Phactum - 2018 01 - January

Magazine Overview

Title: Phactum
Issue: January/February/March 2018
Publisher: Philadelphia Association for Critical Thinking
Date: January/February/March 2018

This issue of Phactum, the newsletter and propaganda organ of the Philadelphia Association for Critical Thinking, is dedicated to exploring the enduring relevance of Henry George's economic and social philosophy. The central theme is how George's ideas, particularly his 'Single Tax' proposal, can serve as common ground to bridge the divide between left and right political ideologies.

Bridging the Left and Right Divide with Common Ground: Henry George, Political Economist and Social Philosopher, Your Time Is Now!

This lead article, authored by Mike Curtis, posits that Henry George's theories are more relevant than ever in addressing contemporary societal issues. The article begins by quoting George's prophetic words from 1879, which describe a society with extreme wealth inequality and political corruption. Curtis argues that the American economic system is fundamentally corrupt due to private property in land, which includes natural opportunities like minerals and airwaves. He contends that income and sales taxes do not penalize land speculation, leading to unemployment and unaffordable housing.

The article critiques current economic policies, such as the minimum wage and welfare programs, suggesting they are insufficient to address the root causes of poverty and low wages. It highlights that while productivity has increased significantly, wages have not kept pace, leading to a widening gap between the rich and the poor. George's proposed solution, the land value tax, is presented as a way to ensure that all individuals have access to land and can benefit from the socially created values that attach to it.

Curtis explains that as populations grow and infrastructure develops, the value of land increases. This increase in value, he argues, is a socially created value that should benefit the community, not just private landowners. The land value tax would capture this unearned increment, providing a fund for public services and alleviating poverty. The article contrasts the current situation with the historical availability of free land in America, which allowed for higher wages and greater opportunity.

Henry George's 'Progress and Poverty'

The issue features a detailed examination of Henry George's seminal work, 'Progress and Poverty' (1879). The book is described as an inquiry into the causes of industrial depressions and the increase of want alongside wealth. George's work refutes Malthusian theories of population growth and resource scarcity, arguing instead that poverty can be solved through economic progress. He identifies the restraint of land prices on production as a key factor in mass poverty, particularly in cities.

George's radical solution, the land value tax, is explained as a levy on land holdings that would divert money from landowners to alleviate poverty, improve infrastructure, and potentially provide a basic income. The book also addresses the cyclical nature of the economy and how land speculation exacerbates boom-and-bust cycles. The article notes that 'Progress and Poverty' was immensely popular and influential, written in an accessible style.

Social Problems by Henry George

Another of Henry George's works, 'Social Problems' (1883), is also discussed. This book is presented as a more accessible explanation of his ideas, focusing on the social consequences of economic inequality. George argues that a civilization concentrating wealth and power in the hands of a few inevitably leads to anarchy and destruction. He emphasizes that democratic government requires a degree of economic equality, stating that a man dependent on a master is not a free man.

George critiques the vast disparity in fortunes, attributing it to the treatment of land as private property. He reiterates his proposal to abolish all other forms of taxation and place the burden on the value of land. The article notes that George's ideas were seen as an alternative to socialism and have modern followers, including some conservatives.

Protection or Free Trade by Henry George

This section reviews George's 1886 book, 'Protection or Free Trade,' which examines the issues of free trade and protectionism. The book questions whether high wages necessitate protectionism and analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of both economic approaches. George's liberal philosophies on taxation, poverty, and copyright continue to influence progressive movements.

The Landlord's Game

The issue highlights 'The Landlord's Game,' a board game created in 1904 by Lizzie Magie to demonstrate George's theories. This game is noted as the precursor to the popular board game Monopoly. The game illustrates how land speculation and the collection of rent can lead to economic disparities.

Phactum's Roster of I.R.E. (Infamous Rational Errors)

This section introduces a new entry in Phactum's ongoing list of logical fallacies and flawed arguments: the 'Outrage Gambit.' This tactic involves using an angered or vehement response to lend credibility to an argument, often by distracting an accuser. The entry defines it as the opposite of the 'pleasance gambit' and notes that neither passion nor vehemence constitutes evidence.

