autumn 1991
Publisher: Skepsis ry

This issue of Skeptikko, a Finnish skeptical magazine, focuses heavily on the awarding of the 1991 'Huuhaa' prize to Scientology and its related organizations. The magazine critically examines the movement's practices, marketing, and claims, while also covering other topics of skeptical interest.

Vuoden 1991 huuhaa-palkinto scientologeille (The 1991 Huuhaa Award to Scientologists)

Skepsis ry awarded its 1991 'Huuhaa' prize in December to the Finnish Scientology association, the Helsinki Dianetics center, and other organizations and companies operating in Finland that are part of the international Scientology movement. The award was given because these entities have marketed Scientology and Dianetics courses and tests using deceptive means, masquerading as science.

The accompanying citation stated that Skepsis wanted to draw attention to the marketing and dissemination of Scientology's secret doctrine, disguised as science, which has been ongoing in Finland since 1980.

Scientology and Dianetics: Origins and Core Beliefs

Scientology was founded by American science fiction writer L. Ron Hubbard. The core doctrines of Dianetics were first published in 'Astounding Science Fiction' in 1950. Hubbard established Dianetics centers in the USA in the early 1950s, and the movement later organized as the Church of Scientology. It has spread globally, arriving in Finland in the early 1980s.

According to Scientology's own definition, Dianetics is the first precise technology capable of creating a healthy and happy person. It posits that all human problems stem from 'engrams' – painful memories from past lives or even from the womb. Through Scientology courses, individuals can supposedly free themselves from these engrams and achieve the 'clear' state, which Hubbard claimed to have reached in August 1965.

A dedicated Scientologist, after further study, can become an 'Operating Thetan' capable of acting independently of the laws of the material world, such as leaving their body and traveling between stars, or even avoiding the common cold.

Marketing and Financial Aspects

Scientology is known for offering free personality tests on the street to lure people into progressively more expensive courses. Many individuals have faced significant mental and financial difficulties due to the costs of these courses and their financing.

The movement targets people struggling with various problems. In Finland, the Scientology network includes the Human Rights Commission, which focuses on individuals who have used mental health services, and the Narconon movement, which aims to recruit drug users.

Several consulting firms in Finland apply Scientology methods, often concealing their connection to the movement. For example, a 2,500 markka personnel selection test, marketed to authorities and known as 'The Standard Oxford Capacity Analysis', uses the same 200 questions as the free personality test offered on the street. The test processing relies solely on calculated scores, without the tester even meeting the individual. Despite this, U-Man Finland Oy claims the test can identify undesirable employees, promising 94-96% accuracy. Other related companies like Choice Finland Oy, Johtoryhmä Oy, and Survival Consulting J. Raita have also sold this test.

The 'Huuhaa' Award Explained

The 'Huuhaa' award is given to recognize those who, by exploiting the credulity of the public and using deceptive means, market pseudoscientific doctrines. The award is not meant to restrict freedom of speech but to ensure that pseudosciences are not presented as science.

This was the third 'Huuhaa' award. The first was given in 1989 to the publishing company WSOY for long-term publication of pseudoscientific literature. The second was awarded in 1990 to the Vantaa Adult Education Center for teaching astrology and graphology under the guise of science.

English Summary

This section provides brief summaries of several articles in English:

• Belief and scientism (Pekka Roponen): Questions the use of ill-defined "scientific facts" as a basis for life views, arguing it undermines individual judgment. Science is inherently uncertain, making it dangerous to task it with finding life's meaning.
• Mars and the EC under suspicion (Matti Virtanen): Reports on the European Skeptics' meeting in Amsterdam, discussing the Gauquelin/Mars correlation and the European Community's plans to ease the classification of homeopathic medicines.
• Recycled ideas for sale (Markku Javanainen): Reviews the annual New Age fringe fair in Helsinki, noting its growth and suggesting it appeals to a "post-modernist" mind uncomfortable with reason, or perhaps a well-marketed return to the "Old Age."
• Who is allowed to practise psychotherapy? (Pekka Roponen): Discusses the ongoing debate in Finland about a law to regulate psychotherapy, questioning the definition of psychotherapy and the qualifications of practitioners, and considering patient benefit from diverse alternatives.

Other Articles and Reviews

• Occult chemistry: Follows up on a previous article about theosophy's "occult chemistry" with illustrations.
• Bad book, review by Hannu Karttunen: Reviews "Ambassador of the stars" by Rauni-Leena Luukanen, a book claiming UFO contacts, suggesting many claims originate from the author's imagination.
• A legal mess, Matti Virtanen: Reviews legal issues concerning CSICOP and James Randi in relation to Uri Geller, including translations of open letters.
• Scientologists receive 1991 flim-flam-award: Reiterates the awarding of the 'Huuhaa' prize to Scientology, highlighting their marketing of dogmatic teachings as science since 1980 and the use of their "personality test" as a recruitment tool.

Skepsis Membership and Activities

Skepsis ry was founded in 1987 as an association of Finnish skeptics, operating independently but in cooperation with organizations like CSICOP. Its goals include promoting objective scientific research into paranormal claims, maintaining a network of interested individuals, publishing articles and bibliographies on paranormal phenomena, and organizing events.

The magazine includes information on how to become a member, the annual membership fee (75 marks, 30 marks for under 20s), and how membership includes a subscription to Skeptikko. It also outlines the coding system used on the magazine's address labels.

A membership survey is included, asking members and subscribers for feedback on Skepsis's activities, the magazine, and suggestions for future focus and speakers. The survey also asks for nominations for the 1992 'Huuhaa' award.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the critical examination of pseudoscientific claims and organizations that market them as science. Skepsis actively combats what it terms 'huuhaa' (nonsense or quackery) by awarding the 'Huuhaa' prize and publishing critical reviews and analyses. The magazine's stance is clearly in favor of scientific rigor and evidence-based reasoning, opposing the deceptive marketing of unsubstantiated doctrines, particularly those that exploit public credulity for financial gain.