Nous Papers 7

Magazine Overview

Title: Nous Papers d'Ovnis
Issue: 7
Date: December 2020
Publisher: Centre d'Estudis Interplanetaris (CEI)
Language: Catalan
ISSN: 2604-1405

This issue of "Nous Papers d'Ovnis" (New UFO Papers) is dedicated to the study of strange phenomena, with a particular focus on unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and their historical context in Catalonia. The magazine presents itself as a publication for articles, observations, studies, and analyses related to these topics, emphasizing that the views expressed are solely those of the authors and that it is a non-commercial publication.

Articles and Content

"El naixement de la ufologia a Catalunya (1946-1960)" (The Birth of Ufology in Catalonia (1946-1960))

This lead article, authored by Jordi Ardanuy, delves into the origins of ufology in Catalonia. It traces the subject from the initial news of flying bombs and flying saucers, up to their reported sightings in Catalonia starting in 1950. The article also highlights the early enthusiasts in the field, naming individuals such as Buelta, Lleget, Ribera, Pelegrí, Mateu, and Escandell. Furthermore, it discusses the formation of the first association dedicated to this subject, the Centre d'Estudis Interplanetaris (CEI). The piece also examines the social and cultural phenomenon surrounding ufology and sets the stage for what is described as the 'golden age' of Catalan ufology in the subsequent two decades. The keywords associated with this article include contagion effect, history, UFO sightings, UFO waves, receptions of events, ufologists, and Catalonia.

"El flap nord-pirinenc de 1954" (The North-Pyrenean Flap of 1954)

This article, identified by the initials HGF, focuses on a series of UFO sightings that occurred in the Pyrenees region in 1954. The content details the events and observations during this specific period.

"Una observació de 1967 protagonitzada per persones famoses" (A 1967 Observation Involving Famous People)

Authored by Jordi Ardanuy, this article recounts a UFO observation from 1967 that reportedly involved well-known individuals. The details of the sighting and the involvement of these personalities are explored.

"OVNIs a Catalunya durant 2020" (UFOs in Catalonia During 2020)

Also written by Jordi Ardanuy, this piece provides an overview of UFO sightings reported in Catalonia throughout the year 2020. It summarizes the events and observations from the contemporary period.

Blog del CEI (CEI Blog)

This section features shorter entries or reports from the CEI blog:

• "Dos deixants d'avions provoquen moltes especulacions" (Two aircraft trails provoke many speculations): This entry, appearing on page 145, discusses the public's reaction and speculation generated by the sight of aircraft trails.
• "Ovni vist des de la Zona Franca de Barcelona" (UFO seen from the Zona Franca of Barcelona): This report on page 147 details a specific UFO sighting observed from the Zona Franca industrial area in Barcelona.

Other Articles and Sections

The magazine also includes a variety of other articles and historical notes:

• "Cadena de llums mòbils sobre Catalunya" (Chain of mobile lights over Catalonia): Reported on page 148.
• "Una notícia d'un fenomen aeri a Manresa el 1921" (A news item about an aerial phenomenon in Manresa in 1921): This article on page 150 revisits an early reported aerial event.
• "La Vanguardia i l'estranya llum" (La Vanguardia and the strange light): Published on page 152, this piece likely examines a report from the newspaper "La Vanguardia" concerning an unusual light.
• "OVNI sobre Gavà" (UFO over Gavà): A report on page 155 about a sighting in the town of Gavà.
• "Llum vermella sobre el cel de Vilanova de Raò" (Red light over the sky of Vilanova de Raò): Detailed on page 157.
• "Llum estranya a Talteüll" (Strange light in Talteüll): Appearing on page 158.

Hemeroteca (Newspaper Archive)

This section revisits historical reports from various time periods:

• "Fa 110 anys. El misteri del disc de metall segueix sense resoldre's" (110 years ago. The mystery of the metal disc remains unsolved): A look back at a case from approximately 1910.
• "Fa 70 anys. S'ha vist un plat volador" (70 years ago. A flying saucer has been seen): Recalling an event from around 1950.
• "Fa 60 anys. Un estrany aparell va creuar ahir el cel de Mallorca" (60 years ago. A strange craft crossed the sky of Mallorca yesterday): A report from approximately 1960.
• "Fa 40 anys. Ovnis sobre Catalunya" (40 years ago. UFOs over Catalonia): A look back at events from around 1980.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the history of ufology in Catalonia, specific UFO sightings across different decades, and the analysis of aerial phenomena. The editorial stance, as stated, is to publish diverse viewpoints from authors and to focus on the study of strange phenomena and unidentified objects without commercial intent. The magazine also highlights its collaboration with Emili Gil and its commitment to copyright protection for its authors.

Cover

The cover features a cartoon titled "EL PLAT DEL DIA" (The Dish of the Day), depicting a waiter serving a flying saucer-shaped dish to diners, with the caption "Platets voladors." (Little flying saucers), humorously linking the concept of UFOs to a meal.

Key Persons and Organizations

Key individuals mentioned include Jordi Ardanuy, the author of several articles, and Emili Gil, noted as a special collaborator. Organizations prominently featured are the Centre d'Estudis Interplanetaris (CEI) and its associated blog. Other figures like Ignacio Cabria and Martí Flò are cited for their contributions to the study of Catalan ufology.

This issue of "Papers d'Ovnis" is titled "1946: les bombes volants" and was published in December 2020 as issue number 7. It focuses on the early history of unidentified aerial phenomena, particularly the 'flying bombs' of 1946 and the subsequent 'flying saucer' reports.

The 'Flying Bombs' of 1946

The article begins by referencing previous works and the CEI's compilation published in 2009. It clarifies that this article is not a case study but rather a historical overview, mentioning only a few examples of observations to represent the historical period. The research draws from bibliographic sources, newspaper archives, and information gathered over years, though direct citations are difficult due to the fragmented nature of the collected data. All reproduced texts have been translated into Catalan, following the magazine's norms.

The main focus of this section is the series of observations of supposed 'flying bombs' in 1946, especially over Scandinavia. These events are presented as a prelude to the OVNI phenomenon. The context of the post-World War II era, with palpable tension between the victorious blocs, is highlighted. Initially, these lights or objects were misinterpreted as V-bombs or recovered Nazi weapons used by the Soviets. However, the press eventually reported their origin as essentially astronomical. In Catalonia, Gerard Casademon collected 26 different headlines related to these events.

Early UFOs and 'Foo-fighters'

The article notes that while the Kenneth Arnold sighting in June 1947 is considered the origin of ufology, the 1946 'flying bombs' preceded it. It discusses how the term 'misteri' was used, indicating a lack of clarity even among editors. Màrius Lleget Colomer, passionate about space enigmas, began collecting news of these observations. Lleget had previously written about astronomy and published articles on Mars, comets, and archaeology. He later linked the 'ghost rocket' phenomenon to alien spacecraft or civilizations, though original records are scarce. The Catalan press also made this connection.

The 'Foo-fighters,' described by Allied pilots during WWII as unidentified aerial phenomena in Europe and the Pacific, are also discussed. It's noted that these were likely unknown in Catalonia until the mid-1950s, appearing in English or French works. Lleget, writing years later, described 'foo-fighters' or fireballs as precursors to the so-called 'flying patents' (patents voladors), suggesting they were a type of energy-based radar or recording device.

The First 'Flying Saucer'

The sighting by pilot Kenneth Arnold over Mount Rainier, Washington, USA, in 1947, gave rise to the term 'flying saucers' and is considered the starting point for OVNI studies. Antoni Ribera recounts Arnold's experience on June 24, 1947, where he saw nine brilliant, metallic objects flying at an altitude of 2,800 meters, estimated to be moving at nearly 2,000 km/h. Arnold initially thought they might be a new type of jet reactor but noted they lacked tails. He estimated their size to be comparable to a C54 aircraft.

When Arnold described the objects to journalists, comparing their movement to saucers skipping on water, the press coined the term 'flying saucers' (flying saucers), despite Arnold's description not truly resembling a plate. This term became iconic, eventually replaced by the acronym OVNI. The media coverage quickly popularized the phenomenon, leading to a wave of sightings in June and July 1947.

Official Investigations and Media Impact

In response to the growing interest, the U.S. Air Force (USAF) launched Project Sign in late 1947, the first official investigation into the phenomenon. Its staff included members of the Technical Intelligence Division of the Air Material Command (AMC) and external advisors like astronomer Josef Allen Hynek. The project concluded the following year that there was no proof of extraterrestrial spacecraft but admitted some incidents remained unexplained. In February 1949, Project Sign was renamed Project Grudge, downplaying the extraterrestrial hypothesis and reducing resources.

Early News in Catalonia

The news of Arnold's sighting reached Catalonia on June 27, 1947, via an EFE agency note dated June 26. The Diari de Barcelona reported on 'mysterious airplanes' over the United States, detailing Arnold's account of nine aircraft flying at 3,000 meters altitude at high speed. Military circles remained silent on these declarations.

In the first half of July 1947, Catalan newspapers began publishing related news. La Vanguardia, on July 13, reported an EFE communication titled "A 'flying saucer' over the Bay of Biscay," based on a sighting by three ex-RAF officers. The Diari de Girona and Diari de Barcelona also published similar news, including the Bay of Biscay incident. Other reports mentioned sightings in Bologna, Italy, and a 'flying disc' in Idaho, USA, which turned out to be a hoax by teenagers. La Vanguardia also reported on eighty flying saucers seen in Mukden, Manchuria.

Media's Role in Dissemination

News also appeared in women's magazines, like Hola, which was widely circulated in Barcelona. The article emphasizes the crucial role of the written press in spreading the 'flying saucer' rumor and fostering the legend, given its extensive reach. However, studies on the specific impact of radio on this phenomenon are lacking. Press laws at the time imposed censorship, restricting news programs to only Ràdio Nacional d'Espanya, which commercial stations had to connect to.

Radio Coverage and Influence

While detailed studies on radio coverage are scarce, the article notes that the press treated the topic with a mix of curiosity and ironic skepticism. It mentions potential coverage on entertainment programs like "Los progresos científicos" and "Cabalgata fin de semana" on Cadena SER. However, studies on media and social influence suggest radio's impact in southern Catalonia was limited in the early 1950s, serving more as a secondary reinforcement to newspaper reports and street conversations. The phenomenon spread virally through oral communication, primarily among men.

Radio's expansion was slow, gaining popularity after 1955. Radio serials became social focal points. Interestingly, journalist Manuel del Arco Álvarez used the 'flying saucers' in 1954 to illustrate the difference in credibility between print media and radio, noting that radio reports, even if accurate, lacked the confirmation of being read in print.

Later Developments and Specific Cases

The article quotes Manuel del Arco Álvarez on how radio news could be distorted as it passed from person to person, leading to exaggerated or panicked reactions, contrasting it with the more verifiable nature of newspaper reports. It mentions that by 1959, Radio Joventut de Barcelona was broadcasting UFO-related information provided by the CEI. Antoni Ribera highlights radio's integration into the cultural feedback loop of the flying saucer phenomenon, citing the Mas Cabrit observations of 1959-1960, which generated numerous letters and media discussions.

The science fiction serial "Diego Valor" (1953) on Cadena SER is mentioned as having influenced youth interest in ufology in the 1960s. Early August reports from Spain included a sighting in Tarragona of a 'wheel of fire' the size of the moon, which was classified as a meteorite. The article also references British reactions to the phenomenon, citing a La Vanguardia allusion from August 20, 1947, about the 'crisis' of 'flying saucers' being a topic of conversation.

In 1948, the press reported on a sighting in Kentucky and the case of pilot Thomas Mantell, who crashed while apparently pursuing an unknown flying object. Reports from Wilmington, Ohio, described a flaming red ball seen for 35 minutes. The death of Captain Mantell was attributed to a mysterious shining object that forced him to fly too high without adequate oxygen.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently emphasizes the historical progression of UFO sightings, from the ambiguous 'flying bombs' to the iconic 'flying saucers.' It highlights the significant role of the press and, to a lesser extent, radio, in shaping public perception and creating a cultural phenomenon. The early attempts at investigation, both official (Project Sign) and unofficial (CEI), are presented as foundational to the field of ufology. The editorial stance appears to be one of historical documentation and analysis, presenting factual accounts and media reports from the era while acknowledging the speculative nature of the phenomenon itself. There is a clear focus on the period from the mid-1940s to the late 1950s, tracing the evolution of sightings and their public reception.

Title: Papers d'Ovnis
Issue: Number 7
Publication Date: December 2020
Publisher: CEI
Country: Spain
Original Language: Catalan

This issue of 'Papers d'Ovnis' delves into the early history and perception of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and 'flying saucers,' focusing on reports and media coverage from the late 1940s and early 1950s, with a particular emphasis on events and their reception in Catalonia and Spain.

Early Sightings and Media Coverage

The magazine begins by recounting an early report from Chehalis, Washington, where Mrs. Bernice Zainowaki claimed to have seen a man flying with wings attached to his back. This sighting, reported by EFE, described the man as hovering at sixty meters and disappearing south, with children present as witnesses. The object was described as 'brunizing and whistling' without flapping wings, and lacking any visible propulsion system.

It then transitions to a significant news item from July 25, 1948, published in 'La Vanguardia,' which reported a 'mysterious and fantastic retro-propelled aircraft' over the Atlantic. Two commercial airline pilots described a giant, wingless aircraft expelling flames from its rear and traveling at an estimated speed of 800 to 1,100 kilometers per hour. Notably, this report did not explicitly use the term 'flying saucer,' suggesting that the expression had not yet become widespread in Catalonia, leading to a tendency to associate any unusual aerial phenomenon with 'saucers.'

Another notable incident discussed is from Atlanta, Georgia, on August 24, where pilots encountered a similar craft. The article also mentions a report from Yakima about a 'silvery object in the shape of a moon' and a case from Vietnam, both published in late 1948.

The Rise of the 'Flying Saucer' Concept

By 1949, reports of 'flying saucers' continued, with a mention of sightings in Styria, Austria. The article highlights the recursive nature of these reports, emphasizing that the phenomenon was largely unknown before 1947. A report from Graz, Austria, described flying saucers rotating and emitting flames at an altitude of one thousand meters.

The magazine notes that early speculation about the origin of these craft often pointed to new technology from victorious powers, similar to the 'flying bombs' of the Soviet era. Kenneth Arnold himself initially speculated they were experimental American craft.

A pivotal moment occurred on December 28, 1949, when an EFE report published in 'La Vanguardia' introduced the hypothesis of an extraterrestrial origin. This was based on an article in the popular American magazine 'True,' which cited 'well-informed authorities' who described the flying saucers as interplanetary vehicles piloted by beings from a more advanced civilization.

Donald Edward Keyhoe's article 'The Flying Saucers Are Real' in 'True' (later expanded into a book) is credited with popularizing many of the ideas that would become typical of ufology.

UFOs in Catalonia and Spain

The article then shifts focus to Catalonia, detailing the beginning of a UFO wave in early 1950. The first known press report from Catalonia, published in 'El Ciero' (a vespertine newspaper), described a 'strange object' observed over Vic on January 22, 1950. Witnesses described it as circular or elongated, with extraordinary brightness, hovering for over two hours at low altitude. While some suggested it might be a weather balloon reflecting sunlight, others did not hesitate to call it a 'flying saucer.'

This incident marked the beginning of a surge in sightings in Catalonia, with over 20 cases reported in the following two months. The article notes that while many sightings were concentrated in the Barcelonès region due to its population density, cases were also recorded in other Catalan counties. A map (Figure 1) illustrates the distribution of these sightings, showing that the northern Catalan counties under French jurisdiction were not affected.

A second significant case occurred on March 7, 1950, in Granollers. Reported on March 24, it involved a sudden appearance of a bright, aluminum-like object that hovered silently at high altitude, rotated, and then disappeared with extraordinary speed. The event was witnessed by several people, including a child who asked if it was a miracle.

Scientific and Sociological Interpretations

The magazine also touches upon the scientific and sociological interpretations of these phenomena. Frederic Armenter de Monasterio, an astronomer, partially attributed the sightings to the nuclear psychosis of the recently begun Cold War. He noted solar activity, including sunspots and a boreal aurora observed over Barcelona, which coincided with communication disturbances. Armenter suggested that the public's fear of atomic weapons might be leading them to perceive mysterious phenomena.

Robert McLaughlin, a military scientist, is discussed for his observation of a flying saucer during an atmospheric study. His analysis suggested extraterrestrial intelligence behind the craft, citing the extreme accelerations involved and the peaceful nature of the observed actions. He also considered the possibility of 'mother ships' launching smaller craft.

The article mentions Henri René Guieu's book 'Les soucoupes volantes vienment d'un autre monde,' which helped establish him as a reference in French ufology. It also notes the growing interest in 'ufo crash' phenomena, though initially considered too sensationalist.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the emergence of the UFO phenomenon in the public consciousness, the role of media in shaping perceptions, and the early attempts to explain these sightings. The magazine highlights the transition from describing unusual aerial objects to labeling them 'flying saucers' and the subsequent shift towards extraterrestrial hypotheses. There's an underlying acknowledgment of the public's fascination and the scientific community's attempts to rationalize or explain these events, ranging from misinterpretations of conventional objects to more speculative theories. The editorial stance appears to be one of historical documentation and analysis of the phenomenon's early development and cultural impact.

Title: Papers d'Ovnis
Issue: 7
Date: December 2020
Publisher: CEI
Language: Catalan

This issue of "Papers d'Ovnis" (UFO Papers) focuses on the enigma of Mars and its connection to the phenomenon of flying saucers, particularly from the perspective of the 1950s. It explores astronomical observations of Mars, the possibility of extraterrestrial life, and the public's fascination with interplanetary travel, juxtaposed with scientific skepticism and rational explanations for reported sightings.

The Enigma of Mars and Interplanetary Travel

The cover story, "L'enigma de Mart" (The Enigma of Mars), discusses the planet's proximity to Earth during oppositions, noting that while the 1952 opposition was not ideal, future ones in 1954 and 1956 would offer better viewing conditions. Astronomers and enthusiasts were preparing to observe Mars using telescopes during April and May. The article highlights the difficulty of observing Mars compared to the Moon, due to its atmosphere and considerable distance. Despite these challenges, observations over the years have allowed for the creation of a map of Mars, with dark regions named "named" as "seas" and "lakes," and lighter areas as "continents." These "seas" are thought to be marshes covered in lichens, whose coloration changes with the seasons.

The approaching proximity of Mars is linked to the appearance of flying saucers, which intrigue humanity and are often attributed to hypothetical Martians. The reasoning presented is that if interplanetary travel is becoming a reality, with talk of rocket-powered vehicles and even hotels on the Moon, then it's not surprising to consider craft from Mars. The article notes the rise of astronautics associations and a desire to escape Earth's problems, suggesting that Mars, being a more evolved world, could be a source of such advanced technology.

Scientific Skepticism and Explanations for Flying Saucers

The issue critically examines the flying saucer phenomenon. It questions the idea of hypothetical Martians advancing human civilization, asking why their appearance would be recent rather than millennia ago, especially after the discovery of atomic disintegration and rocketry. The article questions the reality of rational beings on Mars and urges physicists and engineers to study the nature of these "flying saucers," whose existence seems undeniable. It suggests that while the imagination plays a role in interpreting sightings, the core facts might be real.

Miquel Masriera Rubio, a chemist and science communicator for "La Vanguardia," is featured discussing flying saucers. He expresses his reluctance to write about the topic, finding it unscientific and admitting his lack of knowledge. He suggests that some sightings might be simple weather balloons. However, he also acknowledges the public's interest and the psychological aspect, noting that the theme taps into a collective fascination, possibly a "popular fantasy." He points to the fear of scientific weapons, particularly atomic ones, as a contributing factor to the widespread belief in UFOs.

Rubio argues that while imagination is involved in interpreting sightings (e.g., as Martian artifacts), the core observations themselves might be real. He uses Eddington's example of scientific inquiry, stating that one doesn't need to get indignant about a claim like the moon being made of cheese, but simply object that modern selenography doesn't start from that hypothesis. Similarly, he suggests not starting from the hypothesis of a lunar civilization destroyed by atomic war.

Analyzing Testimonies and Phenomena

The article poses two key questions: Do the numerous testimonies of flying saucers prove the existence of a phenomenon, whatever it may be? And, if so, can current science offer a correct interpretation?
The author leans towards answering the first question affirmatively and the second negatively. He acknowledges that many saucer reports are suspicious, attributing this not to a lack of good faith but to poor observational skills. He emphasizes that true observation is difficult and requires years of laboratory training. He criticizes claims about precise measurements of size or distance, arguing that observers often infer these details rather than truly seeing them. He also notes that the speed of a saucer is rarely observed directly, but rather inferred from its trajectory.

The author finds it more credible if professionals from observatories, rather than ordinary citizens, report sightings. He mentions the Fabra Observatory and its astronomers. He notes the variety of reported objects (discs, spheres, luminous, dark, fast, slow) and suggests that multiple phenomena might be involved. He rejects outright denial of such observations as prejudiced.

Regarding explanations, the article discusses phenomena like ball lightning or aerolites (meteors), but notes these are usually too fast and small to match saucer descriptions. Aurora borealis is also mentioned as a possibility, given its varied manifestations. The article mentions observations in Barcelona that appeared as a diffuse luminosity covering a large part of the sky, suggesting that a spectrogram might help differentiate between aerolites, atmospheric electricity, or other phenomena.

Contrasting Views and Martian Engineering

Isidre Pòlit Boixareu, a professor and director of astronomy at the Fabra Observatory, is cited as denying the existence of flying saucers. In contrast, Jesuit astronomer Ignasi Puig Simon considered them possible test balloons or a means to "intensify the war psychosis." Swiss physicist Auguste Piccard reduced the phenomenon to a "sea serpent," while his brother Jean suggested that their high-altitude balloons contributed to some observations.

A letter to the editor of "Destino" magazine presents a different perspective, dividing opinions into two camps: those who believe the phenomenon comes from beyond Earth and those who consider it terrestrial. The author of the letter favors the extraterrestrial hypothesis, suggesting that terrestrial explanations might stem from a lack of imagination, especially when considering secret weapons being developed for a new war.

The possibility of life on Mars is further explored, referencing William Herschel's description of Mars as a "second Earth." The presence of an atmosphere, water (albeit restricted), and knowledge of its temperatures and composition support the idea that Mars is more evolved than Earth. The "canals" discovered by Schiaparelli and later described by Flammarion are presented as evidence of intelligent life and advanced engineering on Mars, capable of feats that would still be impossible on Earth today. The article speculates that future Earthlings might learn from Martian engineering techniques to overcome their own planetary challenges.

Local Rumors and Future Implications

The issue also touches upon local rumors of flying saucers in Reus, Catalonia. Industrial expert Ramon Botet Pallarès, known as one of the "wise men of Reus," is quoted discussing these sightings. While he initially treated them with humor and expressed skepticism about their extraterrestrial origin, he acknowledged the existence of the aircraft. The article notes that 25 years later, he would consider the extraterrestrial hypothesis more plausible, suggesting that if they were terrestrial weapons, they would have been discovered by then.

Botet Pallarès mentions claims of seeing flying saucers over Reus, but emphasizes that the significance lies in the potential for these objects to represent a new and terrible weapon for a future war. The sheer number of circulating versions of "happy discs" leads to the consideration of their existence, and from a technical, physical, or industrial standpoint, their possibility is deemed plausible.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the scientific investigation of unexplained aerial phenomena, the psychological and societal factors influencing belief in UFOs, and the speculative possibilities of extraterrestrial life and interplanetary travel. The editorial stance appears to be one of cautious inquiry, acknowledging the public's fascination while maintaining a critical and evidence-based approach. It encourages scientific study but does not outright dismiss the possibility of unknown phenomena, suggesting that a prejudiced denial is unwarranted. The issue highlights the tension between scientific rationalism and the human desire to explore the unknown, particularly in the context of space exploration and the potential for life beyond Earth.

This issue of "Papers d'Ovnis" (Issue 7, December 2020) delves into the historical phenomenon of flying discs and their perception in Catalonia, primarily during the 1950s. It analyzes media coverage, public reactions, and early attempts to understand these enigmatic aerial objects.

The Nature and Origin of Flying Discs

The article begins by exploring the hypothetical construction and purpose of flying discs, considering them as potential vehicles for transport or destruction, possibly equipped with powerful propulsion systems allowing them to ascend to considerable altitudes. The author expresses a personal opinion that these discs are unlikely to originate from other planets due to physical, meteorological, and astronomical constraints on interplanetary travel. Instead, the theory is proposed that they might be terrestrial in origin, powered by advanced engines, possibly with lateral motors causing rotation. The luminous aspect observed on the underside could be due to incandescent gas leaks. The maneuverability is explained by the ability to vary tangential force through motor speed.

Media Coverage and Public Reaction

The text highlights how the media, particularly newspapers, engaged with the flying disc phenomenon. It mentions reports from various locations, including Reus, Alforja, and Colldejou, and notes the skepticism of American air forces. An example from "El Full del Dilluns" of Girona is cited, stating that the US Air Force continued to dismiss reports of flying discs. Writers like Eugeni d'Ors and Josep Pla commented on the topic. Pla observed a paradox where people believed in distant sightings but became skeptical as discs appeared closer. The article notes that while some embraced the idea of extraterrestrial visitors, others viewed them as experimental weapons of allied powers. The confusion caused by jet aircraft, particularly their condensation trails, is also discussed as a possible explanation for some sightings.

Speculation and Theories

Speculation about the nature of flying discs was widespread. Some considered them to be terrestrial weapons, while others pondered their potential extraterrestrial origins, with some even linking them to religious prophecies. The article mentions a book by José María Díez Gómez, described as a "scientific document created by illusion," which speculated on the characteristics of flying discs, including their propulsion systems and materials, though the author admitted a lack of scientific knowledge. The book's reception was lukewarm, with reviewers finding it lacking in useful information.

Cultural Impact

The flying disc phenomenon also permeated popular culture. The article points to its appearance in children's comic books, such as a special issue of the magazine "Jaimito" dedicated to "Platillos Voladores" (Flying Saucers). It also mentions a comic strip featuring Heliodoro Hipotenuso reading about flying discs. The term "discòlegs" is introduced as a precursor to modern ufologists, referring to early enthusiasts who studied these phenomena.

The Emergence of Ufology

The article traces the evolution of terminology, noting that while "ufologia" (ufology) appeared in English in the late 1950s, the term "discòlegs" was more common in Catalonia until the late 1960s. The term "UFO" (Unidentified Flying Object) and its meaning first appeared in Catalan print in 1955. The article distinguishes between "discòlegs" and "ufòlegs," suggesting that many early "discòlegs" later transitioned to the latter.

Specific Incidents and Media Portrayals

Several specific instances are highlighted. A report from Washington notes the continued disbelief of the US Air Force. Eugeni d'Ors used flying discs ironically in his columns. Josep Pla noted the shift from belief to skepticism as sightings became more frequent. Pere Mateu recounts the confusion in Barcelona in May 1952 due to jet aircraft. The article also mentions a publicity stunt by the Italian restaurant Coliseum in Barcelona, which used the image of a flying disc to attract customers. A cartoon from "El Plat del Dia" from "El Full del Dilluns" is reproduced, depicting a humorous take on flying saucers. The article also references a comic strip where a character dreams of being abducted by a flying disc.

Skepticism and Scientific Inquiry

Despite the widespread interest, a degree of skepticism persisted. The article notes the cautious stance of the clergy, who generally maintained a prudent skepticism. The scientific community's engagement was limited, with many discussions remaining speculative. The article concludes by noting that the term "ufologia" gained traction in the late 1950s, but in Catalonia, "plats voladors" and "platets voladors" remained the common terms for these objects until the end of the 1960s.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the historical reporting and interpretation of unidentified flying objects in Catalonia. The editorial stance appears to be one of historical documentation and analysis, presenting various perspectives from media, writers, and early researchers without necessarily endorsing any single theory. The focus is on how the phenomenon was perceived and discussed within a specific cultural and historical context.

This issue of "Nous Papers d'Ovnis" (Issue 7, December 2020) is dedicated to the early history of ufology in Catalonia, focusing on key figures and their contributions.

Antoni Ribera: The Early Collector

The issue begins by introducing Antoni Ribera (1920-2001), who, at the age of fourteen in 1934, started collecting news about strange and enigmatic phenomena. This early interest foreshadowed his later involvement in ufology. The accompanying image shows Ribera in 1954.

The Circle of Ufologists: Lleget, Artadi, and Buelta

In 1951, Màrius Lleget (1917-1988) and Antoni Ribera met and began frequenting a discussion group at the bar 'La Rotonda'. This group, led by writer and translator Miquel de Artadi, explored various topics, with Lleget becoming the group's specialist in 'flying saucers'.

Another significant figure was Eduardo Buelta Saura (1916-1973), from Paterna, Valencia. A postal worker who had studied industrial engineering, Buelta began collecting news about flying saucers during the 1950 wave. He developed a theory about a biennial cycle of sightings linked to Mars oppositions. His ideas were published in a 28-page booklet titled "Astronaves sobre la Tierra" (Spaceships over Earth) in 1955. The booklet's preface, possibly written by Buelta himself, details the genesis of his research, which stemmed from an extensive study of celestial apparitions observed in the spring of the previous year.

Buelta's Biennial Theory and Predictions

Buelta's analysis of UFO case distribution from 1950 to 1954 led him to hypothesize a biennial pattern that coincided with Mars-Earth oppositions. He predicted another wave of sightings for the second half of April 1952, which accurately occurred. This success encouraged him to publish his findings. Despite initial hesitations and delays, his book was completed five months later, but publishers rejected it, stating that the 'fever for saucers' had passed. Buelta, however, predicted its resurgence with greater force starting in late spring 1954.

'Astronaves sobre la Tierra': Content and Theories

Buelta's book reviews various theories for UFO sightings, including mirages, secret weapons, and hallucinations. He argues that human technology, even with advances in aeronautics, was not yet capable of producing the observed flying saucers. He also posits that if either the US or the USSR possessed such technology, the other would have publicized it for propaganda purposes. Buelta's conclusion, based on the perceived intelligent behavior of the objects, was that they were spacecraft from another planet.

He categorizes observed objects into three types: saucers (interplanetary spacecraft), fusiform objects (atmospheric craft), and luminous globes (possibly electromagnetic observation instruments). He even speculated about the internal structure of discs based on photographs.

The Martian Connection and Orbital Satellites

Buelta's analysis of temporal distribution of cases between 1950 and 1954, particularly the peaks in March 1950, April 1952, and June 1954, aligned with Mars-Earth oppositions. This led him to conclude that the spacecraft originated from Mars. However, the persistence of sightings beyond Martian oppositions prompted him to suggest that an 'elite' group of researchers, scientists, and adventurers from Mars had joined Earth, possibly residing in an artificial satellite orbiting the planet. This idea of an orbital satellite was not unique to Buelta; an article by José Artero Soteras in "La Vanguardia" in January 1955 also proposed the possibility of an orbital object at a distance of one to two thousand kilometers from Earth, theorized by Von Braun.

Buelta further predicted that the next wave of sightings would coincide with the September 1956 Martian opposition. The remainder of his work delves into speculations about Martian inhabitants and their evolution. He described the imminent era of interplanetary relations as the most formidable event in the last 12,000 years, comparable to the sinking of Atlantis. Buelta believed this event was a response to the atomic bomb era and a sign that extraterrestrial beings were monitoring humanity's trajectory, preparing for a direct intervention that was not an invasion but a 'salvatory détente' from the current crisis.

Pere Mateu Sancho: Another Ufologist

The issue also introduces Pere Mateu Sancho (born 1929), an architect by profession. In 1948, the 'Aster' Astronomical Association of Barcelona was founded, and by 1949, a section on astronautics was created, which included Màrius Lleget. Mateu began writing for 'Destino' in 1953, contributing numerous articles on astronautics, including to the Aster bulletin and the magazine 'Ondas'. He was a founder and president of the Spanish Astronautical Association and wrote radio scripts about space conquest. He organized exhibitions on astronautics and astronomy and created the COSMO sector at the Fira Internacional de Mostres in Barcelona. The Spanish Ministry of Defense awarded him a medal for aeronautical merit.

Two Astronautics: Factual and Speculative

Mateu's interest in flying saucers stemmed from his passion for astronautics, leading him to distinguish between two types: 'factual' astronautics, focused on space travel from Earth, and 'speculative' astronautics, dealing with hypothetical craft from space to Earth, including UFOs. In early 1955, Mateu published three articles in 'Destino' on flying saucers. The first article reviewed incidents from Roman times to 1954, analyzing North American observations from 1948 and a sighting in Alt Penedès in the autumn of 1954. Based on witness descriptions, he estimated the object to be 30-35 meters in size and classified it as an OAD (Unknown Aerial Object), a precursor to the UFO designation.

Mateu's Skepticism and Analysis of OADs

Mateu argued that OADs were not extraterrestrial because they did not emit noise and would experience significant friction with the atmosphere at speeds around 30,000 km/h. He also doubted that the craft were piloted due to the immense accelerations required. Other indicators included the lack of radio signals, absence of propulsion emissions, and lack of debris. He cited authors like Scully, Keyhoe, and Guieu, who reported US technical services finding strange metals from crashed saucers, but Mateu found it more plausible that these were advanced US-made aircraft. He suggested that small, strange cadavers found among the wreckage might have been 'Rhesus Monkeys' used for physiological studies under acceleration.

Mateu attributed most cases to meteorological devices like sounding balloons and ceilometers. He also considered hallucinations, thermal inversions, parhelia, fireballs, and shooting stars, without ruling out unknown atmospheric phenomena. His second article acknowledged the undeniable reality of the 'flying saucer phenomenon' reported worldwide, except from communist Russia and China.

Critiques and Case Studies

Mateu interpreted the Soviet Union's stance as a collective hallucination in capitalist countries, driven by superstition and ignorance. He noted that the official Soviet version suggested flying discs were an American psychological warfare stratagem to justify the arms race. Mateu criticized sensationalist American and French books, mentioning US research projects and quoting figures like Harry Truman and Herman Oberth, who considered extraterrestrial origins conceivable. He also discussed George Adamski's alleged contacts with a Venusian, deeming it an 'extravagant story'.

Mateu and his colleagues at the Aster commission found most reported cases easily explainable, but some, like the Alt Penedès sighting, remained difficult to resolve. The article highlighted photographs from the Aster archive, indicating a non-negative approach to the phenomenon, acknowledging that "unfortunately, there are inexplicable cases for which all efforts to resolve them have been in vain."

Skeptical Opinions and Cecilia Conde Garriga

The third part of the article presents skeptical opinions from Catalan scientists, mostly associated with observatories. A separate case is that of Cecilia Conde Garriga (1897-1986), who began her interest in the subject in 1947, compiling a substantial archive of press clippings, correspondence, and personal notes.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of "Nous Papers d'Ovnis" focuses on the historical development of ufology in Catalonia, emphasizing the meticulous research and documentation efforts of early investigators. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, presenting both theories and skeptical analyses, and acknowledging the existence of unexplained cases without jumping to definitive conclusions. The magazine highlights the importance of historical context in understanding the evolution of UFO research.

This issue of "Papers d'Ovnis" (Issue 7, December 2020) from CEI delves into the cultural impact and media coverage of the flying saucer phenomenon, particularly during the 1950s. It highlights how popular culture, especially cinema, influenced public perception and discussion of UFOs.

The Cultural Impact of Flying Saucers

The article begins by referencing early UFO discussions and the role of individuals like Eduardo Buelta in connecting with the topic. It then focuses on the year 1951 and the subsequent wave of interest in flying saucers, noting that while they didn't disappear, their prominence decreased after 1951.

"The Thing from Another World" and Media Frenzy

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to the premiere of the film "L'enigma d'un altre món" (The Thing from Another World, 1951) on April 12, 1952. Based on John W. Campbell's novel, the film depicted the discovery of a crashed alien spaceship and an extraterrestrial threat. "La Vanguardia" praised the film for its originality and fantasy in developing the theme of an alien arriving in a flying saucer. The film's release was accompanied by press announcements linking it to flying saucers, and "La Vanguardia" published a note titled "Cinema and Flying Saucers," reflecting the ongoing public fascination. Advertisements from April 12th, 13th, and 20th, 1952, are reproduced, showcasing the film's sensationalist promotion and its connection to the "flying saucer" craze, with headlines like "A premiere that will provoke the liveliest controversies!!" and "The whole world is waiting for the press and radio!!"

Flying Saucers in Popular Entertainment

The article also touches upon how flying saucers permeated popular culture beyond cinema. The "Circ Olímpia" (later renamed "Circ Americà") in Barcelona featured an act called "Els platets voladors" (Flying Saucers), advertised as "Eight flying saucers in Barcelona!" This attraction, performed by the juggling duo Joe and Joe Rosse, further cemented the idea of flying saucers in the public consciousness.

Observations and Skepticism

The issue then shifts to actual reported sightings, noting that the wave of observations in Catalonia during 1954 was less intense than in previous years, with fewer than 10 cases reported. The press often attempted to explain these sightings, sometimes attributing them to jet planes leaving contrails. Examples are cited from June 19th ("They were not flying saucers but jet planes"), October 4th (a jet plane leaving a smoke trail), November 7th (four jet planes mistaken for flying saucers), and November 13th (objects identified as jet planes after an airport report).

Official Investigations and Skeptical Views

In 1952, the USAF revitalized Project Grudge into Project Blue Book, a long-term investigation that lasted 17 years but faced progressive budget cuts affecting its rigor. Captain Edward J. Ruppelt stated that approximately 15% of the thousands of reports received over four years remained unexplained. An article in "La Vanguardia" by Augusto Assía in August 1952 discussed various US cases, leading the author to consider the possibility of their existence. However, skepticism persisted. Jesuit astronomer and chemist Ignasi Puig i Simon, in a 1954 colloquium, argued that supposed flying saucers were merely meteorites, jet planes, weather balloons, or atmospheric phenomena. He dismissed the idea of alien spacecraft.

The Robertson Commission

The CIA formed the Robertson Commission in 1952, comprising five scientists, to investigate the volume of UFO reports. Their primary concern was that UFO reports might mask Soviet incursions. The commission's conclusions, released in 1966 but reached in 1953, stated that there was no evidence of flying saucers posing a threat to US security and that most cases could be explained by conventional means, without requiring extraordinary scientific knowledge. The commission found that investigating each case in detail would be an unjustified and failed effort.

The 1954 Wave and Media Coverage

1954 saw another wave of UFO observations, particularly in Europe in October, with peaks in North America in July and South America in December. Media coverage varied, with some reports being humorous, like an ironic segment in the NODO newsreel about a supposed landing in France. More serious coverage included a press conference by US President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who acknowledged that European governments were seriously investigating UFO reports and that the US Air Force had been studying the phenomenon. Eisenhower stated he had not heard about the issue recently but had been informed by a trusted aviator that UFOs did not originate from other planets.

Catalan Observations in 1954

In Catalonia, the 1954 wave was less intense than in 1950 but represented the second-largest volume of incidents for the studied period. Most cases were concentrated in the Rosselló region in September and, to a lesser extent, in October. Perpinyà and its surroundings accounted for two-thirds of the year's sightings. The most spectacular case reported was a presumed landing in Perpinyà, observed by a high school student.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently explores the intersection of UFO phenomena with media, popular culture, and official investigations. It presents both the public fascination and the skeptical viewpoints, highlighting how films and news reports shaped the discourse around flying saucers. The editorial stance appears to be one of historical documentation and analysis, presenting various perspectives without necessarily endorsing any single one, while acknowledging the persistent mystery surrounding unexplained sightings and the challenges faced by investigators.

This issue of "Papers d'Ovnis" (Issue 7, December 2020) delves into the history and interpretation of UFO sightings, particularly focusing on events and developments in Catalonia and Spain during the mid-20th century. The magazine presents data on case distribution and explores various reported incidents and their cultural impact.

UFO Sightings and Reports

The issue begins by referencing two figures: Figure 14, illustrating the annual distribution of UFO cases throughout the 20th century, and Figure 15, which shows the accumulation of cases by decade. Notably, the decade of the 1960s (1961-1970) is highlighted as accounting for nearly 40% of the cases within a 51-year period.

Several specific incidents are detailed:

• Lassus, Perpinyà: A report from Lassus, near Perpinyà, describes a boy who witnessed a round object land, from which two small beings emerged before the object departed. This event, along with other cases from the Rosselló region, was primarily reported in French publications like "L'Indépendant," making them less known to the Catalan public at the time.
• French Media Coverage: The phenomenon gained traction in France, with some news outlets publishing reports and even cover stories, such as the weekly "Revista" in October 1954, which featured the headline "¿França invadida per marcians?" (Is France invaded by Martians?). This coverage also influenced Franco-Belgian comic books, including a "Blondin et Cirage" story about flying saucers published in "Spirou" magazine.
• Vilafranca del Penedès: A notable case from Catalonia involved two residents of Vilafranca del Penedès who reported seeing a reddish object, initially shaped like an inclined '3', which transformed into a circular object with a dome before ascending. The description was provided by Pere Mateu in the magazine "Destino."
• La Bisbal: Another significant event occurred on the road to La Bisbal, where a driver and a passenger observed a spherical, incandescent object moving across the sky, emitting sparks. While some suggested it might be a meteor, the description was considered unusual and potentially indicative of a 'flying saucer'.

Scientific Interpretations and Theories

The magazine explores attempts to find patterns and scientific explanations for UFO sightings. It mentions the work of astronomer Paolo Vocca from Salerno, who, according to the Madrid magazine "Diez Minutos," proposed a mathematical law for the regularity of flying saucer appearances. Vocca's theory suggested that these phenomena occur during periods when Earth and Mars are in opposition, meaning they are closest in their orbits, implying a Martian origin for the sightings.

This theory is presented as a scientific argument for the Martian origin of flying saucers. The text notes that early, less significant sightings coincided with Earth-Mars oppositions in February 1948. After a lull, sightings reappeared in March 1950, and then progressively increased in 1952 and 1954, which is described as a "great year" for flying saucer reports.

The intensity of observations is noted to have been "in crescendo," with predictions that future oppositions would lead to even more sightings. The article suggests that if Vocca's theories are correct, the discussion about flying saucers might cease until September 1956, when the next wave of sightings is expected.

Cultural Impact and Study Centers

The issue also touches upon the cultural impact of flying saucers. In 1955, the film "La Guerra dels mons" (The War of the Worlds) by Byron Haskin was released in Barcelona. Additionally, "Gràfiques Ricart" in Barcelona published a series of comic booklets titled "Platillos volantes" (Flying Saucers), which, despite mediocre drawings, achieved significant success amidst the public's fascination with UFOs.

Another important development in 1955 was the launch of the science fiction collection "Nebulae" by EDHASA in Catalonia. The magazine also highlights the discovery of a booklet by Buelta by Ribera and Lleget, which impressed them with its erudition, leading to their contact with the author.

Formation of the Centre d'Estudis Interplanetaris (CEI)

A significant part of the issue is dedicated to the founding of the Centre d'Estudis Interplanetaris (CEI). The tertulias (gatherings) of enthusiasts evolved into work sessions, leading to the formalization of an association. The 8th International Astronautical Congress in Barcelona in October 1957, spurred by the launch of Sputnik 1, further fueled interest in astronautics and space exploration.

Despite some skeptical reports, such as a newspaper identifying a meteorological balloon as a "flying saucer" (Figure 18), the promoters of the CEI persisted. The association was officially authorized on July 14, 1958. Its statutes, dated February 1958, stated its objective as the "research of space and, in particular, of the relations between the planets." The context of the burgeoning field of astronautics likely helped to allay political suspicions.

The founding assembly took place on October 9, 1958, establishing the directive board. Eduardo Buelta was named president, Antoni Ribera vicepresident, Emili Vendrell secretary, Montserrat Farras Martí treasurer, María Ángeles González Casado second accountant, Marius Lleget information delegate, and Eduardo Buelta Casado (son of the president) head of the youth section. Emili Vendrell Raspall, a jeweler and submariner, is also mentioned.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the historical documentation of UFO sightings, the public's fascination with the phenomenon, and the early attempts to scientifically analyze and organize the study of UFOs in Catalonia and Spain. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious inquiry, presenting both anecdotal reports and the efforts to establish formal study groups, while acknowledging the cultural impact and the scientific theories attempting to explain the sightings. The magazine emphasizes the growing interest in space and astronautics as a backdrop to the UFO phenomenon.

Title: Nous Papers d'Ovnis
Issue: 7
Date: December 2020
Publisher: CEI

This issue of "Nous Papers d'Ovnis" delves into the origins and early development of the Centre d'Estudis Interplanetaris (CEI) in Catalonia, focusing on the period from its inception in the late 1950s through the early 1960s. It explores the individuals involved, their motivations, the challenges they faced, and the impact of their work on public perception and media coverage of unidentified flying objects (UFOs).

The Founding of the CEI and its Key Figures

The article begins by introducing Antoni Pelegrí Partegàs, a jurist and friend of Ribera, who, despite his interest in the mysteries of space, declined any official role in the CEI, citing personal reasons. His real interest, however, lay in the underwater world.

The narrative then shifts to the founding members of the CEI. Eduardo Buelta is mentioned as a key figure, along with Antoni Ribera and Marius Lleget, who were driven by a recognized curiosity for scientific advancements. The CEI's mission was to investigate unknown and inexplicable celestial phenomena, particularly "unidentified objects," commonly known as "flying saucers," and to prepare for potential contact with extraterrestrial intelligences.

August Rivera Santaló, an engineer, and Daniel Escandell Serra, an amateur astronomer and mathematics student, were also among the early members. Escandell had previously led observations of Mars and was involved in astronomical studies.

Early Activities and Media Engagement

The CEI's formation was met with some skepticism, but the context of the era, with the launch of artificial satellites and serious attempts to reach the Moon, made such an organization seem logical. The CEI aimed to popularize its work and align with similar societies in other countries like the United States, Great Britain, Japan, and France.

La Vanguardia reported on the CEI's foundation, noting its dedication to studying potential communication with extraterrestrial beings. The article quotes a statement from the CEI that highlights their efforts to combat skepticism and the suspicious timing of their formation relative to other events.

Antoni Paluzie Borrell, an astronomer, is presented as a skeptic of alien spacecraft. However, Eduardo Buelta defended the existence of extraterrestrial craft in the CEI's bulletin, suggesting that Paluzie's anti-flying saucer stance might have been influenced by conspiracy theories.

Media Coverage and Public Perception

The CEI actively engaged with the media to disseminate information and educate the public. They created an archive of observations, an international index of publications, and a bulletin. They also distributed copies of Eduardo Buelta's book as a promotional tool.

The media's response evolved over time. Initially, there was ridicule, but gradually, the press, radio, and television began to treat the subject with more seriousness. The term "flying saucer" was increasingly replaced by more cautious terms like "Unidentified Object" (O.N.I.). La Vanguardia, in particular, is noted for its changing opinion.

El Correo Catalan, initially detractors, became more objective. The Centre de Producció de programes de televisió de Miramar even featured Eduardo Buelta in a live interview, demonstrating the growing media impact of the topic.

Publications and Conferences

In early 1959, Antoni Ribera published a book titled "Ellos" (They), which was described as a novelized summary of events related to mysterious spacecraft. The CEI also organized conferences in Barcelona, aiming to defend the existence of unidentified flying objects and generate public interest.

Membership Growth and Notable Associates

The CEI experienced rapid membership growth, starting with 24 members at the end of 1958 and reaching a peak of around thirty by late 1961. While some members joined due to friendship or family ties, others were genuinely interested in the subject. The article lists several individuals who became associated with the CEI, including those involved in various professions like engineering, radio, and medicine, as well as writers and jurists.

Figures like Eugeni Danyans de la Cinna, Sebastià Estradé Rodoreda, and Juanjo Llamas Romay, who were already following the topic, became associated with the CEI. Cecilia Conde also joined in 1962 and developed a close relationship with Antoni Ribera, exchanging information for 20 years.

External Influences and Skepticism

Beyond the CEI's activities, the media continued to report on UFOs. Dutch newspapers adopted a critical stance regarding George Adamski's claims of meeting Venusians and traveling to the Moon, despite Adamski having been received by the Dutch royal family. The press also linked flying saucers to aeronautical projects that had limited success.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently emphasizes the historical development of ufology in Catalonia, highlighting the efforts of early researchers and organizations like the CEI to study and legitimize the phenomenon. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious inquiry, documenting the historical progression of UFO investigations and public discourse, while acknowledging the skepticism and challenges faced by enthusiasts. The magazine aims to provide a comprehensive account of these early efforts, presenting facts and figures to illustrate the growth of interest and the evolving media landscape surrounding UFOs.

This issue of "Nous Papers d'Ovnis" (New UFO Papers), published in December 2020 by CEI, focuses on the historical and cultural reception of UFO phenomena in Catalonia, with a particular emphasis on the influence of Carl Gustav Jung and the work of Antoni Ribera.

Thematic Exploration

Carl Gustav Jung and the 'Modern Myth' of Flying Saucers

The issue delves into the impact of Carl Gustav Jung's book, "Un mite modern" (A Modern Myth), on Catalan society. It notes that the book, translated and published in Spain, was seen as a response to a societal need for hope and a desire to transcend earthly limitations, with flying saucers representing a new myth. The text highlights that for many Catalans, this was their first encounter with Jung's ideas. The book discussed flying saucers as a manifestation of this need, suggesting they represented a desire for solutions from 'powers of the sky' and a yearning for other worlds. Jung's analysis connected this phenomenon to the concept of unity and wholeness, symbolized by the mandala, and he illustrated his work with historical precedents of round objects dating back to the 12th, 14th, and 17th centuries. Despite Jung's skepticism about the physical nature of unidentified objects, he did not entirely dismiss their existence, proposing a synchronicity between psychological and physical events.

Antoni Ribera and the Landmark Publication

Antoni Ribera's book, "Objetos desconocidos en el cielo" (Unknown Objects in the Sky), later translated as "Objectes desconeguts al cel" (Unknown Objects in the Sky), is presented as a pivotal work. Initially conceived with a focus on Aimé Michel's theories of 'aerolínies ufològiques' or 'ortotènies', Ribera's intention was to give these ideas significant weight in his book. However, this approach met with resistance within the CEI (Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios). A. Buelta, a prominent figure in the CEI, found Ribera's theories absurd and refused to associate the organization with them, leading to intense debates. The conflict culminated in Ribera's departure from the CEI in the summer of 1959, along with his wife. Other members also left the organization around the same time, effectively ending the active 'discology' (study of flying saucers) within the CEI. Ribera eventually found a publisher in the Barcelona-based bookstore-editorial Argos, owned by Ignasi Agustí Peypoch. Despite initial commercial reservations, the book was published in 1961 and became a bestseller, significantly influencing Ribera's future as a writer. Ignacio Cabria is quoted describing the book as the first to provide reliable information on North American official UFO investigation projects, analyzing 'ONIS' cases, the possibility of extraterrestrial life, and spacecraft propulsion.

Historical Context and Media Coverage

The issue provides extensive references to newspaper articles from the late 1940s and 1950s, documenting the early reporting of UFO sightings in Spain and internationally. Publications like "La Vanguardia," "Los Sitios de Gerona," and "Diario de Barcelona" are frequently cited, detailing various incidents, from sightings over the Gulf of Vizcaya to mysterious lights over Almansa. The text also touches upon the role of radio in disseminating information about UFOs, referencing a radio serial that adapted the Dan Dare comic strip and was broadcast in the mid-1950s.

Personalities and Organizations

Beyond Jung and Ribera, the issue mentions other figures such as Francesc Arasa Bernaus, a doctor who lectured on flying saucers in 1960. It also references the contributions of Aimé Michel, Donald Menzel, and Philip Klass in the field of UFO research. The CEI (Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios) is a central organization discussed, detailing its internal dynamics and the departure of key members. Other organizations and publications mentioned include Fòrum Vergés, Argos, CIFRA, EFE, Europa Press, and various newspapers and magazines.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of "Nous Papers d'Ovnis" adopts a historical and analytical approach to the study of UFO phenomena. It emphasizes the cultural and psychological dimensions of UFO beliefs, particularly within the Catalan context. The editorial stance appears to be one of thorough historical research, drawing on contemporary media reports and academic analyses to understand the evolution of UFO discourse. The focus on Jung suggests an interest in the archetypal and mythological aspects of the phenomenon, while the detailed account of Ribera's book and the CEI highlights the organizational and publishing history of ufology in Spain. The extensive footnotes and references underscore a commitment to academic rigor and provide a rich resource for further research into the subject.

This document is an issue of "Nous Papers d'Ovnis", specifically issue number 7, dated December 2020. It functions primarily as an extensive bibliography, listing numerous references to articles, books, and other publications related to ufology and flying saucers. The content is predominantly in Catalan, with some references in Spanish and other languages.

Bibliography of Ufological References

The core of this issue is a numbered list of references, starting from entry 55 and continuing to entry 156. These entries cite a wide array of sources, predominantly from the 1950s, detailing sightings, discussions, and analyses of "platillos volantes" (flying saucers).

• Key newspapers and magazines frequently cited include:
• La Vanguardia: Numerous articles are referenced from this Spanish daily, covering various dates in the 1950s, 1960s, and later. Topics include "platillos volantes," cinema, circuses, and even a mention of Eisenhower's press conference.
• Diario Español: Also a frequent source, with articles on flying saucers, including a notable one from 1957.
• ABC: Cited for articles on the "rain of flying saucers."
• Destino: Features several articles by P. Mateu Sancho on the "mystery of flying saucers."
• Los Sitios de Gerona: A significant source for articles on flying saucers from the Gerona region.
• Informaciones: Cited for articles by José Pla.
• Provence-Magazine and Ràdio Marsella: Mentioned in relation to early discussions of flying saucers in March 1950.

• Several books are also referenced, including:
• "Érase una vez en Ovnilandia. La gran invasión marciana" by Sergio Sánchez Rodríguez.
• "Los «Platillos voladores». (Un documento científico creado por la fantasia)" by J. M. Díez Gómez.
• "Astronaves sobre la Tierra" by Eduardo Buelta.
• "Mystérieuses Soucoupes Volantes" by Aimé Michel.
• "Cold War Radio: The Dangerous History of American Broadcasting in Europe, 1950-1989" by Richard H. Cummings.

Online resources and academic works are also included, such as references from NICAP.org and Academia.edu, and doctoral theses.

Key Themes and Cases Mentioned

• The references highlight several recurring themes and specific cases:
• The 1950s UFO Wave: A substantial number of entries pertain to the intense period of sightings and public interest in flying saucers during the early to mid-1950s.
• Regional Focus: There's a notable emphasis on reports from Catalonia (e.g., Reus, Gerona, Barcelona, Villanueva y la Geltrú) and other parts of Spain.
• Cold War Context: The issue references the use of balloons by the capitalist bloc during the Cold War to distribute leaflets, suggesting a potential explanation for some sightings (entry 124).
• Cultural and Linguistic Aspects: Entry 127 discusses how the division of Catalonia between Spanish and French states, and linguistic imposition, played a role in the "platillistic" theme.
• Specific Authors and Researchers: Prominent figures in ufology, such as Eduardo Buelta, Antonio Paluzie Borrell, and Ivan T. Sanderson, are frequently mentioned.
• Scientific and Skeptical Perspectives: Some entries, like J. M. Díez Gómez's work, are described as scientific documents created from fantasy, while others discuss psychological explanations (C. G. Jung) versus a perceived "astronautical reality."

Historical Context and Editorial Notes

The issue provides context for some of the references. For instance, entry 55 mentions Guieu's radio program on Provence-Magazine in March 1950, which led to many letters narrating observations. Entry 78 clarifies that street names in the original text follow a Hispano-Franco nomenclature. Entry 84 discusses the term "ovnilogia" as a potential alternative to the anglicism "ufology." Entry 126 notes that an incident published in France Soir on October 2, 1954, was detailed in Aimé Michel's book.

The publication itself, "Nous Papers d'Ovnis," is presented as a publication from "CEI" (Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios), with the issue dated December 2020. The page numbers and publication details (e.g., "Nous Papers d'Ovnis | CEI 100 Núm. 7 Desembre de 2020") confirm its identity and issue number.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is overwhelmingly the study and documentation of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) or "platillos volantes." The editorial stance, as inferred from the nature of the publication and the extensive bibliography, is one of serious inquiry into ufological phenomena. The detailed listing of sources suggests an effort to provide a comprehensive historical and bibliographic record of the subject, particularly focusing on the foundational period of the 1950s. The inclusion of diverse sources, from mainstream newspapers to specialized publications and academic works, indicates a broad approach to documenting the phenomenon.

Title: Nous Papers d'Ovnis
Issue: 7
Date: December 2020
Publisher: CEI
Country: Spain
Language: Catalan

This issue of Nous Papers d'Ovnis, dated December 2020, features an in-depth investigation into the "Catalan North Pyrenean flap of 1954" (El flap nord-pirinenc de 1954), with the initials HGF. The article delves into UFO sightings that occurred in the Rosselló region of France during that period.

Introduction

The introduction references a previous article about Magònia and a reported landing in Perpinyà on September 27, 1954. The author commits to presenting the remaining Catalan cases from the 1954 flap, largely based on information collected by Patrick Gross, a schoolteacher and computer scientist born in 1963 who has been researching UFOs since 1999. Gross's database of French territory cases from 1954 includes 2024 incidents, with only 14 (0.7%) occurring in Catalonia. Despite Catalonia's small population share (0.5%), these 14 incidents represent 70% of the Catalan catalog for 1954. In contrast, North Catalonia's population was only 6.7% of the national total. This discrepancy is highlighted as a reflection of linguistic-cultural importance in the UFO topic. The September-October 1954 flap involving Rosselló is noted as being transmitted in French, thus not crossing the Pyrenees. A separate flap occurred in Spain in December of the same year, with a different apparent origin and including several hoaxes, transmitted in Spanish.

A table (Taula 1) summarizes the dates, locations, and suggested explanations for 14 known observations. The article also mentions that two days later, Le Parisien Libéré reported a similar story without a specific date, placing the event around 11 PM.

The Observations (Les observacions)

Case 1. Banyuls, September 22

The newspaper L'Indépendant reported that on the night of Wednesday, September 22, three young men walking on the pier of Banyuls saw an object in the sky moving at high speed, emitting red and green flames. The newspaper Le Parisien Libéré later reported a similar story, describing a flying object moving at high speed and expelling red and green flames. The witnesses, somewhat scared, told clients at a nearby café, but they saw nothing. Gerard Barthel and Jacques Brucker, in their book "El gran temor marcià," consider it a meteor, a theory also deemed probable by Patrick Gross. The description is noted as fitting well with this hypothesis.

Case 2. Canet, September 27 (?)

According to Gross, several newspapers published on October 2 and 3 that at "Mas de Bruzy" (or "Mas de Brury"), agricultural workers saw a brilliant, disc-shaped object in the sky. The news likely originated from a press agency. Le Journal du Pas-de-calais et de la Somme published a text stating that at "Mas de Bruzy," near Perpinyà, harvesters reported seeing a brilliant, disc-shaped object that moved vertically, leaving a white trail, before disappearing into the clouds. Other newspapers like Le Courrier Picard, Le nouveau Nord Maritime, Nord Littoral, and Var-Matin Republique also published the story. Nord-Éclair and L'Est Republicain published the news without mentioning "Mas Bruzy" or the October 1st origin date. Aimé Michel, in 1958, reported that on September 27, 1954, in the suburbs of Perpinyà, at Breusy, harvesters saw a circular object that arrived rapidly and disappeared into the clouds. Michel cited La Croix on September 30, 1954, as his source, but the location name is considered erroneous. A veteran researcher confirmed that the location is Mas de Bruzy, near Canet, about 8 kilometers from Perpinyà. The date is also uncertain, but must be before October 1st or around the 29th/30th, according to Michel. The author notes the difficulty of verifying information before the internet era.

Case 3. Canet, September 27 (?)

Several newspapers published a press release about a baker from Platja de Canet who, returning from a delivery, saw a brilliant disc over the town. The object circled at high speed before heading towards the sea. The article collected from a newspaper under the same title as Case 5 states that the baker saw a brilliant disc that, after flying in large circles, moved towards the sea. Aimé Michel, in 1958, described a disc seen on the beach of Canet on September 27, 1954, moving erratically, describing small circles, stopping suddenly, then accelerating and disappearing rapidly to the south-southeast. Michel cited La Croix on September 30, 1954, for all Rosselló cases on the 27th. The author notes the problems with this source and Gross questions the exact date. The explanation suggested by Gross is a military aircraft on maneuvers, which the author finds more plausible than a meteor, given the description.

Case 4. Perpinyà, September 27, 1954

This incident was previously covered in issue 6 of Papers d'Ovnis. The author notes that Michel attributes all Rosselló cases from September 27 to a single article in La Croix on September 30, 1954. Jacques Vallée, however, gives the same date for this case and cites France Soir on October 2nd as his source, suggesting the sighting occurred around 5 or 6 PM. The account is described as juicy: a young man sees a round object land, two beings emerge, and the object flies away, classified as a "third kind encounter" by Hynek. The author questions if the young man invented it, misinterpreted it (like a helicopter, as Gross suggests), hallucinated, or if it was an alien craft. The author leans towards it being fantasy, a hoax, or a confusion with a terrestrial vehicle like a car or truck.

Case 5. Perpinyà, September 27

On September 28, 1954, L'Indépendant published an article about an observation by a group of seven workers on the previous day. The Catalan communication medium indicates the sighting occurred at 3:10 PM. The workers could not describe the object's shape due to its high speed as it flew over Perpinyà towards the Pertús. They reported the craft made no noise but shone brightly. The newspaper text describes it as a "strange apparatus" rather than a "saucer" or "cigar," difficult to pinpoint precisely. It flew towards Spain, near the Pertús border. The shape was not discernible because it moved very fast. The seven workers added that the machine made no noise but shone brightly. The article concludes by questioning whether this is proof of strange craft flying overhead and states that the informants appeared to be of good faith, inviting further testimony.

Le Courrier Picard, after reporting on the Canet Platja case, also commented on this observation, stating that seven factory workers from the outskirts of Perpinyà claimed to have seen an object of indefinite color moving at high speed, which had crossed the Pyrenees towards Spain. This note was also published in Le Nouveau Nord Maritime, Nord Littoral, L'Ardennais, Paris-Presse, and more concisely by La Voix du Nord, and likely others. Gross points out the scarce information and suggests it might be the same case as number 2, although Michel differentiates them, supposedly based on the La Croix article. The author speculates that Michel might have mistakenly moved Case 2 to the 27th or that it fit his narrative better, without including the apparently later Case 2. The description is considered too vague but compatible with a meteor or an aircraft.

Case 6. Cabestany, September 29 (?)

On October 1, 1954, several newspapers published a report about a truck driver collecting milk near Cabestany who saw a brilliant, blueish globe moving at low altitude, producing a soft hum. The observation lasted nearly fifteen minutes. L'Est Republicain reported that a truck driver saw a "brilliant globe," blueish in color, evolving at an altitude of about 150 meters, producing a soft hum. After stopping his truck, the driver was able to observe it.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the analysis of UFO sightings from 1954 in the North Pyrenean region of Catalonia. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical investigation, attempting to find plausible explanations for the reported phenomena, whether they be misidentifications, natural events, media hype, or potential hoaxes. The article emphasizes the importance of source verification and the challenges posed by pre-internet research methods. The author is skeptical of extraordinary claims, leaning towards more conventional explanations when the evidence is weak or ambiguous, while acknowledging the possibility of genuine unexplained phenomena. The role of media in amplifying or creating UFO "flaps" is also a significant theme.

Title: Papers d'Ovnis
Issue: 7
Date: December 2020
Publisher: CEI
Language: Catalan

Analysis of 1954 UFO Sightings in Rosselló

This article delves into a series of UFO (Unidentified Flying Object) or UAP (Unidentified Aerial Phenomena) sightings that occurred in the Rosselló region of France during 1954. The analysis, drawing from newspaper reports and witness testimonies, aims to provide a critical examination of these events, considering various potential explanations.

Case Studies and Reporting

The article meticulously details several cases, often citing specific newspaper articles and the sources of information. These include:

• Cabestany, near Perpignan: An observation is mentioned, with the author noting discrepancies in reporting and suggesting potential fabrication.
• Tuïr (September 30): Reported in *L'Indépendant*, a barrel-shaped machine with a halo of fire was observed moving at low speed before disappearing towards the sea.
• Mas Conte, near Perpignan (late September): A brief sighting of a fireball, considered by the author to be consistent with a meteor.
• Perpignan (October 1): Multiple residents reported a luminous globe, changing colors, that evolved for several minutes before vanishing.
• Montoriol (October 4): Information is scarce, with only the time of the sighting noted.
• Bompàs (night of October 9-10): A baker witnessed a cigar-shaped object with iridescent lights land in a street. Neighbors were woken to see its rapid departure.
• Perpignan (October 10): Two spheres were seen moving at high speed, approximately 3,000 meters high, leaving a distinct orange trail.
• Perpignan (October 14): A retired customs officer reported a large red ball landing on a road, from which a figure emerged before the object ascended rapidly.
• Prada (mid-October): A farmer's panicked reaction to motorcyclists, shouting about 'Martians,' is presented as a clear case of debunked fear.

Methodological Considerations and Interpretations

The author, Patrick Gross, and other researchers like Jacques Vallée are cited throughout the analysis. A recurring theme is the poor quality of data, with a significant percentage of cases lacking precise dates. The article highlights discrepancies between different sources and the potential for media influence, hoaxes, or misinterpretations.

Gross's interpretation of many events leans towards natural phenomena like meteors or conventional aircraft. The author frequently agrees with this assessment, suggesting that some reports might be fabrications, exaggerations, or even unintentional misidentifications.

Statistical Analysis and Conclusions

The article presents a statistical breakdown of the 14 cases, noting that all but one occurred in the Rosselló region. The quality of data is deemed deficient, with 28.6% of cases lacking secure date information. A concentration of sightings is observed in the week of September 27th.

The author concludes by categorizing the interpretations:

• 8 cases (57.1%): Likely meteors or aeronautical elements.
• 4 cases (28.6%): Probable hoaxes, possibly including unintentional fabrications.
• 1 case (7.1%): Possible confusion with another event.
• 1 case: Insufficient data for judgment.

The article posits that the 1954 'flap' (a period of increased sightings) was likely a result of media influence, where increased attention and reporting led to more observations, and potentially, the creation or amplification of hoaxes.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the analysis of historical UFO sightings, the critical evaluation of witness testimonies and media reports, and the exploration of potential explanations ranging from natural phenomena to human fabrication. The editorial stance is one of skepticism and rigorous investigation, aiming to debunk sensationalism and provide a rational perspective on unexplained aerial phenomena. The magazine emphasizes the importance of verifiable data and critical thinking when assessing such reports.

Title: Nous Papers d'Ovnis
Issue Date: December 2020 (Issue 7)
Publisher: CEI
Language: Catalan

This issue of *Nous Papers d'Ovnis* presents a collection of articles and references related to UFO phenomena, with a focus on recent sightings in Catalonia and historical cases.

UFO Sightings in Catalonia during 2020

This article, authored by Jordi Ardanuy, summarizes basic information on 15 UFO observations compiled by CEI in 2020 at a national level. The largest group of sightings occurred in April, during the lockdown period. Unlike the previous year, nocturnal sightings predominated. The majority of these observations had simple explanations. The paper also analyzes some sources of information that cannot be considered in statistical terms.

Keywords: Statistics, 2020, Catalonia.

An Observation from 1967 Protagonized by Famous People

Authored by Jordi Ardanuy, this article describes an aerial phenomenon observed in 1967, notable for the public figures among the witnesses. The event occurred on January 27, 1967, around 3 PM, near the hermitage of Santa Caterina in Torroella de Montgrí. A group of people witnessed an object approaching silently, with an apparent size and altitude similar to an airplane. The object followed a trajectory from Bagur or Pals towards L'Escala. Its shape was conical, with a brighter front part. The description itself is not extraordinary, but the explanation of the sighting is attributed to the writer, literary critic, and author Carles Fages de Climent (1902-1968). The article lists several of Fages de Climent's works and mentions other witnesses, including writer Montserrat Vayreda i de Trullol, librarian Maria Perxés Santomà, painters Joan Sibecas i Cabanyó and Evarist Vallès i Rovira, and Rosa Mari [Martí] Roca.

Several photographs are included to complement the article, featuring Carles Fages de Climent and other protagonists. Figure 3 shows Carles Fages, art dealer Ismael Planells, and painters Felip Vilà and Joan Sibecas at the funeral of Caterina Albert in January 1966. Figures 4 and 5 depict Joan Sibecas, Montserrat Vayreda, and Carles Fages de Climent. Figure 6 shows Fages and Evarist Vallès. Figure 7 is a poster for a round table discussion about Carles Fages de Climent and Montserrat Vayreda held in May 2019.

Keywords: UFO sightings; 1967; Torroella de Montgrí; Baix Empordà; Catalonia.

Historical UFO Reports (1954)

The issue also contains an extensive bibliography referencing numerous UFO reports, primarily from September and October 1954. These references cite various French newspapers and publications, including:

• *L'Indépendant* reporting on 'flying cigars' and 'saucers' in Banyuls-sur-Mer and Perpignan.
• *Le Parisien Libéré* noting the multiplication of saucers and cigars in France.
• *La Grande peur martienne ou une enquête sur une année au-dessus de tout soupçon* by Gerard Barthel and Jacques Brucker.
• *Le Journal du Pas-de-calais et de la somme* and *Le Courrier Picard* detailing saucer sightings.
• *Le Nouveau Nord Maritime* and *Nord Littoral* reporting on flying saucers and cigars.
• *Var-Matin République* and *L'Ardennais* discussing saucers and cigars.
• *Nord-Éclair* reporting on saucers.
• *L'Est Républicain* suggesting a Swedish 'meteor' was a jet plane.
• *Los misteriosos platillos volantes* by Aime Michel.
• *Black-Out Sur Les Soucoupes Volantes* by Jimmy Guieu.
• References to the *Flying Saucer Review*.
• Reports from *Le Havre*, *Le Méridional*, *L'Alsace*, *La Voix du Nord*, *La Troisième République des Pyrénées*, and *Le Pays d'Auge - Tribune*.
• Specific incidents like children encountering a 'Martian' near Figeac and 'saucers' dropping anti-communist leaflets over Czechoslovakia.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are UFO sightings, statistical analysis of such phenomena, and the historical documentation of UFO events. The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous investigation, evident in the detailed bibliographical references and the analysis of witness testimonies. The publication emphasizes the importance of documented evidence and credible sources, whether they are recent observations or historical accounts. The inclusion of both statistical data and qualitative witness accounts suggests a balanced approach to the study of UFOs.

Title: Papers d'Ovnis
Issue Date: December 2020
Publisher: CEI
Language: Catalan

Introduction

The issue begins with an introduction to UFO observations in Spain during 2020. A total of 15 cases were recorded, a slight increase from the previous year but below the decade's average of 16.2. A notable peak in observations occurred in April (53.3%), coinciding with the lockdown period, suggesting people had more time to observe the night sky. This phenomenon garnered attention from digital media, including La Vanguardia, which reported on observations not only from Catalonia but also from Spain and Ibero-America, encouraging readers to share their experiences and photos. Similar peaks in observations during confinement were noted in Flanders and Canada.

Annual Distribution of Cases (Figure 1)

Figure 1 illustrates the annual distribution of cases over a decade. While 2020 had 15 cases, the peak year in the provided graph is 2017 with 27 cases. Other years show varying numbers, with 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, and 2019 having between 10 and 19 cases.

Distribution of Cases

Monthly Distribution (Figure 2)

The article details the monthly distribution of cases in 2020. As mentioned, April saw the highest number of observations. March had two events, while other months had fewer sporadic occurrences. The majority of observations (73.3%) occurred during nighttime hours, with the remainder during the day. Thursdays were identified as the day of the week with the most recorded observations.

Geographic Distribution (Table 1)

Geographically, observations were concentrated in densely populated areas. Barcelonès accounted for 40.0% of the observations, followed by Baix Llobregat at 26.7%. Other comarcas like Bages, Rosselló, and Vallès Occidental each contributed 13.3%. Alt Empordà, Alt Penedès, Garraf, Maresme, Tarragonès, and Vallès Oriental each accounted for 6.7% of the cases.

Distribution by Day of the Week (Figure 3)

Figure 3 visually represents the distribution of cases by day of the week. Thursday stands out with the highest number of cases, followed by Sunday. Other days show significantly fewer reported incidents.

Proposed Explanations (Table 2)

Table 2 categorizes the proposed explanations for the observed phenomena. Planets and stars accounted for 26.7% of cases. Conventional air traffic, including globus and drones, made up 20.0%. Frauds and mystifications were cited in 13.3% of cases. Other explanations, each accounting for 6.7%, included birds, Bengal lights and rockets, meteors, and satellites. 6.7% of cases remained unidentified.

Media Presence and Visual Evidence

Eight of the reported observations appeared in online media. Seven cases involved recorded videos, and two included photographs, representing 60% of the total cases with visual evidence.

The Decade 2010-2020

The total volume of cases recorded over the decade (2010-2020) reached 162. This represents a 50% increase compared to the previous decade, which itself was slightly higher than the decade before it. The rise in reported cases is attributed to the impact of digital photography and video, along with the ease of public dissemination of images. The article notes that cases from websites that compile dozens of sightings by individuals or groups were not included in this count to maintain statistical consistency.

Image Analysis

An analysis of images from these observations suggests that most are not truly unidentified. Daytime sightings, when focused, often reveal clouds, insects, birds, or optical artifacts like globus or drones. Nighttime sightings are frequently attributed to meteors, satellites, or astronomical stimuli. The article highlights YouTube channels like Manuel Luis Tatjé and Siroriant as sources of such footage. The majority of these cases are concentrated around Montserrat, in Baix Llobregat and Bages, with some also reported in Anoia, Cadí, and Spain. This concentration around Montserrat is linked to local UFOlogy myths and New Age religious movements.

Statistical Impact

Considering the statistical impact, the article points out that including cases from specific YouTube channels could double the reported figure for the decade, with most of these concentrated around Montserrat. Therefore, only cases cited or analyzed in publications were considered for the main count.

Notes

The notes section provides references to articles from La Vanguardia, Empordà, The Wall Street Journal, Discover, The Independent, The Telegraph, and Le Soir, discussing various UFO sightings and related phenomena, particularly in the context of the pandemic and satellite launches.

Selected CEI Blog Posts (2020)

Two Airplane Contrails Bring About Much Speculation

On January 15, 2020, the Consorci del Delta del Llobregat published four photographs on Twitter showing what appeared to be two "projectiles with flames" flying at high altitude over El Prat de Llobregat. This publication coincided with a major explosion at the Petroquímica de Tarragona on January 14, leading to speculation about a connection. The images were captured before the explosion, and the proximity of the events fueled theories linking them. Initially, it was suggested the objects might have been propelled by the explosion, traveling up to 80 km. Social media also speculated about a link to the explosion's origin in Torreforta. However, journalistic information indicated the explosion was caused by a metal plate propelled by the blast. Meteorologist Tomàs Molina explained that the phenomena were likely two airplanes flying at different altitudes, with their condensation trails illuminated by the setting sun, creating a reddish hue. One of the images of these contrails is included.

UFO Seen from the Zona Franca in Barcelona

A young man named Alberto from Mataró captured a video of what he described as a bright light in the sky over the Zona Franca of Barcelona while working. The light rapidly lost altitude and was later joined by a second, smaller light. The incident is estimated to have occurred in January or February 2020. A reference to a Los40.com article is provided.

Chain of Moving Lights Over Catalonia

On Thursday, March 5, 2020, numerous people across Catalonia and even the Valencian Community observed a chain of moving lights in the sky around 8:00 PM. These lights are believed to be Starlink satellites, part of a constellation of telecommunications devices built by SpaceX to provide internet access. The constellation is planned to consist of thousands of small devices in low Earth orbit. The first two test satellites were launched in February 2018, followed by a batch of 60 in May 2019, and four more launches since then. Astronomers have expressed concerns that the large number of satellites could degrade observation quality. SpaceX has assured that the units will have a special coating to reduce light reflection, and as satellites increase their altitude, their brightness tends to decrease.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around UFO and UAP (Unidentified Aerial Phenomena) sightings, with a particular focus on events in Spain during 2020. The magazine meticulously analyzes the data, categorizing sightings by month, day of the week, and geographic location. It also explores various explanations for these phenomena, ranging from natural occurrences and conventional aircraft to potential misidentifications and hoaxes. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, attempting to provide rational explanations where possible while acknowledging the persistent mystery surrounding some observations. The impact of media and social networks in reporting and amplifying these events is also a significant theme. The issue highlights the growing number of reported sightings, linking it to technological advancements in photography and video, and the ease of sharing information online. The inclusion of specific case studies, such as the Tarragona explosion speculation and the Starlink satellite chain, demonstrates an effort to investigate and contextualize these events within broader scientific and societal trends.

Title: Nous Papers d'Ovnis
Issue: Number 7
Date: December 2020
Publisher: CEI
Country: Spain
Language: Catalan

This issue of Nous Papers d'Ovnis, a publication focused on UFOs and unexplained aerial phenomena, presents a collection of selected articles from the CEI's blog for 2020. It covers both historical and contemporary sightings, with a particular emphasis on events from 2020.

Article: Una notícia d'un fenomen aeri a Manresa el 1921 (News of an aerial phenomenon in Manresa in 1921)

This section details a report from the *Daily Courier* of Connellsville, Pennsylvania, dated November 3, 1921, about a luminous object observed in the skies over Manresa, Spain. The object was described as a "rectangular meteor" moving at tremendous speed with a luminous tail from which sparks seemed to fall. A brief Spanish newspaper report from Soria is also cited, confirming the observation after a violent storm. The phenomenon was described as a large, rhomboidal luminous object moving from North to East at extraordinary speed and considerable altitude, followed by a luminous tail resembling that of comets, from which sparks emanated. The general belief was that it was a bolide, though no impact was reported. The article notes the unusual aerodynamic shape and suggests the possibility of an optical phenomenon altering the observation. It also highlights the time difference between the publication in the Spanish and US press and mentions the old belief of interpreting singular aerial phenomena as bad omens.

Article: La Vanguardia i l'estranya llum (La Vanguardia and the odd light)

This article discusses a series of reports published by the Spanish newspaper *La Vanguardia* in April 2020, coinciding with the COVID-19 lockdown. The newspaper challenged its readers to report lights seen in the sky over Catalonia and Valencia. The article highlights *La Vanguardia*'s coverage, which sensationalized the events as "the great mystery of the confinement period of the COVID-19 pandemic." It explores potential explanations, including Project Loon (helium balloons for 5G), the International Space Station (ISS), and Starlink satellites, which had been previously associated with similar observations.

Several witness testimonies are presented:

• Glòria Lloveras from Camallera, Alt Empordà, reported seeing a "large red ball of light" on the night of April 3rd, which appeared very close and then moved away and elongated.
• Fabián Cukier from Barcelona described a light seen on April 4th, compared to a star but much brighter and closer, moving with the stars for 30-40 minutes before disappearing behind buildings.
• Cristóbal Ordóñez from Sabadell reported seeing a "ball of fire" crossing the sky above his house around 9 PM on April 3rd. He described it as too large for an airplane or helicopter and not a star, questioning if it could be a drone.
• Anabel González from Sant Boi observed a light with varying colors, intensities, and size on the night of April 3rd.
• Rubén Dario from Tarragona shared a photograph taken on April 3rd of a "mysterious light."
• Gilmet Hermes recorded videos from L'Hospitalet de Llobregat of an "object of clean energy" flying towards El Prat airport.
• Tània Serrano provided a video from Castelldefels on April 4th, describing a bright light in the sky with no audible noise, which disappeared by midnight.

The article also mentions explanations from amateur astronomer Ángel Molina, who suggests that many reported objects could be Venus, visible in the west after sunset, or the star Sirius. He also points out that camera focusing errors can create aberrations that make distant objects appear unusual.

Article: OVNI sobre Gavà (UFO over Gavà)

This section reports on a UFO sighting in Gavà, Spain, around 11 AM on April 29, 2020, according to Gava.info. Witnesses reported seeing an object moving rapidly across the skies of Gavà and Viladecans, heading towards the port of Barcelona and Montjuïc. They described it as flying very high and moving over great distances. Witnesses believed it was not a balloon due to its lateral movement and did not resemble a typical unmanned aerial vehicle. One witness noted the difficulty of managing a drone from Gavà to Barcelona and the prohibition of flying drones within 8 kilometers of an airport. A video of the object was recorded by Joan from the Mercadona building in Can Ribes.

Article: Llum vermella sobre el cel de Vilanova de Raò (Red light on the sky of Vilanova de Raò)

OVNI66 published an account of an unidentified object observed on Sunday, August 2, 2020, at 9:31 PM in Vilanova de Raò. The information came from an online form. The anonymous informant, along with a friend and his daughter, witnessed a red incandescent light in the sky moving northeast towards Perpignan – Salelles. The object followed a straight trajectory with slight jerky movements and was accompanied by a brief black smoke. The observation lasted only 10-15 seconds, preventing any photographs. No sound was heard. The witness ruled out it being an airplane or helicopter. The sky was slightly cloudy with some wind. Pascal Guillaumes, owner of the website, suggests the description is consistent with a flare or a pyrotechnic rocket, which would explain the lingering smoke. He also considers that the object could not have been an airplane or helicopter, nor Chinese lanterns, balloons, or any unpropelled object, given the wind direction (northwest to southeast at 24 km/h with strong gusts).

Article: Llum estranya a Talteüll (Odd light over Talteüll)

OVNI66 also reported an observation from Wednesday, July 29, 2020, at 9:45 PM in Talteüll. The information was received by Pascal Guillaumes on August 7th via an online form. The sighting lasted about 4 minutes and involved two witnesses: the informant (35 years old) and his father (65 years old). They were in the informant's garden when they observed a blinking blue light, more intense than the International Space Station, appearing over the mountains north of Talteüll. The light seemed to hover before resuming its flight, at which point a video was recorded, showing the light as white instead of blue. The light moved from left to right, blinking at a frequency of 0.5 Hz.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently focuses on unexplained aerial phenomena, UFO sightings, and related eyewitness accounts. The editorial stance appears to be one of documenting and presenting these reports, often including witness testimonies, photographic evidence, and links to external sources for further investigation. There is an effort to provide potential explanations, such as astronomical phenomena (Venus, Sirius), technological objects (Starlink, drones, balloons), or even optical illusions and camera errors, while also acknowledging the unexplained nature of some sightings. The inclusion of historical cases, like the Manresa 1921 event, alongside contemporary ones, suggests a broad interest in the subject matter across different time periods. The magazine also highlights the role of media, like *La Vanguardia*, in reporting and sometimes sensationalizing these events.

Title: Nous Papers d'Ovnis
Issue: Number 7
Date: December 2020
Publisher: CEI
Language: Catalan

This issue of Nous Papers d'Ovnis presents a collection of historical and recent UFO and UAP (Unidentified Aerial Phenomena) reports, spanning several decades and geographical locations. The magazine focuses on detailed accounts of sightings, witness testimonies, and official investigations, aiming to provide information on unexplained aerial events.

Article 1: The mystery of the metal disk remains unsolved (Fa 110 anys)

This article recounts a puzzling incident from July 17, 1910, in Portland, USA. A 10-inch metal disk fell from the sky, nearly hitting a woman named Maude LeReau on Seashore Island. Colonel George E. Fogg of the Artillery Department examined the object and concluded it was not a projectile from the 12-inch cannons at Fort Levett. Despite initial explanations involving an airplane engine part, this was emphatically denied. The disk impacted a small cabin's chimney before landing on the lawn. The object is described as a flat disk with a quarter-inch rim, showing signs of impact. The incident occurred around 5 PM, while the cannons were not fired until 7 PM, further deepening the mystery.

Article 2: A flying saucer has been seen (Fa 70 anys)

This section details a sighting from August 4, 1950, in Girona, Spain. Joaquín Ferrer Font reported that electricians from Societat Indústries Coromina witnessed an elongated object with metallic, steel-like reflections moving from southeast to northwest. The object was only visible for one or two seconds when hit by direct sunlight. Its altitude was estimated to be high, and it moved at high speed, resembling a V-2 rocket in shape. A brief white smoke trail was observed, possibly due to atmospheric condensation or emitted gases, which dissipated within thirty seconds. The article notes the information is presented purely for informational purposes due to the problematic nature of such events and the difficulty in confirming details given the object's speed.

Article 3: A strange apparatus crossed the sky of Mallorca yesterday (Fa 60 anys)

This report from May 23, 1960, in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, describes a sighting by Ramon Compte Porta, delegate of the Societat Astronòmica d'Espanya. Between 9:33 and 9:35 AM, a strange triangular, slightly isosceles, flat, white, but not brilliant object was observed at an altitude of 40 degrees, disappearing at 30 degrees, covering an arc of 110 degrees. It rotated and oscillated on itself without deviating from its trajectory. Its apparent size was about 8 minutes of arc, roughly a quarter of the full moon. The object's constant speed and altitude, along with the absence of noise or trail, ruled out it being a Russian spacecraft, a jet plane, or a weather balloon.

Article 4: UFOs over Catalonia (Fa 40 anys)

This article, referencing information from La Vanguardia newspaper, details five 'UFO' encounters that occurred on November 11, 1980, over Catalonia, Spain. These objects were reportedly 'intercepted' by other aircraft within the air traffic control sector of Barcelona. An Iberia flight (Barcelona-Athens, flight 350) observed an unidentified object 100 kilometers east of Barcelona. An aerotaxi with registration FBXAI had a 'contact' 200 kilometers northeast of Barcelona. Another flight from Transeuropa (Palma-Bordeaux) spotted an object 100 kilometers south of Reus. In these three cases, the 'UFOs' were over the sea. An Iberia flight (flight 810, Asturias-Barcelona) saw an object 170 kilometers west of the airport. Finally, an English aircraft from OM was flying 140 kilometers west of Barcelona. In addition to the pilots' sightings, one of the 'UFOs' was also observed from El Prat airport.

Article 5: A strange light was produced (Fa 10 anys - inferred from context)

This section, dated July 29, 2020, describes an observation by Pascal Guillaumes. The observer noted a change in direction from right to left with great speed, after which the object disappeared without any sound. Detailed analysis of the video and other details led Guillaumes to hypothesize that it was a strobing light incorporated into a drone. This hypothesis is considered compatible with the observed movements, the recorded luminous frequency, and the absence of air traffic in the area. The reference points to an online article from OVNI66.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are historical UFO and UAP sightings, with a focus on detailed descriptions, witness accounts, and attempts at official explanations or hypotheses. The magazine presents these cases from different decades and locations, including the USA, Spain, and France. The editorial stance appears to be one of presenting factual information and historical accounts of unexplained aerial phenomena, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions, as indicated by the cautious presentation of the 1950 Girona sighting and the reference to the ongoing mystery of the 1910 metal disk.

This document is the cover of a publication from the Centre d'Estudis Interplanetaris (CEI). The publication's title appears to be 'CEI', with the full name of the organization, 'Centre d'Estudis Interplanetaris', printed below its logo. The cover is a solid dark red color, with the logo and text in white.

Due to the limited content of the scan, which consists only of the cover page, no further details regarding specific articles, issue dates, volume numbers, or content themes can be extracted.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

As only the cover is available, no information about recurring themes or the editorial stance of this publication can be determined.