Upcoming PhACT Events

The magazine includes a schedule of upcoming events hosted by the Philadelphia Association for Critical Thinking (PhACT). These events, held at the Community College of Philadelphia, include lectures and meetings. One featured lecture is by Paul Halpern, discussing his book 'The Quantum Labyrinth: How Richard Feynman and John Wheeler Revolutionized Time and Reality.'

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the profound and persistent relevance of Henry George's economic and social theories. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of George's 'Single Tax' proposal as a solution to a wide range of societal problems, including economic inequality, poverty, unemployment, and environmental degradation. The magazine advocates for a fundamental shift in taxation and property rights, viewing George's ideas as a pathway to a more just, prosperous, and sustainable world. There is a strong critique of current economic systems that perpetuate land speculation and wealth concentration, and an optimistic outlook on the potential for George's principles to create positive change.

Phactum, January/February/March 2018 issue, covers a diverse range of topics from theoretical physics and historical events to health concerns and societal issues. The issue features articles on scientific collaborations, historical sites, notable figures, and critiques of pseudoscientific practices.

The Quantum Labyrinth: How Richard Feynman and John Wheeler Revolutionized Time and Reality

This section reviews the book "The Quantum Labyrinth" by Paul Halpern, Ph.D. It details the unlikely friendship and productive collaboration between physicists Richard Feynman and John Wheeler. Their work fundamentally recast notions of time and reality, with Feynman demonstrating how quantum reality is a combination of contradictory possibilities, and Wheeler developing the concept of wormholes. The book is published by Basic Books and is 336 pages long.

PhACT Lecture: Vaccination Pure and Spurious: The Confederate Vaccination Crisis of the Civil War

Robert Hicks, Ph.D., curator of the Mutter Museum at the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, presented on the Confederate vaccination crisis during the Civil War. Southern states experienced smallpox epidemics and, in response, Confederate doctors administered vaccinations. However, some were found to be ineffective or spread diseases like syphilis. The presentation explored how the Confederacy managed these vaccinations, including the use of children on plantations as a source of vaccine and allegations of vaccination poisoning, which led to the conflict's only war crimes trial.

Voyage to Jamestown: Practical Navigation in the Age of Discovery

This section discusses Robert D. Hicks' book, "Voyage to Jamestown: Practical Navigation in the Age of Discovery." Hicks, director of the Mütter Museum, explores sea navigation during the era of discovery, presenting navigational methods and tools within the context of a fictional voyage from Bristol, England, to Virginia in 1611. The book, published by U.S. Naval Institute Press in 2011, reconstructs historical events and figures to illustrate the challenges of marine navigation.

PhACT Expedition: Laurel Hill Cemetery

An expedition to Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia is announced for Saturday, May 19, 2018. The cemetery, established in 1837 by John Jay Smith and designed by John Notman, was one of the earliest rural cemeteries in America. It features picturesque landscapes and monuments by notable artists and architects, attracting thousands of visitors. The article notes its historical significance and its revitalization in recent decades.

Letters to the Editor

This section includes a letter from a reader discussing Don Nigroni's article on the GR 1 runestone. The reader questions the interpretation of the final six runes and suggests an aesthetic rather than magical explanation for some symbols. The letter also touches upon the historical context of runic writing and the potential Christian influence during the Viking era.

Correspondence with the Editor

Phactum invites readers to submit letters and articles on science, technology, anti-science, history, economics, mythology, legend, and science-based medicine. It encourages diverse viewpoints but avoids harsh commentary on religion, partisan politics, and gossip. Book and movie reviews are welcome.

Various Ruminations of Woo Woo and Real Science and some Gossip

This section, collected by Ray Haupt, explores the definition of a scientist, emphasizing investigation, fact-finding, and the willingness to refine hypotheses based on evidence. It questions whether a scientist must be highly trained or if an interest in scientific understanding is sufficient. The section also includes a brief biographical note on Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod (Mata Hari), a spy executed in 1917, and mentions a fictionalized film about her starring Greta Garbo.

Dr. Stephen Barrett Reports in Consumer Health Digest

This segment reports on an infection due to raw milk in New Jersey, where Udder Milk, a home delivery company, was ordered to stop selling unpasteurized milk. A North Jersey woman contracted brucellosis from raw milk, highlighting the risks associated with its consumption. The article also cites statistics on outbreaks linked to raw milk consumption from 1993-2012.

