North American BioFortean Review - Issue 07

Magazine Overview

Title: North American BioFortean Review
Issue: Vol. 3, no. 2, Issue #7
Date: October 2001
Publisher: Zoological Miscellania (distributed via www.herper.com)
Country: USA
Language: English
Price: Free

This issue of the North American BioFortean Review (NABR) presents a collection of reviews, news notes, and reprints focusing on cryptozoological and bio-anomalous subjects. The cover features a quote from Henri Poincare: "Doubt everything or believe everything: these are two equally convenient strategies. With either we dispense with the need for reflection." The issue includes a variety of articles and reviews, covering topics from obscure creatures in remote regions to the analysis of photographic evidence and folklore.

Letters to the Editors and Updates

The "Letters to the Editors" section includes correspondence from George Eberhart, who clarifies that a "river monster story" attributed to Ontario actually concerns events in Tennessee, specifically Bell's Depot (now Bells, Tennessee). Another letter from Mark W. discusses lifelong accounts of large black cats or panthers in Murray County, Northwest Georgia, and the community of Ramhurst.

Reviews

Review: The Hunt for the Buru

Authored by Ralph Izzard and reviewed by Craig Heinselman, this section discusses Izzard's out-of-print book, "The Hunt for the Buru," now available through Linden Publishing. The book details Izzard's 1948 expedition to Assam, India, to investigate the Buru, a large reptile described as emitting a bellowing call. The review highlights that while the Buru search was the expedition's reason, Izzard's true discovery was the culture, geography, and people of the area, including the Dafla tribe. The book is praised for its anthropological insight and immersive portrayal of the region.

Review: Photo Fakery

Authored by Dino A. Brugioni and reviewed by Chad Arment, this review covers Brugioni's book, "Photo Fakery: The History and Techniques of Photographic Deception and Manipulation." Written by a founder of the CIA's National Photographic Interpretation Center, the book explores the use and misuse of photographs for agendas, evidence creation, and confusion. The review notes that while many illustrations are political or military, the techniques apply to cryptozoological fakes. Brugioni provides methods for detecting fakes by examining shapes, tones, patterns, and scale. The book touches on "monster" pictures, including a 1906 "sea serpent" photo from Ballard, Washington (identified as a carved tree trunk), a 1983 unicorn hoax in Shenandoah National Park, and a 1930s Wisconsin "hodag" photo. The review concludes that the book emphasizes the need to critically evaluate new cryptozoological images.

Review: In Search of Ogopogo - Sacred Creature of the Okanagan Waters

Authored by Arlene Gaal and reviewed by Craig Heinselman, this review examines Gaal's book on the aquatic animals of Okanagan Lake, British Columbia. Gaal, the author of previous books on Ogopogo, presents a detailed analysis of the creature's history and reports. The review notes that Gaal's journalistic background and hands-on research provide essential information without excessive speculation. The book includes photographs, video images, and witness descriptions. However, the review points out a lack of references, an index, and a bibliography, which makes backtracking for further research difficult.

Review: The Monster of the Madidi

Authored by Simon Chapman and reviewed by Craig Heinselman, this review discusses Chapman's book, "The Monster of the Madidi." The book is framed by the TV show "Gilligan's Island" and follows Chapman, a physics teacher and explorer, into the Bolivian rainforest. The central question is the existence of an unknown primate, possibly related to the 'De Loys' Ape.' The review emphasizes that the book's true value lies in its anthropological, biological, and sociological examination of the rainforest and its inhabitants, rather than solely on the cryptozoological mystery. It mentions a rumor of a "Mono Rey" with shaggy fur and a skin bought by a scientist for DNA analysis, though results were not reported. The book ultimately rekindles Chapman's love for the rainforest.

