08-skeptikko

Magazine Overview

This issue of Skeptikko, number 8, published in Summer/Autumn 1990, features a prominent question mark on its cover, symbolizing its critical and questioning approach. The magazine's title, 'SKEPTIKKO', is displayed in bold, stylized lettering. The issue is dated Summer/Autumn 1990 and includes an ISSN number of 0786-2571.

Table of Contents

The issue's table of contents lists several articles:

• 'And Darkness Came' by Hannu Karttunen
• 'A Comical and Expensive Affair' by Nils Mustelin
• 'The Skeptikko Meeting in Brussels' by Hannu Karttunen and Matti Virtanen
• 'A Spermy Sunday in Sipoo' by Kari Saari
• 'Skeptical Discussion on Computer Networks' by Markku Javanainen
• 'Press Review'
• 'From the Readers'
• 'Skepsis Updates'
• 'English Summary'
• Cover Art by Ykä Similä

Editorial Stance

A disclaimer states that all opinions expressed in the magazine are those of the authors and do not represent the official stance of the editorial team, Skepsis, or CSICOP.

The board of Skepsis is listed as: Nils Mustelin (Chairman), Hannu Karttunen (Editor-in-chief, Vice-chairman), Timo Kaitaro (Secretary), Matti Virtanen (Treasurer), and Ilkka Tuomi.

Contact information for membership, subscriptions, and other association matters is provided for Timo Kaitaro in Espoo. The editorial team for Skeptikko consists of Editor-in-chief Hannu Karttunen, and board members Matti Virtanen and Nils Mustelin. Contact information for the editor-in-chief is also provided.

Article: 'And Darkness Came' by Hannu Karttunen

This article, appearing on pages 3-4, discusses the 'mental darkness' that can befall individuals, particularly in relation to pseudoscientific methods used in employment. Karttunen criticizes the idea that people should be allowed to believe whatever they want, especially when pseudoscientific practices pose risks. He highlights that increasingly, companies are using dubious methods for hiring, citing an estimate that 70-80% of companies in France use graphology, astrology, or morphopsychology in their selection processes. Graphology is identified as the most common pseudoscientific test, with less criticism than astrology or homeopathy. The article references an article by Adrian Furnham in The Skeptical Inquirer. Karttunen questions the theoretical basis of graphology, noting that while age or illness might affect handwriting, abstract traits like honesty are unlikely to be reflected. He argues that the effectiveness of graphology is the key question, and scientific studies have yielded negative results. The author recounts receiving a character analysis based on his signature from an insurance company, which provided a list of traits that were vague and contradictory.

Karttunen expresses concern that insurance companies might use such 'analyses' when processing applications. He notes that while the use of graphology in Finland is not widely discussed, the trend of astrologers seeking advisory roles in businesses suggests that other mystical methods will also gain prominence. The article also touches upon a personality test developed by L. Ron Hubbard, founder of Scientology, which claims high accuracy but is presented as a dubious method. Karttunen concludes that these 'New Age' methods represent a new form of racism, where individuals are judged by arbitrary criteria, potentially jeopardizing their rights.

Article: 'A Comical and Expensive Affair' by Nils Mustelin

This article, on pages 5-7, discusses the phenomenon of solar eclipses and how they attract paranormal enthusiasts. It recounts two specific incidents related to the solar eclipse of July 22, 1990.

The first incident involved Joensuu, Finland, which was ideally located to view the eclipse. A group offered to clear the clouds for 100,000 Finnish marks, an offer the city declined. The article speculates humorously about the methods this group might have used, such as a rain dance or telepathic requests to UFOs.

The second incident involved Tampere astrologers who, in an Iltalehti article, claimed the solar eclipse would occur an hour later than predicted by scientists (5:53 AM instead of 4:53 AM). The article quotes an astrology enthusiast, Timo Luotonen, who stated this claim with 100% certainty. The astrologers expressed amusement, calling it a 'comical and expensive affair' and a way to show the superiority of 'alternative science.'