Review Contrasts Veterinary Drugs and Homeopathic "Alternatives"

This review discusses two articles from the British Veterinary Association's journal that compare veterinary drugs and homeopathy. The articles conclude that while the mechanisms of action for many drugs are proven, homeopathy is described as a "mystical belief system" governed by arbitrary and immutable laws, making it unscientific.

Quackwatch Featured on Dating Advice Site

DatingAdvice.com featured an article about Quackwatch and Dr. Stephen Barrett, discussing how health misinformation can impact relationships and offering tips to spot and avoid quackery.

FDA Proposes New Homeopathic Product Regulations

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposed "risk-based guidelines" to prioritize enforcement for homeopathic products with the greatest potential risk to patients. The FDA intends to focus on products with reported safety concerns, those containing ingredients associated with safety concerns, and those intended for vulnerable populations or for serious conditions.

Tiktaalik Is Not A Missing Link!

This section critiques a YouTube video by Kent Hovind, an evangelist and Young Earth Creationist, who questions the significance of the Tiktaalik fossil as a transitional species. The article points out Hovind's arguments against evolution and his use of Bible study topics, noting his past legal troubles and financial difficulties.

Gambling Addiction

• This section presents several reports on gambling addiction:
• A report indicates that 25,000 children in Britain are problem gamblers, with concerns about youth gambling in a "consequence-free environment."
• The economic crisis in Venezuela is linked to a boom in gambling, with residents turning to games like 'Los Animalitos' for potential financial relief.
• An ex-lawmaker in Pennsylvania received 18 months of house arrest for his role in an illegal gambling machine operation.
• A West Virginia program warns parents about "pay to win" features in video games, comparing their intermittent reward systems to slot machines.
• An ex-banker in Muncie, Indiana, was sentenced to five years in prison for theft and identity deception, admitting she got caught up in gambling.

The History of Medicine in 100 Facts

This is a brief mention of the book "The History of Medicine in 100 Facts" by Caroline Rance, which covers the history of medicine from ancient times to the present, dispelling myths and celebrating figures along the way.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes a science-based perspective, critically examining pseudoscientific claims, health misinformation, and historical events through a rational lens. It encourages open discussion and diverse viewpoints within the realm of science and technology, while maintaining a skeptical stance towards homeopathy and creationism. The editorial stance appears to favor evidence-based reasoning and critical thinking.

This issue of Phactum, dated January/February/March 2018, covers meeting reports from September, October, and November 2017, along with other articles and event listings. The magazine focuses on a variety of intellectual and scientific topics, including the intersection of science and politics, the anthropology of food, the ethics of artificial intelligence, and the relationship between science and religion.

Meeting Reports - September 2017: Science and Politics in a Post-Truth 'Era

Reported by Steven Miller, this section details a talk by Kenneth Silber, a science and politics journalist and fact-checker. The meeting's theme was 'The Political Climate for Science and Skepticism.' Silber discussed the growing distrust in science, particularly how political demographics influence trust, and suggested a path forward for scientists. He noted that while the scientific community agrees on certain facts (e.g., climate change, vaccine efficacy), one or both sides of the political spectrum may distrust these findings. Silber, who identifies as an independent and voted for Hillary Clinton in 2016, presented data showing a downward trajectory in public trust in science and colleges over the past decade. He also stated that the current administration is more anti-science than any in history and that scientists may need to become more political, though he acknowledged concerns about optics and potential bias. The reporter, Steven Miller, expressed agreement with Silber's assessment of the administration's stance but differed on the proposed solution, advocating for scientists to remain neutral while still fighting for their findings.

In DeWitt's Footsteps: Seeing History on the Erie Canal by Kenneth Silber

This section features a book by Kenneth Silber, published on September 1, 2017. The book, 'In DeWitt's Footsteps: Seeing History on the Erie Canal,' is a hardcover of 68 pages. It explores the legacy of DeWitt Clinton, governor of New York, who championed the Erie Canal's construction. The book intertwines national and family history with a photographic journey along the canal, featuring photos by George Gruel and hand-drawn maps by C. Brooke Silber. It is described as an exploration of DeWitt Clinton's ancestor's legacy.

