Skeptic - 2000 - Vol 13 No 2

Magazine Overview

Title: The Skeptic
Issue: Volume 13 Number 2
Date: 2000

This issue of The Skeptic magazine features a critical examination of the ongoing Medjugorje apparitions, alongside articles on the dangers of Breatharianism, the role of science in the media, and the debate surrounding alternative medicine.

The Ongoing Medjugorje Spectacular

Hilary Evans investigates the phenomenon of the Medjugorje apparitions in Croatia, which began in 1981 with six young villagers claiming daily visits from the Virgin Mary. Evans notes the significant commercial aspect of the site, which has become a major tourist destination. He highlights that much of the skepticism about the visions comes from within the Catholic Church itself, with some clergy embarrassed by the commercialism and perceived charlatanism. The article details how the Franciscan clergy allegedly manipulated the visionaries' testimonies through leading questions and suggestions to suit their own agenda, and how the messages have been 'adjusted' to have a worldwide character. Evans points out contradictions in the visionaries' accounts and questions the motivations behind their continued claims, suggesting that self-importance and the desire to maintain their 'world star' status may play a role. He also touches upon the historical context of the region, including the violence during World War II and the alleged collaboration of some clergy with the Ustachi.

Skeptic in Chains

Editor Wendy M. Grossman discusses the hostility encountered when questioning beliefs related to health and alternative therapies. She notes that people become particularly defensive when their deeply held beliefs about health are challenged, possibly because these are connected to primal fears of sickness and death. Grossman contrasts the comforting, personalized attention offered by alternative practitioners with the often scary and impersonal nature of conventional medical treatments. She also critiques the media's tendency to sensationalize celebrity endorsements of bizarre or unproven therapies, while ignoring sensible health choices. The article touches on the debate about making alternative medicine available on the National Health Service (NHS), arguing that resources should be prioritized for treatments with proven efficacy and preventive medicine.

Hits and Misses

This section covers several brief items:

• Shattered Hopes: Discusses how media reports can lead to public confusion about science, citing an example of Viagra being suggested as a cure for infertility and the earlier false hope surrounding secretin for autism.
• Top Ten Carrots of all Time: Robert Matthews' observation that lists of 'greatest' people are often biased towards those from the end of a period (the 'availability fallacy'). It also presents a curious phenomenon where people asked to perform a simple doubling exercise and then name a vegetable often choose 'carrot'.
• Maria Duval Update: An investigation into 'clairvoyant' Maria Duval reveals that her 'lucky talisman' scheme is primarily a method for compiling a direct mailing database, leading to junk mail offers.
• Pulp Fiction: Reports on the Church of Scientology losing its bid to be registered as a charity in Britain, coinciding with the release of the movie 'Battlefield Earth', starring Scientology adherent John Travolta.

Hilary Evans' Paranormal Picture Gallery

This section features an image of early aviators being greeted as deities by indigenous people in a Polynesian archipelago in 1923. The accompanying text humorously contrasts this with modern expectations, suggesting that today's tourists would be expected to buy souvenirs.

Calorie-free living

Rachel Carthy examines the phenomenon of Breatharianism, where individuals claim to live on light and prana, without food or water. The article highlights the dangers of this belief, citing several deaths, including those of Timo Degen, Lani Morris, and Verity Linn, who died from dehydration and hypothermia while attempting fasting regimens promoted by practitioners like Jasmuheen. Carthy notes that while such beliefs are not new, the group aspect and public promotion are more recent. She also points out the irony that while hundreds of thousands die from obesity, the media focuses on the few deaths related to Breatharianism.

Other Articles and Sections

• A Promise of Utopia: Dene Bebbington discusses the concept of utopia.
• Rhyme and Reason: Steve Donnelly contributes.
• Philosopher's Corner: Julian Baggini offers philosophical insights.
• Reviews: A section for book and media reviews.
• Letters: Correspondence from readers.
• Reverent Marketing: Discusses instances where marketing campaigns have inadvertently resembled religious symbols, such as a Nike logo resembling Arabic script for Allah, and the implications for a secular society.
• Moth-eaten: Examines the classic example of peppered moths and natural selection, questioning the completeness of the original research and its interpretation in light of new findings about pollution levels and moth behavior.
• His Master's Grave: Mentions Rupert Sheldrake's claims about animal telepathy, using the example of Greyfriars Bobby.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The Skeptic consistently adopts a critical and evidence-based approach to phenomena presented as paranormal, supernatural, or pseudoscientific. The magazine champions critical thinking, scientific methodology, and skepticism towards claims that lack empirical support. Recurring themes include the examination of religious claims (like Medjugorje), the debunking of pseudoscientific beliefs (such as Breatharianism), and the analysis of how media and popular culture shape perceptions of science and the paranormal. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of rationalism and scientific inquiry, encouraging readers to question extraordinary claims and to seek evidence-based explanations. The magazine also highlights instances of fraud, self-deception, and the psychological factors that contribute to belief in the unproven.

This issue of The Skeptic, Volume 13, Number 2, published in 1999, features a cover story titled "A Promise of Utopia" by Dene Bebbington, which critically examines Transcendental Meditation (TM). The magazine also includes articles on Breatharianism, the age of the Sphinx, and the effects of electromagnetic fields.

Breatharianism: The 'Air Food' Phenomenon

The article "Breatharianism" delves into the claims of individuals who assert they can live without eating, citing Jasmuheen as a prominent contemporary guru. It traces historical examples of inedia, a phenomenon where individuals claim to subsist without food, often linked to religious fasting or visions. The article notes that while some cases are attributed to religious devotion, others appear to border on self-harm, with instances of stigmata. Jasmuheen's philosophy is described as being influenced by Theosophy and includes the concept of 'prana' or 'air food.' The piece highlights the commercial aspects of Breatharianism, with gurus selling books and seminars. It recounts the experience of Jasmuheen being observed for a week to verify her claims, an experiment that was stopped by doctors after four days due to medical concerns. The article also mentions Wiley Brooks, another former Breatharian guru who was caught buying food. The author expresses skepticism about the organization of Breatharianism, noting its lack of a formal cult structure and Jasmuheen's stance on self-mastery and individual responsibility.

Transcendental Meditation and the Maharishi Effect

Dene Bebbington's article "A Promise of Utopia" scrutinizes the movement founded by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Transcendental Meditation (TM). The movement promises world peace, fulfillment, perfect health, and the eradication of poverty. Bebbington outlines TM's blueprint, which includes developing individuals through meditation, eliminating crime via 'Yogic Flyers' who generate harmony, creating ideal environments with Maharishi Sthapatya Veda architecture, promoting health through Maharishi Ayur-Veda, and establishing 'natural government.' The article explains the TM technique, which uses mantras, and describes four states of consciousness achievable through its practice, culminating in 'Unity Consciousness' or Enlightenment. The 'Maharishi Effect' is presented as a claim that groups of meditators can influence the surrounding population, leading to reduced crime, accidents, and conflict. The article questions the scientific validity of these claims, noting that studies are often conducted by researchers associated with TM and that independent verification is lacking. The formula for the 'sphere of influence' is presented, suggesting that a small percentage of the population performing TM or Yogic Flying can have a significant impact. The article also touches upon the cost of TM products and services, suggesting that perfect health and the benefits of TM may not be accessible to everyone. The author concludes that while TM may offer some benefits like relaxation, many of its grander claims are dubious and that utopian visions are best left to fiction.

The Sphinx Controversy

An article by R.W. Morrell, "Reply to Fantastic Skepticism," addresses the debate surrounding the age of the Great Sphinx of Giza. Morrell critiques the arguments of D.J. Eccott and J.A. West, who have promoted the idea that the Sphinx was carved in 10,000 BCE, based on geological evidence of water erosion. Morrell cites the work of Professor James A. Harrell and Drs. K.L. Gauri, J.J. Sinai, and J.K. Bandyopadhyay, who have challenged Schoch's hypothesis, arguing that the erosion patterns can be explained by less extreme weathering processes and do not require a long period of intense precipitation. Morrell also discusses the Dream Stela and the Inventory Stela, which he argues provide evidence connecting the Sphinx to the 4th dynasty king Khafre, contrary to Eccott's claims. He points out that the Inventory Stela, often cited as evidence for an older Sphinx, is actually from a much later period (c.589-570 BCE) and that the claims about Isis being a major deity in the 4th dynasty are not well-supported.

Electromagnetic Fields and Health

Steve Donnelly's "Rhyme and Reason" column investigates the link between electromagnetic (EM) fields and human health. The article notes the public's concern, often fueled by media headlines, about potential health risks associated with electricity pylons and other sources of EM fields. However, Donnelly concludes that most research indicates no measurable influence on health from EM fields encountered in everyday life. He explains that while electric fields generally do not penetrate homes, magnetic fields are present when current flows through power lines. Theoretical effects on cells are largely swamped by natural bodily processes. Epidemiological studies, particularly large-scale ones concerning childhood cancers, have found no clear association between proximity to power lines and increased risk. The article acknowledges that science cannot provide absolute safety guarantees for many aspects of modern life, but states that current evidence does not support a significant health risk from EM fields.

Skeptical Stats

This section presents a collection of statistics on various topics, ranging from beliefs in humanism and Scientology to domestic accidents, sperm donor rejection rates, witch trials, marriage ceremonies, healing rates for duodenal ulcers, sightings of protective-suited aliens, rejection of evolution, homeopathic veterinary calls, computer repairs, cattle slaughter, and predictions of the world's end. It also includes statistics on the appearances of the Virgin Mary in Medjugorje.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is skepticism towards extraordinary claims and pseudoscientific assertions. The magazine consistently adopts a critical and evidence-based approach, questioning the validity of phenomena like Breatharianism and Transcendental Meditation, and scrutinizing claims about ancient history and potential health hazards. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of scientific inquiry, empirical evidence, and rational explanation, contrasting these with wishful thinking, anecdotal evidence, and unsubstantiated beliefs. The magazine aims to debunk myths and provide a more grounded perspective on topics that often attract sensationalism.

Title: The Skeptic
Issue: Volume 13, Number 2
Date: 2000
Publisher: The Skeptic
Country: United Kingdom
Language: English

This issue of The Skeptic features a collection of book reviews and letters to the editor, exploring a range of topics from philosophy and pseudoscience to paranormal claims and historical controversies. The magazine maintains a skeptical stance, critically examining claims and evidence presented in the reviewed works.

Reviews

Philosopher's Corner: The perils of self-publishing by Julian Baggini

Julian Baggini discusses the challenges and potential pitfalls of self-published philosophy. He argues that while the validity of an argument is independent of its publisher, the sheer volume of published philosophy necessitates a selective approach. Baggini expresses skepticism towards self-published works, citing a lack of external critique and the tendency for authors to become overly attached to their own ideas. He emphasizes the importance of peer review and engagement with other thinkers to refine philosophical arguments. Baggini suggests that self-published works often lack the rigorous interchange found in academic discourse, leading him to place them lower on his reading list.

IN DENIAL: Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory by Deborah Lipstadt

Reviewed by Wendy M. Grossman, this book examines the Holocaust denial movement. Lipstadt's work gained prominence due to a lawsuit filed against her by author David Irving. Grossman highlights Lipstadt's refusal to engage in televised debates with deniers, viewing the court case as a rare opportunity for direct confrontation. The review notes the increasing professionalization of Holocaust denial literature and the challenge posed by the passage of time and the diminishing number of survivors.

QUACK THEORY: Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience by Frank Cioffi

Lewis Jones reviews Frank Cioffi's book, which labels Sigmund Freud a "quack." Cioffi argues that Freud's claimed therapeutic successes are non-existent and that his theories lack empirical validation. The review details criticisms of Freud's clinical experience, the lack of independent verification for his theses, and the fabrication of the 'Anna O' case. Cioffi contends that Freudian theories have consistently evaded falsification and that the entire enterprise is a pseudoscience.

A MATTER OF OPINION: The Tipping Point by Malcolm Gladwell

Reviewed by Ruth Kim, Malcolm Gladwell's book explores how public opinion changes and how small events can have wider effects. The review mentions Gladwell's experiment with college students and their responses to music and an editorial, linking their head movements to their opinions on tuition. Gladwell's work is praised for its readable approach to understanding group behavior and belief formation.

BRAINY STUFF: Creating Mind: How the Brain Works by John E. Dowling

Barbara R. Phillips Long reviews John E. Dowling's accessible overview of brain physiology and function. The book is described as laying the groundwork for a thorough understanding of the brain, written by an experienced neuroscientist who communicates complex ideas effectively. The review notes the book's clear diagrams, good organization, and use of case-notes and everyday experiences to illustrate concepts.

RUNNING SCARED: The Culture of Fear: Why Americans are Afraid of the Wrong Things by Barry Glassner

Rachel Winston reviews Barry Glassner's book, which critiques the media's role in amplifying fears about rare events while downplaying more common dangers. The review highlights Glassner's points about sensationalized media coverage of plane crashes versus car travel, and the disproportionate attention given to "childhood" diseases compared to vaccines. The book is also noted for its accurate assessment of issues like internet addiction and "cyberporn."

SCARE STORIES: The Coming Global Superstorm by Art Bell and Whitley Strieber

Reviewed by Hilary Evans, this book is described as a "scary book" that warns of the planet's vulnerability to cosmic forces. Despite initial skepticism due to the authors' backgrounds, Evans found the research impressive and the arguments persuasive. The book documents past catastrophes and predicts a global superstorm. While acknowledging some speculative elements reminiscent of von Däniken, Evans ultimately recommends the book for its thought-provoking content.

PSYCHIC LIVES: Lives of the Psychics: The Shared Worlds of Science And Mysticism by Fred M Frohock

Mike Hutton reviews Fred M. Frohock's book, which begins with a clairvoyant premonition. The book explores psychic phenomena, including interviews with psychics and discussions of ESP, psychokinesis, and alternative medicine. Frohock admits that the research has not produced convincing evidence but suggests new research methods are needed. The review notes the book's praise for alternative medicine and its critique of modern healthcare, as well as its recounting of OBE and NDE testimonies.

BLOCKHEADS: Mesmerised: Powers of Mind in Victorian Britain by Alison Winter

Wim Betz reviews Alison Winter's scholarly study of Victorian mesmerism. The book examines the activities of mesmerists and their associates, exploring how pseudoscience flourished alongside scientific advancement. Winter uses mesmerism as a "diagnostic tool to study Victorian culture," discussing cases like William Topham's demonstration of painlessness during an amputation. The review notes that while Winter remains objective, she also suggests non-mesmeric explanations for phenomena and is less skeptical about "clairvoyant" Alexis Didier.

ANSWERS NO CLOSER: The Nemesis Affair by David M. Raup

Chris Willis reviews David M. Raup's book on the controversy surrounding periodic mass extinctions and the hypothetical Nemesis star. The book is described as a rough guide to the science and controversy involved. While the coverage of the science is noted as cursory and the book is dated, its value lies in providing a "view from the trenches" of the scientific world.

GLOSSY DUALISM: The Created Self by Robert J Weber

Dene Bebbington reviews Robert J. Weber's book, which proposes dividing the self into three components: body, persona, and spirit. The book draws inspiration from Walt Whitman and William James, and suggests a quest to "build an entirely new religious concept." The review notes that Weber's ideas might be seen as a new gloss on mind-body dualism.

UNCONVINCING BEASTIE: The Encyclopedia of the Loch Ness Monster by Paul Harrison

Matt Colborn reviews Paul Harrison's encyclopedia, calling it a "gift for Nessie lovers, yet one which is honest enough not to entirely convince." The book provides a comprehensive reference on Loch Ness sightings and key figures. While Harrison has researched his topic thoroughly, the review points out factual errors, typos, and a tendency to underemphasize the role of misperception in eyewitness testimony.

SOMETHING FISHY: Conspiracy Theories by David Southwell and Sean Twist

Mike Walsh reviews this book on conspiracy theories, criticizing its poor research and the inclusion of erroneous information. The review notes that the book mixes genuine conspiracies with trivial subjects, making it difficult to form a value judgment. The authors are accused of being lazy, with glaring discrepancies in their information.

Letters

Experiments needed

Sue Blackmore writes to Julian Baggini, questioning his article on how studying philosophy affects skepticism. She argues that correlational data is insufficient to establish a causal hypothesis and suggests that skeptics may be more likely to choose to study philosophy in the first place.

Praying Direct

Dr Richard Brown shares information about the website www.newprayer.com, which claims to broadcast prayers via radio telescope to God's home, suggesting it is information readers are entitled to have.

The Scole Effect

Professor David Fontana, on behalf of fellow authors, responds to a review of the Scole Report. He highlights the testimony of James Webster, a stage illusionist, who found no way to account for the phenomena witnessed at Scole. Fontana also mentions a demonstration by Walter Schnitger, a German mechanical engineer, involving a locked box and developed film showing X-ray like impressions, suggesting the phenomena merited serious objective study.

Reich Spots

S.A. Owais writes in response to an article about Wilhelm Reich, clarifying that Reich believed he had discovered a "gastric spot" in the nose that could be cauterized to cure gastric pains, and that he and Freud performed such an operation. Owais argues that Reich deserved a longer prison sentence for his work with "orgone energy accumulators."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of The Skeptic revolve around the critical examination of claims, particularly those related to pseudoscience, paranormal phenomena, and unconventional theories. The editorial stance is consistently skeptical, emphasizing the importance of empirical evidence, rigorous methodology, and rational analysis. The magazine actively debunks popular myths and challenges unsubstantiated beliefs, encouraging readers to approach extraordinary claims with a critical and discerning mind. The reviews and letters sections demonstrate a commitment to dissecting arguments, questioning assumptions, and promoting a scientific understanding of the world.