Notizie UFO - No 45

Magazine Overview

This issue of "NOTIZIE UFO" (UFO News), number 45, published in July 1994 by the Centro Italiano Studi Ufologici (CISU), is a circular informative bulletin. The cover prominently displays the title "NOTIZIE UFO" and details CISU's address and contact information in Torino, Italy. The main headline is the title itself, suggesting a focus on UFO-related news.

Editorial Changes and Objectives

The editorial team announces upcoming structural changes to CISU's publications, with the magazine "UFO" set to undergo the most significant modifications. The "Notizie UFO" circular will also see changes, gradually transferring current information, case studies, reviews, and foreign news to the main magazine. The circular will then revert to a more technical role, focusing on informing members about ongoing activities, association life, and available materials in the Central Archives. These changes aim to improve the quality, quantity, and circulation of UFO information among Italian enthusiasts, aligning with CISU's statutory goals. A new initiative is the dispatch of "Notizie UFO" without envelopes, utilizing postal subscriptions to save costs. The editorial team solicits feedback from members.

From the Secretariat

Material Received

During March, April, and May 1994, the secretariat received a substantial amount of investigation reports, clippings, and other UFO-related material, adding 1749 pages to the Central Archives, on top of the 890 pages received in the previous two months. The bulletin thanks numerous members and friends for their contributions, acknowledging the significant effort and personal cost many undertake for investigations, data collection, and dissemination of information. The dedication and voluntary work of its members are highlighted as the driving force behind the Center's activities.

Membership Campaign

Despite the economic recession, CISU has maintained its average number of members and even reached its 500th collaborator in March. The enthusiasm for the newly established "benemerito" (meritorious) and "sostenitore" (supporter) contribution levels is noted. Members are encouraged to recruit new collaborators to promote CISU among their acquaintances.

CISU News

Board Meeting

A board meeting was held in Milan on March 5th, attended by board members and other members. The meeting reviewed economic, financial, and associative data for 1993, discussed debts owed by some members, and addressed the restructuring of CISU's publications, particularly the "UFO" magazine. The organization of the annual convention was also discussed, with Renzo Cabassi tasked with coordinating ongoing study projects.

The meeting reiterated that membership in the National Ufological Center (CUN) is not incompatible with CISU membership. However, due to CUN's hostile stance towards CISU, it was deemed inappropriate for CUN local representatives to be ordinary members or local representatives of CISU. The full minutes of the meeting were sent to all ordinary members.

"UFO" Magazine - New Formula

The 14th issue of the "UFO" magazine (July 1994) has been printed and will be sent to subscribers and members at the end of August to avoid postal issues during the summer holidays. The magazine features a new design with a more colorful cover, coated paper, and a renewed layout. The content has also been revised to include shorter texts, member investigations, current affairs commentary, reviews, and a space for reader contributions. This issue includes an interview with physicist and euro-deputy Tullio Regge, a report on the AIRCAT project by Marco Orlandi, an investigation into the IR-3 case at Istrana air base by Paolo Fiorino and Giancarlo D'Alessandro, Jacques Vallée's views on ufology as a "forbidden science," and investigations into various sightings from the 1993 wave.

Activities

Investigations Received

Reports of investigations received in March, April, and May 1994 are listed, with brief summaries of cases, often referencing previous mentions in "Notizie UFO" or the "UFO" magazine. These include:

• Antonio BLANCO (CT): Report on a flying humanoid case in Siracusa (Nov 7, 1993) and other related cases (13 pages). Report on a case near Cassibile (SR) involving a strange object observed by a couple and their daughter (10 pages).
• Bruno PERNA (AT): Report on an interview with a witness of moving lights in the night sky in Canelli (AT) (December 1978).
• Claudio CAVALLINI (PV): Investigation into a filmed nocturnal light in Cassolnovo (PV) (May 1993).
• Giorgio PATTERA (PR): Interview regarding observations in Marano (PR) of aeromodels and a glowing object, and a subsequent sighting in Montechiarugolo (PR) of a clear elliptical mass.
• Gian Pietro DONATI and Gianni FACCHETTI (NO): Investigation into a nocturnal light case in Santa Margherita di Staffora (PV) (August 1972), involving a luminous yellow ball with a green-red halo.