Professor Alan Mann, an anthropologist, discussed The Anthropology of Food

Reported by Jordan Chapman, this section covers a presentation by Dr. Alan Mann on the evolution of the human diet. Dr. Mann defined food as a substance providing nutritional value and a diet as the total nutrition a person receives. He distinguished between cultural and personal cuisine, which the reporter found particularly insightful. Mann also discussed how foods like corn evolved due to human influence and the changing perception of healthy foods, noting how many foods are marketed based on these perceptions, creating billion-dollar markets. He touched upon the historical belief linking saturated fats to cardiovascular disease, which recent research has challenged. The reporter found Mann's presentation thought-provoking and energetic.

Dr. Ted Schick, a professor of Philosophy, discussed The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

Reported by Steven Miller, this talk by Dr. Ted Schick, a professor of Philosophy at Muhlenberg University, addressed 'The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence.' The discussion covered the definition of AI, the evolution of machine learning, its potential threat to human existence, and its implications. Schick presented views from Elon Musk, Bill Gates, and Stephen Hawking regarding AI's risks. He highlighted advancements like the Alpha Go program and Saudi Arabia granting citizenship to a robot. A key point was the concept of a 'functional ethics test' for AI. The reporter noted that Dr. Schick seemed to believe machine learning poses a significant risk to human existence. The section also mentions the book 'How to Think About Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age' by Theodore Schick Jr. and Lewis Vaughn.

Why We Mustn't "Believe In" Science by Paul Schlueter III

This article explores the conflict between science and religion. Schlueter argues that science operates on doubt and evidence, while religion relies on faith and dogma. He criticizes fundamentalist Christians who seek to impose their interpretation of the Bible on civic law, viewing it as a threat to a tolerant society. The article contrasts the provisional nature of science, which embraces revision based on new evidence, with the absolute certainty claimed by 'True Believers.' It highlights that science requires expertise and continuous learning, whereas belief requires no special education. The author contends that while individuals can be both scientists and believers, they must not confuse personal faith with scientific practicality, citing examples like Sir Isaac Newton and a genetic botanist who was also a Jehovah's Witness. The article emphasizes that science has no room for declarations of faith and that knowledge increases through the willingness to correct errors and embrace new questions.

Marzipan Quixote by Albert Fried-Cassorla

This piece describes a "Marzipan Quixote" encountered in a Toledo shop, made from 600 kilos of marzipan by the "Maestros confiteros del Obrador Santo Tomé." The author, Albert Fried-Cassorla, an Adjunct Professor of English, playwright, and poet, admired its craftsmanship and demeanor. He humorously asks the marzipan Quixote about his companion, to which it replies, "I await my halvah Sancho Panza."

Wagner Free Institute of Science Events

This section lists upcoming lectures and courses at the Wagner Free Institute of Science in Philadelphia. Events include talks on 'Treading on Toxicity: The Science, History, & Implications of Philadelphia's Lead Soil Contamination' by Dr. Cynthia Hall, 'The Real Dirt: The Science Behind Soil' by Professor Karen Snetselaar, 'New Topics in Contemporary Physics' by Professor Paul J. Angiolillo, 'The Biochemistry of your Medicine Cabinet' by Professor Joseph B. Rucker, 'Macroevolution and the History of Life' by Professor Jason Downs, and 'Splendor in the Grasses: A Natural History of the Plant Family Poaceae' by Professor Jordan Teisher. All lectures and courses are free and open to the public.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical examination of knowledge, belief systems, and their societal implications. There's a strong emphasis on the scientific method, characterized by doubt, evidence, and revision, contrasted with faith-based belief systems that often demand absolute certainty. The magazine appears to champion critical thinking, intellectual rigor, and the importance of distinguishing between scientific understanding and personal conviction. The editorial stance seems to favor a rational, evidence-based approach to understanding the world, while acknowledging the complexities and conflicts that arise when science intersects with politics, religion, and societal beliefs. There's a clear concern about the erosion of trust in science and the potential dangers of anti-intellectualism and the imposition of dogma.