Mustelin notes that while astrologers' claims are often vague, this was a precise prediction that could be easily verified. He points out that astrologers, despite basing their work on celestial bodies, rely on scientists for calculations and that the Tampere astrologers' error was likely due to forgetting about Finland's summer time. The article suggests that while the astrologers' prediction was comical, it might have had a positive effect by highlighting the unreliability of astrology, especially when contrasted with the claims of a Finnish company that advertised astrology as a useful tool for business decision-making.

Article: 'The Skeptikko Meeting in Brussels' by Hannu Karttunen and Matti Virtanen

This article, on pages 8-10, reports on the fourth annual European skeptics' conference, held in Brussels on August 10-11, 1990. The conference was organized by CSICOP, the umbrella organization for US skeptics, with Professor Paul Kurtz of the State University of New York acting as host. It was noted that there are approximately 70 skeptical organizations worldwide, with 20 in Europe, and about forty skeptical journals.

The conference faced some organizational challenges, with difficulty finding the venue and a lack of a common theme for the presentations. The next conference was scheduled for October 3-4, 1991, in Amsterdam, organized by the Dutch Skepsis association, with a potential follow-up in Bilbao, Spain, in 1992.

The first day's presentations focused on the status of paranormal beliefs in various countries. Speakers included Michael Hutchinson (England), Lars Peter Jepson (Denmark), Alain Mey (France), Amardeo Sarma (West Germany), and Matti Virtanen (Finland). Unfortunately, the representative from the Soviet Union could not attend.

The reports from different countries were not easily comparable due to a lack of standardized opinion polls. An example cited was the fluctuating belief in ghosts in Britain, with 59% in 1987 and 25% in 1989, suggesting that survey questions significantly influence results. Matti Virtanen also presented on Finnish superstitions, comparing survey data.

Lars Peter Jepson discussed the nascent Danish skeptical society, noting that Denmark is not particularly superstitious but that there is still work to be done, with homeopathy and dowsing gaining popularity.

Alain Mey from France reported on the prevalence of pseudoscientific methods in hiring, with 70-80% of companies using graphology, astrology, or 'morphopsychology.' He also mentioned a 'hemispheric profile' test used in France. Professor Henri Broch of Nice University received a CSICOP award for his contributions. He and his students maintain a ZET section on the Minitel network, providing information on paranormal topics to counter the influence of astrologers and other pseudoscientists.

Amardeo Sarma of Germany's GWUP highlighted the growing popularity of 'natural healing' in Germany, with annual spending of $500 million USD. He expressed concern that politicians were making decisions about science, citing a government grant for research into earth radiation and dowsing, from which GWUP was excluded.

The article also discusses a law in Nazi Germany that allowed anyone over 25 to practice as a 'heilpraktiker' (alternative healer) with minimal training, a law that is expected to be reinstated in unified Germany. The author contrasts this with East Germany, where healthcare was primarily the domain of doctors.

Article: 'Hyman's Model Skeptic' by Ray Hyman

This section, on page 10, summarizes the model for skepticism proposed by Professor Ray Hyman of the University of Oregon. Hyman argues that simply criticizing pseudoscientific claims is insufficient, as it often addresses only one issue at a time. He notes that his own courses on pseudopsychology showed that while students could critically evaluate specific teachings, this did not necessarily change their overall attitudes.

Hyman emphasizes the importance of teaching people to evaluate information themselves. This involves cultivating a critical attitude, providing a simple method for evaluating claims, and practicing this method with real examples. He offers a list of questions for evaluating new claims:

• What belief system is involved?
• What claims are being made (including implicit ones)?
• What evidence supports the claims?
• Does the evidence truly support the claims?

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko revolve around the critical examination of pseudoscientific beliefs and practices. The magazine actively debunks claims in fields like astrology, graphology, and alternative medicine, particularly when they intersect with business and employment decisions. There is a strong emphasis on scientific methodology and evidence-based reasoning. The editorial stance is clearly skeptical, aiming to educate readers about the lack of validity in many paranormal and pseudoscientific claims and to warn against their potential harms, such as financial exploitation and the erosion of critical thinking. The report from the Brussels conference underscores the international nature of skepticism and the ongoing efforts to counter the spread of unsubstantiated beliefs.

