North American BioFortean Review - Issue 16

Magazine Overview

The North American BioFortean Review, Volume 7, Number 1, Issue 16, dated March 2005, is a publication focused on cryptozoology and fortean phenomena. This issue primarily consists of book reviews, covering a range of topics from strange animals and Bigfoot to sea serpents and big cats.

Book Reviews

Astonishing Animals: Extraordinary Creatures and the Fantastic Worlds They Inhabit Reviewed by Chad Arment, this book by Tim Flannery and Peter Schouten is praised as a favorite from 2004. It focuses on living, often threatened, strange wildlife, including birds, deep-sea fishes, and unusual mammals. The review highlights the detailed artwork and concise descriptions, noting the authors' imaginative humor and the inclusion of a fabricated species for readers to discover. The book also mentions species discovered in the last century, like the dingiso, a tree kangaroo.

The Maryland Bigfoot Digest: A Survey of Creature Sightings in the Free State Chad Arment reviews Mark Opsasnick's expanded edition, calling it an exhaustive state survey of Bigfoot reports. The book organizes sightings in an easy-to-read format, backed by a bibliography and personal investigations. Arment expresses interest in the Harford County, MD, sightings and believes the Bigfoot question is complex, involving more than just psychological factors.

Bigfoot Lives! Deal With It Reese Howard reviews Chester Moore, Jr.'s book, recommending it for anyone interested in Bigfoot. Moore, founder of the APCA (American Primate Conservation Alliance), aims to protect and preserve the species. The book covers topics like three- and four-toed footprints, curved tracks possibly made by females, and includes illustrations by Bill Rebsamen and Patrick Trumble. Moore believes a body will be required to gain scientific and governmental acknowledgment of Bigfoot's existence, advocating for species and habitat protection.

Sampling Rare or Elusive Species: Concepts, Designs, and Techniques for Estimating Population Parameters Reviewed by Chad Arment, this book edited by William L. Thompson is presented as a biological methodology reference with potential for cryptozoological application. It addresses the challenges of reliably estimating population numbers for elusive species, evaluating field techniques, biometric approaches, and survey strategies. While not for the average enthusiast, it's recommended for those with a serious interest in cryptozoological methodology, offering ideas for new perspectives. Chapters cover topics like abundance estimation, sequential sampling, occupancy estimation, Bayesian approaches, noninvasive genetic sampling, photographic sampling, and track analysis.

Beast of Never, Cat of God Ron Rosenblatt reviews Bob Butz's book, which explores the possible existence of viable breeding populations of eastern pumas in Michigan. Butz, an outdoor writer familiar with the region, presents evidence such as videotapes, photos, scat, and paw prints, despite the MDNR's denial and attribution of sightings to escaped captive animals. The review discusses the controversy, the MDNR's seemingly contradictory actions (like posters at Sleeping Bear Dunes), and the debate over puma genetics. It also touches on the 'circus wagon' and 'escaped exotic pet' explanations for sightings and the idea of a government conspiracy. The review notes that Butz devotes significant time to 'obsessed puma seekers' and critiques some photographic evidence presented in the book as potentially hoaxed or enhanced. It suggests Butz broaden his scope to include other relict cat reports and criticizes the book for typos and grammatical errors.

Encyclopedia of Cryptozoology: A Global Guide Chad Arment reviews Michael Newton's encyclopedia, comparing it to previous works by Eberhart and Coghlan. He suggests it appeals more to libraries due to its price but is thorough. Newton's work emphasizes geographic locations, researcher biographies, and research organizations. The review notes the inclusion of original published accounts for many cryptids and discusses the appendices, which include a cryptozoology timeline, filmography, television series, fiction samples, and websites. Arment finds it thorough for an overview and a source of new research leads.

Mystery Sea Serpents of the South-West & Big Cat Mysteries of Somerset Chad Arment reviews two booklets by Chris Moiser. 'Mystery Sea Serpents' covers sightings from the UK's south-west coasts, including the 1999 Gerrans Bay videotape, and discusses misidentifications and hoaxes. 'Big Cat Mysteries' details recent sightings of big cats in Somerset, including maps of sightings and livestock kills. Arment finds both booklets reasonably priced and well-illustrated, recommending them for those interested in European cryptozoology and hoping Moiser will tackle a more expansive text.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently explores the fringes of zoology and the evidence for unknown or relict species. The reviews often grapple with the nature of evidence, the scientific community's skepticism, and the challenges of research in cryptozoology. There's an emphasis on methodology and the importance of rigorous investigation, even while acknowledging the allure of mystery. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded inquiry, encouraging research and the protection of wildlife and potential undiscovered species, while also critically evaluating the presented evidence and methodologies.