This issue of *Phactum* magazine, dated January/February/March 2018, features a cover story titled "Where Is The Ghost?" by Paul Schlueter III. The magazine also includes a comprehensive "PhACT Calendar" listing numerous upcoming events in the Philadelphia area.

"Where Is The Ghost?" by Paul Schlueter III

The lead article, "Where Is The Ghost?", by Paul Schlueter III, delves into the science fiction film "The Ghost in the Shell." The author expresses his enjoyment of the movie, likening it to "a Blade Runner for the 'teens." The film's premise involves a cyborg protagonist whose human brain is housed in an artificial body. A key element explored is the idea that the brain is the seat of human memory, mind, and "ghost," which the author interprets as living human "spirit" rather than a supernatural phenomenon. The article highlights the film's emphasis on memory being tied to the physical brain matter, even when technological means are used to "wipe" inconvenient memories.

Schlueter contrasts the film's portrayal with real neuroscience, noting that while memories have a physical manifestation (likely electrochemical signatures), their exact cellular-scale workings are not fully understood. He points out that creating false memories or distorting existing ones appears easier than deleting them, and that human memory, despite its flaws, is persistent.

The article critiques the film's central quote, "We cling to memories as if they define us, but what we do defines us," calling it a fallacy. The author argues that deeds are the result of brain decisions, which are ultimately dependent on memory. Without memory, decision-making and conscious action would be impossible, except for reflexes and genetic instincts. Therefore, the article posits that we are defined by our memories, making them essential for retaining our sense of self and guiding our actions.

The essay extends the discussion to the implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI). It notes the rapid advancements in AI, including neuro-control of prosthetics and conceptual thought scanners. The author raises concerns about the potential for AI to surpass human capabilities and the societal implications of such developments, particularly in areas like self-driving vehicles, autonomous drones, and cyberwarfare.

Furthermore, the article touches upon legal and ethical considerations related to juvenile culpability, referencing the developing understanding of adolescent brain development and its impact on decision-making and emotional control. It also briefly mentions the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to manipulate human neurology.

The piece concludes by reflecting on the nature of identity, suggesting that while our memories shape our internal sense of self, society defines us by our deeds. It questions whether greater knowledge of neurology will enable us to edit memories for behavioral improvement or if external forces will dictate our actions.

PhACT Calendar

The "PhACT Calendar" section provides a detailed listing of upcoming events from January to March 2018, primarily focused on science, history, and culture in the Philadelphia area. These events include lectures, discussions, and tours hosted by various institutions such as the Community College of Philadelphia, The Franklin Institute, the Free Library of Philadelphia, Laurel Hill Cemetery, and the Chemical Heritage Foundation.

Notable events listed include:

• Lectures on Physics and Cosmology: Featuring Paul Halpern discussing "The Quantum Labyrinth."
• Historical Talks: Including discussions on Thomas Jefferson, the American Revolution, and the Southern Campaign of the Revolutionary War.
• Science Talks: Covering topics like maritime archaeology, lead contamination in Philadelphia, and the science behind the film "The Ghost in the Shell."
• Astronomy Events: Such as "Night Skies at the Joel M. Bloom Observatory."
• Cultural Events: Including tours of Laurel Hill Cemetery and discussions on race, justice, and women in politics.

Many events are free and open to the public, though some require registration or have a suggested donation or ticket cost.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine appears to cater to a scientifically curious and intellectually engaged audience, with a strong emphasis on skepticism and critical thinking, as suggested by the "PhACT" branding and the "Skeptics Around Philadelphia" section. The editorial stance seems to encourage in-depth analysis of complex topics, bridging popular culture (like "The Ghost in the Shell") with scientific and philosophical inquiry. There is a clear interest in the intersection of technology, neuroscience, human behavior, and societal implications. The extensive event calendar indicates a commitment to fostering community engagement with these subjects through public lectures and discussions.

Title: Phactum
Issue: January/February/March 2018
Publisher: Philadelphia Association for Critical Thinking
Document Type: Magazine Issue

This issue of Phactum, the quarterly publication of the Philadelphia Association for Critical Thinking, focuses on a diverse array of lectures, events, and discussions scheduled for the early months of 2018, primarily in the Philadelphia area. The content highlights a commitment to exploring history, science, culture, and critical thinking through public engagement.