SKEPTIKKO 8, published in Summer/Autumn 1990, is an issue dedicated to exploring skepticism, critical thinking, and the debunking of pseudoscientific claims. The magazine features articles on the principles of skepticism, the misuse of probability, mythological interpretations, and the role of skeptical organizations.

The Art of Skepticism

The issue begins by outlining the requirements for substantiating claims and the alternative reasons people might believe in extraordinary assertions. It emphasizes the 'principle of charity' in evaluating arguments, urging critics to address the strongest form of an argument. A good skeptic is described as someone who guides others to draw their own conclusions, offers constructive criticism, and possesses the discretion to remain silent. The article references Hyman's 'Proper Criticism' and lists eight golden rules for skeptics: preparation, clarity of goals, reliance on original sources, admitting ignorance, letting facts speak for themselves, precision, adhering to the principle of charity, and avoiding emotionally charged language.

Parody and Probability

Cornelis de Jager, Chairman of the Dutch Skeptics, is highlighted for receiving the 'In Praise of Reason' award. His presentation included a parody of Piazzi Smyth's theories, creating a 'cyclosophy' based on bicycle measurements to derive natural constants. The article discusses how arbitrary numerical combinations can be made to appear significant. De Jager also addressed the difference between a priori and a posteriori probability, noting how a lack of understanding can lead people to perceive coincidences as miraculous. He criticized the anthropic principle, arguing it conflates these probabilities and incorrectly suggests the universe is designed for humans.

Astrology and Racism

Astrophysicist Jean Claude Pecker also spoke about the misuse of probability and the public's statistical illiteracy. Evry Schatzman, Chairman of the French Physical Society, advocated for teaching critical thinking and questioning rather than rote memorization. He took a strong stance against astrology, comparing its use in job selection to racism and suggesting the formation of an 'SOS astrologie' movement.

James Randi and Nostradamus

James Randi commented on speakers exceeding their allotted time, attributing it to a 'doctorate syndrome' where individuals struggle to admit error or ignorance. He also discussed his upcoming book on Nostradamus, portraying him as a Lutheran afraid of the Inquisition, whose 'prophecies' were critiques of the Catholic Church and rulers disguised in mystical language.

ESP and Out-of-Body Experiences

Professor E. Vermeersch of Ghent University launched a strong critique against unsubstantiated claims, categorizing paranormal phenomena like ESP and psychokinesis as equally unbelievable as fairy tales. He engaged in a debate with Rob Nanninga, secretary of the Dutch Skeptics, who argued for the practical testing of claims. Susan Blackmore, a psychologist, presented her research on out-of-body experiences (OBEs), explaining the tunnel phenomenon as a physiological response of the eye and her theory that OBEs occur when the brain cannot receive sufficient sensory input, compensating with memories. She concluded that 'Nothing leaves the body.'

Mythological Narratives and Skeptical Discourse

'lor Bock', a freelance guide and eccentric, presented his 'mythology' based on oral tradition, including Kalevala figures and Santa Claus. His work is influenced by Erkki Pirtola and focuses on a 'Lemminkäinen's temple' in Sipoo. Bock's narrative suggests a pre-Christian Finnish society and a myth involving Ukko, Väinämöinen, and Lemminkäinen. The article notes that Bock's approach is to understand rather than believe, and his ideas are presented as a form of 'made in Finland' psychosis.

Computer Networks and Skepticism

Markku Javanainen discusses the use of international computer networks, particularly the 'sci.skeptical' newsgroup, for skeptical discussions. He describes the ease of access and the diverse range of topics covered, from chiropractic to UFOs. The forum is characterized by genuine debate rather than mere agreement, with a majority of participants holding critical views on 'fringe science'. The article also mentions the availability of reference materials and the ongoing debate about the authenticity of the 1947 Truman letter, involving UFO researcher Philip Klass and Stanton Friedmann.

Lehdistökatsaus (Press Review)

This section reviews James Randi's visit to Finland, his involvement with the Heureka science center's 'Senses and Illusions' exhibition, and his observation of a solar eclipse. It also mentions a Helsingin Sanomat article about Randi and highlights Nils Mustelin and the Skepsis association.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko are critical thinking, the scientific method, the importance of evidence, and the debunking of pseudoscience and paranormal claims. The magazine consistently promotes a rational and evidence-based approach to understanding the world, encouraging readers to question extraordinary claims and to rely on sound reasoning and verifiable facts. The editorial stance is clearly pro-skepticism, aiming to educate the public about logical fallacies, cognitive biases, and the scientific process.

Title: SKEPTIKKO
Issue: 8
Date: Summer/Autumn 1990
Publisher: Skepsis ry
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish

This issue of Skeptikko, a Finnish skeptical magazine, features several articles covering topics ranging from media reception of paranormal claims to the scientific validity of graphoanalysis and the acceptance of acupuncture in Finland, along with a discussion on the role of libraries in combating pseudoscience.

James Randi's Lectures and Media Reception

The magazine reports on the lectures given by James Randi in Finland, noting significant public interest that exceeded expectations, requiring larger venues. While some media outlets like HS and Suomen Kuvalehti provided advance coverage, the reception was mixed. Aamulehti's article, titled "Humpuukista tuli tungos" (Hokum caused a crowd), was critical, labeling Randi's work as 'humpuuki' and questioning the event's financial success. The article also points out that Randi did not claim that supernatural phenomena are impossible, but rather that he wishes to investigate alleged feats under controlled conditions. The media's initial lack of interest in Randi was contrasted with the eventual coverage by a Swedish-language current affairs program, which, according to the article, misrepresented Randi's views.

Graphoanalysis: Science or Pseudoscience?

An article discusses graphoanalysis, also known as handwriting analysis, highlighting its academic standing in Europe, where it is taught at the doctoral level in twelve universities and is a mandatory subject for teacher training. Paula Jean Slier, a graphoanalyst interviewed by the New York Times, describes it as a branch of applied psychology used in various fields, including fraud investigation and career counseling. The article mentions that a 18-month course in graphoanalysis is offered in Chicago. Despite the claims of scientific measurement and accuracy, the Skeptikko article implicitly questions the validity of graphoanalysis, noting that the New York Times presented Slier's claims without any skepticism. The article also lists several large corporations that use graphoanalysis services.

Acupuncture in Finland: Acceptance and Practice

The issue features an extensive article on acupuncture, written by Heikki Poroila, a librarian. It traces the history of acupuncture, its introduction to the West via President Nixon's visit to China in 1971, and its official recognition in Finland in 1972. The Finnish Medical Acupuncture Association (SLA) was established in 1972, admitting only licensed medical professionals. The article details how acupuncture has gained acceptance in Finnish healthcare, being recognized as a medical treatment by the National Board of Health and the Social Insurance Institution. It is considered a useful tool for pain management, particularly in health centers. The author, who has used acupuncture for over ten years, explains its proposed mechanism of action through peripheral stimulation affecting neurotransmitters. While acknowledging that acupuncture is not a cure-all, it is reported to be effective for about 70% of patients, particularly for chronic pain and sports injuries. The article also notes that most Finnish doctors view acupuncture as a legitimate treatment method.

Libraries and the Fight Against Pseudoscience

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to a discussion about libraries and their role in relation to 'new age' and pseudoscientific materials. The author, Matti Virtanen, critiques a previous article in Kirjastolehti about 'new age' in libraries. Virtanen argues that libraries, by nature, are not inclined to promote pseudoscience. He posits that librarians are generally well-educated and critically evaluate acquisitions. However, he acknowledges challenges, including the pressure of supply and demand, and the ethical principles guiding library work. Libraries cannot control what is published, and user demand for pseudoscientific material can be high. Virtanen emphasizes that libraries can only influence people through the materials they acquire. He suggests that libraries should also acquire materials that critically examine pseudoscience, advocating for more 'devil's advocate' type content. He also touches upon the importance of the magazine's visual appeal to attract readers through libraries. The article concludes by stating that libraries are distributors of societal products, offering a wide range of information without the immediate pressure of commercial profit, thus serving as a resource for curious and critical individuals.

Skepsis Association News

The magazine includes a section on news from the Skepsis association. It details the annual membership fee of 75 Finnish marks, which includes a subscription to Skeptikko. Information is provided on how to join the association, including a membership application form. The association also addresses a misunderstanding regarding membership fees, noting that some members paid double the amount, and states that these payments will be credited towards the next year's membership. The editorial team expresses a desire to improve the magazine's visual appearance, planning changes for the following year.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Skeptikko are skepticism towards pseudoscientific claims, critical media analysis, and the promotion of rational inquiry. The magazine consistently adopts a critical stance towards phenomena presented as paranormal or unproven, advocating for scientific evidence and rigorous investigation. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of critical thinking and the debunking of pseudoscience, while also acknowledging the importance of providing access to a wide range of information through institutions like libraries. The magazine aims to equip readers with the tools to critically evaluate claims and to resist the spread of misinformation.

Title: SKEPTIKKO
Issue: 8
Volume/Date: kesä/syksy 1990 (Summer/Autumn 1990)
Publisher: Skepsis
Country: Finland
Language: Finnish (with English summaries)

This issue of Skeptikko magazine, published by Skepsis, provides English summaries of its content, aiming to assist foreign colleagues. The magazine focuses on skepticism and the scientific investigation of paranormal claims.

Articles and Summaries

English Summary Introduction

The editorial explains the decision to publish English summaries due to the difficulty of the Finnish language, expressing a hope that other magazines will follow suit. It notes that the past summer in Finland was marked by a total solar eclipse, which, despite typical cloudy weather, led to some amusing incidents.

And there was darkness, by Hannu Karttunen

This piece adopts a cynical tone, suggesting that individuals who rely on unproven remedies and suffer negative consequences are partly to blame. However, it also highlights the issue of limited choice, particularly in Europe, where obscure methods like graphology or astrology are increasingly used in employee selection, leaving applicants vulnerable.

A comical and expensive story, by Nils Mustelin

This article recounts an event in Joensuu during the total solar eclipse. A local psychics group offered to clear the clouds for the city in exchange for 100,000 Finnish marks (approximately 25,000 US dollars). The city declined the offer, and the eclipse remained unseen. The author also mentions that some astrologers claimed the astronomers had miscalculated the timing of the eclipse by an hour.

Skeptics' meeting in Brussels, by Hannu Karttunen and Matti Virtanen

This report summarizes a meeting of skeptics held in Brussels. It notes the difficulty in comparing statistics from different countries and times. Key highlights included Ray Hyman's guidance on how to be a perfect skeptic, Susan Blackmore's research on out-of-body experiences, and Cornelis de Jager's presentation on 'holy cyclosophy'.

Spermatic Sunday in Sipoo, by Kari Saari

Skepsis organized an enjoyable Sunday in Sipoo, where Ior Bock is conducting excavations to find the ancient Lemminkäinen's temple. The article explains that Ior's saga is based on his 'sound system,' which involves associations derived from Finnish and Swedish words. The practical aspect of this system includes drinking one's own sperm every morning.

Skeptical discussion in computer networks, by Markku Javanainen

This piece discusses the accessibility of the news bulletin board system from most university computers. It highlights the 'sci.skeptical' meeting, which serves as a forum for discussing current paranormal issues and is recommended for all skeptics.

About Skepsis

Skepsis is a Finnish skeptical association founded in 1987. Its principles are similar to those of the American CSICOP (Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal), but it operates independently, though in cooperation with CSICOP and other similar organizations. The association's statutes outline its purpose:

• To promote objective and unbiased scientific research into paranormal phenomena, without making prior judgments about the validity of such claims.
• To maintain a network of individuals interested in such research and to connect with similar communities domestically and internationally.
• To publish articles and books investigating paranormal claims and to compile bibliographies of relevant publications.
• To organize meetings and conferences related to the field and to engage in educational and informational activities.

Skepsis is politically, ideologically, and religiously unaffiliated. The association's board can approve individuals and legal entities as members who accept these principles.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes a skeptical and scientific approach to investigating claims of the paranormal. It encourages critical thinking, objective research, and the debunking of pseudoscientific or unfounded beliefs. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of evidence-based reasoning and scientific methodology, as demonstrated by its coverage of topics ranging from solar eclipses and astrology to more esoteric subjects like Ior Bock's 'sound system'.