This issue of the North American BioFortean Review, identified as issue number 11, delves into the topic of "On Cryptozoological Publishing Efforts," authored by Chad Arment. The content primarily consists of a survey and commentary on the publishing and consumption of cryptozoology books, alongside a historical feature on "Ape-Men" in Labrador.

Cryptozoological Publishing and Consumption

Chad Arment initiates the discussion by sharing his personal experience with publishing and his curiosity about the state of cryptozoology book publishing. He poses questions about the volume of new publications, the existence of a 'glut,' and reader interest.

Arment conducted a survey among members of two moderated lists to gather insights. Although the response rate was low and not scientific, the edited responses and his commentary offer a glimpse into the field.

Survey Questions and Responses:

1. Book Purchases: Respondents indicated buying varying numbers of cryptozoology books, ranging from zero to 50 or more annually. The proportion of cryptozoology books in their total purchases also varied significantly, from 1% to 100%.
2. Significant Factors in Purchasing: The most significant factors determining a purchase are consistently cited as subject matter, followed by word-of-mouth/author recognition, published reviews, and price. Ease of purchase and the depth/scientific relevance of the material are also noted. One respondent prioritizes new adult books, new areas of inquiry, sought-after old books, and juvenile titles.
3. Acquisition Methods: Respondents primarily find books through online retailers like Amazon.com and Abebooks.com, referrals from lists, or by browsing bookstores. Some actively track down specialty books, while others purchase as they encounter them.
4. Changes in Buying Habits: Some respondents noted increased purchasing due to recent discoveries and theories or a widening of interests. Others have reduced purchases due to a lack of new material in their specific areas of interest (e.g., sea serpents) or due to having a large existing collection. The shift to online purchasing is also highlighted.
5. Preferred Reading Material: Preferences lean towards well-researched, scientific examinations of cryptozoological reports and theories. Specific interests include hominids, apes, marine mysteries, and non-fiction books with detailed information on limited topics. There is a general preference for nonfiction over fiction.
6. Cryptofiction: Most respondents read cryptofiction less frequently, with some finding it formulaic, violent, or a waste of time. While some express a willingness to read more high-quality works, others are not interested in fiction at all. The lack of quality and the tendency to explain cryptids through mutation or alien invasion are cited as reasons for its limited appeal.
7. Reference Material vs. Narratives: There is a preference for reference material, though narratives (eyewitness accounts) are valued when they provide detailed information for specific research. The key is that the material be detailed, factual, and informative, regardless of format.
8. Overlooked and Overdone Subjects: Overdone subjects include Bigfoot, Loch Ness, black cats, and Ogopogo. Overlooked subjects are identified as giant aquatic creatures, prehistoric survivors, and the scientific community's interest in hirsute homins. There's a call for more in-depth, region-specific studies rather than repetitive narratives.
9. Biggest Problems in Cryptozoology Books: The primary issues identified are the lack of scientific rigor, the regurgitation of old material, failure to address scientific criticisms, lack of funding, and personality-driven works that can become personal attacks. The loss of early research material due to researchers retiring or passing away is also a significant problem.

Arment concludes by noting the trend towards small presses and self-publishing, especially with print-on-demand technology, and expresses his intention to publish more cryptozoological texts.

Rescue from the Past #5: Canada's "Ape-Men" of Labrador

This section details historical accounts of possible primitive hominoid encounters in Labrador, Canada, prior to 1946. The information is primarily derived from reports gathered by Dr. C. Hogarth Forsyth and his wife, a medical couple who served in Labrador from 1932 to 1946 as part of the International Grenfell Association.

Background of the Forsyths:

Dr. C. Hogarth Forsyth, an Englishman, came to Labrador in 1932 for experience and stayed for 14 years. His wife, an American nurse, joined him, and they married in 1936. They managed a hospital and boarding school in Cartwright, serving a large coastal population. They were in New York City during their wintering over in the US, where they were interviewed by the press.

The Labrador "Ape-Men" Reports:

During their time in Labrador, the Forsyths encountered stories of "ape-men." Initially, they dismissed these as legends, but over time, they realized the local inhabitants were literal-minded. The information they received fell into two categories: tracks and eyewitness sightings.

• Tracks: Stories were based on reports of giant barefoot tracks found in the snow, often by trappers. These tracks were traced to "nests" under trees. The creatures leaving these tracks were described as "wily and elusive," with trails sometimes running out on glare ice or water. The tracks indicated bipedal locomotion and the ability to climb over obstacles.
• Sightings: During their 15 years, the Forsyths heard only two reports of people catching glimpses of these "ape-men," but these reports were deemed unsatisfactory. The exact dates of these sightings are unknown.

Context and Speculation:

By the mid-1940s, the world was focused on post-war recovery and the emerging Cold War, which overshadowed the Forsyth's "ape-men" accounts. Their priority concerns were medical, such as venereal diseases and tuberculosis among the local population. No book reviews by C. Hogarth Forsyth from that era were found.

The article speculates on the location of these tracks and sightings, suggesting areas around Cartwright, the inland lake of Melville, and the Mealy Mountains as probable habitats. The lack of roads in Labrador's interior meant that water transport was primary.

Pre-1946 Accounts:

Due to Labrador's remoteness, reports of primitive hominoids inhabiting the region in the 19th and early 20th centuries are scarce but do exist.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently emphasizes the importance of scientific rigor, detailed research, and original contributions within the field of cryptozoology. There's a clear preference for factual, evidence-based material over speculative or repetitive content. The editorial stance supports the growth of small presses and self-publishing as viable avenues for disseminating research, particularly for lesser-known subjects. The historical feature on Labrador "Ape-Men" underscores the value of preserving and investigating older, often overlooked, accounts within the broader context of biofortean studies.

This issue of the North American BioFortean Review, spanning pages 21-30, covers a range of cryptozoological topics, including hominoid sightings, marine cryptids, and unusual animal anomalies. The publication features articles by Dr. Dwight G. Smith and Gary S. Mangiacopra, among others, exploring historical accounts and recent investigations into unexplained phenomena.

The Tunnit of Labrador

Cryptozoologist Mark A. Hall is credited with discovering published accounts of the 'Tunnit,' a race described as big, strong, and stupid, who were hunted to extinction by Eskimos centuries ago. Hall suggests that some 'Tunnit' may have escaped and possibly survived into the early 20th century, with reports indicating their presence as late as the 1930s. The article speculates on whether these 'ape-men' of Labrador could be a northern subspecies of North American Bigfoot or a distinct hominoid group that co-existed with the Eskimos. Further investigation into historical records and contemporary sightings from Labrador is recommended.

The Glastonbury Glawackus of Connecticut

This section, authored by Dr. Dwight G. Smith and Gary S. Mangiacopra, details a possible 1954 incident related to the Glastonbury Glawackus, a creature that has been the subject of sightings in Connecticut since 1685. The article focuses on reports from Fairfield, Connecticut, in the summer of 1954, where a creature, dubbed the 'Greenhill Phantom,' was blamed for killing a sheep and a lamb. Eyewitness accounts and the discovery of three-toed footprints are discussed. The article explores potential explanations, including a cougar (which was considered extinct in Connecticut) or a 'black panther' cryptid. It also references earlier reports from 1939 concerning the Glawackus in Glastonbury.

An Early Marine Longneck Representation

Authored by Chad Arment, this piece examines Ambroise Paré's 1573 collection of monstrous creatures and animal folklore. It highlights Paré's description of a longneck sea monster found in the New World, which was called 'Aloés' in the local language. The description, which includes a goose-like body with a raised neck and four fins, is presented as an early folkloric representation of a swan-neck sea serpent, possibly based on accounts by André Thevet.

StrangeArk Spotlight: Five Toes has Two Tongues

This short feature highlights a cat named 'Five Toes' belonging to Delores Whittington, which has a duplicated tongue. The condition was verified by a veterinarian and appears to be a developmental disorder with no apparent side effects. The article notes that while two tongues are typically found in dicephalic cats (two heads), similar cases have been observed in humans.

Rescued from the Past #7: The Lost Zakharoff's Australian Sea-Serpent Photograph!

Dr. Dwight G. Smith and Gary S. Mangiacopra present the case of Charles Zakharoff's circa 1929 sea-serpent encounter off the eastern coast of Australia. Zakharoff provided a detailed account and a photograph, which was later reproduced in a newspaper called 'The Daily Guardian.' However, the original photograph has been lost. The article discusses the description of the creature as a gargantuan water snake with a long head and large mounds along its body. It also considers the possibility that the creature could have been a giant squid. The authors emphasize the importance of this incident as potentially the earliest photographic evidence of a marine cryptid.

Rescued from the Past #8: A Georgia “Gorilla” from the Mid-1950s Cold War Era

This article by Dr. Dwight G. Smith and Gary S. Mangiacopra details a 1955 Bigfoot report from Georgia. The incident involved Joseph Whaley, a jeep driver for the Georgia State Forestry Unit, who encountered a creature described as a 'gorilla' or 'thing' approximately six feet high, weighing 300-400 pounds, and covered in gray, wiry hair. This encounter is presented as one of the earliest known 'close encounters' with a small Bigfoot individual.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the investigation of unexplained phenomena, particularly those involving cryptids and anomalous creatures. The magazine appears to adopt a stance of open-minded inquiry, encouraging further research and critical thinking in the field of cryptozoology, as exemplified by Chad Arment's quote on the importance of balancing dismissal with acceptance and stimulating investigation.

This issue of the North American BioFortean Review, identified as issue number 31, focuses on a series of alleged sightings of an unknown creature in Georgia during the summer of 1955. The publication delves into witness testimonies, media coverage, and initial investigations into these events, which were popularly referred to as the 'Georgia Monster' or 'Georgia Gorilla.'

The Whaley Encounter

The primary account detailed is that of a forester named Whaley, who reported a terrifying encounter near Dawson and Americus, Georgia, around 3:00-3:30 p.m. Whaley described the creature as looking like a gorilla but with distinct differences, specifically mentioning long, pointed ears, hairy hands with long claws, black palms, and long tusk-like teeth. In his account, the creature attacked him, tearing off a shirt sleeve and scratching him. Whaley managed to escape to his jeep and drive away, with the creature following him. He described the creature's speed as remarkably fast.

Whaley reported the incident to his employer, Forest Ranger Jim Bowen, who investigated the site. Bowen found a trail and evidence suggesting 'something unexplainable' had been present. Local families and residents in the area, however, reported no unusual sounds or sightings.

Related Sightings and 'Ghost' Reports

The article connects Whaley's sighting to other reports from different sections of Georgia that summer. It mentions 'ghost' sightings in Edison and Calhoun Counties, with one account detailing a creature vaulting over six-foot fences. A tangible piece of evidence from this incident was a patch of white hair, which was sent to the state crime laboratory in Atlanta for analysis. Crime doctor Herman Jones concluded that the hair was either human or 'human-like,' a characteristic also found in primates.

Media Coverage

Whaley's story received significant media attention, being published in northern newspapers such as The Washington Post and The Hartford Courant, which broadened its exposure to the American public. Four months later, the magazine Fate, known for its coverage of strange phenomena, dedicated a page in its 'I See By The Papers' column by Curtis Fuller to the 'Georgia Monster' events. News clippings submitted by Fate's readers provided additional details.

The Tant King Sighting

Prior to Whaley's encounter, a farmer named Tant King from Edison, Georgia, had a similar experience. He reported being chased by a creature that walked on its hind legs and left tracks indicating a paw with four outward-curving claws. King described the creature as having shaggy white hair all over, a little round head, and being less than five feet high.

Wayne Dozier, an agricultural teacher, investigated King's tracks and preserved them by dragging a wooden frame over them. He then collected a 'wisp of silky curly white hair' from barbed wire, which was also submitted for analysis.

Alternative Explanations and Later Analysis

Another witness, a share-cropper family named Alberta Dunnell, also reported sightings. A zoologist, O. K. Fletcher, proposed that the creature might be a kangaroo. Tom Sellers of the Columbus Ledger investigated and suggested that the 'thing' seen by Whaley might be different from the one seen near Edison, speculating that the latter could be a bear. Fletcher himself did not hazard a guess regarding Whaley's sighting.

The article notes that despite the national publicity, these 'Georgia Gorilla' encounters have been largely ignored by Bigfoot researchers and historians. It is suggested that during the summer of 1955, sightings of one or possibly several smaller, human-size (potentially immature) Bigfoot were occurring throughout Georgia. The authors indicate that further investigation is ongoing to gather more detailed local accounts.

Acknowledgement and References

The authors acknowledge the Terrell County Library of Dawson, Georgia, for their assistance in providing a copy of the Dawson News article and leads for further research. The issue also lists four references, including newspaper articles from The Dawson News, The Washington Post, The Hartford Courant, and an article from Fate magazine by Curtis Fuller and Mary Margaret Fuller.

Publication Policy

The North American BioFortean Review includes a publication policy stating that all original articles are copyrighted by their authors and cannot be reprinted without permission. The review asserts its adherence to U.S. and International copyright laws and states that any partial use of copyrighted material is for criticism, comment, education, and research purposes, as allowed by law, with proper citation.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the investigation of unexplained phenomena, specifically cryptid sightings in the American South. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious inquiry into these reports, presenting witness accounts and evidence for consideration, while also acknowledging the lack of attention these specific cases have received in broader research. The publication aims to document and potentially uncover more details about these historical events.