Perspectivas - No 06 (Sep 1995)

Magazine Overview

Title: Perspectivas Ufológicas
Issue: 6
Volume: 2
Date: September 1995

This issue of Perspectivas Ufológicas, published by SOMIE, focuses heavily on Mexican ufology and the critical analysis of UFO films. The magazine adopts a stance that emphasizes rationality and scientific inquiry within the field, cautioning against irrational interpretations and the dismissal of critical viewpoints.

Editorial: The Critical Eye

The editorial, titled 'Editorial,' directly addresses the criticism leveled against those who advocate for rational explanations in ufology. It highlights Robert Sheaffer's observation that in some ufological circles, rationality and reason are feared. The editors argue that believers often label rationalists as enemies and question the alternative: irrationality or arrationality. They assert that if a UFO case can be explained parsimoniously, including potential fraud, it should be, rather than jumping to conclusions about extraterrestrial or paradimensional beings. The piece criticizes some ufologists, including Jacques Vallée and Hilary Evans, for blurring the lines between imagination and reality. It also notes the tendency for ufologists to close ranks when attacked by skeptics like Philip Klass, regardless of the case's irrationality. The true enemy, according to the editorial, is not science or reason, but the conspiratorial mindset that clings to unsubstantiated beliefs, such as those promoted by Billy Meier.

Perspectiva: Fundación Anomalía

This section, authored by José Ruesga Montiel, discusses the establishment of 'Fundación Anomalía' in Spain. This non-profit legal entity, formed by veterans and young ufologists, aims to promote rational and scientific analysis of UFO phenomena, explore related phenomena, study their socio-cultural influence, preserve archives, and offer research grants. The foundation is positioned as the first European organization for UFO research and seeks documentary and economic support from the ufological community. It encourages Mexican colleagues to join this Hispanic initiative.

El Ojo Crítico: A Critical Look at Benito Manuel Carballal

Authored by Luis Ruiz Noguez, this article critically examines the work of ufologist Benito Manuel Carballal. Noguez points out Carballal's persistent ortographic and grammatical errors, suggesting that his ability to write coherently is questionable, despite appearing in more mainstream publications where editors likely correct his work. The article critiques Carballal's publication, 'El Ojo Critico' (EOC), accusing him of sensationalism and credulity while adopting a pseudocritical stance. Noguez argues that Carballal's attempts to present himself as a rational critic are undermined by his underlying credulity, particularly his potential to alienate fellow believers by suggesting extraterrestrials might not exist.

Dossier: Ufología Mexicana

This extensive dossier delves into various aspects of Mexican ufology.

Filmaciones OVNI: Un ejemplo: 1993 en Italia

Maurizio Verga, translated by Héctor Escobar, analyzes a series of UFO films from Italy in 1993. The article notes that while UFO filming is rare, many cases have prosaic explanations, such as astronomical objects or aircraft. The quality of many films is poor, making analysis difficult. Verga suggests that apparent anomalous movements are often due to camera instability or the filming of objects suspended by threads. He also points out that many films, especially those from the 1950s and 60s, were likely made using models. The article discusses the economic motivations behind some UFO filming, where 'proof' is presented to enthusiasts. It highlights the evolution of filmed objects from structured, solid craft to more luminous, undefined phenomena, possibly reflecting a growing public awareness and desire to capture UFOs. Verga concludes that many films are likely misidentifications of common objects like stars, planets, or aircraft, influenced by cultural conditioning. Those producing films for profit often depict stereotypical 'flying saucers' to meet expectations.

Some Considerations

This section discusses the quantitative increase in UFO films, paralleling the rise of amateur videography. It notes a scarcity of films from North America in the 1950s, followed by an explosion from the 1960s onwards, especially with the advent of video cameras. The article suggests that the evolution of filmed objects reflects changing perceptions of UFOs. It also touches upon the difficulty of producing credible 'trick' footage, leading some contactees to rely on videos, often with excuses like 'I'm not allowed to film the pilot.' The author cautions against automatically equating the rarity of a film with its authenticity, noting that conventional events can be made to appear strange through video manipulation or camera effects like autofocus.

The Italian Example

Italian UFO film cases represent less than 5% of the PHOTOCAT project's data. The article notes that many films from the 1950s and 60s are unavailable, and some filmmakers now demand money for their footage, raising credibility issues. Table 1 provides a summary of Italian cases with video-cinematographic documentation, indicating a significant number of films from 1993. The article attributes this increase to the widespread dissemination of UFO news, which encouraged video enthusiasts to film potentially anomalous aerial phenomena. It mentions that many such sightings are later identified as astronomical objects like Venus, stars, or the Moon, with visual distortions often caused by camera autofocus.

The Cases of '93

Two specific cases from 1993 are detailed:

• June 28, 1993, Messina: Salvatore Centorrimo filmed a bright, star-like object for nine minutes. The analysis concluded it was the planet Venus, with its apparent shape attributed to the camera's autofocus.
• July 14, 1994, Cassolnovo (Pavia): Gino G. filmed a light that exhibited 'sudden movements.' The observation lasted several hours. While initially reported as an anomaly, the analysis suggests it was likely the Moon, with distortions possibly caused by autofocus. The date was refined through investigation.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critical examination of ufological claims, the importance of rational and scientific methodology, and the analysis of photographic and film evidence. The editorial stance is clearly skeptical, advocating for rigorous investigation and cautioning against unsubstantiated beliefs and the embrace of irrationality within the field. The magazine aims to provide a platform for critical discussion and analysis of UFO phenomena, particularly within the Mexican context.

This issue of "Perspectivas Ufológicas" (Ufological Perspectives), Volume 13, Issue 6, published in September 1995, focuses on UFO phenomena, with a significant portion dedicated to the "oleada de 1950" (1950 wave) in Mexico and several video-recorded sightings from Italy in 1993.

Italian UFO Sightings (1993)

The magazine presents several cases from Italy in 1993, primarily based on video evidence. Three filmings from Messina in June 1993 are discussed, showing similar luminous phenomena, initially identified as Venus but with discrepancies. A case from Ora, Bolzano, on July 27, 1993, describes a luminous orange object that changed to red, observed by multiple witnesses and filmed by Roberto Boldi. Another report from Ceranesi, Génova, on September 1, 1993, details a video amateur filming a luminous object that pulsed and rotated before moving rapidly. A sighting on September 2, 1993, in Terracina, Latina, involved a strange light filmed by a local amateur, which was deemed banal with a probable astronomical explanation. Finally, a case from Grugliasco, Torino, on December 5, 1993, describes a small, dark, triangular object rotating in the sky, filmed by an agent named Angelo Galbiati.

The "Comentario final" (Final Commentary) section suggests that the characteristics of these filmed events in 1993 indicate a general banality, with most being indistinguishable lights or exhibiting behavior far from unusual. The long observation and filming periods reinforce hypotheses of astronomical or conventional explanations (like balloons). The article notes that while video evidence is a valuable source for post-event analysis, the Italian cases, with few exceptions, lack exceptional characteristics, making it difficult to exclude conventional explanations.

The 1950 UFO Wave in Mexico

The main article, "La oleada de 1950" by Héctor Escobar S., examines the UFO wave that occurred in Mexico in March 1950. The author conducted an extensive review of newspaper archives, finding that the phenomenon, while widely reported, was not as extensive as initially claimed, with no more than sixty cases identified. The analysis indicates that many of these sightings corresponded to day-lights such as the planet Venus or balloons.

The article traces the origins of the phenomenon's diffusion in Mexico, noting that it lagged behind the 1947 wave in the US. Early reports in Mexican newspapers were often about sightings in the United States. A curious incident in Acapulco on June 28, 1948, involving a strange light, was reported but not initially associated with UFOs, as the topic had not yet gained widespread diffusion in Mexico.

The Casuistry of the 1950 Wave

The wave officially began on March 3, 1950, with a report in "Ultimas Noticias" about an object seen at midday on March 2 in Chihuahua. Witnesses, including an aviation inspector, described a static object at high altitude. Another sighting in Chihuahua on March 3 involved a small luminous point seen by an estimated 85,000 people. Numerous reports followed across Mexico, including sightings in Saltillo, Durango, Irapuato, Pachuca, San Luis Potosí, León, San Pedro, and Culiacán.

Specific incidents detailed include:

• March 8: In Durango, people reported seeing a circular, pocket-watch-sized object with semicircular wings.
• March 9: In Saltillo, students and professors saw an object at high altitude that did not move and disappeared.
• March 11: Two pilots reported a red disc, about 2 meters in diameter, moving at 400 km/h at an altitude of 3500 meters.
• March 13: In Mexico City, a bright object was seen near the airport, described as elliptical and luminous. Later, five similar objects were reported.

Astronomical Explanations and Skepticism

The article highlights the role of astronomers in explaining the sightings. Dr. Luis Enrique Erro, director of the Astronomical Observatory of Tonazintla, suggested that many observations could be attributed to Venus or small Earth satellites. He explained that Venus, visible in the early morning, could appear as a bright object with a phase similar to a crescent moon, and its magnitude (-4.60) made it easily visible at high altitudes.

Figure 1 shows the distribution of UFO reports for March 1950, with a peak on March 11. Figure 3 presents an annual distribution of cases for 1950, totaling 60 reports. Figure 2 is an astronomical map for March 10, 1950, showing the position of Venus.

Several reports were definitively identified as conventional objects. For instance, an object seen on March 13 in Mexico City was identified by Sr. Chávez Almanza as a weather balloon. Another sighting on March 15 was also attributed to a weather balloon. The article notes that the "lunave" reports, which began in August, were likely a hoax initiated by "La Prensa" newspaper, involving descriptions of a "moon-ship" with a golden-clad occupant.

"Un OVNI caído" (A Fallen UFO)

A more sensational report from "Ultimas Noticias" on March 15, 1950, described the alleged crash of a flying object in the sierra of Morones, on the border of Jalisco and Zacatecas. The object was said to have caused a large explosion and was described as metallic, about 8 meters long and 5 meters in diameter. However, the article states this news was never confirmed.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the analysis of UFO video evidence, the challenge of distinguishing genuine anomalous phenomena from misidentifications and hoaxes, and the importance of scientific and astronomical explanations. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical investigation, favoring conventional explanations when evidence supports them, while acknowledging the possibility of genuinely unexplained phenomena. The magazine emphasizes the need for rigorous analysis of evidence, particularly video footage, and highlights the historical context of UFO reporting, such as the 1950 wave in Mexico.

Title: Perspectivas Ufológicas
Issue: 6
Volume: 21
Date: September 1995

This issue of Perspectivas Ufológicas delves into historical UFO (OVNI) sightings in Mexico, focusing on two significant periods: the 1950 'oleada' and the 1965 'flap'. The magazine critically examines journalistic reports, witness testimonies, and potential explanations for these phenomena.

Analysis of the 1950 'Oleada'

The article begins by analyzing the 1950 UFO 'oleada' in Mexico. It notes that while believers claim hundreds or thousands of reports, a rigorous journalistic investigation uncovered only 60 cases. The author questions whether this number qualifies as a true 'oleada', suggesting it might be more accurately described as a 'flap'. The informal nature of Mexican UFO groups at the time is also mentioned. Despite not fully meeting all criteria for an 'oleada', the 1950 phenomenon is acknowledged as a significant increase in UFO reports over a short period (late February to March 26). A distribution chart shows a peak in reports around March 10. The article also notes a few reports from January, February, and August, including one concerning a supposed UFO crash in Zamaloyuca. The territorial distribution of reports is wide, covering 24 out of 31 Mexican states, with most states having only a few cases, though the Federal District (10 reports), Sinaloa, and Coahuila (5 reports each) had higher numbers. The author concludes that the 1950 'oleada' was largely a product of media sensationalism, mass psychology, and publicity, rather than a genuine wave of unexplained phenomena.

The 1965 'Oleada'

The magazine then shifts focus to the 1965 UFO 'oleada', considered by many to be the most significant in Mexico. This event occurred simultaneously with other waves in North and South America, including notable sightings in Argentina, Chile, and Antarctica. The analysis of the 1965 'oleada' also relies heavily on journalistic sources, yielding 84 cases. A key case involves a sighting by J.R. Rico and his assistant on a highway, where they encountered a luminous, disc-shaped object that ascended rapidly. Another significant event reported in the press on July 11 involved numerous sightings of luminous objects in Chilpancingo, Guerrero, between 2:30 and 4:40 AM.

Case Details and Witness Accounts (1965)

Several specific incidents from 1965 are detailed:

• Object on the Highway: A luminous, plastic-like object with intermittent red and orange lights was observed hovering over a highway. It ascended rapidly when the witnesses stopped.
• Chilpancingo Sightings: Multiple individuals reported seeing luminous objects moving at high speeds in the sky.
• Oaxaca Sighting (July 16): Approximately 10 people in Ixtepec witnessed a flying object emitting an orange light that changed to blue.
• Salamanca, Guanajuato (August 7): A UFO was reported descending near a population, but no trace was found.
• Mexico City (August 17): Residents reported an object ascending and descending, emitting a strange hum.
• Tijuana (August 22): Four people camping reported seeing a luminous figure in the sky with a balancing motion.
• Mexico City (September 5): Numerous residents reported seeing several objects crossing the sky in yellowish light.
• Acapulco (September 7): Hundreds reported a luminous object illuminating the sea.
• Mexico City (September 10): Three women reported seeing tall, gray-clad beings with red eyes.
• San Luis Potosí (September 11): Farmers and a lawyer witnessed a cigar-shaped flying object.
• Puebla (September 22): A large number of witnesses saw a mushroom-shaped, gray object descend into an unpopulated area before ascending again.
• Veracruz (September 22): Farmers reported a strange object that took off with loud noise and vibration, leaving behind flattened and burned grass.
• Mexico City (September 23): A supposed UFO sighting caused traffic jams. The object was described as triangular, lamp-like, and multi-colored.
• Mexico City (September 24): Three flying objects were sighted in formation at the airport and photographed.
• Mexico City (September 28): Architect Germán Malvido reported seeing a saucer-shaped object, first triangular and then in the shape of two cones, which emitted a blue light and a luminous halo before a power outage.
• Puerto Nuevo, Baja California (September 23): Four objects were seen moving erratically, emitting bright lights.

Explanations and Misidentifications

The article frequently discusses potential misidentifications. The 1950 'oleada' sightings were often confused with the planet Venus, especially during daylight hours when Venus is visible. The 1965 sightings are also attributed to various conventional explanations, including satellites (like ECO), weather balloons launched from Veracruz and Mexico City, and even reflections on water. The phenomenon of mass psychology and the desire to see flying saucers are highlighted as contributing factors to the widespread reports and the sensationalism surrounding them.

Conclusion

The issue concludes that many of the reported UFO cases, particularly from the 1950 'oleada', are difficult to classify as truly inexplicable. The author suggests that a combination of media hype, misidentification of common objects and celestial bodies, and psychological factors played a significant role in the perceived 'waves' of UFO activity in Mexico. The article emphasizes the need for rigorous investigation and critical analysis when evaluating such reports.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the analysis of historical UFO waves in Mexico, the critical examination of journalistic reporting on UFOs, the role of media sensationalism, and the prevalence of misidentifications. The editorial stance appears to be one of skepticism towards extraordinary claims, favoring conventional explanations and highlighting the influence of psychological and social factors on UFO reports. The magazine aims to provide a more grounded and analytical perspective on ufology.

Title: Perspectivas Ufológicas
Issue: 6
Volume: 31
Date: September 1995

This issue of Perspectivas Ufológicas delves into UFO waves in Mexico, with a particular focus on the period from 1977 to 1979, and also revisits earlier waves from 1950 and 1965. The magazine explores the evolving public perception of UFOs, the role of mass media, and specific reported incidents.

The 1965 UFO Wave

The article contrasts the 1965 UFO wave with that of 1950, noting that by 1965, UFOs were more integrated into popular culture. The 1965 wave occurred over several months (July-October), with a peak in September, unlike the 1950 wave which was concentrated in March. The data suggests a higher proportion of nocturnal sightings in 1965 compared to 1950, which is attributed to Venus being a primary factor in the earlier wave. The 1965 wave also saw a significant number of distant observations (57% of reports), with a considerable percentage (31%) lacking sufficient data for classification. The influence of mass media and Hollywood films like 'The Day the Earth Stood Still' and Mexican productions are highlighted as contributing factors to the public's understanding and perception of extraterrestrials.

Notable Cases from 1965

• Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz: A 14-year-old girl reported a 7-meter diameter saucer hovering nearby, emitting a whistle and surrounded by bright lights.
• Mexico City: Mr. Glinz observed a transparent, globe-like object on a neighboring rooftop, which later changed color and displayed an opening.

The 1977-1979 UFO Wave

This period in Mexico saw a heightened interest in UFOs, marked by national congresses and numerous publications, including the magazine 'Contactos Extraterrestres.' The release of Steven Spielberg's 'Close Encounters of the Third Kind' in 1978 is identified as a major catalyst, alongside a documentary titled 'Alien Encounter.' This cultural backdrop is seen as contributing to a surge in UFO reports.

Key Incidents from 1977-1978

• April 4, 1977 (Mexico City): Reports of two strange objects, one described as discoidal with a phosphorescent orange underside.
• April 9, 1977 (Mexico-Cuernavaca Highway): A large blue, ellipsoidal object reportedly descended and emitted a ray that froze a patch of ground.
• April 25, 1977 (Jimulco, Coahuila): An object shaped like a 'gas tank' was observed hovering near a high-tension pole, causing a drop in electrical potential.
• June 1977 (Near San Juan Teotihuacan): A family witnessed a white discoidal object and other smaller luminous objects.
• March 31, 1978 (Monterrey): A journalist photographed a luminous object, later suggested to be a cloud reflection.
• July 1978 (San Bartolo, State of Mexico): Witnesses reported an object with yellowish light and long legs hovering over a cornfield.
• March 26, 1978 (Toluca): A luminous object reportedly landed, leaving burn marks on the ground.
• July 22, 1978 (Perote): A man claimed to have been taken aboard a spaceship by beings.

Analysis of UFO Phenomena

The article discusses the integration of UFOs into social mythology and the influence of mass media and popular culture. It notes that many reports from the 1970s were 'sui generis,' suggesting unique characteristics. The influence of films and media is emphasized as a significant factor in shaping public perception and potentially contributing to the number of reported sightings. The article also touches upon the challenge of distinguishing genuine sightings from misidentifications, hoaxes, and natural phenomena.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the historical waves of UFO sightings in Mexico, the impact of media and popular culture on UFOlogy, and the detailed analysis of specific cases. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical examination, acknowledging the cultural significance of UFO phenomena while also considering rational explanations and instances of fraud. The magazine aims to document and analyze these events within their socio-historical context.

This issue of "Perspectivas Ufológicas," number 6, published in September 1995, focuses on UFO phenomena in Mexico, particularly detailing a significant wave of sightings and reports between 1977 and 1979. The "Dossier" section forms the bulk of the content, analyzing various aspects of this period.

The 1977-1979 UFO Wave in Mexico

The issue begins by recounting the case of Anatolio Ríos Cruz, a teenager from Ciudad Nezahualcoyotl who, on November 3, 1978, claimed to have been awakened by a powerful light and received telepathic messages from beings from the "Sherox" or "Xer" constellation. These beings were described as 1.35 meters tall, with a single eye and cat-like retinas, and they warned about nuclear weapons. Ríos also reported writing strange signs. Investigators considered his case potentially fraudulent or a result of a temporal hallucinatory disorder, possibly alcohol-induced or anxiety-related, ultimately deeming it a false case. The article suggests a possible schizophrenic psychotic episode.

Another case mentioned is from Querétaro on March 20, 1977, involving witnesses Téllez and Chavarría who investigated a report by Hernández. Their findings led to discrepancies and suspicions of a possible fraud.

The magazine then delves into the "Dossier" section, analyzing the extensive UFO reports from November and December 1978 in Mexico City. Thousands of reports flooded newspapers, radio, and television stations. One of the earliest reports, from November 5, 1978, described a luminous object shaped like an express pot lid near Jilotepec-Ixtlahuaca. On November 8, students and teachers in Chimalistac reported seeing an object resembling 'planet Saturn' that seemed to be landing. A local newspaper published a photograph of a flying saucer, but the negatives reportedly disappeared, and contradictions arose regarding the object's appearance in the photo versus witness descriptions.

November 14, 1978, was particularly active, with numerous sightings reported across the State of Mexico, including Naucalpan and Tlalpan. Witnesses described luminous objects, circular objects with lights, and a trompo-shaped object. The article suggests that many of these rotating objects might have been advertising planes with lights on their wings.

Several specific incidents are detailed:

• December 26, 1978, Mexico: A report from the newspaper "El Mañana" described a luminous object seen at night, contrasting with a daytime photograph of a supposedly similar object.
• December 12, 1978: A witness described an object shaped like a cup, red on the bottom with a white hemisphere on top, observed by Alberto Carrillo Luvianos.
• February 25, 1979, Morelos: Numerous residents reported a "flotilla of UFOs" and 30 "fireballs" flying in formation.
• March 30, 1979, Ciudad Cárdenas, San Luis Potosí: Joaquín and Héctor Juárez Ruiz reported seeing about 20 small, one-eyed beings.
• April 14, 1979, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí: A strange flying object, described as a globe illuminated from within, was witnessed.

The article also discusses other reports, including:

• A sighting on April 17 in Mexico City, where an object described as a "slowly moving plate" that later moved at high speed and turned yellowish was observed by the commander of the fire department.
• A report from April 18 of an object described as a brilliant, elongated shape with a dome-like top and a shadow inside.
• A report of a luminous object moving northwest, described as reddish with a dome.
• A case from August 16 involving José Ángel Morales Partida, who reported being "attacked" by a red, brilliant, whistling disc from which he heard a voice ordering him to castrate himself.
• A sighting on March 26 in Mexico City, involving an oval object emitting intermittent flashes and having two crosses on its surface.
• A red light observed near Ciudad Universitaria, described as emitting white flashes and yellow lights.
• A red light observed by Ignacio Martínez and Ramón Márquez, described as an oval object moving strangely.
• A red light that ascended and was followed by a red light that moved at high speed, eventually disintegrating into 60-70 small lights.
• A report from May 30 concerning a trapezoidal object on Cerro del Ajusco, which changed color from white to red and then yellow.
• A pentagonal object, reddish-opaque with brilliant edges, observed by Roberto Velasco Martínez.
• A report from Ciudad Juárez on May 16, 1979, describing a bright object shaped like two plates with a tower on top.
• Photographs taken in Puebla on July 6, 1979, allegedly showing an "invisible UFO," which the article explains as a photographic artifact (solar reflection).
• A report from Veracruz on October 18, 1979, describing four flying saucers, three white and one reddish.

Analysis of the Oleada (Wave)

The article analyzes the distribution of these cases, noting that the 191 cases from 1977-1979 were spread over a longer period compared to earlier waves in 1950 and 1965. Figure 1 shows the monthly distribution, and Figure 2 illustrates the typological distribution of cases. The authors suggest that the increase in reports is likely due to the proliferation of UFO magazines that actively collected and published sightings, creating a feedback loop. The release of popular films like "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" (April 1978) and "Contact" (June 1978) also significantly boosted public interest and reporting. The appearance of advertising planes with luminous systems in November 1978 is also cited as a factor contributing to the surge in reports during that month and into early 1979.

The MEXCAT Project

In the latter part of the issue, Héctor Escobar S. describes the MEXCAT project, initiated in mid-1980. This project aimed to systematically compile UFO reports from Mexico, primarily from journalistic sources, due to the lack of formal field investigation groups. The project reviewed books, magazines, and newspapers, including "OVNIs en Iberoamérica y España" by Antonio Ribera and "Los OVNI en México" by Santiago García. The review of journalistic archives from 1947 to the present was deemed impractical, leading to a focus on hemerographic archives. The project found that while the MEXCAT catalog is the most comprehensive source for Mexican ufology, it has limitations due to the reliability of the sources and the sheer volume of information.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are UFO sightings, alleged extraterrestrial contact, the influence of media and popular culture on UFO reporting, and the psychological and sociological factors contributing to UFO phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical analysis, presenting various cases and then offering explanations, whether they be potential hoaxes, psychological disorders, or misidentifications, while also acknowledging the existence of unexplained phenomena. The article emphasizes the need for rigorous investigation and critical evaluation of reports.

This issue of "Perspectivas Ufológicas" (Ufological Perspectives), issue number 6, dated September 1995, focuses on the analysis of UFO reports and photographs, particularly from Mexico.

The MEXCAT Catalog

The magazine introduces the MEXCAT catalog, a collection of UFO sighting reports from Mexico. It clarifies that MEXCAT is not strictly a catalog of UFOs but rather a compilation of sighting reports, which vary greatly in quality and detail. Some reports lack basic information like date and location, while others are identified as outright hoaxes or 'phantom cases.' The catalog is structured into 8 fields: Date, State (Mexican state), Location (municipality and town), Time (Mexico City time), Class (based on Hynek's classification with modifications), Witness, Bibliography (documentary source), and Explanation/Comments.

As of the article's writing, MEXCAT contained 673 reports, a number significantly lower than claims made by some ufologists. The author suggests that the catalog's value lies in showing the psychosocial behavior of the UFO phenomenon in Mexico and the media's attention to such reports. It also serves as a source for reviewing potentially promising cases. The magazine mentions the development of more specialized catalogs: FOTOCAT (photographic cases), ATECAT (landing cases), and HUMACAT (humanoid cases). A subset of 22 highly credible cases (3.26% of the total) is undergoing re-investigation.

Annual Distribution of UFO Reports (1947-1994)

The article presents an analysis of the annual distribution of UFO reports in Mexico from 1947 to 1994, based on 640 reports (with 33 lacking specific date information). The average number of observations per year is 14.3. The analysis identifies two isolated peaks in 1950 (60 cases) and 1965 (80 cases), separated by about 15 years. It also notes two 'crescendo' peaks: one from 1973 (17 cases) peaking in 1978 (76 cases) and descending by 1981 (15 cases), and a second peak from 1992 (23 cases) to 1994 (46 cases). The year 1995 had only 4 reports by August.

The data suggests a possible cycle of 13-15 years (1950-1965-1978-1994). The 'waves' of sightings in 1950 and 1965 were concentrated in short periods, while the 1973-1981 and 1992-1994 periods showed a more spread-out distribution. The article posits that the collection of reports in 1950 and 1965 was primarily driven by newspapers, whereas later periods benefited from a wider range of media, including specialized magazines like "Duda," "Contactos Extraterrestres," and "OVNI."

Sociological Models of UFO Waves

The magazine discusses two models to explain the modulation of UFO waves. The Ballester-Fernández model (Figure 2a) proposes a real UFO activity (A) and a distortion (B) caused by media and publicity. In contrast, the magazine proposes a sociological model for Mexican waves (Figure 2b). This model suggests a constant 'real' activity (A), a constant diffusion medium (C1), and a variable media attention (C2). The latter is influenced by factors like the release of films (e.g., "Encuentros Cercanos") or the appearance of publicity aircraft, which temporarily increase public interest and thus the number of reported sightings.

The 'Lost Decade' of the 1980s

The 1980s are described as a 'lost decade' for ufology globally, and this is reflected in the Mexican data. From 1980 to 1989, there were only 72 reports (an average of 7.2 per year), less than half the Mexican average. Excluding the years when "Contactos Extraterrestres" magazine was active (1980-1982), the number of reports drops to just six.

Monthly and Hourly Distributions

Analysis of monthly distributions shows peaks in March (largely due to the 1950 wave) and September. This pattern is compared to data from Switzerland and Russia, with similarities noted but also differences. The article suggests a possible link between sightings and festive days like Easter week and Mexican Independence Day, questioning if more UFOs are seen during holidays.

Hourly distribution reveals a prevalence of nocturnal sightings, particularly between 6 PM and 11 PM. This is attributed to better visibility at night and people being more active outdoors. A dip occurs after midnight until 6 AM, with a smaller peak around lunchtime (11 AM-1 PM), linked to the 1950 wave and the 'Planet Venus' event.

Typological Distribution of Cases

Of the 673 reports analyzed, the typological distribution shows: 24.3% (164) as Nocturnal Lights, 18.5% (125) as Diurnal Lights, 4.9% (33) as First Kind Encounters, 2.97% (20) as Second Kind Encounters (traces), 0.89% (6) as Third Kind Encounters, 0.29% (2) as Fourth Kind Encounters (abductions), 0.44% (3) as Radar/Visual cases, 0.44% (3) as non-UFO humanoids, and 2.37% (16) as invisible UFOs.

Focus on Forged UFO Photographs (1967)

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to analyzing UFO photographs, particularly those from 1967, under the title "Fotografías OVNI trucadas: 1967" (Tricked UFO Photographs: 1967) by Luis Ruiz Noguez.

The author argues that the common poor quality of UFO photos is not due to the 'timidity' of UFOs towards cameras, as suggested by some ufologists, but rather a result of deliberate manipulation. The article questions why, given the millions of photographs taken daily, only UFO photos consistently suffer from poor quality.

Two cases from January 1967 are examined:

1. Foto Björnstadt: James Björnstadt reported a discoidal object in Mahwah, New Jersey, described as gray-black with a humming sound. No confirmation was obtained, and it was suggested to be a thrown object. Björnstadt was known to take other UFO photos later.
2. Foto Jaroslaw: Four photos taken by brothers Donald and Grant Jaroslaw in Mount Clemens, Michigan, showed a discoidal object. Their explanation was that the object departed at high speed, and a helicopter appeared shortly after. Dr. Hynek initially found no reason to doubt the authenticity of these photos. However, later investigation revealed inconsistencies, such as the object not being detected by radar while the helicopter was. The brothers' explanation for not remembering the helicopter's presence clearly was attributed to their excitement. Nine years later, Hynek received a letter that reportedly provided the answer to this case.

The article aims to separate probable, possible, and fraudulent UFO photos. It notes that inexplicable cases will be discussed later to maintain reader interest. The focus is on fraudulent photographs from 1967.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently adopts a critical and analytical approach to UFO phenomena. While acknowledging the existence of reports and the public's interest, it emphasizes the need for rigorous investigation and skepticism, particularly regarding photographic evidence. The editorial stance appears to favor rational explanations and the debunking of fraudulent cases, while leaving room for the possibility of genuinely unexplained phenomena. The use of data analysis, sociological models, and historical case reviews underscores a commitment to a scientific, albeit ufological, methodology.

This issue of Perspectivas Ufológicas, Volume 6, Issue 6, dated September 1995, focuses heavily on the analysis and debunking of numerous UFO photographic cases, primarily from the 1960s. The cover story, "Delphos, Desclasificación, Descendencia y Designación" by Luis Ruiz N., critiques the Delphos case as a hoax and discusses the broader landscape of UFO research and publication.

Analysis of UFO Photographs

The magazine presents a series of photographed UFO sightings, systematically questioning their authenticity and often concluding they are hoaxes or misidentifications. Each case is presented with its purported date, location, and a description of the event and the photograph.

Paris 67 Cases (Photos 77 & 78)

Two cases from Paris in 1967 are examined. Photo 77, showing a UFO over the Eiffel Tower, is dismissed as a crude laboratory hoax. Photo 78, the "Romee" photo, is revealed to be a sombrero hanging from a thread, photographed by Jammie Romee in Jacksonville, Florida, on February 11, 1967.

Photo Arranda (Photo 79)

This case from Yungay, Peru, involves photos attributed to Augusto Arranda (possibly César Oré) in March 1967. Richard Greenwell, a prominent investigator, is mentioned. The analysis suggests the photos might be fabricated, with Arranda's existence being questionable.

Photo Picacho Peak (Photo 80)

This photo, similar to others from New Mexico, is presented with skepticism. It was allegedly taken by a student in March 1967 near Picacho Peak. The article questions its authenticity, noting similarities to other cases and the student's desire for anonymity.

Photo Colorado (Photo 81)

Described as a darkroom manipulation, this photograph from Colorado is criticized for its unnatural focus and the dubious 'wake' behind the object.

Photo Ramey (Photo 82)

Classified as a double exposure by the Blue Book expert, this photo was taken at Ramey Air Force Base, Puerto Rico, on April 16, 1967.

Photo Milwaukee (Photo 83)

A 16-year-old from Milwaukee allegedly created a hoax by photographing a model launched into the air.

Photo Kozora (Photo 84)

Gabril Kozora presented a photo of a UFO that was actually a frying pan with its lid, painted with 'windows', taken in June 1967.

Photo Esplin (Photo 85)

Dennis Esplin, an 18-year-old, allegedly photographed a UFO from his bedroom window in Heysham, England, on June 15, 1967. The explanation offered for the blurry photo is deemed weak.

Photo Smith (Photo 87)

Taken on July 3, 1967, in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, by Warren Smith and friends, this photo was investigated by the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). While the RCAF found the photo potentially authentic, subsequent analysis by J. Allen Hynek and others suggested it could be a model launched into the air. The article highlights discrepancies like the background lighting and the object's supposed movement.

Photo San Luis Obispo (Photo 88)

This case from California in July 1967 is straightforwardly identified as a hoax where a model was launched into the air and photographed.

Photo Blackwell (Photo 88)

Another double exposure, this photo was taken by Roger Blackwell in Cradle Hill, Warminster, in August 1967. Blackwell is described as a known ufologist.

Photo Naltchik (Photo 89)

An object photographed in Naltchik, Soviet Union, on October 13, 1967, is suggested to be a bell or horn launched into the air.

Photo Wilcamina (Photo 90)

This photo from Wilcamina in 1967, taken by a US Department of Highways inspector, is also presented as an object launched into the air.

Delphos Case Analysis

The article "Delphos, Desclasificación, Descendencia y Designación" by Luis Ruiz N. critically examines the Delphos case. It references Jacques Vallée's analysis of soil samples, which identified a fungus-like organism. However, the article argues that Vallée's subsequent interpretation, linking the phenomenon to UFOs and 'monsters,' was irrational. The Delphos case is characterized as a hoax exploiting the 'fairy rings' phenomenon, with attempts to monetize it, including an offer to sell a photo of an extraterrestrial.

Editorial Stance and Reader Engagement

The magazine positions itself as a forum for open debate, inviting reader participation. It outlines upcoming dossier topics, including "Mexican Ufology 2nd part," "Encounters with Humanoids," "Abductions," "Psychosocial Hypotheses," "Ball Lightning," and "Contactism in Mexico." The editorial team, led by Héctor Escobar Sotomayor, seeks contributions and correspondence.

Criticism of UFO Literature and Authors

There is a critique of J.J. Benítez's book "Materia Reservada," accusing him of poor citation practices and a lack of cultural depth. The article also expresses astonishment at Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos's apparent faith in Javier Sierra, whom the author considers lacking in critical sense and prone to irrationality. The piece contrasts this with a preference for more rational investigators like Manuel Borraz Aymerich and Ignacio Cabria. The magazine declares its own preference for Oscar García.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

Throughout the issue, a recurring theme is the skepticism towards photographic evidence of UFOs, with many cases being dissected and exposed as hoaxes, misidentifications, or deliberate fabrications. The magazine champions a rational and critical approach to ufology, often contrasting it with what it perceives as sensationalism and irrationality in the field. The editorial stance is clearly one of debunking unsubstantiated claims and promoting critical thinking among its readers.

Title: Perspectivas Ufológicas
Issue: 6
Volume: 73
Date: September 1995
Publisher: Héctor Escobar S.
Country: Mexico
Language: Spanish

Feature Articles

Walt Disney and Abductions

The issue opens with an opinion piece by Philip Klass discussing a Walt Disney production titled "Encuentros Alienigenas" (Alien Encounters). This show, produced to promote a new attraction at Disney World, suggests that even the President of the United States may not have access to 'UFO secrets.' The narrative of the show briefly mentions that former President Jimmy Carter had a UFO sighting in the late 1960s. When Carter assumed the presidency, his team reportedly investigated the possibility of an official investigation into extraterrestrial contacts. A declassified FBI memorandum from June 14, 1977, is shown, stating that the FBI has no jurisdiction to investigate UFO reports and has never handled such matters. The show also suggests that there is a high probability of experiencing extraterrestrial contact within the next five years, even greater than winning the lottery, and that Disney's 'Tomorrowland' aims to help the public acclimatize to this inevitable contact. The article warns that such content could fuel a 'UFO abduction fever' among young people.

Book Reviews

Veredicto OVNI (UFO Verdict) by Robert Sheaffer

This review, written by José Ruesga, discusses Robert Sheaffer's book 'Veredicto OVNI,' published in Spanish by Tikal in 1994. The book is described as an excellent, sober, and demystifying work that reviews famous US cases often cited as evidence for flying saucers. It covers the Jimmy Carter sighting, the Betty and Barney Hill abduction, New Zealand UFO films, and touches upon hypotheses like the Hollow Earth theory, 'men in black,' and dimensional hypotheses. Sheaffer also critiques the media's role in creating 'UFO-ria' by giving space to absurd claims. The review notes that the book, originally published in 1986, predates more recent, 'delirious' aspects of ufology like 'bedroom visitors' and sexual abductions. The reviewer praises the book as essential for enthusiasts and specialists alike, noting its passionate and erudite analysis, though it lacks extensive coverage of cases outside the Anglophone world.

Expedientes Insólitos (Unusual Files) by Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos

Reviewed by Héctor Escobar S., this book is presented as a work that attempts to bring the interested student closer to scientific methodology in ufology. Ballester Olmos's work is characterized by its didactic approach. The book is not intended to be deeply profound, as the author aims to reach a wider audience, especially those new to ufology. It reviews investigations by experienced field researchers and identified cases, aiming to establish that not all phenomena are UFOs. A significant chapter is dedicated to the 'generation' of Spanish ufologists who have contributed to the field. The book also highlights the author's efforts to publicize documents from the Spanish Army archives related to the UFO phenomenon. It concludes by mentioning the establishment of the 'Fundación Anomalía,' dedicated to the rational study of UFOs and their socio-cultural implications. The review recommends the book for its ability to provide a pleasant overview of recent UFO history.

Unidentified Aerial Object photographed near Zwichbergen, Switzerland, on July 16, 1975: A Case Analysis by Wim Van Utrecht & Frits Van der Veldt

This section, reviewed by Héctor Escobar, introduces a case analysis of a photographic UFO incident that occurred in Switzerland on July 16, 1975. The work by Wim Van Utrecht and Frits Van der Veldt is described as exhaustive, spanning 240 pages and including over 80 photographs, with a first-generation copy of the analyzed photo. The report includes witness interviews, site descriptions, meteorological and astronomical conditions, and photo analysis. The reviewer highly recommends this work as essential for any ufologist's library, praising its seriousness, quality, and excellence in conducting an investigation to its conclusion.

Roswell Video Advertisement

An advertisement offers an original video of the Roswell incident, reportedly from a cameraman involved. The video is protected by Macrovision to prevent unauthorized copying. It acknowledges controversy surrounding the material's authenticity, content, and quality, noting that extensive authentication work is included. The ad emphasizes a limited number of copies and urges prompt ordering. Important notes clarify that while the film material is from 1947, the contents may not have been filmed then, and a medical report suggests a non-human creature, though this cannot be verified. The origin of the film and its non-commercial quality are also noted. Pricing is provided for the UK (£33.00) and international orders (£35.00), with options for PAL, NTSC, and SECAM formats. Payment methods include cheque and credit card (Visa, Access/Mastercard).

Subscription Information

Subscribe to Perspectivas Ufológicas

Information is provided for subscribing to the magazine. Prices are listed for Mexico (N$ 60.00), North and Central America (US$ 20.00), Europe and South America (US$ 25.00), and the rest of the world (US$ 28). Subscriptions can be paid via bank transfer or foreign deposit to account 001 1 3093645 at Banco Bancomer, Sucursal Portales, in the name of Héctor Escobar S. Cash payments should be sent via registered mail. All correspondence should be directed to Héctor Escobar S., Apdo. Postal 73-394, Del. Benito Juárez, México, D.F., MEXICO.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Perspectivas Ufológicas demonstrates a consistent editorial stance favoring critical and scientific examination of UFO phenomena. While acknowledging the public's fascination with UFOs and even incorporating popular culture references like Walt Disney's involvement, the magazine prioritizes rigorous analysis and evidence-based reporting. The book reviews of Sheaffer and Ballester Olmos emphasize demystification and scientific methodology, contrasting with more sensationalist approaches. The detailed case analysis of the Swiss photograph further underscores the commitment to thorough investigation. The magazine appears to aim at educating its readership, particularly newcomers to ufology, by presenting well-researched material and encouraging a discerning perspective on UFO claims. The inclusion of the Roswell video advertisement, while offering a controversial piece of material, is framed within a context of authentication and evidence consideration, aligning with the magazine's overall approach to the subject.