Phactum - 2014 10 - October

Magazine Overview

Phactum, the newsletter and anti-woo woo organ of the Philadelphia Association for Critical Thinking, presents its October/November/December 2014 issue. Edited by Ray Haupt and with Wes Powers as webmaster, the publication features a cover story on the 1914 Philadelphia Athletics baseball team, who were the first to lose the World Series in a four-game shutout against the Boston Braves.

Historical Context and World War I

The issue delves into historical events, juxtaposing the baseball season with the grim realities of World War I. It notes the commencement of the Battle of Armentières in France on October 13, 1914, and the broader troop movements in France and Belgium. A poignant detail is the mention of a young Adolf Hitler serving as a private in the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment, who was decorated for bravery. The issue also highlights the extraordinary informal Christmas truce of December 24, 1914, where soldiers on opposing sides conversed and exchanged goods, a temporary lull in hostilities that was soon resumed.

Upcoming PhACT Events

The publication details upcoming events hosted by PhACT. Dr. David Cattell, Chairman of the Physics Department at Community College of Philadelphia, hosts monthly meetings. On October 18, 2014, Professor Barry Vacker of Temple University discussed his book "The End of the World Again: Why the Apocalypse Meme Replicates in Media, Science, and Culture." On November 15, 2014, Professor Ted Schick of Muhlenberg College lectured on "Neuroethics: the Perils and Potential of Brain Science," exploring the ethical implications of advances in neuroscience, genetics, and the ability to alter brain structure.

Book Reviews and Features

Several books are featured or reviewed. Barry Vacker's "The End of the World Again" is presented, exploring apocalyptic themes in culture. Ted Schick and Lewis Vaughn's "How to Think about Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age" is also highlighted, offering a guide to evaluating claims and beliefs. Robin Wilson's "Four Colors Suffice: How the Map Problem Was Solved" is discussed in the context of mathematical conundrums, tracing the history of the four-color theorem.

PhACT Expeditions and Folklore

The issue announces a PhACT Expedition to the Mullica River on May 16, 2015, focusing on the folklore of the Jersey Devil. The expedition, guided by Don Nigroni, will explore traditions related to the creature and the history of the Pine Barrens. The article references historical accounts of encounters with the Jersey Devil and the Rosicrucian presence in Philadelphia, including Kelpius' Cave and pyramids built by the order.

Letters to the Editor and Reader Contributions

Howard J. Wilk contributes several pieces, including reflections on the Ship of Theseus paradox, the work of Henry Ford, and a personal anecdote about a 'Jesus fish' key ring. He also discusses the unexpected connection between Alfred Bray Kempe's work on drawing straight lines and the four-color map theorem. The "Letters to the Editor" section encourages reader participation, inviting submissions on topics such as human evolution, free energy, alternative medicine, and paranormal phenomena, with a particular interest in revealing quackery related to the Ebola epidemic.

Science and Health Updates

Paul Schlueter III provides an update on the fight against malaria, detailing the growing resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to the drug artemisinin, particularly in Cambodia. He emphasizes the importance of completing full courses of prescribed medication to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains, drawing parallels to the rise of MRSA and measles.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes critical thinking, skepticism towards unsubstantiated claims ('woo woo'), and an interest in science, history, and philosophy. The editorial stance encourages open discussion and the examination of complex issues, from the ethics of neuroscience to the interpretation of folklore and historical events. The publication appears to be a platform for intellectual exploration and a space for readers to engage with diverse and sometimes unconventional topics.

This issue of Phactum, dated October/November/December 2014, features a diverse range of articles covering health, societal issues, scientific research, and natural history.

Malaria

The issue begins with an in-depth look at malaria, identifying *Plasmodium falciparum* as the most common and deadliest parasite, transmitted by the *Anopheles* mosquito. It details the global impact, citing World Health Organization statistics from 2012 showing 207 million cases and 627,000 deaths, with a significant portion affecting children under five. The article traces malaria's history in the New World, its introduction via African slaves, and its presence in historical events, including its potential impact on the outcome of the Revolutionary War. It also mentions historical figures believed to have succumbed to malaria, such as Alexander the Great, Ghengis Khan, and Dante. The role of cinchona bark, native to Peru and known as Jesuit's bark, as a source of quinine for treatment is highlighted, referencing its use in 18th-century Philadelphia and its historical significance.

Ebola

Following the discussion on malaria, the magazine addresses the contemporary Ebola scare, describing it as a rare and deadly disease caused by Ebola virus strains. It outlines the five identified species, four of which cause disease in humans. The article notes that Ebola viruses are found in several African countries, with the first discovery near the Ebola River in 1976. The natural reservoir host remains unknown, but bats are suspected. Symptoms of Ebola are listed, including fever, headache, muscle pain, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, and hemorrhage, noting their similarity to malaria symptoms but with greater severity. The piece expresses interest in observing the disease's containment and anticipates an influx of misinformation and unfounded cures.

Multilevel Marketing (MLM)

An article by Dr. John M. Taylor analyzes complaints filed with the FTC regarding multilevel marketing firms. The report highlights common issues such as "channel stuffing," overpricing, exaggerated health claims, and high churn rates, indicating widespread deceptive practices. Taylor characterizes MLM as an inherently flawed business model, driven by exaggerated income claims and a pay plan that heavily favors those at the top, leading to a high dropout rate for the majority of participants. The FTC's limited resources to prosecute these firms are noted, along with consumer anger and the agency's exemption of MLMs from certain regulations.

Meeting Reports - September 2014

This section features reports from students at the Community College of Philadelphia on lectures and presentations.

Back Off, Man I'm A Scientist

Reports by George Oster, Zachary Hughes, Sophia Mayne-DeLuca, and Teweldeberhan Misghina cover a lecture by Dr. Paul Brewer of the University of Delaware. Brewer's research focuses on how media messages influence public perception of paranormal research and phenomena. Studies discussed include how the use of scientific jargon and "advanced" tools by paranormal investigators can enhance their perceived legitimacy. Surprisingly, Brewer's research suggests that a scientific rebuttal from an actual scientist can negate this perceived legitimacy, and treating paranormal activity as a joke can be as effective as a scientific rebuttal. The research also indicates that media can influence belief in ghosts, haunted houses, and ESP, with one study showing that participants who read a psychologist's report asserting ESP as real were more likely to believe in it than those who read a scientist's rebuke or humorous rejection.

The Wagner Free Institute of Science

This section details upcoming events and courses at the Wagner Free Institute of Science in Philadelphia for Fall 2014. Events include a Philadelphia Lantern Slide Salon, a Family Open House with animal costumes, and a presentation on the photographic physiognomy of Hugh Welch Diamond. A "Sip of Science" event honoring Dr. Peter Dodson for his work on dinosaurs is also announced. Adult education courses cover "Extinction: Life on Earth and Human Impact," "Beyond Ben: Science, Technology, & Medicine in Philadelphia, 1700-1900," and a field course on "Fall Flora of Fairmount Park." The institute's mission to provide free educational experiences for school children is emphasized, supported by endowments, grants, and donations.

Off the Beaten Path: Fire on the Plains

This article by Kim A. Sheridan explores the unique ecosystem of the pygmy pine forests in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. It explains that unlike typical forests, these pitch pine forests are dependent on frequent fires for their existence. The pygmy pines, which grow to only 4-12 feet tall, have serotinous cones that require high temperatures from fires to open and disperse seeds. The article contrasts this with taller pitch pines whose cones open at lower temperatures. Fire suppression has led to the encroachment of taller trees and poses a threat to this rare ecosystem. The author provides practical advice for visiting the pygmy pine plains, including driving on sandy roads and safety precautions.

Whatchu Mean I'm WRONG?

Paul Schlueter III discusses the human tendency, particularly among males, to resist being told they are wrong, linking it to testosterone and adolescent behavior. The article suggests a correlation between truncated education and a belligerent response to correction. It posits that the way children are first corrected for mistakes significantly impacts their development, distinguishing between punishment and a more positive approach that emphasizes learning. The author advocates for educators to desensitize children to being called "wrong" and to foster an environment where learning and collaboration are prioritized. The piece also touches upon the use of technology in education to keep students engaged and the importance of fostering a supportive learning environment where students can learn from each other.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue include the critical examination of health issues (malaria, Ebola), the analysis of flawed economic models (MLM), the influence of media and science on public perception (paranormal research), and the importance of effective education and critical thinking. The magazine appears to adopt a skeptical and analytical stance, encouraging readers to question information, understand historical contexts, and approach subjects with a scientific and critical mindset. The editorial also solicits articles related to pseudoscience, quackery, and medical fraud, indicating a strong stance against such practices.

