North American BioFortean Review - Issue 09

Magazine Overview

Title: North American BioFortean Review
Issue: Vol. 4, no. 2, Issue #9
Date: December 2002
Publisher: Strange Ark
Format: Free PDF-format newsletter, with plans to transition to print.

Editor's Note

Chad Arment, the editor, welcomes readers to NABR #9, highlighting the issue's blend of cryptozoological and biological topics. He announces that this will be the last issue in its current PDF format, with explorations into becoming a print publication. Arment invites submissions, particularly those that introduce new reports, review lesser-known biofortean phenomena, or detail ongoing investigations. He expresses a desire to create a paying resource for researchers.

Contents Overview

The issue features a diverse range of articles and reprinted historical accounts. Key articles include:

• BioFortean Notes:
• Anecdotal Accounts of “Big Birds” and “Pterosaurs” by Ron Schaffner
• The Kangaroo-headed Bunyip
• Audubon's Lily Rediscovered (1877)
• Unidentified Canids of North America
• Bluff Creek Revisited
• Migration might explain Ivorybill Survival
• Concerning the Luminous Appearance... (1809)
• One Explanation of Reported Showers of Toads (1904)
• Captive Pygmy Elephants in America (1934)
• The Eastern Panther in Harford County, MD
• Early Notes on the Origin of the Indian Bis-Cobra
• Additional Proof... of huge Animals in the Ocean (1814)
• Further Evidence... of the Kraken (1817)
• Dwarf Horses of the Grand Canyon
• From the Past:
• An Abyssinian Unknown
• A Texan Orang Outang
• A Four-Legged Fish
• A Fight Between a Beaver and a Bull Moose
• Legend of the Wild Cat
• Traditional Story of a Water-Serpent

The issue also lists numerous contributors, including Ron Schaffner, Chris Orrick, Samuel Lockwood, Nick Sucik, Todd M. Neiss, Chester Moore, Father Bourzes, Dr. Charles Conrad Abbott, C. Emerson Brown, Brian Goodman, Chad Arment, and Samuel L. Mitchill.

Article Summaries

A 1960s Maryland Cougar Report

A witness recounts seeing a large, tan-colored cat, described as German Shepherd-sized, with a white ring at its throat, bound across a road in rural Carroll County, Maryland, when she was about five years old. Local residents referred to such animals as Mountain Lions or "Painters," noting they were rarely seen but occasionally present.

Florida "Kangaroo"

A Florida resident describes an unusual animal crossing the road in their woodsy neighborhood. The creature was about 2.5 to 3 feet tall, greyish, with a rat-like body and kangaroo-shaped back legs. It scampered on all fours but was also seen sitting up like a kangaroo. The witness initially considered a nutria but found the described creature to be much larger. Further inquiry suggested it might be a Bennett Wallaby, a smaller member of the kangaroo family, possibly an escaped exotic pet.

Novel Mimicry in a Spider?

In spring 2002, a botanist in north central Texas observed a spider that exhibited remarkable mimicry. When viewed from the right, it appeared as a spider, but when viewed from the left, it closely resembled a grasshopper or cricket, possessing features like false eye spots and leg structures adapted for jumping. The author suggests this could be a new species of jumping spider (Salticidae) exhibiting mimicry of an orthopteran insect.

Recently Obtained Anecdotal Accounts of "Big Birds” and “Pterosaurs” by Ron Schaffner

This article discusses the trend in cryptozoology towards more scientific investigation, moving away from fringe elements. Schaffner addresses "giant bird" or "Thunderbird" reports, noting that many are likely misinterpretations of known animals like raptors and waders due to their pronounced features and flight characteristics. He emphasizes the importance of unbiased investigation, gathering facts, and avoiding leading questions. Schaffner also touches on the difficulty of evaluating photographic and video evidence due to potential trickery and the challenge of accurately determining the size and distance of aerial anomalies. He suggests using familiar objects or telephone pole distances for scale, and expresses skepticism towards claims of extreme distances.

#### Account 1: Wyoming

Two witnesses reported seeing a creature near Lusk, Wyoming, in late fall 1993, around Thanksgiving. They described it as greenish-grey, pterodactyl-like, about 5 to 6 feet tall, with leathery wings that were as long as its body was tall. The creature was observed for at least 20 minutes in an open, flat grassland area. They noted its head was bulky and thick, not like a raptor's, and its wings were featherless and leathery, unlike a bat's. The torso and legs were described as thick and powerful. The witnesses compared it to a beefier version of prehistoric birds seen in media like Jurassic Park.

#### Account 2: Vietnam

A soldier reported seeing a large, black and yellow bird with a beak similar to a pterodactyl species in the central highlands of Vietnam in early 1970. The bird flew overhead and stayed for a while, causing fear among N.V.A. scouts. The witness estimated the wingspan to be about 12 feet or more and recalled that the bird had no feathers. A picture was taken but could not be located.

#### Account 3: California

A brief mention of an incident in Thermal, California, in 1983, where a dog reacted violently to an unseen creature, prompting an investigation by the owner's daughters.

Fair Usage Policy

The publication states its commitment to using original images when possible and noting sources for reprinted images. The use of such materials is for criticism, comment, education, and research, as permitted by U.S. Copyright Law (Title 17, USC § 107). Reprinted texts are handled with respect for copyright laws.

Distribution Policy

North American BioFortean Review is distributed as a free PDF via the Strange Ark website (www.strangeark.com). Print copies are not provided, but sharing the URL or electronic copies is encouraged. All original articles are copyrighted by their authors.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores the intersection of cryptozoology and biology, presenting eyewitness accounts of unusual creatures and phenomena. The editorial stance, as indicated by the editor's note and Ron Schaffner's article, leans towards a more scientific approach to cryptozoology, seeking to differentiate between misinterpretations of known animals and genuinely unexplained phenomena. There is an emphasis on rigorous investigation and the presentation of evidence, while acknowledging the challenges in verifying such reports. The inclusion of historical accounts suggests an interest in the long-standing nature of these mysteries.

This issue of The Cryptozoology Review, published in 1995, focuses on unexplained animal sightings and mysteries, with a particular emphasis on large, unusual creatures. The cover story, "The Kangaroo-headed Bunyip," by Chris Orrick, delves into the enigma of this Australian cryptid, while other accounts detail sightings of giant birds and potential sea monsters from various parts of the world.

Account 4: Michigan

Investigator Nick Sucik contributes an account from Robert F., who, with a friend, witnessed a large, enormous creature flying overhead on Lake Dewey in the Sisters Lakes Region of Michigan in July 1969. The creature was described as having leathery skin and huge wings, and it cleared the lake by flapping its wings only twice. The witness thought it resembled a 'pterosaur.'

Account 5: Alaska

Recent sightings of a 'Giant Bird' in Alaska gained worldwide media attention. The Anchorage Daily News reported in October 2002 that villagers in Togiak and Manokotak saw a huge raptor-like bird. A pilot estimated its wingspan at about 14 feet. Biologists suggested it might have been a Steller's eagle.

Account 6: Texas

Investigator Scott Norman reports on an account from Matthew [B.] from Amarillo, Texas. Matthew recalls his father telling about farmers in Dumas who killed a giant eagle in the early days of the panhandle. This eagle had been preying on sheep and calves for about two months. The old man who helped kill it, named Appling, was nearly carried away by it. The creature had a reported wingspan of 20 feet tip to tip.

Account 7: Florida

Contributed from the files of Investigator Scott Norman, this account describes a sighting in north central Florida, 20 miles west of Ocala, around October 25th, 2002. The witness and his wife saw a huge bird perched in a dead pine tree. They described it as unlike anything they had ever seen, with a vulture-like bill and a white streak on its head. The bird was estimated to be about 3-4 feet tall with a wingspan of about 6 feet. It stayed for several hours before flying off.

Accounts Summary

The summary section notes that these accounts provide raw data for investigations but do not conclusively indicate an avian cryptid. It suggests that witnesses may have misidentified known species, overestimated wingspans, or mistaken characteristics. The summary also cautions about the reliability of photographic evidence, noting that digital images can be easily hoaxed.

Hoax Photo

This section discusses a 'Cowboy' photo that has circulated with a story about being taken in South America. The article clarifies that the image is actually from a series of digital art depicting prehistoric creatures and that paleo-art has become popular. The quality of the scan of this image is poor, making source identification difficult.

The Kangaroo-headed Bunyip

Chris Orrick explores the mystery of the 'kangaroo-headed' bunyip, a creature that has stumped cryptozoologists and scientists. While Australian zoologists often attribute bunyip sightings to vagrant seals, this particular mystery remains unresolved. Accounts describe creatures resembling seals or large dogs, or large-bodied animals with long necks and small heads. Specific sightings include one from the Port Fairy District of Victoria in 1848, describing a brown creature with a long neck, shaggy mane, and a kangaroo-like head, and another from Port Philip described as large as a bullock with an emu's head and neck, a horse's mane and tail, and a seal's flippers.

Orrick focuses on a sighting from early twentieth-century Tasmania, investigated by Charles Fort. This account, published in 'The Argus' on May 26, 1913, describes a remarkable animal seen by State mining engineer Mr. Wallace's men, Oscar Davies and W. Harris, on the West Coast near Port Hibbs. The animal was described as 15 feet long, with a small head like a kangaroo dog, a thick arched neck, a furred chestnut coat, and four distinct legs. It moved by bounding and left definite footprints. The article argues that this creature was not a bunyip or sea serpent, but a male Southern elephant seal.

The analysis details how the description aligns with elephant seal characteristics: size (14-17 feet for males), color (brownish, varying shades), and behavior during the molting season (March-April in males), which explains the 'well groomed and shining' coat. The creature's actions, such as rearing up and rushing into the sea, are also consistent with elephant seal behavior. The article dismisses other descriptions like 'scales,' 'feathers,' and 'mane' as likely misinterpretations of the elephant seal's molting skin and skin folds.

Bibliography

The issue concludes with a bibliography of relevant books and publications on migration, seals, lake monsters, unknown animals, visual illusions, and bunyips.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around unexplained animal sightings, particularly large and unusual creatures like giant birds and sea monsters. The magazine presents various eyewitness accounts, often from different geographical locations, and includes investigative analysis, such as the identification of the Tasmanian creature as a Southern elephant seal. There is a clear emphasis on presenting raw data and encouraging further investigation, while also acknowledging the possibility of misidentification and hoaxes, particularly concerning photographic evidence. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded inquiry into cryptozoological phenomena, grounded in a critical examination of evidence.

This issue of an unnamed magazine, published in English, delves into a variety of unexplained animal sightings and folklore from around the world, spanning from the 19th century to more recent accounts. The cover story, "An Abyssinian Unknown," details a fearsome creature described by natives as more dangerous than a lion, with a mysterious appearance and a habit of abducting people from villages.

An Abyssinian Unknown The article presents a description of a creature known as "wobbo" or "mantillit" in Abyssinia. European accounts are scarce due to the difficulty in obtaining specimens. The natives hold it in great dread, viewing it as an evil spirit in animal form. Descriptions are vague, suggesting a mix of lion, leopard, and hyena skin, or a human-like face. It is said to visit villages nightly, taking children and occasionally adults. A report mentions one being killed on the Werrey River, but its fate is unknown. A village reportedly suffered from its depredations.

Audubon's Lily Rediscovered This section, reprinted from The Popular Science Monthly, discusses the work of G. B. Hardenbergh, a young artist whose realistic bird paintings of New Jersey are compared to Audubon's style. The author, Professor Samuel Lockwood, reflects on the connection between aesthetic detail and ethical conscience in art. The article then addresses controversies surrounding Audubon's work, specifically the "bird of Washington" (Haliaëtus Washingtonii) and his depiction of a yellow water-lily (Nymphæa lutea). Ornithologists have doubted the existence of the bird species, suggesting it might be a myth or a misidentification. Similarly, botanists initially dismissed Audubon's Nymphæa lutea, a sweet-scented water-lily, as an artistic extravagance. However, Mrs. Mary Treat rediscovered the flower in Florida, validating Audubon's observation and leading to its scientific acceptance.

Cryptic-Canids in North America This section, authored by Nick Sucik, explores reports of unidentifiable canid-type animals in North America, often overlooked compared to sightings of big cats. The article discusses how domesticated breeds can lead to misidentification, but also points to Native American ethnoknowledge that suggests the existence of unrecognized wolf or dog-like animals. An account from the late 1970s describes a large, wolf-like creature seen on the Jicarilla Apache Reservation in New Mexico, which a Navajo shaman identified as a "Medicine Wolf," a rare and special creature. Another account from Flagstaff, Arizona, details a strange wolf-like creature.

Arizona Champion: A Rare Animal This article from the Arizona Champion (Nov. 4, 1888) reports on a sighting by W. J. Burner in the Huachucas mountains of an animal with a fox's head, a deer's neck, a dog's body, and a long bushy tail, described as reddish-brown and about six feet long. A dog accompanying Burner dashed at the animal, which then lumbered away. The creature showed no fear. The article also references a similar sighting from Oklahoma reported by Michael Winkle, involving a creature seen by Mrs. Lawrence Laub in 1951, described as a cross between a wolf and a deer, with deer-like legs and body, long hair, a bushy tail, and pointed ears. Her husband had seen a similar creature years prior. The Seminole referred to a creature called "Hvcko Capko" or "Long Ears," described as resembling a horse with a wolf-like head and long ears.

The Shunka Warak'in and Other Mysteries This section discusses the "Shunka Warak'in," a loway Indian term for a wolf-like animal distinct from the timber wolf, described as dark-colored with high shoulders and a sloping back, resembling a Pleistocene hyena-like dog. Reports of similar animals have surfaced in Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska. The "Bray Road Beast" flap in Wisconsin, starting in 1991, is also mentioned, which involved sightings of wolf-like creatures, werewolves, and ape-men. The "Waheela," an elusive "great white wolf" from Alaska and the Northwest Territories, is described as larger than wolves, with wider heads, thicker tails, and smaller ears, possibly related to ancient "bear-dogs." Ivan Sanderson's research is highlighted, including an account from a truck driver named Frank who encountered a large, snow-white wolf-like creature in the Nahanni Valley. The Waheela is also linked to the "Headless Valley" mystery. The article notes that many sightings might be misidentified large domestic dogs or wolves.

Kiowa Indian Science Fiction Writer Russell Bates Remembers One Monster Canine That Wasn't This brief account from the early 1960s describes a "Man-Faced Dog" that haunted a parking spot near Anadarko, Oklahoma. Rumors of this bizarre entity persisted until 1965 when it was hit by a car. Examination revealed it was a dog disfigured by a fire, with parts of its fur not regrown, leaving a pink scar tissue face.

Bluff Creek Revisited This personal account by Todd M. Neiss details his participation in a documentary project at Bluff Creek, California, the site of the famous Patterson-Gimlin film of Sasquatch/Bigfoot. The project aimed to pinpoint the creature's path. The author recounts his journey to the location and the gathering of researchers, including Peter Byrne, John Green, Rene Dahinden, and others. The narrative touches upon the history of Bigfoot research and the significance of the Bluff Creek site as a pilgrimage destination for enthusiasts.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance The recurring themes in this issue revolve around unexplained animal sightings, folklore, and cryptozoology. The magazine presents a range of accounts, from alleged cryptids in Abyssinia and North America to historical debates in ornithology and botany. There is a clear interest in the unknown and the unexplained, often drawing on eyewitness testimony, native traditions, and historical records. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, presenting various accounts and theories without necessarily endorsing them as definitive fact, encouraging further research and consideration of possibilities beyond conventional zoology. The issue highlights the ongoing fascination with creatures that defy easy classification and the challenges in verifying such reports.

This issue of Mysteries Magazine, dated October 2003 (Volume 10, No. 5), features a cover story on "BIGFOOT'S SECRET CAMP" and explores various unexplained phenomena and wildlife mysteries. The magazine is published by Mysteries Magazine and priced at $4.99.

Bigfoot's Secret Camp: A Journey to the Patterson-Gimlin Site

The primary article details the author's journey to the Bluff Creek area in Northern California, the location of the famous Patterson-Gimlin Bigfoot film. The author navigates challenging terrain, including the 'Go Road' and the dicey Lonesome Ridge Road, eventually reaching Louse Camp, a historical site used by the 'Pacific Northwest Expedition' 44 years prior. This expedition, led by Tom Slick, discovered giant five-toed footprints. The author recounts meeting with fellow researchers and friends, including Peter, Ron, Joe Beelart, Al Berry, Blake, and Alec, many of whom have collaborated on previous expeditions and film projects. The group visits the Patterson-Gimlin film site, identifying key landmarks like a large Douglas fir and a stump, despite the site being partially buried by silt from the creek. The author expresses a sense of awe and respect for the location and the creature, feeling the 'spirit of Patty' permeated the ground. The article also includes a humorous anecdote about Bob Titmus and an old Indian, which led to Titmus leaving the Slick Expedition.

Ivory-billed Woodpecker Survival: A Search for the Elusive Bird

Another major feature investigates the potential survival of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker. The article discusses a highly publicized Zeiss Sports Optics-sponsored expedition to the Pearl River Wildlife Management Area and Boque Chita National Wildlife Refuge in Louisiana. Despite failing to definitively prove the bird's existence, the expedition gathered evidence, including a controversial recording of a double-rap pecking sound, and five out of six researchers believed the bird is not extinct. The author, Chester Moore, participated in this expedition and highlights that the habitat, while not 'perfect' virgin forest, is adequate. The article explores the nomadic nature of the species and discusses potential habitats in Texas, including the Sabine River bottoms and the Big Thicket National Preserve. Biologist Mike Hoke and researcher Art Mackinnon are mentioned for their previous work. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lists the bird as 'endangered,' not extinct.

Luminous Sea Phenomena

A historical account, "Concerning the Luminous Appearance observable in the Wake of Ships in the Indian Seas, &c." by Father Bourzes, details observations of glowing phenomena in the ocean. The author describes a bright light in the wake of ships, which is not always consistent and can appear more intensely when the moon is down or stars are covered. This light can be bright enough to read by and can extend 30-40 feet from the ship. Particles in the water, luminous fish, and even stirred seawater can produce light. The text also mentions marine rainbows observed after a tempest off the Cape of Good Hope, characterized by dark yellow and pale green colors, appearing in greater numbers than common rainbows.

One Explanation of Reported Showers of Toads

Dr. Charles Conrad Abbott offers a scientific explanation for "showers of toads." He proposes that these occurrences are not due to toads being carried by the wind but rather to the life cycle of the spade-foot toad (Scaphiopus solitarius). These toads lay eggs in temporary pools formed by rain. The tadpoles develop rapidly and, as they become hoppers, may wander out of the shrinking pools. If subsequent rain creates new, wider puddles, these young toads can be observed scattered over the ground, leading to the mistaken inference that they fell from the sky.

Captive Pigmy Elephants in America

This section details the arrival and characteristics of a pygmy elephant, identified as Elephas cyclotis, at the Philadelphia Zoological Garden in 1925. The elephant, purchased as Elephas africanus, was found to be a specimen of the rarer species. The article includes a table showing its rapid growth in height and weight during its first few years. It also describes the elephant's tusks, trunk, ears, and the number of visible toes, contrasting it with Elephas africanus. The text touches upon the controversy regarding whether Elephas cyclotis is a distinct species or subspecies, citing Dr. Thomas Barbour and Dr. Glover M. Allen, who support its classification as a distinct species.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores unexplained phenomena, cryptozoology (Bigfoot), elusive wildlife (Ivory-billed Woodpecker), historical scientific observations (luminous sea phenomena), and zoological curiosities (toad showers, pygmy elephants). The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded inquiry, presenting both anecdotal accounts and scientific investigations, encouraging readers to consider possibilities beyond conventional explanations. The inclusion of historical accounts and detailed scientific observations suggests a commitment to exploring a wide range of mysteries.

This document appears to be an excerpt from a publication, likely a magazine or journal, focusing on unusual wildlife phenomena. The primary content details the arrival and characteristics of pigmy elephants in America and extensively documents numerous sightings and evidence of large cats, identified as panthers or cougars, in Harford County, Maryland. The publication seems to be "The Aegis" newspaper, with contributions from its outdoors columnist Bob Chance.

Pigmy Elephants in America

The first section details the history of pigmy elephants in America. The New York Zoological Society purchased the first specimen, a male named "Congo," which arrived in New York. Dr. William T. Hornaday described it, noting that for centuries, traders and naturalists had overlooked this small species of elephant in West Africa. The species was scientifically described as *Loxodonta pumilio* (or *Elephas africanus pumilio*) by Professor Noakes in Hamburg. "Congo" lived for ten years, reaching a height of 6 feet 8 inches and weighing 2,700 pounds. He died in July 1915 from a leg disease. His remains were preserved at the American Museum of Natural History. A second pigmy elephant, "Tiny," arrived at the New York Zoo in December 1922, born in 1920. Upon arrival, "Tiny" was three feet two inches tall and weighed 425 pounds. By March 1933, he weighed 2045 pounds and was five feet ten inches tall by June 1932. The oldest name for this animal is *Elephas cyclotis Matschie*, with the type specimen in the Berlin Museum. Edmund Heller of the Washington Park Zoological Garden in Milwaukee writes about a distinct species of elephant in western Africa, known to the public as the pygmy elephant, which is smaller than the African elephant, with circular ears and five front toes and four hind toes. The specimen "Josephine" was noted as the only one in captivity in America in December 1933, with detailed measurements provided.

The Eastern Panther in Harford County, Maryland

The bulk of the document is dedicated to chronicling sightings and evidence of large cats, referred to as eastern panthers, cougars, or mountain lions, in Harford County, Maryland. The article, written by Brian Goodman, notes that the eastern panther is officially listed as an extirpated species in Maryland, with its prevalence declining in the mid-to-late 1800s.

Historical Context and Early Sightings

Random scattered reports aside, a period of significant concern occurred about 40 years prior to the article's writing (around the mid-1960s). A front-page article in *The Aegis* newspaper on October 20, 1966, reported a dead pony found mutilated and partially eaten, which triggered an extensive search for a "huge cat." Subsequent headlines in the newspaper reflected growing alarm and intensified searches. During this period, large paw prints were found, a calf was discovered partially eaten, and locals reported frequent sightings. The Baltimore Zoo confirmed paw prints belonged to a cougar, leading to organized posses to patrol the woodlands. A deputy sheriff reported seeing a tawny animal about five feet long and weighing about 100 pounds, but its identity remained unconfirmed.

Recent Sightings (Late 1990s - Early 2000s)

The article then details a chronology of more recent sightings and evidence:

• June 2001: A woman near Priestford Road reported seeing a "wild cat," described as tawny-gold with a white butt and long tail, near Deer Creek. Bob Chance reported this in *The Aegis*.
• June 19, 2001: A strange noise, described as grunting, snorting, and screaming, was heard near Walters Mill Road, followed by the discovery of large tracks (42 inches apart, 14-15 inches long, 8 inches wide, with five toes) and oil marks on a glass door. This incident, occurring near a cougar sighting, is noted for its proximity and potential connection.
• November 2001: A resident of Havre de Grace saw a large, jet-black animal, identified as a panther, sleeping under her car port. She had previously seen a similar black animal in 1999.
• November 2001: A resident on Whiteford Road in Pylesville saw a large, solid brown cat crossing a field, described as about five feet long and three feet off the ground.
• February 20, 2002: Outdoors columnist Hayward Putnam reported on sightings of a "cat-like creature" or "black panther" in northern Harford County.
• April 5, 2002: A Bel Air man saw a dark, 3 to 3 1/2 foot tall cat with a long tail and pointed ears emerge from the woods.
• April 2000/2001: Several other individuals reported seeing large black cats in a wooded area in Bel Air.
• April 2002: The Pylesville resident from November 2001 again saw the dark brown cat.
• May or June 2002: A Delaware man flying an ultra-light plane near the Conowingo Dam saw a cougar chasing deer.
• Early June 2002: A Jarrettsville woman saw a large, tawny-brown cat with a white chest and pointed ears in her garden.
• June 13, 2002: A man driving near Route 543 and Prospect Mill Road saw a large, black cat run in front of his car.
• Mid-June 2002: A woman near Rocks State Park saw a large cat, 3 to 3 1/2 feet tall, dark brownish-red with a very long tail.
• July 5, 2002: A woman in Abingdon saw a large animal with a very long tail.
• July 8, 2002: An Abingdon woman saw a jet-black cat, the size of a small bear, with big eyes during a thunderstorm.
• July 11, 2002: A Fallston resident reported a mountain lion pursuing a red fox, estimating the cat to be about the size of a large dog, weighing about 80 pounds, and dark brown or black.
• Mid-July 2002: A woman in Cool Spring saw a large animal in her backyard for about a week.
• July 12, 2002: A man in Bel Air heard two terrifying screams early in the morning.
• July 22, 2002: The same Bel Air man saw a big, cat-like animal pacing and screaming.
• July 24, 2002: A woman in Street heard a "woman screaming" noise and saw a pair of eyes, later described by a cat biologist as a cougar.
• August 26, 2002: A woman on Ady Road saw a long, dark brown, cat-like animal eating apples, described as larger than a fox with big, pointed ears and a long tail.
• November 4, 2002: A man on Whiteford Road reported a cougar behind his home, concerned for his dogs.

Analysis and Conclusion

The author, Brian Goodman, analyzes the collected evidence. He notes that people are definitely seeing something, with over a dozen sightings and photographic evidence in at least three instances. He personally viewed the photos and confirmed the presence of animals. The analysis points to several certainties: the sightings are real, and the animals are perceived as feline, not canine or ursine. The current drought conditions, similar to those in 1960 when cougar sightings were high, are cited as a potential factor for increased wildlife movement. The article also highlights the dismissive attitude of some state agencies, like the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, towards legitimate cougar sightings.

Chad Arment's research is mentioned, including the "White Ghost Dog of Spesutie Island" legend and a 1954 article mentioning "a peculiar race of black hunting cats." The Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG) is noted as a significant wildlife sanctuary where various animals, including potential mountain lions, have been spotted. The author concludes that while the exact identity of the animals remains debated (panther, bobcat, or something else), the consistent descriptions of large, dark-colored cats with long tails eliminate native bobcats and coyotes from contention. The assertion that panthers do not live in these parts is presented as the crux of the case.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes include the mystery surrounding large cat sightings in Harford County, the skepticism of official wildlife agencies, and the potential impact of environmental factors like drought on wildlife behavior. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded investigation, presenting evidence and eyewitness accounts to support the possibility of eastern panthers or similar large felines inhabiting the region, despite official denials. The publication seems to advocate for a more thorough and less dismissive approach to these phenomena.

This issue of The Aegis, dated from an unspecified time, features a collection of articles focusing on unusual animal sightings and historical folklore. The primary focus is on an addendum detailing images of a feline sighted in Fallston, Maryland.

Fallston Feline Images The article begins by discussing the possibility of exotic cats like the jaguarundi being present in Harford County, Maryland, due to drought and development pushing native wildlife into public view. Brian Goodman, a reporter for The Aegis, researched sightings with assistance from Bob Chance, John Lutz, Frank Dagostin, and several witnesses. Photographs were provided by David Easter and Maggie Patton.

An addendum details a specific sighting by David Easter on July 22, 2002, which solidified his belief that he had seen a young cougar. The feline was first spotted on January 12, 1996, during a week-long blizzard, around 1:45 PM in the backyard of a Fallston home. The family was removing Christmas decorations when they saw the cat. David Easter, having his camera ready, took 35-mm. color slide photos using a 125-mm. telephoto lens with a 2x extender. The conditions were windy with fine snow, and snow depth was approximately 24 inches.

The feline was observed moving from a nearby barn towards a shed and woodpile. It entered a wind-created hollow in front of the woodpile, which was about 20 inches from the snow ridge. The animal looked at the house or photographer multiple times before returning towards the barn. Descriptions of the feline include a mottled, multi-colored coat, a tail estimated to be at least 18 inches long, and a body length greater than 36 inches. Its height was estimated to be between 18 and 22 inches. The cougar then entered the barn through an open end and moved towards a closed door leading to a room at the far end. The feline sniffed around a hole at the bottom of this door, which led to a room where a groundhog lived, and climbed through it. The photographer was loading film and missed capturing this moment.

Later, the photographer took photos of footprints near the woodpile, using an 18-inch ruler for scale. Two sheriff's deputies arrived in a U.S. Army HumVee and were shown the footprints and the barn area. They did not enter the barn, suggesting that if an animal was inside, it would likely leave overnight. The deputies then visited the homeowner.

The property is located in a wooded area of western Harford County, near Bread & Cheese Branch and Winters Run, approximately five miles from Gunpowder Falls State Park. While the photographer was sure he had captured an eastern cougar, Bob Chance suggested it was a bobcat after studying the photos. The photographer initially described the animal as a 'mutant bobcat' due to its bobcat-like features (mottled coat, tufted ears, small size) but a long tail like a cougar's.

An editor's note clarifies that the provided images do not clearly show a tail. If there was no tail, it was likely a bobcat. If there was a long tail, it could have been a large domestic cat. The note also points out that the cat lacks certain characteristics of juvenile cougars and highlights its mottled black/brown coloration.

An additional addendum, 'Addendum II: "Bobcat" Photo,' includes a note about a photograph taken by a Jarrettsville resident near Rocks State Park in June 2002. The editor's note states that this feline's color and pattern clearly identify it as a domestic cat, not a bobcat.

Legend of the Wild Cat This section, sourced from Hunter's 'History of Doncaster' (1828) and compiled by G. L. Gomme in 'The Gentleman's Magazine Library: English Traditional Lore' (1885), discusses a tradition concerning Percival Cresacre's death.

The tradition, believed at Barnborough, Yorkshire, states that Percival Cresacre was attacked by a wild cat from a local wood. A running fight ensued until they reached the church porch, where both the man and the cat died. The lion couchant figure on his monument and a rubiginous stone in the porch are cited as confirmation, though the author notes these could be coincidental. The Cresacre family's adoption of the cat-a-mountain for their crest is also mentioned as potentially influencing the story.

The text notes that the cat was historically considered a beast of chase, citing charters from the time of the Confessor and licenses granted to individuals like Ranulph Piperking, Gerard Camvile, Thomas (second Lord Berkeley), and John Lord Roos, all permitting the hunting of wild cats along with other game. Despite this historical evidence, the author concludes that the tradition itself is not strongly supported and should be considered as such, though the wild cat is still spoken of as an object of terror in some parts of the district.

Traditional Story of a Water-Serpent This account, also from Gomme's compilation (citing 'The Gentleman's Magazine', 1758), details a story from the country, possibly near Hitchendon in Buckinghamshire.

In 1578, a woman belonging to a house near a pond surrounded by briars reported seeing a water-serpent of uncommon size. The creature reportedly made advances to her. Advised by neighbors, she sat by the pond while others hid to shoot it if it approached. The creature's skin was allegedly hung outside the house, stuffed with straw, for many years before decaying. The story has been continuously painted on the walls of the house's refectory or hall, which was formerly an hospital for the Knights Templars. The most recent painting was done about forty years prior to the account by a glass-stainer named Rowell. The author notes that the painter added wings and legs to the serpent, leading some to believe the story is entirely fabulous. However, the author asserts the story's truth based on local traditional accounts and a pencilled record on the house wall.

Early Notes on the Origin of the Indian Bis-Cobra This section, compiled by Chad Arment, presents several papers discussing the folklore of the 'Bis-Cobra' in colonial India.

The first excerpt, from the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society (1889), by G. J. Rayment, describes an encounter where his servant reported a large bis-cobra in a tree. Upon investigation, it turned out to be a large Monitor lizard being harassed by a squirrel. Rayment notes that the appearance of a monitor causes more dismay among natives than a Krait or Cobra, and one of his men claimed a woman died from a bis-cobra bite.

The second excerpt, from the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society (1888), by G. W. Vidal, C. S., discusses the bis-cobra from a biological standpoint. Vidal states that the creature is greatly feared and is believed to be a venomous reptile, possibly a lizard. He notes that it has never been scientifically described and accurate information is lacking. Vidal recounts an incident where a brood of bis-cobras appeared, and one was examined. It was described as a nine-inch long, brownish lizard spotted with yellow, without poison fangs but reportedly deadly. It was said to spit at people, and its fate was sealed unless one knew a charm. The creature could change color and grow larger, eventually developing into an unmistakable iguana. Vidal concludes that the bis-cobra likely does not exist as described and that the name might be a misinterpretation or a combination of words for poison ('bish') and 'cobra' (possibly from 'khopra' or 'khapra' for shell/skull), or a confusion between snakes and lizards.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance The recurring themes in this issue revolve around unexplained animal sightings, folklore, and historical accounts of mysterious creatures. The editorial stance appears to be one of investigation and critical analysis, presenting evidence and eyewitness accounts while also offering skeptical interpretations and historical context. The magazine seems to be interested in exploring the boundaries between reality, legend, and misidentification in reports of unusual phenomena.

This issue of The Bombay Gazette, dated January 10th, features a prominent article titled "Venomous Lizards," addressed to the editor. The content primarily consists of a detailed discussion and analysis of the belief in venomous lizards, particularly the mythical 'bis cobra' in India, and explores its origins in folklore, superstition, and misidentification.

Venomous Lizards: A Scientific and Folkloric Examination

The article begins by addressing the difficulty in definitively identifying the 'bis cobra,' noting that various harmless lizard species are often mislabeled as such. It highlights the common monitor lizard (Varanus dracæna), known as 'Ghorpad' in India, as one species frequently mistaken for a venomous creature. The text recounts local superstitions, such as the monitor's tenacious bite and a legend about a Ghorpad aiding in scaling a fort. Despite its tough skin being used for drums, the monitor is described as harmless, though its bite can be severe.

Other lizards discussed include Geckos, which contribute significantly to the 'bis cobra' myth, with some species like Hardwick's Gecko (Eublepharis Hardwickii) being particularly implicated. The article notes that in the North-West Provinces, all geckos are indiscriminately called 'bis cobras.' The chameleon (Chameleo vulgaris) is also mentioned as being wrongly branded a 'bis cobra,' with an anecdote illustrating the extreme fear and psychosomatic reactions it can induce.

The text then shifts to the Mexican Heloderm (Heloderma horridum), a monitor family species, which has long been considered venomous by inhabitants of Mexico. Although Dr. Wiegmann, who first described it, did not believe it to be venomous, later experiments by Sumichrast showed that a young Heloderm's bite could cause convulsions and death in a pullet within twelve hours, and a cat experienced swelling and pain. A live specimen in the Zoological Gardens was observed to kill small animals quickly.

The article strongly refutes the existence of venomous lizards in India, stating that no known species possesses venom glands or fangs. It attributes the belief in venomous lizards to superstition and misinterpretation of facts. The author cites statistical returns from 1884-1885 indicating a few deaths attributed to lizard bites, but argues that these were likely caused by extreme fright, possibly exacerbated by underlying health conditions, rather than venom. Anecdotes are shared, including two cases of snake bites where death was attributed to fright rather than the snake's venom, illustrating the power of psychological impact.

Etymology and Origins of the 'Bis-Cobra' Belief

A subsequent section, presented as a letter to the editor, delves into the etymology of the term 'bis cobra.' It is proposed that the term is not of Oriental origin but is a Portuguese expression, likely a contraction of 'bicho-de-cobra,' meaning 'beast of the cobra.' The Portuguese in India applied this term to various snakes and even some lizards due to their limited natural history knowledge and prominent features. Examples include naming the hooded cobra 'Cobra-de-Capello' and water snakes 'Cobras-de-agoa.'

This section also examines historical descriptions of the Cobra-de-Capello, noting how early accounts, like that by the Jesuit Father Francisco de Souza, were sometimes exaggerated and illustrated with fanciful details, leading to misconceptions.

The 'Bicho' and its Significance

The article further explores the Portuguese word 'bicho,' which signifies an animal that bites, regardless of its nature. This term was amplified to encompass all living beings. 'Bicho-de-Cobra' would thus refer to an animal that habitually bit or killed cobras. A passage from a 1563 book by Dr. Garcia de Orta describes a creature in Ceylon called 'quil' or 'quirpele' that fights and kills serpents, using a plant root to counteract cobra bites. This highlights a historical context where animals associated with snakes, or those that fought them, were given names related to 'cobra.'

Superstitions and Omens

Beyond the direct discussion of venomous creatures, the article touches upon the rich tapestry of lizard-related superstitions in India. It mentions a paper on 'Omens from the falling of house lizards,' indicating that the falling of a lizard on different parts of the body was believed to portend various future events, ranging from luck to calamity. These beliefs, while not directly related to venom, underscore the cultural significance and fear associated with lizards.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout the issue is the debunking of the myth of venomous lizards, particularly the 'bis cobra,' in India. The editorial stance is clearly scientific and rational, contrasting empirical evidence with widespread folklore and superstition. The articles emphasize that while some lizards may have a strong bite or cause fear, they are not inherently venomous. The issue also highlights the role of language and cultural transmission in perpetuating such myths, particularly through Portuguese influence and local interpretations. The overall tone is one of educating the public and correcting misconceptions based on scientific observation and historical analysis.

This issue of The American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review, dated October 1817, focuses on evidence for extraordinary creatures and intriguing natural history accounts. The main cover story, "Further evidence to prove the existence of the Kraken, in the ocean, and tending to show that this huge creature is a species of Sepia or Squid," compiles communications from William Lee, Esq., Capt. Riley, and Capt. Neville. The magazine also includes articles on the "Bicho de Cobra" and its historical context, and a piece on "Dwarf Horses of the Grand Canyon."

Kraken and Sea Serpent Accounts

The primary focus of this issue is on reports of large, unidentified marine animals. Samuel L. Mitchill, writing to Dr. Mitchill, presents three communications. The first, from William Lee, Esq., dated September 2, 1817, recounts a sea serpent sighting in Cape Ann harbour in 1787. Lee describes a schooner encountering an enormous sea serpent, four times the length of the vessel, with a dark green back marked by numerous hillocks. He also mentions a passenger who courageously observed the creature.

The second communication, from Capt. Riley, relates an account of Capt. Folger of Nantucket seeing an enormous floating carcass in the southern Atlantic Ocean about 20 years prior. This carcass was so large it attracted spermaceti whales and was identified as an enormous kraken. Capt. F. commanded a large French ship, and the carcass was four or five times its length.

Captain Neville's account, from a voyage in 1803 from London to Archangel, describes seeing a mass of solid matter in the latitude of 68, initially mistaken for an iceberg. Upon closer inspection, it was identified as an animal substance, the remnant of a kraken carcass, which was full as large as the brig he sailed on (189 tons, 70 feet long). This carcass was being consumed by gulls, sea fowls, whales, and other cetaceous creatures. Neville also noted an appendage resembling that of a squid. Mariners in the White Sea and at Drontheim, Norway, discussed such occurrences, suggesting they were fragments of huge squids broken apart by the Maelstrom current.

The Bicho de Cobra and Ichneumon

The issue delves into the historical understanding of a creature known as the "bicho de cobra" or "bis-cobra." The first passage, attributed to Garcia de Orta, describes a "bicho" that fought and killed cobras. It was said to be able to heal itself with plant juice after a fight. The text notes that Garcia de Orta was a high authority in Natural History among the Portuguese in India. Aristotle is also mentioned for referring to an animal as an enemy of serpents in his "History of Animals." Pierre Belon, a French naturalist, is cited for describing this animal in his "Observations of Singular and Memorable Things."

A passage from a book published in 1555, originally in French, describes the "ichneumon" (also called "rat de Pharaon" or Pharaoh's rat) found in Egypt. These animals are tamed like cats or dogs and are used to hunt rats and serpents. They feed on various live prey, including beetles, lizards, chameleons, serpents, frogs, rats, and mice, and are fond of birds.

Prospero Alpini, a Venetian naturalist in Egypt in 1580, also described the ichneumon as a useful animal for catching mice. Engelbert Kaempfer, in India around 1690, referred to the animal as the Mangoose and mentioned the cobra tree. Kaempfer noted that the Portuguese called it Mungo and the Dutch Muncus. The text states that numerous writers from the 17th and 18th centuries unanimously identify the ichneumon or mangoose as a "serpenticida" or serpent killer. It was also known by names such as Herpestes, Ichneumon, Mus Pharaonis, and in French, Mangóuste. The article connects these passages are drawn from suggests that the Portuguese in India, due to rudimentary knowledge of natural history, may have mistaken the mangoose for a reptile, leading to the "bicho-de-cobra" designation.

The text explains that the Portuguese, in their conquests in India, disseminated their language and religion. The word "bis-cobra" became part of several Indian languages. It also notes a brown lizard called "Tia-de-cobra" (cobra's auntie), which is not poisonous. The article concludes that the belief in the poisonous lizard "Bis-cobra" likely originated from the Portuguese designation of the mangoose and the general belief that lizards were poisonous.

Dwarf Horses of the Grand Canyon

This section, authored by Chad Arment and Nick Sucik, explores the folklore and investigation of dwarf horses in the Grand Canyon. In 1937, Dr. Harold Anthony led an expedition to Shiva Temple Mesa, hoping to find unique biological species. While the expedition found little unusual, folklore about dwarf horses being discovered in the Grand Canyon had attracted attention. These "pygmy horses" were sometimes exhibited at shows and carnivals, possibly being genetic dwarfs.

Tall tales, such as one recounted by Cap Hance, described seeing tiny stallions fighting, with one being a husky bay about 21 inches tall and another a blue horse. In 1938, Grand Canyon Park Superintendent Tillotson organized an investigation involving rangers, a deputy sheriff, and Havasupai men. They traveled through various canyons and mesas. Ranger Bert Lauzon's notes indicated that the Havasupai people kept small "sand rock horses," descendants of horses their ancestors ranged in the canyons. These horses were small, but not as small as folklore suggested, with the smallest measured 48 inches at the shoulder. The expedition confirmed dwarfing in canyon horses but found no specimens as small as the folklore claimed.

The article notes that dwarfism is not uncommon in feral horses, citing examples like the North Carolina "Banker's ponies" and Sardinian Giara horses. It also mentions the discovery of Riwoche horses in Tibet. The Havasupai-bred canyon horses are described as being on the decline, possibly descended from Spanish Barbs. The authors suggest that while feral domestics can be problematic, some breeds have a fascinating history worth preserving.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently explores the intersection of natural history, folklore, and eyewitness accounts of unusual phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of presenting historical evidence and accounts for investigation, particularly concerning cryptozoological subjects like the Kraken and sea serpents, as well as exploring the origins of local legends such as the dwarf horses of the Grand Canyon. There is a clear emphasis on historical documentation and the scientific inquiry into these subjects, even when dealing with anecdotal evidence. The magazine seems to encourage critical examination of such reports, considering cultural context and potential misinterpretations of natural phenomena.