From the Past

This section reprints historical accounts of mysterious creatures:

• The Sea Serpent: An account from Mr. Edward S. Dodgson of Jesus College, Oxford, dated Thursday last (likely September 1907), describing a sea serpent seen near Tintagel, UK. The creature was estimated to be about 200 yards away, black, with a head and crest, and approximately 20 feet long. The witness notes seeing similar snakes in Spain. The source is the Western Morning News, September 14, 1907.
• A Hideous Sea Serpent: A report from Capt. W. S. Green of the life-saving station at Long Branch, dated November 24th, 1883. Five crew members reported seeing a sea serpent estimated to be ninety to one hundred feet long and thirty feet wide, with blow holes and stubby horns. The source is The News, Frederick, MD; Dec. 8, 1883; p. 1.

Reprints and News Notes

NABR #7 also includes a list of reprints and news notes, covering a wide range of topics:

• Reprints: "Dragon-Fly Storms," "Fabulous Creatures of China," "A Strange Frog," "Myths of the Amazonian Indians," "Hunting the Ipi," "The Okapi," "A Chinese Woodpecker," and "Eyes that Shine at Night."
• News Notes: "Two Rediscovered Plants from South Africa," "Yarra Pygmy Perch," "Proper Classification Now Can be Done on Glyphis Sharks," and "Seismotectonic Origins of the Monster of Loch Ness."
• Search for Cougars in the East: Includes "Update on the Jongari," "Some Little Known Cougar Sightings in New Hampshire," "Three New Pennsylvania Thunderbird Reports," "Giant Armadillos in Florida?", "CZ Conversations: Giant Spiders," "Century-Old Mystery Rises from the Shadows," "Arkansas' 'Black Panthers'," "Possible Cougar Photographed in Maryland," "Strange Creatures from Slavic Folklore," and "A Pink Invertebrate from Loch Ness."

Distribution and Fair Usage Policy

NABR is distributed as a free PDF-format newsletter. Print copies are not provided, but electronic copies can be distributed freely. The newsletter encourages readers to download copies from the Zoological Miscellania website. The fair usage policy states that original images are used whenever possible, and reprinted texts honor copyright laws. The use of images is permitted for criticism, comment, education, and research under Title 17 of the United States Code.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the exploration of the unknown, the critical examination of evidence (particularly photographic), and the documentation of folklore and eyewitness accounts of mysterious creatures. The editorial stance, as suggested by the Poincare quote on the cover, encourages a balanced approach to belief and skepticism, emphasizing the need for reflection. The publication is dedicated to presenting a wide array of cryptozoological and bio-anomalous subjects, from well-known mysteries to obscure reports, aiming to inform and engage researchers and enthusiasts alike.

This issue of 'Tiger Tales' magazine, published in 2001 by HarperCollins Publishers Pty Limited, features a collection of articles on cryptozoology, wildlife, and unexplained phenomena. The main cover story, "Tiger Tales," authored by Col Bailey and reviewed by Craig Heinselman, delves into the presumed extinct Tasmanian Tiger (Thylacinus cynocephalus), presenting tales that explore the possibility of its continued survival.

Tiger Tales

Col Bailey's book, "Tiger Tales," is an anthology of over 30 entries, expanded from his "Tiger Tales" column in the Derwent Valley Gazette. While Bailey admits the stories are not all strictly authenticated, they offer a humorous and exciting perspective on the potential survival of the Tasmanian Tiger. The book draws on interviews with old trappers, bibliographic research, and field research, detailing encounters ranging from tigers rummaging for food to ironic deaths. Photographs of Tasmania's landscape and images of the tiger are included to provide context. The review concludes that the book is a refreshing read, even if not hard science.

News Notes

Two Rediscovered Plants from South Africa

Dr. Paul Smith and his team from the Royal Botanical Gardens in the UK, working with South Africa's National Botanical Institute, reported the rediscovery of two plants thought extinct since the 1960s. Nearly 1000 specimens of *Dioscorea elephantipes*, a wild yam, were found in the Northern Cape region, last seen in 1954. Additionally, 219 specimens of *Cylindrophyllum hallii*, a type of daisy last seen in 1960, were found. Seeds were collected for the RGB seedbank in West Sussex, England, and further searches are underway.

Yarra Pygmy Perch

A small 8cm fish, identified as a form of the Yarra Pygmy Perch, was found in the Murray River, Australia. This location is south of where the species is typically found, prompting further research to determine if it is a new species or a regional subspecies. Its discovery suggests a potential recovery of the river ecosystem, despite ongoing cleanup needs.

Proper Classification Now Can be Done on Glyphis Sharks

New specimens of rare *Glyphis* sharks have been found in Australia's Top End, Kakadu National Park, and the Adelaide River. These findings will allow for proper classification of these mysterious river-dwelling sharks, of which five kinds are known: *Glyphis gangeticus* (Ganges river shark), *Glyphis glyphis* (Speartooth shark), *Glyphis species A* (Bizant river shark), *Glyphis species B* (Borneo river shark), and *Glyphis species C* (New Guinea river shark). Some species are known only from preserved specimens, and their exact taxonomic placement remains uncertain.

Seismotectonic Origins of the Monster of Loch Ness

Luigi Piccardi presented a paper suggesting a link between seismic activity and reports of the Loch Ness Monster. He draws parallels with mythological ties to earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean, interpreting 7th-century Latin descriptions like "with strong shaking" and "shaking herself" as evidence of seismic events. Piccardi also connects the monster's origin to the Greek mythology of the hippocampus. The Loch Ness area sits over the Great Glen Fault, which has experienced earthquakes. However, some researchers, including members of the British Geological Survey, dispute that the fault is active enough to explain the over 3000 reported sightings.

From the Past: A Snake in Ireland

An enclosed letter to the editor of the Irish Daily Express details the discovery of a large snake in Ireland. Francis Wm. Greene of Kilranalagh, Baltinglass, Co. Wicklow, reported his gardener killed a snake measuring five feet long with a black back and light yellow belly. The correspondent notes the snake's small head and pointed nose, and its black color with ash-colored underside. It is speculated that this might be one of two Indian snakes brought to Ballinrodan years prior, one of which was found eaten by a pig. The letter questions how the snake could have survived the winters in Ireland.

Search For Cougars In The East

Todd Lester's article discusses the ongoing debate about the existence of cougars in eastern North America. The Eastern Cougar Foundation (ECF), founded in 1999, aims to scientifically document cougars and advocate for their protection. Despite over 1,000 alleged sighting reports, the scientific community has been skeptical due to a lack of hard evidence. However, confirmed physical evidence, including live animals, dead bodies, scats, tracks, and videos, is accumulating. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service now acknowledges the presence of some wild cougars in the east. The article presents specific cases from Illinois (cougar killed by train), Kentucky (kitten found), and West Virginia (cougar killed sheep, pregnant female captured), as well as reports from Wyoming, Missouri, Florida, Ontario, New Brunswick, Vermont, Massachusetts, Maryland, North Carolina, Maine, and Virginia. The ECF's next goal is to prove the existence of breeding populations.

Update on the Jongari

Malcolm Smith recounts an interview with witnesses of a cryptid sighting in Gayndah, Queensland, Australia. Orchardist Allan H Bucholz described a bipedal creature about 3 feet high, covered in black hair, walking on short legs like a penguin, with a longish, pointed snout but no visible tail. His sister, Shirley Humphreys, also reported items missing from her packing shed and later saw a similar creature ambling across a sand patch. The creature was identified by a local Aboriginal man, Mr. Sam Hill, as a "jongari," a hairy, mischievous folkloric being. The article also touches upon the "Binjour Bear" sightings and notes that Australia has neither bears nor primates, suggesting the creature might be a wombat or related to other local folklore figures like the 'janjurrie'.

Some Little Known Cougar Sightings in New Hampshire

Kelvin McNeil examines lesser-known cougar sightings in New Hampshire, drawing from files of the New Hampshire Fish and Game Department. While the last official cougar killing in New Hampshire was in 1853, and definitive proof has been lacking, the article notes that neighboring states and Canadian provinces have had recent confirmations. Cases from New Brunswick, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine, involving feces and track analysis, provide evidence of cougar presence, suggesting a breeding population. Craig Heinselman's review of New Hampshire Fish and Game files is mentioned.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores the fringes of zoology and folklore, focusing on animals that are rare, presumed extinct, or cryptid in nature. There is a clear interest in documenting evidence, however anecdotal, for creatures like the Tasmanian Tiger, cougars in the East, and the 'Jongari'. The editorial stance appears to favor open-minded investigation into these phenomena, presenting various accounts and scientific findings, while acknowledging the need for rigorous proof. The articles often highlight the challenges in confirming the existence of elusive species and the role of folklore and eyewitness testimony in these discussions.

This issue of Fortean Times, dated August 2001 (Issue 148), focuses on various unexplained phenomena and cryptid reports from around the world. The content includes detailed accounts of alleged cougar sightings in New Hampshire, reports of large avian creatures dubbed 'Thunderbirds' in Pennsylvania, encounters with giant spiders in historical contexts, and a historical sea serpent sighting.

Cougar Sightings in New Hampshire

The issue begins with a section detailing cougar sightings in New Hampshire, managed by Fur Bearer biologist Eric Orff. While initial expectations suggested extensive records dating back to the 1940s, the files contained mostly new and unpublicized data, with some reports originating from regional newspapers and departmental e-mails. Several specific cases are highlighted:

• July 18, 1998: In Bridgewater, a tan-colored animal was seen chasing a deer, emitting a cry similar to a cougar's. Field work suggested the animal was at least 3 feet tall, though no tracks or deer carcass were found.
• September 3, 1999: In Lancaster, a light tan animal, the size of a Doberman with a long tail, was observed.
• August 18, 2000: In Littleton, a large light brown animal, about 2 1/2 feet tall with a tail reaching the ground, was reported. Its face was described as short and round.
• September 18, 2000: In Laconia, a tan animal, approximately 2 feet tall with a tail half its body length, was seen sitting on a rock. Its face was described as squared and chiseled.
• October 11, 2000: According to the Coos County Democrat, Dr. John Jackson reported a dark tan animal weighing nearly 100 pounds, strongly resembling a cougar. Other residents in Jefferson also reported similar sightings. Jan Hewitt found cougar-like tracks and saw a tawny/black cougar.
• October 8, 2000: In Hanover, a golden-colored feline, as large as a Labrador dog with a long tail, was seen crossing the road by a 19-year-old and another driver.
• October 9, 2000: Near the Milford/Brookline border, a German Shepherd-sized tan animal was observed with a 12-14 inch tail and shorter legs, possessing a feline face.
• November 20, 2000: A light brown animal, 35-40 inches tall with a 3-foot tail and roundish head, was seen crossing Route 106.
• February 15, 2001: In Mont Vernon, possible cougar tracks were reported on three occasions in old quarry areas.
• March 7, 2001: On Interstate 93, a feline larger than a German Shepherd with a long, tannish tail was sighted.

The article notes that while these reports suggest a tawny creature resembling a cougar, their authenticity remains to be confirmed. It suggests that research areas are concentrated in the central part of New Hampshire, and that efforts should also focus on areas bordering Vermont, Canada, and Maine. The author, Craig Heinselman, requests information from anyone with relevant details.

Three New Pennsylvania Thunderbird Reports

This section details three recent reports of large, unidentified avian creatures, referred to as 'Thunderbirds,' from Pennsylvania. These reports add to a history of similar sightings in the state, particularly in its mountainous regions.

• June 13, 2001: A resident of Greenville reported seeing a large bird, the size of a small airplane, from his living room. The bird was described as fully feathered, dark brown or black, with a grayish-black back. It flew from the south, landed on a tree for 15-20 minutes, and then flew south again. The witness estimated a wingspan of around 15 feet and a body size of over 5 feet.
• June 14, 2001: A neighbor reported seeing a large bird, described as "the biggest bird I ever saw" and larger than a stork, which was blackish in color.
• July 6, 2001: A report from Erie County Memorial Gardens Cemetery described a large bird flying from near a mausoleum. This sighting, reported in the UK magazine Fortean Times, estimated a wingspan of 15-17 feet and described the bird as dark grey with a thin, long beak and a circle of black under its head.

The article notes that these reports do not match known birds of the area, though they bear some resemblance to condors. The question of whether these sightings represent the same type of bird or different forms remains open, with follow-up research planned.

From the Past: Stalking the Sea Serpent

This historical account, sourced from The Standard on July 1, 1912, describes an encounter with a sea serpent off the Devon coast near Westward Ho!. Mr. William I. Cook, while boating, mistook the creature for a reef of rocks or floating seaweed before realizing it was alive. His attempt to photograph the serpent was thwarted by his terrified boatman. The serpent was described as undulating, lashing the water, and moving towards Clovelly. Its size was estimated at sixty to eighty feet long, with a body as thick as a thirty-gallon cask, black fins, and scales. The article poses the question of whether this was the same serpent previously reported at Lowestoft or a different one.

CZ Conversations: Giant Spiders

This section presents two accounts of giant spiders, sourced from a cryptozoology email list.

• Belgian Congo, 1938: Explorer Bill Gibbons relays a story from Margaret M. Lloyd about her parents' encounter during a motoring honeymoon. They spotted a gigantic spider, initially mistaken for a jungle cat or monkey. Mr. Loyd, an architect, described it as possibly a giant tarantula or similar hairy ground-dwelling spider, with legs close to three feet in length. His attempt to photograph it was unsuccessful.
• Papua New Guinea (Kokoda Trail), WWII: Australian cryptid investigator Peter Hynes shares a story told by a soldier's mother. The soldier encountered a very large cobweb and then a spider about a foot away. The spider's body (thorax and abdomen) was described as the size of a small dog or puppy, jet black, with thick, hairy legs. Its body bulk was more significant than its leg spread.

The section concludes by mentioning the fossil spider *Megarachne*, with a body length of 16 inches and leg-spread of 20 inches, noting the lack of physical evidence for living species of comparable size.

Giant Armadillos in Florida?

This article by Brad LaGrange presents an ongoing investigation into a sighting of what might be giant armadillos in Florida. The witness, referred to as Jane, recounts an experience from approximately 30 years prior when she was around 15 years old.

Jane describes seeing several large armadillos, estimated at 4-5 feet long including their tails, digging in the shrubbery around her porch in a Florida residential neighborhood. She recalls hearing rooting, grunting, and snuffling sounds. The animals were not afraid of her and continued digging. She notes that while small armadillos were common, these were significantly larger. Her mother and sisters also saw them, with her mother observing them mating. Jane regrets not taking a picture, as these animals are now considered extinct in Florida. The article notes that these could be giant seven-foot-long Pleistocene armadillos (*Holmesina septentionalis*) or an exotic introduction of a large South American species (*Priodontes maximus*).

Century-Old Mystery Rises From the Shadows

This article by John A. Lutz and Linda A. Lutz discusses the persistent mystery of the "shadow of the forest," a creature believed to have returned to the woodlands of New England and the Mississippi River Delta. The authors suggest that just as bears, wolves, coyotes, moose, beavers, fishers, porcupines, and armadillos have reappeared in areas where they were once absent, it is plausible that a large, secretive feline, referred to as the "Ghost of the Forest," has also returned.

The article details the formation of The Eastern Puma Research Network (EPRN) in the mid-1960s, which began collecting evidence such as hair samples and plaster casts of tracks. By the early 1980s, EPRN was operational, led by Dr. Robert Pennington Smith and a radio-news reporter. The group sought the assistance of Dr. Ted Roth, an authority on felines and assistant director of the Baltimore Zoo, who confirmed their evidence. The article highlights the ridicule faced in the 1960s for mentioning Pumas or Black Panthers, and the challenges researchers encountered in expressing and proving their theories due to a lack of experience and avenues for evidence display.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Fortean Times revolve around cryptozoology and unexplained phenomena. The magazine presents a collection of eyewitness accounts and historical reports of creatures that defy conventional classification, including large felines, unknown avian species, giant arthropods, and legendary marine animals. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, presenting these reports for consideration by the reader without necessarily endorsing them as fact, but rather as fascinating mysteries that warrant further investigation and discussion. The inclusion of historical accounts and ongoing investigations suggests a commitment to exploring the fringes of the known world.

This issue of the "TOTAL REPORTED PUMA SIGHTINGS" publication, covering the period from July 1, 1993, to December 31, 2000, is presented by the EASTERN PUMA RESEARCH NETWORK. The central focus is a map detailing reported puma sightings across the Eastern United States, with data categorized by natural color cats, black/dark cats, and cubs. The publication also includes contact information for the network, including a PO Box in Baltimore, MD, a phone number, an email address, and a website.

Reported Puma Sightings Map

The primary visual element is a map of the Eastern United States overlaid with numerical data representing puma sightings. The legend indicates that 'T' denotes natural color cats, 'B' denotes black color cats, 'C' denotes cubs, and 'U' denotes unknown. Specific regions and states are marked with codes like T-97, B-98, C-15, indicating the number of sightings in those areas. A summary of totals is provided: 4,882 total sightings, 3,781 natural color, 1,101 black/dark, and 377 cubs. A note indicates that some sightings were not seen.

Eastern Puma Books

The publication recommends four full-length books based on the eastern puma:

1. The Eastern Panther: A Question of Survival by Bruce S. Wright (1972). A Canadian biologist's independent searches and observations.
2. The Eastern Panther: Mystery Cat of the Appalachians by Gerry Parker (1998). Focuses on recent sightings and the puma's history of persecution.
3. The Ghostwalker by R.D. Lawrence (1984). Presents facts and figures that wildlife officials might prefer to keep hidden.
4. Panthers of the Coastal Plain by Charles Humphreys (1994). Deals with sightings of tawny and black panthers near the Carolina coastlines.

It is noted that most of these books are out of print.

Historical Accounts

The historical home range of the eastern puma is described as being between the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Ocean, and from Eastern Canada to southern North Carolina/Tennessee. The publication mentions the southern subspecies, *Puma concolor coryi*, or the Florida Panther, and a small colony that moved into the Ozark Mountains. It challenges the idea that Florida panthers are solely in the Everglades, citing evidence of over 200 cats spread across the state. The secretive nature of these cats is given as a reason for the lack of historical accounts, with many wildlife officials attributing sightings to other animals. However, persistent sightings by reliable witnesses are highlighted, including:

• Dr. Bruce S. Wright observing a wild cougar in eastern New Brunswick.
• Henry Shoemaker seeing an "Allegheny Lion" in Pennsylvania.
• Robert F. Gentry, a professor, seeing a puma in northern Lycoming County, Pennsylvania.
• John J. Christian, a biology professor, hearing a cougar scream in Wayne County, Pennsylvania.
• Glen P. Barlow, a mammalogist, observing a large tan puma in Eylers Valley, Frederick County.

Probable Hereditary Migration Route

A map illustrates the probable hereditary migration route of the eastern puma, showing a path from the southeastern United States up through the Eastern Seaboard and into Canada.

Cougar Counters and Keepers

Despite official wildlife agencies' claims of disinterest, some state agencies maintain personnel to track cougar/panther reports. New Hampshire has had a "keeper" since 1980, with reports dating back to the 1940s, though scientific proof has eluded detection. Virginia's Skyline Drive/Shenandoah National Park had a cougar keeper who created a database of over 300 events, but the National Park Service could not handle the volume. Iron County, Michigan, has a volunteer counter who has maintained records for 15 years, collecting documented evidence including plaster casts, photographs, and a dead cougar found in 2000.

Early News Media Writers

The mainstream media's initial reporting on the eastern puma was influenced by wildlife officials, leading to what is termed the "Dark Ages" of research. However, figures like Herbert Havenel Sass, a freelance reporter, investigated sightings in the 1950s, collecting hundreds of letters from the public. Clarence DeBoot, a Canadian environmentalist and reporter, also gathered similar information.

Wildlife Community Split

A significant controversy exists within the scientific wildlife community. Some officials believe the eastern puma is extinct, likening it to the "Thunderbird or Dusky Sparrow." Conversely, others, like a New York research biologist in 1993, dismissed eastern cougar reports as products of imagination. However, other experts, such as a Tennessee University wildlife professor, believe "Where there's smoke, there must be a little fire."

Loss of Habitat?

The article questions the claim of "Loss of Suitable Habitat and Prey." It highlights that the eastern United States has approximately 855,000 square miles with 150 million inhabitants, and that many national and state forests are easily accessible from metropolitan areas. It notes that 60 million acres of forests and woodlands, equivalent to 94,000 square miles, could be concentrated. Pennsylvania, despite being densely populated, has 43 of its 67 counties over 50% forest-covered. The article points out that while virgin forests were destroyed by the turn of the 20th century, new forests and woodlands have regrown due to conservation efforts and the abandonment of farms, with private foresters playing a significant role. It contrasts this with the federal wilderness program's stance on clear-cutting.

Forest Cover by State

A map illustrates forest cover by state in the Eastern US, using a legend indicating percentages: -25%, 26-50%, and over 51%. This data is noted as being based on U.S. Forest Service data from the year 2000.

Loss of Prey?

This section challenges the claim of "Lack of Adequate Prey." It notes the resurgence of deer herds due to forest regrowth, with whitetail deer populations having made a significant comeback since the late 1960s. The article suggests that with the return of forests and the burgeoning deer herd, the eastern puma is a likely predator to benefit, questioning if the big cats ever truly left. The Eastern Puma Research Network disputes the officials' claims of lack of natural habitat and food.

Native American Puma Traditions

Native American cultures held the puma in high regard, with ancient Aztec words for "greatness" and various clan names such as "Ghost of the Forest," "Cat of the Great Spirit," and "The Forest Shadow." Different tribes, including the Algonquian, Iroquois, Cree, Ojibway, and Delaware, associated the cougar with the West wind. Algonquian legends mention wildcats like the "Loup-Cervier," and Ojibway and Cree legends speak of the "Michipichoux" and a "Water Tiger" named "Wi."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the evidence and debate surrounding the existence of the eastern puma. The publication strongly advocates for the continued presence and study of the eastern puma, presenting data from the Eastern Puma Research Network and highlighting anecdotal evidence and historical accounts. It appears to challenge the official stance of wildlife agencies that dismiss the puma's existence, emphasizing the need for further research and acknowledging the ongoing controversy. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of the eastern puma's potential survival and resurgence, supported by various sources and historical perspectives.

This issue of the Eastern Puma Research Network Newsletter, dated January 2001, focuses on the enigmatic "Black Panther" phenomenon in Eastern North America. It explores Native American traditions, scientific debates, and extensive statistical data on sightings, aiming to shed light on the presence and nature of these large felines.

The "Black Panther"

The "Black Panther," also referred to by Native Americans as the "Devil Cat" or "Phantom Devil," is a subject of much debate and fear. Historically, it was believed to silently attack villages and abduct children. Scientific communities have proposed various explanations for sightings, including the northward migration of jaguars or leopards from Central America, or alternatively, misidentifications, hoaxes, or optical illusions. However, reports, particularly on the East Coast, have increased significantly over the past 20 years, with videotapes providing some substantiation. The mystery is compounded by the fact that few "black" cats are reported in the western United States.