Phactum, October/November/December 2014 issue.

Guitars for Everyone by Paul Schlueter III

This extensive article delves into the fascinating world of guitars, tracing their history and evolution. It begins by establishing the guitar's lineage from ancient instruments like the Lyre and harps, noting that builders are still called 'luthiers.' The article highlights the development of the guitar through centuries, influenced by various builders and players experimenting with string numbers and tunings. The Classical Orchestral period saw the emergence of the viol family, related to the guitar but primarily used for classical music. The introduction of frets, thin metal strips pressed into the neck, made playing notes accurately much easier, a feature absent in instruments like the viol.

The article explains the mathematical basis of fret spacing, related to the Even Tempered Scale, and speculates on how early luthiers achieved this precision. It then focuses on the 'Classical guitar,' an acoustic instrument with a design heavily influenced by Spanish builders, characterized by a wide neck and 'ladder bracing.' Historically, these guitars used gut strings, which were low tension and easy on the fingertips but produced low volume. Today, nylon strings are common, though still referred to as 'catgut.' Classical guitarists are noted for their advanced techniques, including right-hand finger plucking and sight-reading musical notation, a skill often lacking in other guitarists.

The piece discusses the public's embrace of the guitar, partly due to its ease of learning. The standardization of tuning (E, A, D, G, B, E) and the versatility of chord playing contributed to its popularity. The need for louder instruments led to the development of steel strings and adapted guitar designs in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This shift necessitated stronger bracing, leading to the 'X-brace' and the development of 'archtop' guitars. The 'Dreadnought' body style, named after a WWI battleship, became the most common acoustic guitar type.

The article then explores the Hawaiian guitar, which evolved into the steel guitar or lap steel, played horizontally with a bar or rod. This instrument's sound became characteristic of Classic Country music. A significant innovation that emerged from steel guitars was the magnetic pickup, which converts string vibrations into an electrical current.

The development of electric guitars is detailed, starting with single-coil pickups that were susceptible to electromagnetic interference. The invention of 'humbucking' pickups, using dual matched coils, reduced interference and produced a deeper tone. Modern electric guitars come in various shapes, sizes, and materials, with iconic models like the Les Paul, SG, Stratocaster, and Telecaster mentioned. Some electric guitars feature 'active electronics' for increased volume and tonal versatility.

While purists may resist electrifying acoustic guitars, optional pickups are now common. Piezo-electric pickups, using crystals that emit voltage when stressed, are widely used in 'acoustic-electric' guitars. These guitars retain their resonant bodies and can be played acoustically, but are prone to feedback when amplified. The article notes that electric guitars are the volume leaders, capable of producing loud, clean tones or distorted sounds through overdrive and clipping.

Special effects for electric guitars, such as Reverb, Chorus, Wah-Wah, Tremolo/Vibrato, Echo/Delay, and Pan, are also discussed. The 'talk box' is described as a device that sends amplified guitar sound into the player's mouth for vocal manipulation.

The article touches upon bass guitars, baritone guitars, and 12-string guitars, each with unique tuning and tonal characteristics. Harp guitars, with an extra body arch for drone strings, are also mentioned. The unique tone of National Resophonic guitars, associated with Delta Blues and Cajun music, is highlighted.

Regarding purchasing guitars, the article suggests that stage-worthy instruments typically range from $400-$500 for entry-level models to $1,000-$7,500 for professional instruments, with vintage or collectible guitars potentially reaching $1 Million. The article mentions C.F. Martin Guitar Co. in Nazareth, Pennsylvania, as a renowned manufacturer of acoustic guitars.

Finally, the article provides information about Paul Schlueter III, the author, describing him as a guitarist, songwriter, and performer with extensive experience. It directs readers to his website for more information and free downloads of his music and book.

Book Review: DNA USA: A Genetic Portrait of America by Bryan Sykes

This section reviews Bryan Sykes' book 'DNA USA,' which explores the genetic heritage of Americans. The reviewer notes that Sykes, after researching the genetic heritage of the British Isles, turned his attention to the USA. The book details Sykes' road trip across America, where he tested volunteers and gathered stories about how Americans relate to genetics.

The review highlights the complex relationship Native Americans have with geneticists, stemming from DNA evidence that contradicts their origin beliefs and past abuses of trust. African Americans have mixed emotions, seeing genetic testing as a way to connect with their African heritage but also suspecting eugenics due to historical medical screening issues.

European Americans also show mixed reactions, with the discovery that many Southern whites carry 'Black' DNA, and Sykes himself displaying a mix of African, Native American/Asian DNA. The book's central message is that these distinctions are less important than the fact that people with blended ancestries are healthy and functional. Sykes' narrative style is praised for being educational, engaging, and humane, making complex science accessible.

The book also introduces scientists, academics, and businesspeople involved in studying the American genome. It is recommended for family genealogists, students, and anyone interested in human connection and shared identity.

PhACT Calendar

This section provides a detailed calendar of events hosted by PhACT (The Philadelphia Area Center for the History of Science) and other related organizations in the Philadelphia area from October 2014 to May 2015. Events include lectures, talks, and expeditions covering a wide range of topics:

• October 18, 2014: Professor Barry Vacker discusses his book "The End of the World Again: Why the Apocalypse Meme Replicates in Media, Science, and Culture."
• November 15, 2014: Ted Schick discusses "Neuroethics: the Perils and Potential of Brain Science."
• January 17, 2015 - May 16, 2015: Various TBA events, including a PhACT Expedition to the Mullica River to search for the Jersey Devil.

Other listed events include:

• October 7, 2014: Searching for the Continental Powder Works on French Creek.
• October 7, 2014: "NEURO-ECONOMICS: DECISION-MAKING AND THE BRAIN" talk.
• October 8, 2014: Philadelphia Lantern Slide Salon.
• October 8, 2014: "The End of the World Again" lecture at Fels Planetarium.
• October 8, 2014: Philadelphia Nerd Nite.
• October 9, 2014: "Night Skies in the Observatory" stargazing event.
• October 9, 2014: "OVER MY DEAD BODY: MURDER MYSTERY IN THE CEMETERY" performance.
• October 16, 2014: "Bite My Paintings": A Conversation with Two Roberts.
• October 16, 2014: Brown Bag Lecture: Strategies for the Management of Traditional Cultural Properties: A Navajo Perspective.
• October 17-18, 2014: SOUL CRAWL: HAUNTED HALLOWEEN HISTORY TOURS.
• October 18, 2014: PhACT Lecture by Professor Barry Vacker.
• October 18, 2014: Family Open House - Animals in Costumes!
• October 19, 2014: FROM DEUTSCHLAND TO DEADLAND: HISTORIC GERMANS OF LAUREL HILL tour.
• October 20, 2014: Walter Isaacson discusses "The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution."
• October 21, 2014: Brown Bag Lecture: "The European Air Chemistry Network and the Construction of a 'Global' Climate."
• October 21, 2014: PENN LIGHTBULB CAFÉ: "Ancient Divination and Modern Intuition: A Cognitive History."
• October 23, 2014: Mega-Bad Movie Night: The Lost World.

The PhACT Calendar is open to submissions from members and non-members for events of general interest within a reasonable radius of Philadelphia. Phactum does not accept paid advertising.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Phactum demonstrates a strong interest in the intersection of culture, history, science, and technology. The lead article on guitars showcases a deep dive into the history and technical aspects of a popular musical instrument, reflecting a desire to understand and appreciate cultural artifacts. The book review on "DNA USA" highlights themes of identity, heritage, and the scientific exploration of human origins, aligning with an interest in critical thinking and understanding complex societal issues. The extensive event calendar for the Philadelphia area indicates a commitment to promoting scientific and cultural engagement within the community, covering diverse topics from astronomy and history to neuroscience and genetics. The publication appears to maintain a stance that values intellectual curiosity, critical inquiry, and the dissemination of knowledge across various disciplines.

This issue of Phactum, published by the Philadelphia Association for Critical Thinking (PhACT), covers events scheduled for October, November, and December 2014. The magazine serves as the primary propaganda organ for PhACT, aiming to promote critical thinking and provide information on a wide range of engaging and educational topics.

Featured Events and Lectures

The issue details a comprehensive calendar of events hosted by various institutions in Philadelphia and surrounding areas. These include lectures, workshops, tours, and special presentations.

History and Culture

Several events delve into historical topics. The General Meade Birthday Celebration commemorates the 199th anniversary of General George G. Meade's birth, featuring a parade, a 21-gun salute, and a reception. Laurel Hill Cemetery hosts a series of tours, including "Hot Spots and Storied Plots," exploring the cemetery's history and notable figures, and "The Face of Laurel Hill Cemetery," focusing on its sculptures and the stories they represent. The American Revolution Round Table of Philadelphia presents talks on historical figures and events, such as William Kidder on "A People Harrassed and Exhausted on the 1st Hunterdon County Militia" and Christian McBurney on his book "Kidnapping the Enemy." Friends of Valley Forge Park offers talks on the Revolutionary War, including "The Forging of American Independence, 1774-1776" by Richard R. Beeman and "My Dear': Officers' Letters from Valley Forge" by Nancy K. Loane. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia hosts lectures on historical medical topics, such as "Domestic Exhalations and Pestilential Fevers: Philadelphia's Search for a Yellow Fever Cure" and "The Samuel X Radbill Lecture: 'Oliver Wendell Holmes, Philadelphia, and the Spirit of Skepticism.'" The University of Pennsylvania Museum features the "Great Wonders Lecture Series," with talks like "Monumental Grandeur of the Mississippi Valley" by Megan Kassabaum and "Searching for the Hanging Gardens of Babylon" by Grant Frame.

Science and Astronomy

Scientific topics are well-represented. The Rittenhouse Astronomical Society holds monthly meetings at the Fels Planetarium, offering astronomy lectures open to the general public. The Franklin Institute hosts "Night Skies in the Joel N. Bloom Observatory," a monthly stargazing event. Science on Tap gatherings at National Mechanics feature brief presentations by scientists followed by conversation, covering diverse topics. The Chemical Heritage Foundation offers "Brown Bag Lectures" on various scientific subjects, including "Molecules in Biology before Molecular Biology," "Population Boom: Warfare, Fertilizers, and the Chemicalization of American Agriculture," and "Chemicals across Borders: Customs Laboratories, Law, and Fraud." The Wagner Free Institute of Science presents "Diagnosis, Madness: The Photographic Physiognomy of Hugh Welch Diamond" and "A Sip of Science" honoring Dr. Peter Dodson for his work on dinosaurs and vertebrate paleontology.

Philosophy and Neuroscience

Philosophical and neuroscientific discussions are also prominent. Danielle Allen delivers a lecture and reception on "Our Declaration" at the American Philosophical Society, focusing on equality in the Declaration of Independence. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia hosts a "Let's Talk About Your Brain" series, exploring neuroscience and society, including discussions on violent behavior. The PhACT Lecture series includes a talk on "Neuroethics: the Perils and Potential of Brain Science" by Ted Schick.

Other Events

Other events include "Philadelphia Nerd Nite," offering science discussions in a casual setting, and the "10th ANNUAL GRAVEDIGGERS' BALL," a fundraiser for Laurel Hill Cemetery. The Penn Science Café hosts discussions on topics like "Why Did Early Humans Domesticate Wolves?"

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Phactum strongly emphasizes the importance of critical thinking, scientific inquiry, and historical understanding. The Philadelphia Association for Critical Thinking (PhACT) actively promotes engagement with intellectual and cultural events within the community. The publication itself serves as a platform for disseminating information about these events and encouraging participation. The editorial stance is one of promoting accessible education and fostering a community interested in diverse fields of knowledge, from the sciences and history to philosophy and the arts. The inclusion of events from various institutions highlights a commitment to interdisciplinary exploration and public engagement with complex ideas.

The magazine also includes practical information for readers, such as membership details for PhACT, subscription options, and contact information for the editor. The "Policy For Article Use" section clarifies the terms under which content from Phactum can be reprinted. The issue concludes with a quote from Charlie Chan, suggesting a philosophical perspective on the significance of seemingly small or overlooked matters.