Who Does What

This section highlights ongoing projects and activities by various CISU members, encouraging collaboration and timely information exchange. It aims to give visibility to the "hidden work" of many members.

• Paolo FIORINO and Matteo LEONE (TO): Actively involved in field investigations, including a case in Liguria and another in Verona.
• Antonio BLANCO and Antonio RAMPULLA (CT): Conducting investigations in Sicily and engaging in public outreach (radio, TV, local press) to counter a "cultist clan" in Sicily.
• Renzo CABASSI and Marco ORLANDI: Making progress on the AIRCAT project and revising the catalog of sightings by astronauts. Cabassi also collaborated with Giuseppe STILO (FI) on cataloging press clippings for CNIFAA and SUF.
• Milan Group: A group in Milan, including Giancarlo D'ALESSANDRO and Roberto FARABONE, is meeting regularly to discuss and deepen ufological topics.
• Lombardy Bulletin: A regional bulletin, "CISU Lombardia," has been launched to increase member involvement in the region.
• Umberto CORDIER (SV): Contributing significantly to Marcello PUPILLI's (AN) bibliographic project, involving extensive data entry and revision.
• Maurizio VERGA (CO): Analyzing UFO photos, expanding his image database, and revising the ITACAT (Italian landing case catalog).

Local Dissemination

This section details various local outreach activities by CISU representatives across Italy from March to May 1994:

• Antonio RAMPULLA (Catania): Published an appeal to witnesses in the local bimonthly "Incontri."
• Marcello TARALLO and Giorgio RUSSOLILLO (Naples): Featured in a newspaper article about UFO cases in Campania.
• Paolo TOSELLI (Alessandria): Wrote an article for "L'astronomia" magazine about UFO sightings mistaken for bolides in Italy in 1993. He is a regular contributor to the magazine.
• Maurizio VERGA (Cermenate): Continues to write articles on ufology for the virtual reality magazine "Neural" and the local monthly "Il Gabbiano."
• Arcangelo CASSANO (Bari): Gave lectures on "Ufology: reality or fantasy?" in Bari.
• Antonio BLANCO and Antonio RAMPULLA (Catania): Participated in a talk show on Tele Ionica.
• Omega Watch Company: At the Turin International Auto Show, Omega organized a stand dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the Moon landing, featuring UFO-related information and a presentation by journalist Jas Gawronski.
• Local Newspapers: Several local newspapers have published data from the Italian Air Force's UFO report, previously released to CISU.
• Edoardo RUSSO and Paolo TOSELLI: Appeared on the television program "Parlato semplice."

UFOs and Television/Film

UFOs on Television

A list of national television programs that discussed UFOs between January and May 1994 is provided, with asterisks indicating programs available in the CISU video archive.

• Raitre: "Unomattina" (Feb 28), "Domenica in" (March 7), "Italiani brava gente" (Jan 2), "UFO: vengono dallo spazio o sono dentro di noi?" (two-hour special, March).
• Canale 5: "TG5" (April 30).
• Raidue: "Mixer documenti" (May 10), "E.T. L'extraterrestre" (Jan 1), "UFO: pioggia mortale" (Feb 4).
• Rete 4: "TG4" (Feb 10), "Starman" (May 4).
• Italia 1: "Starman" (Jan 1).
• Telemontecarlo: "Invaders" (Jan 4).
• Raiuno: "Occhi dalle stelle" (March 2).
• Raitre: "Parlato semplice" (May 31).

UFO-Themed Films and TV Series

The bulletin lists several UFO-inspired films and TV series aired or released during the period:

• "E.T. L'extraterrestre" (Raidue, Jan 1)
• "Starman" (Italia 1, Jan 1; Rete 4, May 4)
• "Invaders" (Telemontecarlo, Jan 4)
• "UFO: pioggia mortale" (Raidue, Feb 4)
• "Occhi dalle stelle" (Raiuno, March 2)
• "Bagliori nel buio" (Home video release)
• "Intrusi" (Home video release)
• "Intrusi dal cielo - 1991/1992: obiettivo Messico" (Home video release)
• "Non identificati - Inchiesta 'Guardian'. L'atterraggio del secolo?" (Home video release)

UFO in Italy

This section provides a summary of UFO sightings reported in Italy up to May 1994:

• January 30: A circular white object was reported near Pagnacco (UD).
• February 25: In Viareggio (LU), a spherical yellow object was observed and filmed.
• March 1: A young man in Palermo (PA) reported seeing two flashing lights.
• Early March: In Torino, two orange lights were seen exploring the mountain terrain.
• March 6: In Guardiaregia (CB), a dark oval object was seen descending towards Monte Mutria. Simultaneously, two pilots near Termoli (CB) observed a round object reflecting sunlight.
• March 22: In Torino, a bright star-like object moved rapidly and hovered over a car.
• March 27: In Siracusa, a teacher observed an anthropomorphic object near the sea.
• March 30: Two technicians in Verona observed a luminous object moving slowly across the sky.
• April 8: Strange light beams caused panic in Vasto (CH), later identified as a laser from a beach establishment.
• April 9: In Budrio (BO), two luminous spheres were seen merging in the sky after a thunderstorm.
• April 17: In Santo Stefano di Zimella (VR), farmers observed a peculiar object resembling a "canister robot" that moved erratically before ascending and disappearing.
• April 24: In Cormano (MI), two workers observed a dark grey spherical object moving from south to north.
• Around Easter: A merchant in Parma (PR) saw a large star-like object with intermittent lights moving towards the southeast.

A New FLAP

A widespread aerial phenomenon was observed on the evening of May 3rd across central-northern Italy and neighboring countries. Amateur astronomers reported seeing luminous cones penetrating a mushroom-shaped nebulous formation with a vortex, moving slowly upwards. In Farra d'Isonzo (GO), a strange "comet" with a wide tail was observed moving northwest. In Imola (BO), observers saw a double light that enlarged and then photographed it. In Noventa Vicentina (VI), a luminous cloud expanded significantly before disappearing.

These sightings were later explained by astronomer Brian Marsden as the launch of a secret US Titan 4 Centaur missile from Cape Canaveral on May 3rd. The phenomenon was identified as the missile's second stage, fitting the "expanding balls of light" (EBL) category.

The Ostia Balloon

On May 8th, numerous people, including police and civil protection officers, observed a red, round object performing evolutions over Ostia (RM) for about an hour and a half. Witnesses reported hearing crackling sounds and seeing the object shed pieces. The event was filmed by a local TV operator.

• Cormano (MI): Two workers observed a dark grey spherical object moving rapidly from south to north.
• Parma: A merchant reported seeing a large star with intermittent lights moving towards the southeast.

UFO in Italy (Continued)

• May 3rd: A widespread aerial phenomenon, initially described as luminous cones and a nebulous formation, was observed across central-northern Italy. This was later identified as the launch of a US Titan 4 Centaur missile.
• May 4th: In Farra d'Isonzo (GO), a strange "comet" with a wide tail was observed.
• May 4th: In Imola (BO), observers saw a double light that enlarged and was photographed.
• May 4th: In Noventa Vicentina (VI), a luminous cloud expanded significantly.
• May 8th: In Ostia (RM), a red, round object was observed performing evolutions.
• May 30th: Two young people in Novi Ligure (AL) reported seeing strange lights and intermittent beams of light.

The Disappearance of Albertini

Arduino Albertini, a prominent ufologist and activist since the 1950s, passed away in Turin at the age of 78. He was a key figure in several ufological organizations and publications, including the magazine "Clypeus." Albertini was known for his interest in the spiritual aspects of ufology and contactism. He meticulously compiled a vast archive of UFO-related press clippings, books, and correspondence, which he donated to Paolo Fiorino. He also collected UFO sighting reports from pilots during his time as secretary of the Turin section of the "Associazione Arma Aeronautica."

In the Newsstands

This section highlights recent publications related to ufology:

• "L'ignoto" magazine: The publisher Hobby & Work has begun publishing "I misteri dell'ignoto" (The Mysteries of the Unknown) in 91 weekly installments, each including a videocassette and a "Libri dell'ignoto" book. The publication of "Libri dell'ignoto" continues, with a mention of Manuel Carballal's book "Sequestrati dagli UFO" (Abducted by UFOs).
• "Myto" magazine: The publication of this magazine has ceased.
• "Neural" magazine: This virtual reality magazine, featuring ufological content by Maurizio VERGA, continues its publication.
• "Scienza e Paranormale" magazine: This publication, from a skeptical committee, occasionally features ufological information, including an article by Tullio Regge.

In Videotheque

This section lists available UFO-related video releases:

• "Bagliori nel buio" (Lights in the Dark): Official video cassette of the film (USA, 1993).
• "Intrusi" (Intruders): Mini-series on abduction (USA, 1992).
• Columbia-Tristar Home Video Series:
• "Intrusi dal cielo - 1991/1992: obiettivo Messico": Documentaries on mass sightings in Mexico.
• "Non identificati - Inchiesta 'Guardian'. L'atterraggio del secolo?": Focuses on a controversial Canadian UFO landing case.

These video releases have reportedly sold well, exceeding the average sales of UFO books in Italy.

International

San Marino: Ufological Promised Land?

The "Second International Symposium on Unidentified Flying Objects and Related Phenomena" was held in San Marino on May 7th and 8th. Organized by the San Marino Dicastery of Communications and Transport, the Italian National Ufological Center (CUN), and the local CROVNI group, the theme was "UFO: secrecy, truth, and cover-up." The symposium featured numerous presentations, including those by international guests, CUN representatives, and external speakers. Foreign speakers included Boris Shurinov (Russia) on the post-Glasnost situation in his country, Brian O'Leary (USA) on new age topics, and Linda Howe (USA) on animal mutilations. The event also included a presentation by a former American engineer who is now an ufologist.

UFOs and Cinema

A new project is underway to catalog UFO-related films. The classification system, developed by Fabrizio Dividi in collaboration with Gian Paolo GRASSINO, categorizes films based on the prominence of UFOs in their narratives. An initial list of 80 feature films distributed in Italy has been compiled, including titles, directors, countries of origin, plot summaries, and more. The project seeks contributions from cinephiles to expand and correct the database. The CISU Videotheque is also collecting UFO films, and plans are in place to catalog UFO appearances on Italian television.

Information

Radio-TV Listening Center

This section lists national television programs that featured UFOs in the first five months of 1994, based on data collected by Paolo TOSELLI for the CISU radio-television listening center. Programs include those on Raitre, Canale 5, Raidue, and Rete 4.

San Marino: Promised Land for Ufology?

The "Second International Symposium on Unidentified Flying Objects and Related Phenomena" took place in San Marino on May 7th and 8th. The event, organized by the San Marino government, the Italian CUN, and the local CROVNI group, focused on "UFO: secrecy, truth, and cover-up." Speakers included international guests like Boris Shurinov (Russia), Brian O'Leary (USA), and Linda Howe (USA), discussing various aspects of ufology and related phenomena.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of "Notizie UFO" revolve around the reporting and investigation of UFO sightings across Italy, the internal activities and organizational changes within CISU, and the dissemination of UFO-related information through various media channels (magazines, television, video, and books). The editorial stance appears to be one of serious, scientific inquiry into ufological phenomena, emphasizing voluntary work, data collection, and collaboration among members. There is a clear effort to distinguish CISU's approach from more sensationalist or less rigorous ufological endeavors, as indicated by the decision to participate in the "Erotica" exhibition and the mention of Tullio Regge's involvement. The issue also reflects a desire to engage with the public through media outreach and to build a comprehensive archive of UFO-related data. The passing of Arduino Albertini serves as a reminder of the history and dedication within the Italian ufological community.

This issue of "Notizie UFO" from July 1994, issue number 11, focuses on recent developments in ufology, including a conference, a significant confession regarding a long-standing hoax, and a review of international publications.

UFO Conference in San Marino

The magazine reports on a UFO conference held in San Marino, which attracted approximately 300 attendees, an increase from the previous year. Local media dedicated about forty articles to the event. The conference featured various speakers, including:

• Stanton Friedman, who discussed Roswell and Majestic 12.
• Javier Sierra, a Spanish journalist, who reported on the gradual release of UFO archives from the Spanish Ministry of Defense.
• Michael Hesemann from Germany, who explored crop circles as alien messages.
• Bruno Mancusi from Switzerland, who provided an overview of UFO phenomena and ufology in Switzerland.

External speakers included:

• Maurizio Baiata, who presented new video cassettes from Columbia.
• Fabio Della Balda, who discussed the ethics of ufological information.
• Bino Bini, a meteorologist, shared his sightings and criticized official science.
• Giulio Perrone, who advocated for an epistemological approach to ufology.
• Giorgio Buonvino, an astronomer, spoke about exobiology and SETI.
• Alfredo Magenta, who discussed the possibility of contact with aliens.

A controversial intervention came from officer-pilot Roberto Doz, who promoted Eugenio Siragusa, Giorgio Bongiovanni, and the cult group Nonsiamosoli.

Internal CUN (Centro Ufologico Nazionale) members also presented. Roberto Pinotti cited SETI and Tullio Regge regarding alleged government cover-ups. Corrado Malanga discussed a Galilean method for identifying real UFOs through photo and trace analysis. Salvatore Marcelletti spoke about angels, clouds, Ezekiel's vision, and his own sighting.

Several announced speakers did not attend, including journalists Gianni Bisiach and Giorgio Medail, and foreign ufologists Gordon Creighton, Joaquim Fernandes, Budd Hopkins, and director Steven Spielberg. However, a 1967 documentary by Gianni Bisiach on flying saucers was screened.

A round table discussion on Saturday evening featured Pinotti and foreign guests, moderated by Mario Pastore and broadcast live by Tele San Marino.

The conference also announced the establishment of an international UFO documentation center in San Marino, financed by the Republic.

Despite the participation of interesting figures like Friedman, Shurinov, and Sierra, the conference was noted to have limitations in the selection and quality of speakers, with some participants being considered marginal figures in the ufological community. The involvement of the Nonsiamosoli group was highlighted as an example of this, with their publications presenting Doz's participation as an endorsement from UFO scholars.

UMMO: END OF A FARCE?

This section details the conclusion of the long-standing "UMMO letters" affair. José Luis Jordàn Peña, a parapsychologist long suspected of orchestrating the hoax, confessed to being the author of the letters that purported to be from extraterrestrials from the planet Ummo, sent to UFO scholars and enthusiasts in Spain since 1966.

The affair took a new turn in April 1993 when industrialist Rafael Farriols received a letter from Ummo after a two-year silence, requesting a meeting of Ummo correspondents and specifically asking for Jordàn Peña to attend and reveal what he knew.

Instead of attending, Jordàn Peña sent a letter confessing his role as the creator and main implementer of the elaborate hoax. The article notes that this confession, detailed in subsequent letters, explains the motivations, aims, and methods behind the deception, which has generated considerable attention in Spain and worldwide. The magazine reserves a longer article for this complex affair in a future issue.

Sources cited for this section include "La alternativa racional" (n. 29, 1993), "Phénomèna" (n. 17, January-February 1994), and information from Javier Sierra.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

The magazine lists and briefly reviews numerous foreign ufological publications received between March and May 1994. These include:

• AFU NEWSLETTER (Sweden), issue 37 (December 1993): Highlights AFU as a major ufological library and archive, detailing its reorganization and expansion.
• BECASSINE POINT (France), issue 20 (June 1993): A statistical report on IR-3 cases, focusing on descriptive characteristics of entities.
• CENAP REPORT (Germany), issues 211-214 (December 1993 - March 1994): Praised as one of the best German-language ufological publications, known for its critical and skeptical approach, translated material, and current global news.
• CIRCULARIE CNEGU (France), issues 19-30 (May 1993 - April 1994): Described as the French equivalent of "Notizie UFO," covering recent cases, news, and reviews from France.
• MAS ALLA (Spain), issue 61 (March 1994): A widely circulated Spanish magazine on the unusual, with a ufology section curated by Javier Sierra, featuring a debate on a 31-3-93 flap (Soviet missile or UFO?).
• NORTHERN UFO NEWS (Great Britain), issue 163 (Winter 1993): Celebrates its 20th anniversary, offering a panorama of the British UFO scene, including investigations, news, and opinions. It also touches upon the reasons for Jenny Randles' removal from her role in BUFORA.

Publications from the former Soviet Union are also mentioned:

• AURA-Z (various European languages): Aims to find subscribers in the West for reports on paranormal phenomena in Russia, but results are deemed not up to announced standards.
• RIAP BULLETIN (February 1994): An English-language publication from Ukraine, founded by Vladimir Rubtsov.
• UNKNOWN WORLD (issues 1 & 2, January & April 1994): An English-language publication from the Novosti news agency, aimed at Western subscribers interested in the ex-Soviet paranormal world, noted for its poor presentation and content quality.

Other publications received during the same quarter include:

• AWARENESS (Great Britain)
• THE CEREALOGIST (Great Britain)
• CONTACT OVNI (France)
• FATE (USA)
• FORTEAN TIMES (Great Britain)
• FLYING SAUCER REVIEW (Great Britain)
• LOS IDENTIFICADOS (Argentina)
• IMSA CONTACT (France)
• INTERNATIONAL UFO REPORTER (USA)
• JOURNAL FUR UFO FORSCHUNG (Germany)
• JUST CAUSE (USA)
• MAGAZIN FUR GRENZWISSENSCHAFT (Germany)
• MAS ALLA (Spain)
• MUFON UFO JOURNAL (USA)
• NORTHERN UFO NEWS (Great Britain)
• NUFOC FLASH (Belgium)
• EL OJO ESCEPTICO (Argentina)
• PHENOMENA (France)
• UFO (Poland)
• UFO ENCOUNTERS (USA)
• UFO INFORMATION (Japan)
• UFO MAGAZINE (USA & Great Britain)
• UFO MAGAZINET (Hungary)
• UFO NYT (Denmark)
• UFO POTPOURRI NEWS (USA)
• UFO TIMES (Great Britain)
• UFOMANIA (France)
• WORLD UFO JOURNAL (Great Britain)

Library Arrivals

The CISU Central Archives have received new foreign-language books. These are available for consultation by members and include:

• Juan José Benitez: "Materia reservada" (Planeta, Barcelona, 1993) - Discusses Spanish military UFO material and alleged government censorship.
• Michel Bougard & Lucien Clerebaut (eds.): "Vague d'OVNI sur la Belgique vol. 2" (SOBEPS, Brussels, 1994) - An update on the Belgian UFO wave, with cases, investigations, and analyses.
• Jean-Claude Bourret & Jean Jacques Velasco: "Ovnis, la science avance" (Laffont, Paris, 1993) - The director of GEPAN/SEPRA recounts investigations and research into UFOs.
• Pedro Canto: "Dossier fotos OVNI" (Karma.7, Barcelona, 1994) - A supplement with black and white and color photos.
• Jean-Gabriel Greslé: "Objects volants non identifiés" (Trédaniel, Paris, 1993) - A pilot's personal investigation into the subject, suggesting alien craft.
• Josep Guijarro: "Infiltrados - Seres de otras dimensiones entre nosotros" (Sangrila, Barcelona, 1994) - Interprets bedroom apparitions and UFO abductions as para-physical phenomena.
• Henri Julien & Michel Figuet: "OVNI en Provence" (Ed. Haute-Provence, Digne, 1993) - Summarizes cases from southeastern France, including famous close encounters.
• Renaud Marhic: "L'affaire Ummo" (Classiques ou Mystére, Aix-en-Provence, 1993) - Argues that the Ummo letters were part of a Soviet socio-political operation in Francoist Spain.
• Franck Marie: "OVNI contact Une enquete choc - 400 OVNI sur la France" (SRES, Bagneux, 1993) - An analysis of 400 testimonies related to the atmospheric re-entry of November 5, 1990, arguing it was not a Russian rocket.
• Thierry Pinvidic (ed.): "OVNI: vers une anthropologie d'un mythe contemporain" (Heimdal, 1993) - An international anthology on the contemporary UFO myth.

Library Service

The CISU Library Service still has copies of several books available for purchase by members, including those by Bougard & Clerebaut, Bourret & Velasco, Guijarro, Julien & Figuet, Marhic, and Pinvidic. These are offered until stocks are exhausted.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of "Notizie UFO" demonstrates a commitment to reporting on international ufological events, such as conferences, and critically examining significant cases and phenomena, as evidenced by the in-depth coverage of the UMMO letters confession. The magazine also serves as a valuable resource for its readers by cataloging and reviewing a wide array of ufological publications and books from around the world, providing a comprehensive overview of the field. The editorial stance appears to be one of thorough investigation and dissemination of information, with a critical eye towards both official narratives and sensationalist claims within the ufological community. The establishment of a documentation center further underscores the organization's dedication to archiving and making UFO-related information accessible.