Native American Perspectives

Native Americans associated the puma, or "Katca," with water and held it in high honor, viewing it as a sacred creature of two worlds and a formidable hunter. They believed pumas were plentiful where deer herds were abundant. The Ogalala and Lakota Sioux considered the puma an "ancient guardian of the great spirit," providing fearless protection against evil and acting as a solitary hunter. The newsletter suggests that much can be learned from these traditions if independent researchers and government agencies would listen and implement them.

A Geological Mystery

The issue posits a geological mystery related to the "Black Panther" sightings, particularly in Wisconsin. During the last Ice Age, northern Wisconsin may have been glacier-free due to regional warm springs, similar to Yellowstone. This area has historically produced many black fur-bearing animals like beavers, foxes, and wolves. The question is raised whether this region could be the origin of the "Black Panther," explaining their adaptation to colder climates in the northeastern United States.

Unanswered Questions

Several questions remain unanswered regarding these large cats:
1. How do cats weighing over 100 pounds elude wildlife scientists?
2. What information are wildlife agencies withholding from the public?
3. Are agencies conducting ongoing studies of these mammals in the wild?
4. Why is taxpayer money allocated to studies of coyotes, wolves, black bears, and bobcats, but not the native puma?

What Mammals Have Studies Snagged?

Recent studies in eastern states have tagged around 300 bobcats, but "no Cougars" were captured or tagged. This raises the question of whether a 125-pound cougar could fit into traps designed for smaller animals like bobcats.

On-Going Evidence

Latest information from ongoing and former studies suggests that the native puma never left its ancestral regions. They may have retreated further into wilderness areas due to urban sprawl, but they continue to survive, with evidence indicating breeding populations in some eastern states.

Early Studies

Research in the 1970s and 1980s, often funded by small grants, primarily involved library research, with some actual field studies. Researchers Helen McGinnis and Dr. Cathy Carter noted that most wildlife professionals tended to downplay puma and "Black Panther" sightings, suspecting that agencies preferred to avoid the management challenges posed by large predators they couldn't control.

Current Statistics

Data collected by the Eastern Puma Research Network as of January 2001 reveals the top 10 states for sightings:

Tan Reports:
1. Pennsylvania (920)
2. New York (442)
3. Maryland (361)
4. West Virginia (330)
5. Virginia (180)
6. Michigan (158)
7. New Jersey (128)
8. Maine (124)
9. Illinois (121)
10. Ohio (118)

Black Reports:
1. Pennsylvania (282)
2. New York (146)
3. Wisconsin (98)
4. Maryland (86)
5. West Virginia (76)
6. New Jersey (61)
7. Illinois (47)
8. Michigan (46)
9. Virginia (35)
10. Tennessee (30)

States with the highest number of "Black Panther" reports are divided between northern and southern regions, suggesting climate is not a primary factor. Six of these states are near the Appalachian Mountain range, providing access to wooded routes away from urban centers.

Cub Reports:
1. Pennsylvania (83)
2. New York (58)
3. West Virginia (42)
4. Maryland (33)
5. Virginia (31)
6. Michigan (19)
7. Wisconsin (15)
7. Georgia (15)
Over 375 cubs have been reported from 22 states. The top states for cub sightings are also near the Appalachian Mountain range. States 6th and 7th are closer to the Canadian border, where cougar colonies are known to exist. The traditional travel route of these cats is believed to be between eastern Canada and the southern Appalachian Mountains.

Most Favorable Months for Observation:
Spring (35%), Autumn (31%), Winter (16%), Summer (18%).

Witness Reliability by Occupation:
Housewives/Residents (18%), Hunters (16%), Law Enforcement (15%), Fishermen (14%), