North American BioFortean Review - Issue 08

Magazine Overview

Title: North American BioFortean Review
Issue Date: March 2002
Volume: 4, No. 1, Issue #8
Editor: Craig Heinselman

This issue of the North American BioFortean Review (NABR) presents a diverse collection of articles and reviews related to cryptozoology, unexplained phenomena, and new species discoveries. The editorial notes that NABR is undergoing a transition, seeking individuals to serve as field editors.

News Notes

A Purple Marsupial

The article details the reclassification of the purple-necked rock-wallaby from Australia. Initially described in 1924, its status fluctuated between species and subspecies. Recent molecular studies, specifically mitochondrial DNA analysis, have confirmed an 11.4% divergence from other *Petrogale lateralis* taxa, supporting its classification as a distinct species, *Petrogale purpureicollis*. The mystery of its purple pigmentation, which is produced by a gland and can wash away, remains, as does its relation to sexual dimorphism. The discovery from 1924 has been vindicated.

Choccolocco Monster?

This piece reveals that the Choccolocco Monster case from Alabama in 1969 was a hoax perpetrated by Neal Williamson. Williamson, as a teenager, dressed in a sheet and used a cow skull to impersonate the creature. He admitted to performing this four times before being scared off by a shooter. The article suggests this revelation adds credibility to why the sightings abruptly stopped.

Indiana Mystery Creature?

On January 30, 2002, a 5-foot, 200-pound black-haired creature was sighted near the Hardin Ridge Recreation Area in Indiana. Witnesses Dale Moore and Penny Howell reported the creature moving away when it noticed them. Tracks found were unusual, described as 4x5 inches with four toe imprints and up to 1-inch claw impressions, resembling a mountain lion's track but not definitively linked to Bigfoot by the witnesses.

Hunt for the Ivory Billed Woodpecker

A search is underway in the southern United States, centered around the Pearl River Management Area of Louisiana, for possible remnant populations of the ivory-billed woodpecker. Sponsored by Carl Zeiss Sports Optics, the search began on January 17, 2002, and involves a team of six selected searchers, aided by additional personnel and twelve remote listening devices from the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Despite experiencing harsh weather and hardships, no definitive evidence of the woodpecker's survival has been uncovered as of the article's writing.

Smallest Amniote Vertebrate Discovered

On January 2, 1998, a female lizard was collected in the Dominican Republic. This specimen, along with seven others from the Pedernales Province, measured between 14.1 and 17.9 mm. These lizards have been formally described as *Sphaerodactylus ariasae*, named after conservationist Yvonne Arias. The species is known only from the Pedernales Province and surrounding areas within Jaragua National Park. Further molecular and genetic tests are planned to establish a more complete understanding of this diminutive gecko.

From Guyana, a New Species of Lizard

On November 1, 2000, a male lizard collected on Mount Ayanganna in Guyana exhibited distinct characteristics. It has been classified as a new species, *Arthrosaura guianensis*, named for its discovery location. This species appears to have a limited distribution on Mount Ayanganna, similar to other *Arthrosaura* species.

Tasmanian Lake Creature?

A creature was reported in Lake Dulverton, Tasmania, on January 4, 2002. The description was generic, noting a hump-backed form in the water. The lake was dry in the 1980s and only began to refill in the 1990s due to a dam and pumped-in water, leading to increased tourism and wildlife return. The article questions whether the sighting was a misinterpretation, hoax, tourist ploy, or a genuine mystery animal.

A New Conifer from Vietnam

Scientists have announced the discovery of a new conifer in northern Vietnam, named *Xanthocyparis vietnamensis*, or the Golden Vietnamese Cypress. Its closest relative is the Nootka cypress in North America. The tree is endangered, with only a few specimens known to exist near the Chinese border. The discovery involved teams from Vietnam, the USA, the UK, and Russia.

Book Reviews

Book Review: Mystery Cats of Devon and Cornwall

This review covers Chris Moiser's 32-page work on exotic felines in Devon and Cornwall, England. Moiser uses case studies to explore the biological needs and evidence supporting the existence of these animals. The book examines the situation as a factual basis, discussing names like the Surrey Puma and Beast of Exmoor, and presents these felines as cunning survivors. The review notes that the book offers a good introduction for those unfamiliar with the subject.

Review: Music Inspired by Cryptozoology: Music by William Rebsamen

This review discusses William Rebsamen's music album, which aims to immerse the listener in the world of cryptozoology. The album features 13 tracks totaling around 40 minutes, with synthesized music and varied tones. Pieces like "Happy Little Sauropod" and "Into the Depths" evoke specific environments, while "Bigfoot" and "Into the Heart of Darkness" include spoken word segments. The review highlights "Beyond What We Know" as a reminder of the search and romantic nature of cryptozoology, quoting Rebsamen: "Call me the hopeless romantic. Standing here with nothing to show. But my eyes have yet seen, and my heart wants to believe in things beyond what we have known." Rebsamen is also known for his artwork, earning him the title "Audubon of Cryptozoology."

Book Review: Where Legends Roam

This review of Lee Murphy's book "Where Legends Roam" praises its realistic depiction of cryptozoology, moving beyond clichés. The story follows George Kodiak's search for the unknown, focusing on authenticity and humanity. The book mingles anthropological theories about Sasquatch and presents a theoretical view in a field guide format. While acknowledging potential issues for those with specific views on Bigfoot, the review finds the story well-done, despite some violence. It suggests the book is deserving of further character development for Kodiak and cryptozoology.

From the Editors

The editorial welcomes readers to the first issue of 2002, promising a mix of cryptozoology, out-of-place animals, strange wildlife behavior, hoaxes, and methodology. It announces that NABR is in transition and seeking field editors with experience in cryptozoological, biological, or paleontological subjects. Contact information for Chad Arment is provided for those interested in contributing.

Policies

Fair Usage Policy

The magazine states its policy on using original images and reprinted texts, adhering to copyright laws and using images for criticism, comment, education, and research as permitted by U.S. law.

Distribution Policy

NABR is available as a free PDF download from the Zoological Miscellania website. Print copies can be distributed freely, but the newsletter cannot provide them. Readers are encouraged to share the URL. Original articles are copyrighted by their authors.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the exploration of the unknown in the natural world, including cryptids, newly discovered species, and unexplained phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, presenting evidence and theories while also acknowledging hoaxes and the need for scientific rigor. The inclusion of book and music reviews suggests an interest in how these subjects are represented in popular culture and media.

Title: UFO Australia
Issue: Vol. 11 No. 1
Date: January 1979
Publisher: UFO Australia
Country: Australia
Price: $1.50

This issue of UFO Australia magazine prominently features an investigation into the "Mystery of the 'Flying Saucer' Crash at Kingaroy," suggesting a significant event in Australian UFO history. The cover art depicts a dramatic scene of a flying saucer over a rural landscape, setting the tone for the issue's focus on unexplained aerial phenomena.

Book Reviews

Bunyips: Australia's Folklore of Fear

This section reviews Robert Holden's book, which examines the Bunyip not as a biological entity, but as a significant figure in Australian folklore. The review highlights Holden's approach, which delves into Aboriginal narratives and early settler accounts to understand the cultural significance and representations of the Bunyip. While acknowledging the book's thoroughness, the reviewer notes that it may be dry for some readers due to extensive quotations from original texts. The review suggests that the book provides a valuable sociological examination of fear and the unknown, offering a different perspective on Australian mysteries and potentially leading readers to explore other folkloric tales. It also touches upon other cryptozoological topics like the Yowie and Yahoo.

Mothman and Other Curious Encounters

Reviewed by Craig Heinselman, this section discusses Loren Coleman's book, which expands beyond the Mothman phenomenon to explore other unusual creatures and phenomena that blur the lines between Cryptozoology, Fortean Studies, and the Paranormal. The book covers topics such as the Thunderbird, Chupacabra, and phantom trains. The review emphasizes Coleman's anthropological and cultural examination of the Mothman events in Point Pleasant, West Virginia, and notes that the book chronicles various creatures in a Fortean style, without necessarily forcing them into strict categories. The reviewer points out that while the book is not strictly a cryptozoological text, it offers a broad perspective on the unusual. A minor criticism is raised regarding the dryness of sections discussing date coincidences. The review compares Coleman's work to other notable cryptozoological books like Jerome Clark's "Unexplained!" and D. Scott Rogo and Jerome Clark's "Earth's Secret Inhabitants." The reviewer concludes that the book leaves the reader with a sense of wonder about the vastness of the Fortean world.

Loren Coleman's personal summation of the work is quoted, expressing his ongoing consideration of cryptozoological answers for Mothman and his embrace of the Fortean perspective, suggesting that "Mothman's time has come."

A Lake Monster in New Hampshire?

This article, written by Craig Heinselman, investigates the phenomenon of lake monsters in New Hampshire, focusing on a specific case at Moore Lake. It references Philip L. Rife's book "America's Loch Ness Monsters," which mentions legends from Dublin Lake and Spofford Lake involving skindivers encountering aquatic creatures. However, the article highlights that these accounts are often unsubstantiated or based on rumors. The primary focus shifts to Moore Lake, where a single documented case from the 1960s is explored. This incident involved three witnesses who reported seeing a reddish glow in the water, described as a mound-like object with a vaguely visible shape resembling an alligator's head. The object moved at high speed towards their location.

The Lake

Moore Lake is an artificial reservoir created by the Moore Dam, built between 1953 and 1957 for hydroelectric power. It is the fourth largest lake in New Hampshire, stocked with various fish species and popular for seasonal activities. The article provides geographical coordinates and details about the dam's construction and the lake's dimensions.

What Was the "Thing"?

The article discusses theories about the Moore Lake incident, including local suggestions of a large turtle, fish, or loons. Richard Wolkomir's speculation that a creature might have been trapped in the lake after the dam was built is also mentioned. The incident remains an enigma, with the witnesses described as extremely shaken and experienced woodsmen, making a fabricated story less likely.

A Maybe Explanation?

Possible explanations for the glowing red phenomenon are explored, including will-o'-the-wisps, spook lights, or luminous bacteria/fungi. The article posits that a known aquatic creature, such as a turtle, might have come into contact with luminous material, causing it to glow and appear unusual. The process of luminescence in various species is explained, suggesting that bacteria or fungi attached to a turtle's shell could produce a red glow, potentially leading to misidentification. The conclusion suggests that the "thing" was likely a misrepresentation of a known species, possibly enhanced by natural luminescence, and that the incident was an isolated occurrence not related to other aquatic mysteries like Champ or Memphre.

Early Notes on the Indian "Kol-Bhalu"

This section presents notes compiled by Chad Arment from the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society concerning a canine puzzle in India. The "Kol-Bhalu" is described by natives as a jackal that is either old, toothless, mad, or in attendance on a larger animal. Some villagers believe it to be an old, toothless jackal that has developed horns. The author recounts examining two female jackals that fit the description of being old and toothless, one with only a single worn canine tooth. The peculiar cry of the Kol-Bhalu is thought to be caused by the absence of teeth, and the author notes that he has never heard the Kol-Bhalu's cry and the ordinary jackal's cry from the same animal.

An account by F. A. Hill from Bombay in 1893 describes an encounter where a jackal uttered a "Kol-Bhalu" cry, causing dogs to stop their pursuit. Hill was unable to investigate further at the time. Another account from the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society (Vol. XI) details an experience where a jackal emitted an "unearthly cry." Upon investigation, the sound was traced to a jackal, but the event also involved dogs swimming in the river and a scuffle, suggesting a complex interaction that is not fully explained.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of UFO Australia magazine revolve around the exploration of unexplained phenomena, particularly those with a cryptozoological or folkloric basis. The magazine seems to adopt a stance of open inquiry, presenting various accounts and potential explanations without necessarily reaching definitive conclusions. The reviews of books on Bunyips and Mothman indicate an interest in the cultural and historical aspects of mysteries, while the Moore Lake incident and the Kingaroy crash suggest a focus on unexplained events and their investigation. The inclusion of the "Kol-Bhalu" notes points to a broader interest in anomalous animal reports from different parts of the world. The overall editorial approach appears to be one of presenting intriguing cases and encouraging readers to consider diverse perspectives on the unexplained.

This issue of The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, Volume 8, Issue 438, dated June 1897, features several articles on animal behavior, unusual sightings, and a scientific approach to cryptozoology.

Articles

The 'Kol-Bhalu' Cry and Animal Behavior

Several contributors discuss the mysterious 'Kol-Bhalu' cry, primarily associated with jackals. Captain R. M. Betham, writing from Camp Baroda on June 8, 1897, recounts an incident involving a jackal and a bull-dog, where the jackal exhibited unusual fearlessness and made a peculiar cry. He speculates that this cry might be related to fear, excitement, annoyance, or a warning to other jackals. He appeals for enlightenment on the use of this cry.

Mr. F. A. Hill's investigations into the expression 'Kol-Bhalu,' as applied by natives in Guzerat, the Konkan, and Kanara to old jackals, are also presented. His experiences align with Captain Betham's. He describes an instance where dogs, usually keen to attack jackals, stopped and sniffed a bush after the jackal uttered the 'Kol-Bhalu' cry, leaving the jackal in peace.

An editorial note suggests that the 'Kol-Bhalu' cry might be linked to mange, a disease that dogs instinctively dread.

An article titled 'The "Kol-Bahlu,” and the Instinct of Fear in Wild Animals' by an unnamed author (likely referencing a previous issue's discussion) further explores the topic. Captain Betham's interest is noted, and the author recounts experiences of stalking jackals. The cry is associated with the presence of tigers and pythons, suggesting it's a warning of danger or a call for assistance. It is also suggested to be used during the breeding season. The author emphasizes that wild animals generally observe dangerous objects rather than fleeing wildly, with humans being a notable exception.

S. Eardley-Wilmot, writing from Lucknow in December 1897, discusses the jackal's sense of humor and its ability to judge intentions. He describes a jackal imitating a panther's charge to scare off other jackals from a kill. He concludes that wild animals are adept at discerning intentions without direct communication and that the law of the jungle is a practical reality.

W. G. Betham, from the Indian Forest Service in Karwar, April 1898, describes an encounter with reddish animals, larger than jackals and with bushy tails, that uttered the 'Kol-Bhalu' cry. He explicitly states they were not jackals.

Lieut.-Colonel T. MacPherson, from Poona, April 1898, shares an experience where a jackal, upon encountering a tiger returning to a kill, uttered the 'Kol-Bhalu' cry. He notes the jackal's awareness of the tiger's presence and its cautious behavior.

Out-of-place Lizards in Tennessee

This section, introduced by Randy Hutchings, presents a newspaper account about large lizards found in rural Tennessee. The article, likely from the late 1960s, reports the discovery of several giant lizards, identified as monitor lizards (Varanus sp.) or possibly Branded Tegus. One lizard, killed in the Concord community, was 52 inches long and weighed 25 pounds. Another, killed near McKenzie, was 5 feet long and weighed almost 30 pounds. These lizards are thought to have escaped from a private collection. The article details an encounter where a lizard was spotted crossing a road, climbing a tree like a squirrel, and was eventually shot and killed.

From the Past: The Sea Serpent Again!

This historical piece, reprinted from The Sun, April 3, 1835, recounts Captain Shibles' sighting of what he and his crew believed to be a Sea Serpent. While near Raco Point light, they observed an object approximately nine or ten miles away. Using a glass, Captain Shibles identified its head, neck, and eyes, describing it as barrel-sized with a mane. The creature swam with great swiftness, its head emerging seven or eight feet above the water for thirty to forty minutes. The captain estimated its length to be between 200 and 250 feet, noting its snake-like motion and a noise similar to escaping steam. Other vessels' crews also witnessed the phenomenon.

A Mathematical Viewpoint in Regards to Cryptozoology

Craig Heinselman's article explores the application of mathematics to the study of cryptozoology. He argues that mathematical principles can be used to analyze patterns in reports, estimate discovery rates, and examine evidence of unknown creatures.

Dr. Charles Paxton is highlighted for his work on a 'Cumulative Species Description Curve for Large Open Water Marine Animals.' Using data from 1830 to 1995, he estimated the discovery rate of new marine animals and predicted future discoveries. His later work refined these estimates.

Dr. Wolf H. Fahrenbach's research focuses on terrestrial cryptids, particularly Sasquatch. His article 'Sasquatch: Size, Scaling and Statistics' applies mathematical perspectives to Sasquatch reports from North America. He developed a formula to estimate Sasquatch height based on footprint length and suggested minimal sexual dimorphism based on footprint data.

The article mentions other researchers who have applied mathematical techniques to cryptozoology, including Bruce Champagne, Gary Mangiacopra, George W. Gill, and Dr. Carl Sagan. These studies cover areas such as limnology, biomass analysis, population density of lake monsters, and the potential population of organisms in Loch Ness.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The journal consistently features detailed observations and investigations into natural phenomena, often with a focus on the unusual or unexplained. The editorial stance appears to be one of scientific inquiry, encouraging readers to share their experiences and insights. There is a clear interest in documenting animal behavior, unexplained sightings, and applying rigorous analysis, including mathematical methods, to understand these phenomena. The inclusion of historical accounts and diverse geographical locations suggests a broad scope of interest within natural history and cryptozoology.

This issue of the North American BioFortean Review, dated May 2001, focuses on "The Black Panther Mystery" as its cover story, authored by John A. Lutz of the Eastern Puma Research Network. The magazine explores the enigmatic presence of large black felines in North America, examining various theories, historical accounts, and scientific approaches to understanding these creatures.

The Black Panther Mystery

John A. Lutz introduces the black panther as one of the most mysterious four-legged mammals, noting its elusiveness and the difficulty in capturing definitive proof. He discusses the historical use of the term "panther" for both African-Asian leopards and the black color-phase of jaguars in South and Central America. The article questions whether the North American black panther is related to these species or if it represents a distinct subspecies or a unique phenomenon.

Theories on Origin and Presence

One theory suggests that large "black" felines, referred to as "devil cats," were released on the southeastern North American coast by early African slave traders. This theory is linked to the fear of "black animals" among enslaved Africans, who may have associated them with "the devil" in voodoo. The article recounts a conversation with Isaac Dorsey, whose great-grandfather was a slave, suggesting that these cats might have been used as guard animals.

Another theory posits that black Florida cats escaped and migrated north to the Carolina's Coastal Plains, where numerous sightings have been reported. The late 1950s saw a shift in reports, with an increase in sightings of brown panthers in Florida, leading to confusion in naming conventions (panther, puma, cougar, mountain lion).

Scientific and Research Approaches

The issue highlights the application of mathematical and statistical methods in cryptozoology. Bruce A. Champagne's work on Quality Control of Data is mentioned, where a rating scale is used to assess the usefulness and credibility of cases. Craig Heinselman's paper, "Eastern Sasquatch: Potential Patterns or Dubious Data?," utilized an industrial standard (MIL-STD-105E) to minimize bias in analyzing reports, focusing on characteristics like height and weight of foot imprints.

Regional analyses are also discussed, drawing parallels to limnology studies of Loch Ness. Researchers like Yasushi Kojo have examined distribution patterns of cryptid eyewitness reports from Lake Champlain, Loch Ness, and Okanagan Lake, indicating skewed distributions for sightings based on time of day and season. Don Keating's book, "The Eastern Ohio Sasquatch," breaks down Bigfoot reports by month, showing a summer peak. Paul Johnson and Joan Jeffer's "The Pennsylvania Bigfoot" also analyzes sighting data, suggesting that changes in reports over years can be correlated with weather or socio-economic factors.

John Green's database, containing thousands of Bigfoot reports across North America, is presented as a comprehensive example of regional analysis. The work of John and Linda Lutz on reported cougars in the Eastern United States is also cited, providing state-by-state breakdowns of sightings.

Documented Sightings and Evidence

While definitive scientific evidence, such as carcasses, remains elusive for the North American black panther, independent researchers and some wildlife professionals have collected numerous photographs and videotapes. Bruce S. Wright, a Canadian wildlife biologist, listed over 20 sighting reports from New Brunswick, Quebec, and Nova Scotia between the early 1950s and 1971. Helen McGinnis's study for the Pennsylvania Game Commission in the early 1980s reviewed 35 black panther sightings between 1957 and 1981.

The Eastern Puma Research Network has received over 1,200 reported sightings east of the Mississippi River between 1983 and 2001. Pennsylvania and New York have the highest number of reports, largely due to their location within the Appalachian Mountain Range. However, wildlife officials often dismiss pictorial evidence, citing the possibility of "tampering."

Historical Context and Naming

The article traces the historical nomenclature of these large cats. Early writings from the mid-16th century by Georg MacGrave described the "Brazil Jaguarete" as a "shiney black cat mixed with shadows and black spots." Later, Etienne Desmarchais referred to it as the Guyana "On-za" and "Tigris nigra." Thomas Pennant described Brazil's "Black Tiger" in the late 17th century. Christian Schreber identified a similar mammal as "Felis discolor," including the Jaguarete and noting the absence of discernible black spots on the "der schwarze Tiger."

In the mid-1800s, Robert Kerr attempted to systematize the naming, using "Felis discolor kerras" for both jaguars and pumas. The article notes that the true black puma is rare in the Americas, with documented sightings primarily in South America. William Thomson reported killing a black puma in Brazil in 1845.

Challenges and Future Directions

The controversy surrounding the North American Black Panther is attributed to misunderstandings, including the numerous names for the same mammal and inconsistencies in eyewitness accounts. The article suggests that researchers should focus on current characteristics and habits rather than solely relying on historical accounts. Despite the lack of definitive proof, the persistence of sightings and photographic evidence suggests that the phenomenon warrants further investigation.

The issue concludes by emphasizing that until a black panther is positively identified and captured, it remains "in the darkness of the night," a creature encountered unexpectedly on a forest-sided highway.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the application of scientific methodology, particularly statistical analysis and data collection, to the study of unexplained phenomena like the black panther and Bigfoot. There is a strong emphasis on eyewitness accounts and regional studies as valuable, albeit often unacknowledged, sources of information. The editorial stance appears to support the legitimacy of cryptozoological research, advocating for a more open-minded approach to investigating these mysteries, even in the absence of conventional scientific proof. The publication seems to champion independent researchers and their efforts to gather and analyze data that challenges mainstream scientific consensus.

This document is an abridged version of a presentation titled "Eastern Sasquatch Analysis: Potential Patterns or Dubious Data?" given by Craig Heinselman at the 3rd Annual East Coast Bigfoot Researchers Meeting on September 22, 2001, in Delmont, Pennsylvania. It focuses on evaluating data from selected Eastern United States Sasquatch reports.

Introduction

The introduction highlights the ongoing debates in Hominology regarding the nature of Sasquatch or Bigfoot, specifically whether they are multiple species or sub-species, and if eastern and western representatives differ. The paper aims to move beyond these debates by analyzing raw data from a specific geographic area. It notes that while considerable analysis has been performed on western North American Sasquatch reports by researchers like John Green, George Gill, and Wolf H. Fahrenbach, data analysis of eastern reports is rare. Some isolated efforts by Don Keating and Paul Johnson are mentioned. The paper's objective is to utilize various analyses, including those on mammalian species, to determine if a pattern exists within the eastern Sasquatch reports.

Methodologies

The study utilizes 654 reports that meet at least one of the evaluation criteria: estimated height stature, estimated weight, coloration, foot length, and foot width. The data is sourced from various publications, including John Green's "Sasquatch: The Apes Among Us" and John Bindernagel's "North America's Great Ape: the Sasquatch," as well as regional newsletters. The internet is used sparingly due to the ease of fabricating anonymous reports. The 654 reports are from 15 states: Connecticut, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia. These states were chosen to represent a geographic cutout with similar environments and atmospheric conditions. Canadian provinces were excluded to focus on US state boundaries. The analysis intentionally limits itself to specific physical characteristics to manage variables, though behavioral and ecological aspects would be necessary for a more comprehensive zoological study. Reports with 3 or 4 toes tracks, constituting 3.7% of the data, are noted but do not significantly alter the overall analysis when omitted. The 654 reports are not exhaustive but represent a significant sample. The data spans from 1838 to 2001, with over 91% originating from the last 50 years. Statistical analysis was performed using MS Excel, Visual SPC, and PQ Systems Statistical Software.

State Breakdown

The document provides a breakdown of the 654 sightings by state, with Ohio having the highest number (188 reports, 28.75%), followed by Pennsylvania (144 reports, 22.02%) and Maryland (65 reports, 9.94%).

Criteria Breakdown

The criteria evaluated show that Height Stature was the most frequently reported characteristic (433 sightings, 66.21%), followed by Coloration (367 sightings, 56.11%) and Month of Year (549 sightings, 83.94%). Track Length (140 sightings, 21.41%) and Track Width (74 sightings, 11.31%) were reported less frequently. Weight was the least reported criterion (58 sightings, 8.87%). The document notes that Track Length and Width may not always coincide with the main sighting report, and that Month of Year was not a primary criterion but used for other analyses.

Analysis of Data: Western to Eastern

This section compares the eastern data with findings from Wolf H. Fahrenbach's study, which analyzed data from Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada, Montana, Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, as well as Canadian provinces. Fahrenbach's study involved a larger sample size for foot length (706 samples) and foot width (438 samples). The paper aims to test for connections using the same methodology. Comparison data for foot length shows a mean of 15.6" for the West and 15.7" for the East, with similar medians of 16". Foot width (ball) shows a mean of 7.2" for the West and 7.02" for the East, with identical medians of 7".

When comparing height vs. foot length, the mean average height was 16.6" for both West and East. For height data, the mean average height was 8.1' for the West and 7.9' for the East.

A 5% maximum difference was observed when comparing data side-by-side, suggesting uniformity. The width of the foot divided by the length of the foot yielded an index of .46 for the West and .45 for the East (a 2.2% difference). A foot-to-height multiplier was also extracted, showing 5.84 for the West and 5.71 for the East (also a 2.2% difference). These values can be used in a formula to estimate Sasquatch height from a track, such as Fahrenbach's formula: H = 29.624 L^4.2054. An inverse formula is also presented for estimating track length from height: L = (H/29.624)^2.37778. For example, a 21" track suggests a height of 8.8', and a 12" track suggests a height of 7'. The paper cautions that these are estimations and can be influenced by witness descriptions, sexual dimorphism, and potential data skewing.

Statistically, 99.73% of foot lengths fall between 5.2" and 26.2". Western samples ranged from 6.3" to 24.9", while eastern reports had a slightly larger range distribution. For height, 99.73% of samples fall between 3.06' and 11.76' in the eastern states. The paper emphasizes that height estimations are fallible due to witness perception and that wider sampling minimizes variation.

Fahrenbach's analysis also includes gait, caloric intake, and life cycles, but these were not replicated for the east in this report, which is considered a preliminary investigation. The data suggests a similarity in physicality and trace evidence between eastern and western states, regardless of geographic variations.

The State Breakdown

This section details the methodology for minimizing bias in state reports using a sampling plan similar to MIL-STD-105E. It explains how sample sizes are determined based on the number of reports for a given state. The 654 reports generally meet these sampling requirements, except for weight, which was omitted due to its argumentative nature. Some states' data was limited due to insufficient samples, necessitating further study. Coloration was maintained as all states met a minimum sampling acceptance level. The only criteria deemed acceptable for overall comparison were estimated height stature. Comparing median to mean height statures across all states revealed a slight variation (1.07% - 5.75%), suggesting a mixed distribution of sexes or age. Weight estimates were omitted due to extreme ranges (300-1000 lbs, with extremes up to 2000 lbs), similar to the Patterson-Gimlin Film data, making it a weak area for evaluation.

Is there a Geographic Trend?

When Sasquatch height is plotted by increasing latitude, no indication of increased height is observed. However, considering Bergmann's Rule (which suggests increased body mass with latitudinal range, coupled with elevation and temperature influences), an increase in stature might be theoretically plausible. George Gill's study on population clines is referenced. The paper notes that latitude alone does not account for elevation, which has been linked to increased body size in other species. Bergmann's Rule itself is presented as a debatable topic. From the height estimate data, a tentative trend suggests that as elevation increases, longitude increases, and height increases. The paper stresses the importance of using mean elevation rather than highest or lowest points to avoid skewed data. Further study correlating temperature, precipitation, and other influences is needed to confirm these trends. Comparisons of height variations against longitude, latitude, and mean elevation on a continental level are recommended for future research.

Is There a Coloration Trend?

Out of 367 reports with coloration data, DARK colors (Brown, Black, Brown/Black, Dark, Reddish, Reddish/Brown) were substantially higher (81.23%) than LIGHT colors (White, Gray, Tan, Silver, Light). To avoid bias from states with more sightings, a variable representing the proportion of LIGHT reports within a state was used. This variable showed a minuscule increase trend of LIGHT coloration as latitude increases, but the opposite trend as longitude and elevation increase. This is contrary to the height analysis. A scatter plot of the coloration variable against height shows that as the LIGHT variable increases, height decreases. The inverse (DARK coloration) remains constant across all states, indicating that coloration variation is likely due to individual characteristics rather than environmental factors. Extended surveys in more humid regions are suggested.

Migration?

This section explores whether Sasquatch in the east exhibit migratory patterns or have specific range areas. Of the 654 reports, 549 (83.94%) include a specific month. The data is broken down into four seasons: Spring (April-June), Summer (July-September), Fall (October-December), and Winter (January-March). A "seasonal percentile" variable was created to lessen bias from states with more sightings. Analysis of sightings by latitude shows an increase in spring, leveling off in summer, a decrease in fall, and an increase in winter. The opposite trend was observed when plotted against longitude. No significant variation was found when plotted against mean elevation for any season. The data supports the conclusion that no significant large-scale migration exists, and Sasquatch remain within their theoretical home territories. Scenarios that would indicate migration, such as fewer reports in northern latitudes during winter or increased reports in warmer months at higher elevations, were not demonstrated.

Summation

1. Data comparison to western North America shows little variation, indicating comparable height and other physical measurable characteristics.
2. There is a height increase in those states with higher mean elevations and those states with an increase in longitude.
3. Light coloration marginal increases as the latitude increases, and at the same time, the height stature of reported Sasquatch decreases. By inverse, the dark coloration remains stable across all states, indicating that any coloration variation is a factor of individual characteristic and not a factor of ecology.
4. No elevation or latitudinal migration exists.

Future Research

Additional information regarding climatic conditions and individual state geographic variations, coupled with extended sightings data, may lead to more refined analyses. Physical characteristics beyond coloration, such as behavioral and other physical traits, would be an interesting and extensive undertaking. Broader range data variations are necessary to establish if any potential trends found are true patterns or merely artifacts of sampling or minuscule proportions.

Sources

The document lists numerous sources, including academic papers, books, personal correspondence, and newsletters related to Bigfoot research and related scientific fields. Notable authors and publications include Ehab Abouheif, Daphne J. Fairbairn, Eric Altman, George Gill, Wolf H. Fahrenbach, John Green, John Bindernagel, and publications like "American Naturalist," "Crypto Hominology," "The Keystone Sasquatch Report Newsletter," and "North America's Great Ape: the Sasquatch."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the rigorous, data-driven analysis of Sasquatch reports, moving beyond anecdotal evidence to identify potential patterns and test hypotheses. The editorial stance is one of scientific inquiry, seeking to apply statistical methods and ecological principles to the study of Sasquatch phenomena. The paper emphasizes the importance of data quality, sampling methods, and cautious interpretation of results, acknowledging limitations and suggesting areas for future research. There is a clear effort to compare eastern findings with established research on western Sasquatch and to explore potential correlations with geographic and environmental factors.

This issue of "The American Journal of Science and Arts," Volume 10, Number 1, published in November 1825, is primarily dedicated to presenting scientific observations and considerations on zoological anomalies. The content includes detailed descriptions and discussions of unusual animal specimens and phenomena, aiming to inform the scientific community and distinguish between natural species and monstrous deviations.

Article: On a Supposed New Species of Hippopotamus

Authored by S. G. Morton, M. D., this article, originating from "Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 2(1): 14-17" in Jan./Feb. 1844, introduces a potentially new species of hippopotamus, termed "Hippopotamus minor." Dr. Morton received extensive skull specimens from his friend Dr. Goheen, who served as Colonial Physician in Monrovia, Western Africa. Among these was a small hippopotamus skull from the St. Paul's river. Dr. Morton notes the manifest difference between this skull and that of the common species but hesitated to publish due to fear of prior discovery. After searching European zoological works without finding an account of this animal, he presents its characteristics. Measurements of the skull are provided, including length (12.3 inches), zygomatic diameter (8 inches), parietal diameter (3.5 inches), distance between orbits (3.9 inches), vertical diameter of orbit (2 inches), and horizontal diameter of orbit (1.8 inches). The dental formula is also detailed: Incisors (4/2), Canines (1-1/1-1), False Molars (3-3/3-3), and Molars (4-4/3-3). The article further elaborates on the differences in cranial structure, particularly the uniform convexity of the cranium in H. minor compared to the concave intermediate surface and elevated orbits of the common species. The second skull examined belonged to a younger animal, showing open sutures and developing teeth. Dr. Goheen provided a memorandum stating that this animal abounds in the St. Paul's river, weighs between four hundred and seven hundred pounds, is slow and heavy, but can stray from the river. It is tenacious of life and almost invulnerable, becoming irritable when injured. The meat is described as intermediate in flavor between beef and veal. Comparisons were made with common hippopotamus specimens from the Cape of Good Hope and the Senegal river.

From the Past: Early New Mexico Jaguar

This section presents an excerpt from "The Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal," dated November 27, 1805 (V. 2, pt. 1, Sect. 3). It describes an animal found in New-Mexico, possibly a true Leopard, with a yellowish-white skin spotted with brown and blackish spots. General Wilkinson reportedly carried a skin of this animal. The creature is said to possess enormous strength, with accounts of it carrying away the carcasses of horses and bullocks, suggesting it is larger and more powerful than a Panther. This excerpt is attributed to a letter to the editor from William Dunbar, Esq., dated Natchez, March 1st, 1801. A footnote clarifies that "Felis concolor of Schreber," commonly known as the Painter in the United-States, is likely the animal referred to.

Article: Art. VI - Facts and considerations showing that the Two-Headed Snakes of North America and other parts of the world are not individuals of a distinct race, but universally monsters.

This article, presented as a letter from Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill of New-York to Dr. Godman of Philadelphia, and sourced from "The American Journal of Science and Arts (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.), V. 10, No. 1, November," addresses the phenomenon of two-headed serpents. The author notes that the rarity of these occurrences has fueled interest, with specimens found in diverse locations leading several authors to create delineations and collect examples. The article distinguishes these from the Amphisbæna, which has a head at each extremity. The two-headed being is described as an "aphedian reptile, having two distinct heads, or a double head, at one extremity of the body." While departures from ordinary mammalian figures are considered monstrosity, similar peculiarities in serpents have often been viewed as evidence of a distinct race. This opinion is attributed to the animal's size and agility. The author, however, has acquired information that leads him to abandon this notion.

The article recounts a specific incident from 1823 where a female snake was killed near the Genesee river, along with her brood of 120 young. Among these, three were identified as monsters: one with two distinct heads, one with a double head and three eyes, and one with a double skull and three eyes. These deformed individuals were collected by Dr. Voight of Rochester. The dam was identified as a Black Snake or Runner (Coluber constrictor). The article also mentions a two-headed serpent from the Fejee Islands, measuring four inches and three quarters, with two pairs of jaws, two pairs of eyes, and two complete heads. Historical accounts of two-headed snakes are cited, including mentions by Aristotle, Ælian, Joseph Lanzoni, and Francis Redi, with specimens noted in Bologna and the King of France's museum in Paris. Count La Cepede's work on serpentine monsters is referenced, concluding they are anomalies. George Edwards is mentioned for figuring a two-headed English serpent from Barbadoes.

Intelligence is also noted from the Black river near Lake Ontario about a snake with three heads. The author concludes, based on the facts and references, that two-headed snakes found in disparate locations are likely individuals of different species or genera, rather than a propagation of a single race. The article states there is no evidence of perpetuation of such species through male and female parents.

Regarding the frequency of two-headed monsters among serpents, the article suggests it is not fully ascertained but notes that such births occur in other creatures like dogs, cats, swine, sheep, kine, and humans. Generally, these monsters are still-born or short-lived. The article mentions a two-headed tortoise that lived to a considerable size by feeding from both mouths. Two-headed serpents are typically small and diminutive, suggesting their organization limits their lifespan. The article concludes that serpents, lacking limbs, can only exhibit monstrosity in the head or tail, with the head being the most frequent site. The notoriety of two-headed snakes stems from their ability to survive, feed, and grow, distinguishing them from other monsters.

The article is dated "New York, August 1, 1825."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around zoological anomalies, the classification of species, and the distinction between natural variations and monstrous deviations. The journal's stance is one of rigorous scientific inquiry, relying on empirical evidence, historical accounts, and comparative analysis to understand and categorize unusual biological phenomena. The articles advocate for a rational, evidence-based approach, challenging popular beliefs and establishing scientific consensus on topics like the nature of two-headed serpents and the classification of new species. The editorial stance emphasizes careful observation, detailed documentation, and critical evaluation of evidence to advance the understanding of the natural world.

This document is an excerpt from "The Naturalist's Library, Vol. XVIII," edited by Sir William Jardine and published by Henry G. Bohn in 1866. The specific section is titled "Red Dogs and Thous" and is authored by Charles Hamilton Smith. It delves into the systematics of wild dogs, focusing on a group identified as "Chryseus," which encompasses various non-wolf, non-fox, non-jackal canines of the Old World. The introductory note acknowledges that many of these species are no longer considered valid but suggests their study might still be relevant for understanding reported "mystery dogs."

Chryseus. The Red Dogs.

The article begins by describing the geographical distribution of this group of wild dogs, found in Asia from the southern side of the Himalaya ridge to Ceylon and from China to the Mediterranean, with mentions of their presence in Africa and the Australian islands. It notes their distinctive physical traits: the absence of a second tubercular tooth in the lower jaw, hairy feet soles, long bodies, fulvous coloration, oblique eyes, and eight mammæ. Unlike burrowing animals, they are characterized by shyness and a retired life, exhibiting constant cooperation, courage, and a strong instinct for mutual defense.

Their voice is described as a bark, and they hunt both day and night. Despite their fear of humans, they are capable of attacking large animals like antelopes, wild boars, buffaloes, tigers, and lions. The author posits that their inherent hostility towards larger felines, particularly their pursuit of cubs and adults, contributes to the fear tigers exhibit even towards domestic spaniels. This suggests a natural role for these wild dogs in controlling the population of great felines.

The text differentiates these animals from wolves and jackals, noting the absence of an offensive odor common to the latter. It speculates that their nocturnal hunting habits might have contributed to romanticized legends of wild hunters and demon hounds in European folklore, such as those concerning the Hellequin and King Arthur.

New World Counterparts and Taxonomic Debates

The article then introduces an approximating species in the New World, the "Aguara gouzou," which shares similar colors and the lack of the second tubercular tooth. The author expresses skepticism towards the common practice of deeming wild canines as mere feral descendants of domestic dogs, especially when the domestic breeds are clearly different or degenerate. This practice, the author argues, perpetuates uncertainty.

The text discusses the historical confusion in classifying these animals, referencing Viscount de Querhouent's observations on "Canis pictus" and Sparrman's identification of the red wild dog. It mentions the "Hyæna villosa" as having been mistakenly classified as a feral dog. The name "Chryseus" is proposed to distinguish the five or six species, varieties, or races under consideration, inspired by Oppian's description of the "aureus of Mount Amanus." The author acknowledges that the paternity of domestic dogs cannot be attributed to a single species but supports Mr. Hodgson's naming of "Canis primævus" as the type of the group.

Specific Species and Varieties

Chryseus primævus (Canis primævus, Hodgson): Also known as the Buansa of Nepaul, this species is described with specific physical attributes: absence of the second tubercular tooth, hairy feet, erect ears, deep rust-colored upper body, yellowish lower body, and a bushy, straight tail of medial length. It is a true wild dog, hunting in troops of six to ten, relying on scent, and overcoming prey through perseverance, combination, and force. It barks with a peculiar tone and is untameable if not raised from a young age. Its habitat is the woody and rocky mountain ranges between the Sutleje and Boorhampootra, with varieties found further south.

The Kolsun (Canis Dukhunensis of Col. Sykes): Considered a variety of the above, differing in paler fur and less density, possibly due to latitude and warmer habitat. Colonel Sykes's specimen had an elongated head, rounded ears, large limbs, and a pendulous, bushy tail. Measurements are provided: length 33 inches, tail 8.5 inches, shoulder height 16.5 inches.

The Dhole of Mr. Wooller: Discovered in the Mahablishwar hills, also considered a variety of the Kolsun.

The Qyot of Dr. Spry: Identified with the Kolsun, described as rufous brown, paler beneath, with a hairy tail and round pupils. It is larger and more robust than a jackal, with sharp claws capable of scratching out prey's eyes. Colonel Bowles observed a pack of Qyos hunting an antelope.

The Wah: A canine possibly a distinct species, designated as a Dhole. Described as robust, thick-bodied, heavy, with a broad head, flat forehead, blunt dark-colored nose, greenish-yellow eyes, and powerful teeth and legs. Its fur is tanned and browner on the back, with white on the breast and belly. It growls deeply and can fling urine at pursuers. It hunts in packs, uttering a deep-toned bay.

The Beluel of Avicenna (Thos of antiquity): Identified with the Beluch of Beloochistan. Described as a shy, extremely ferocious red wild dog, hunting in packs of twenty to thirty, capable of attacking bullocks and buffaloes. Observed to be long, low on the legs, rufous-colored, with a hairy tail and powerful structure.

The Red Wild Dog of Southern China: Likely another race of Chryseus, resembling the Dingo of Australia but lower on the legs. Its dentition regarding the second tubercular tooth is not ascertained.

Geographical Distribution and Ancient Accounts

Reviewing the group, the article concludes that these wild dogs inhabit a vast area of Asia, extending westward of the Indus and possibly into the Caspian region and Asia Minor. The author compares these descriptions to Oppian's account of the "aureus" of Mount Amanus, suggesting Oppian was describing a real animal, not mistaking it for a jackal. The text also mentions ancient beliefs, supported by Aristotle, that certain breeds (Alopecides, Chaonian, Spartan) were mixtures with domestic races, though the author questions this, emphasizing the strength and courage of these wild canines.

There is speculation that Chryseus formerly existed in Southern Europe, referencing Scaliger's account of wild dogs in Montefalcone, Italy, which differed from wolves in manners, voice, and color, and were fond of human flesh.

The True Dhole (Chryseus scylax, Smith)

This section details the "True Dhole," distinct from other species. It is described as being between the size of a wolf and a jackal, lightly built, with a sharp face, fierce eyes, and a greyhound-like form. It has a straight, non-bushy tail, wide pointed ears, and dark skin. Its hunting cry resembles a fox-hound's, interspersed with snarling yelps. Dr. Daniel Johnson witnessed a pack attacking a wild boar.

An illustration (Plate VII) depicts the Dhole, native of India. The text notes the confusion in native Indian names for these animals, extending to hyænas and wolves.

Dhole of Ceylon (Chryseus Ceylonicus)

Described as allied to the Dhole, but based on an immature specimen. It measured about 22 inches from nose to tail, with a 16-inch tail. The color was yellowish-grey with brown hues. The specimen lacked the last molar in the lower jaw, had cat-like claws, and five toes on each foot. Discrepancies between this and another specimen suggest non-age was a factor. The article speculates that a race of Chryseus might extend to the Cape, possibly mixed with characters of the "Tokla."

An illustration (Plate VIII) depicts the Dhole of Ceylon.

The Pariah Dog (Chryseus pahariah)

This section questions whether Indian Pariah dogs are degraded domestic mongrels or offspring of indigenous wild species. The author argues against the common assumption that where wild and domestic races are allied, the former are feral descendants. The wild Pariah is found in packs in India and the lower Himalaya mountains, possessing primeval independence. They are described as more bulky than jackals, low on the legs, with a bushy tail and erect ears. Their fur color varies, being darker in the north and having a silvery tinge in the south. The presence of five claws on all feet is noted, but the dentition is unknown.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the taxonomic complexity and historical confusion surrounding the classification of wild canines, particularly the genus Chryseus. The author emphasizes the importance of careful observation and documentation, critiquing the tendency to oversimplify classifications by linking wild species directly to domestic breeds without sufficient evidence. The editorial stance appears to favor a more rigorous, evidence-based approach to zoological classification, acknowledging the challenges posed by variations within species and the limitations of historical accounts. The article highlights the unique ecological roles these wild dogs play, particularly in controlling predator populations, and their distinctiveness from wolves and jackals.

This issue of The Naturalist's Library, Volume 12, published by W. H. Lizars in 1837, focuses on various wild canine species, providing detailed zoological descriptions and illustrations. The content delves into the classification and characteristics of animals such as the Pariah, the Sumatran Chryseus, the New Holland Dingo, and several species within the 'Thous' group, including the Wild Dog of Egypt, the Thous of Nubia, and the Pied Thous-Dog.

The Pariah and its Connections

The text begins by describing domestic dogs and then introduces the Pariah, suggesting it is a connecting link with jackals. It notes that Pariahs possess uniform colors and can be mistaken for domestic breeds. Their voice is described as yelping and howling, distinguishable from jackals. The Pariah is positioned as a bridge between jackals and wolves, with the latter residing primarily in Africa.

Sumatran Chryseus (Chrysæus Sumatrensis)

This section details the Sumatran Chryseus, also referred to as Canis familiaris, var.—Sumatrensis of Hardwicke. It is described as one of the smallest canines in its group, measuring about two feet from nose to tail. Distinctive features include a fox-like countenance with a pointed nose, black muzzle, long black whiskers, and oblique eyes. Its general color is a foxy ferruginous red, lighter on the belly and inner thighs. In confinement, it exhibited restlessness and emitted a fetid urine when teased. Its voice was more of a cry than a bark.

Australian Canines and the New Holland Dingo (Chrysæus Australiæ)

The Chrysean group is extended to include wild canines from Australian islands, which share external characters with the Sumatran Chryseus but possess a second tubercular molar. The New Holland Dingo is highlighted as a prominent example. Despite being considered a feral dog by some French naturalists, it is argued to be a distinct wild species, only partially tamed by natives. Wild Dingos are larger and more powerful than their domestic counterparts. In confinement, they are mute, but they howl when in freedom. They are known for their ferocity in hunting prey, particularly sheep, and their bite is severe. They emit a strong odor and snap severely at domestic dogs. The text cites Mr. Oxley's account of Dingos exhibiting a strong mutual attachment, evidenced by a female dying beside a killed mate.

The Thoan Group: Wild Dogs

The issue then introduces the Thoan group, described as wild dogs resembling wolves on a reduced scale, larger than jackals but differing in manners and appearance. They do not burrow and are marked on the back with contrasting black and white patterns. They emit little offensive odor, are not gregarious, and do not howl in concert. Their position is illustrated by their alternate classification among wolves, jackals, and foxes. The text mentions Aristotle's observation of Egyptian wolves being smaller than Greek ones and Guldenstaedt's confusion of Thous species with jackals. Mons. F. Cuvier's classification is discussed, noting the difficulty in separating species that breed together in captivity.

Thous Anthus (Canis Anthus)

This species, known as the Wild Dog of Egypt, is described in detail. Its head is deep, nose full, and ears erect. The throat and breast are dirty white, while the body is a mix of fulvous, white, black, and buff, creating small spots or pencils. The under fur is reddish brown. The ears are small, and the nose and lips are black. A black band encircles the neck. The tail is hairy with a brown spot and a black streak. The hind limbs are rusty brown externally and buff internally. The animal's irides are brown. It measures about two feet six inches from nose to tail, with a one-foot tail and a height of one foot four inches at the shoulder. Dr. Ruppel obtained specimens from Bahar el Azrak, and a head from the catacombs of Syout suggests its presence in ancient Egypt. Professor Kretschmer suggests that the Thous anthus might be the aboriginal species from which Egyptians derived their domestic dogs, citing similarities with smaller wolf-dog breeds.

Thous variegatus (Thous of Nubia)

This species is described as being about an inch lower at the shoulder than the Thous anthus and proportionally smaller. It has a broad head, buff with black hairs on the occiput, and buff under fur. The upper coat is hard hair, buff at the roots, then black with a buff ring, and a shining black tip, forming a chequer-like pattern on a buff ground. The nose is blunt and black, leading to pale buff eyes. The ears are eight inches ten lines high, buff externally and white internally. The under parts are dirty white, and the tail is rather short and chequered. The extremities are long and buff-colored. This animal has a wolfish aspect, resides in rocky regions, and feeds on small mammals and birds. Older individuals develop a mane of shining black hair from the nape to the tail. M. Ruppel observed this species in Nubia and Upper Egypt.

###The Zenlee, or Pied Thous (Thous mesomelas)

This species is found south of the equator and approximates foxes in some characters. It is less bulky than the former species and more reddish on the sides and limbs. While classed with foxes, its tail is not vulpine, and its eyes are diurnal. Observations indicate circular ocular disks. Measurements from three drawings show lengths from twenty-five to twenty-seven inches from nose to tail, with tails ranging from eight and a half to ten and a half inches. The ears are larger than in the T. anthus, and the nose and forehead are ashy grey. The ears are rust-colour outside and whitish within. The cheeks are whitish-ash and buff. A black and white pattern extends from between the ears over the neck and shoulders, narrowing to a point at the tail root. The throat and breast are whitish grey, and the limbs are a lively rusty buff. The belly is dirty white, and the terminal half of the tail is black. The animal does not burrow and lives among bushes and under rocks, not being found on the Karroo or wilderness.

###Senegal Thous (Thous Senegalensis)

Considered by some as a variety of Canis anthus, this species is noted to be at least an inch higher at the shoulder and several inches longer than the anthus. It has larger ears, a more dog-like head, higher tarsi, and a shorter, less hairy tail. The colors differ, with a greyish-buff nose and forehead, white throat and under parts, and no black ring around the neck. The back is buff and greyish with cloudy bars. The darkest bars are on the croup. The base of the tail is dark sepia-brown, with buff hairs towards the tip. The hind legs are long and slender, making the animal stand with an elevated croup, suggesting fleetness. It resides with the jackal in Gambia and Senegal.

Conclusion

This review of the Chrysean group aims to encourage naturalists to reconsider conclusions that wild diurnal canines are merely feral dogs. The species discussed have been traced across Asia, Africa, and Australia, retaining distinct characteristics. The text concludes by noting that while some species may have been influenced by domestication, others likely represent distinct wild species.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the detailed classification and differentiation of wild canine species, challenging the notion that all non-wolf or non-jackal wild canines are simply feral domestic dogs. The editorial stance is one of meticulous zoological observation and classification, emphasizing the distinctiveness of species and their evolutionary relationships, often drawing on historical accounts and scientific observations from various naturalists and explorers.

This issue of the publication, identified by its cover title "Wild Dog of Natolia." and featuring "Plate XIV," delves into zoological curiosities and historical accounts of unusual creatures. The content appears to be drawn from various sources, including "Curiosities of Natural History" by Francis T. Buckland, and newspaper clippings.

The Wild Dog of Natolia (Thous æmon, Smith)

The primary article describes the "Wild Dog of Natolia," scientifically named *Thous æmon* by Smith. This animal is noted for its resemblance to a country dog, easily confused with the Turkish fox and jackal. The specimen described measured seventeen inches at the shoulder and two feet eight inches from nose to tail. Its head was like that of a sharp-nosed vermin-dog, but with a broader, flatter forehead and small, triangular ears. The body and neck were full. The hair was coarse on the forehead, neck, back, and sides. The tail was short, with a crisped basal part, and the remainder divided into five rings of black and rust colour. The coloration included white from the nostrils to beneath the eyes and down to the fore legs, with the rest of the body being a hoary fawn-coloured grey mixed with rufous, buff, white, and sepia. A broad streak of crisped hair stood up along the back from the nape of the neck to the base of the tail, which might be accidental. A second specimen was noted to be somewhat more rufous and larger, with the back hair standing up.

The article mentions that the first specimen was in the museum of Prague, and the second was in private hands from Scanderoon. A correspondent who resided in Asia Minor noted a suspicious-looking animal in a chalk quarry near Smyrna, larger than a jackal but not a wolf, possibly this species or another called *Chryseus beluel*. Natives of Natolia called it the "Great Jackal." The author suggests that the characteristics described by Oppian for his *acimones* align with this animal, proposing the name "Acmon" for distinction. It is also speculated that this race of animals might be what ancients referred to as wolves that damaged fishing nets on the Canopian Gulf of the Palus Meotis.

From the Past: Panther Thought to have Escaped from Circus (Williamsport (PA) Sun - June 27, 1953)

This section reports on sightings of a "black panther" in the vicinity of English Center, PA, believed to be an escaped wild animal from a circus or traveling show. Several incidents are mentioned: Ernest Danley reported seeing a "large, shiny, black cat" about 10 feet long; another report involved an animal attacking three calves owned by George Danley; and Gerald Kahler reported seeing one on Boak's Mountain.

The Nondescript

Written by Francis T. Buckland, this piece discusses a peculiar object called "The Nondescript," acquired from a china curiosity-dealer at St. Martin's Court, Leicester Square. The object was purchased from an old gentleman for 1001. Buckland describes it as extraordinary-looking, with wings like army aiguilettes, human-like arms, demon-like hands and feet with formidable claws, and a head about the size of a large apple. The ribs project significantly, and the ears resemble those of an African elephant. The face is wrinkled and deformed, with a pig-like snout, codfish-like eyes, and double rows of teeth with protruding fangs. A shock of wool-like hair covers the head. Buckland investigated its composition, finding it to be made of soft wood (possibly cedar) and papier-mâché, artfully colored to resemble a dried body. He speculates it might be the work of a Japanese craftsman, possibly related to the 'sea-monster' or 'mermaid' hoaxes described by Von Siebold, which combined parts of different animals for exhibition.

From the Past: Panthers Still Roam in the Adirondacks (Unknown 1925 New York newspaper)

This brief report from Frankfort, NY, dated September 1, states that panthers are still present in the Adirondacks near Rondax Lake. A party driving at night encountered an animal crossing their path near Spectacle Pond, identified as a panther.

New Zealand Moa (Vol. II. Page 70)

This section compiles accounts of potential sightings of the Moa, a large extinct bird from New Zealand. A report from "The Daily Southern Cross" on March 6, 1863, describes two men seeing an enormous bird, estimated at seven feet high, near their camp fire in Arrow-township. The bird squatted, then walked off with a long stride.

Another account is a letter from Rev. W. Williams to the author's father, dated February 1842. He relays information from an American who claimed a bird of extraordinary size, fourteen to sixteen feet high, could be seen at night near Cloudy Bay in Cook's Straits. A group went to observe it, and saw the creature at a distance before it strode away.

A letter from Rev. Richard Taylor, dated October 5, 1867, quoted in an article from "Land and Water," suggests the Moa might not be extinct in New Zealand. Dr. Hector, a Government geologist, found tracks of the bird in the scrub on the mountain ranges. Mr. Maling, a Government surveyor, also measured tracks fifteen inches long with a stride of nearly six feet. These accounts suggest the birds are nocturnal, solitary, and inhabit remote, wooded mountain areas.

Pigmies in the Mississippi River Valley

Authored by S. G. Morton, M.D., this article discusses the alleged "Pigmy race" that supposedly inhabited parts of the Mississippi River Valley. Intelligent persons, though ignorant of anatomy, claimed individuals of this race did not exceed four and a half feet in height, and were often only three feet. Dr. Morton investigated using a skeleton obtained through Dr. Troost of Nashville. Mr. A. M'Call, a correspondent of Dr. Troost, exhumed remains from a cemetery near Cumberland Mountain, Tennessee. Mr. M'Call described the coffins as being made of sandstone or limestone, 18 to 24 inches long, with bodies placed in a reclined or sitting posture. The largest skeleton found at these grounds was estimated to be from an individual not over twelve or fourteen years of age, with a flat, broad cranium and projecting front teeth.

Dr. Morton examined the bones, noting that the teeth indicated a juvenile subject, with many deciduous teeth remaining and only permanent first molars and incisors protruding. He concluded that the remains were characteristic of early childhood, around seven years of age, and similar to those of the aboriginal American race. The posture and utensils found with the remains were also consistent with those of common Indians.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently explores the boundaries of zoology and cryptozoology, presenting accounts of unusual or potentially undiscovered animals alongside fabricated curiosities. There is a clear interest in documenting and analyzing reports of strange creatures, from the "Wild Dog of Natolia" and alleged panthers to the extinct Moa and the mythical "Pigmy race." The editorial stance appears to be one of careful documentation and scientific inquiry, even when dealing with sensational or anecdotal evidence, as seen in the detailed anatomical observations and historical context provided for each subject. The inclusion of "From the Past" sections highlights a recurring interest in historical accounts and their re-examination.