Featured Events and Lectures

Women's History Month and Historical Figures

The magazine announces a Women's History Month program at Laurel Hill Cemetery on Saturday, March 24, 2018, honoring notable women buried there. The tour, guided by Colleen Rumpf, will conclude with a toast to influential women. Another historical figure featured is Allen McLane, a participant in the Revolutionary War, who will be portrayed by Tom Welch on Monday, March 26, 2018, at Scoogi's Italian Kitchen & Bar.

Historical Perspectives and National Issues

Edward Lengel, military historian and author of "George Washington: A Military Life," will discuss "First Entrepreneur: How George Washington Built His – and the Nation's – Prosperity" on Monday, April 9, 2018, at National Mechanics. Timothy Snyder, a renowned historian, will present "The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America" on Monday, April 9, 2018, at the Free Library of Philadelphia. Madeleine Albright, former Secretary of State, will discuss "Fascism: A Warning" on Wednesday, April 11, 2018, at the Free Library of Philadelphia.

Science and Environmental Discussions

The issue highlights several science-related events. "Water, Water Everywhere" will be explored on Tuesday, April 10, 2018, at The Franklin Institute, featuring Penn researchers discussing global water issues, trade, and the Flint, Michigan crisis. The Penn Science Café on Tuesday, April 10, 2018, at World Cafe Live, will feature Bethany Wiggin and Nikhil Anand discussing environmental humanities and anthropology. The Searchlight Series at Eastern State Penitentiary on Tuesday, April 3, 2018, will address contemporary corrections issues.

Astronomy and Observational Events

"Night Skies at the Observatory" is scheduled for Tuesday, April 10, 2018, at The Franklin Institute, offering stargazing activities with Chief Astronomer Derrick Pitts. The Rittenhouse Astronomical Society will host monthly astronomy lectures at The Franklin Institute's Fels Planetarium throughout April, May, and June 2018. A "PhACT Expedition" to Laurel Hill Cemetery is also planned for Saturday, May 19, 2018.

Military History and Civil War

On Monday, April 30, 2018, Robert E. Sheridan will present on "General Daniel Morgan" at Scoogi's Italian Kitchen & Bar. A ceremony to dedicate a new information panel honoring the United States Colored Troops (USCT) buried at Philadelphia National Cemetery will take place on Saturday, April 21, 2018.

Philosophical and Cultural Topics

Nelson Rivera will discuss "Darwin and Divinity" on Tuesday, April 17, 2018, at The Franklin Institute. The PhACT Lecture on Saturday, April 21, 2018, will feature Rob Brotherton discussing "Hip Hop and the Illuminati." Baron Steuben, the Prussian military officer who trained the Continental Army, will be discussed by Bill Troppman on Tuesday, May 1, 2018, at Washington Memorial Chapel.

Philadelphia Area Lecture Host Websites

Page 43 provides a comprehensive list of institutions and organizations hosting lectures and events in the Philadelphia area, along with their website addresses. This includes the Academy of Natural Sciences, American Philosophical Society, Eastern State Penitentiary, The Franklin Institute, Free Library of Philadelphia, Freethought Society, Friends of Valley Forge, Humanist Association of Greater Philadelphia, Institute for Science and Religion, University of Pennsylvania Museum, and Wagner Free Institute of Science, among others. The listing emphasizes that it may be incomplete and encourages readers to contact the Phactum editor with any corrections or additions.

Support and Policy Information

Page 4 of the magazine includes information on supporting PhACT through annual membership ($15 for regular, $10 for students) and donations. It also outlines the policy for article use, stating that materials originating in Phactum may be reprinted by groups recognized in CSI's international network of skeptics organizations, with proper credit to the author and PhACT. Permission from PhACT is required for other publications, and permission from the original publisher is needed for articles from other sources.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Phactum revolve around the promotion of critical thinking, scientific inquiry, and historical understanding. The publication serves as a platform for disseminating information about a wide range of lectures and events, encouraging public participation in intellectual and cultural activities. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, skepticism towards unsubstantiated claims, and a commitment to evidence-based reasoning, as exemplified by the Sherlock Holmes quote on the final page: "It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts."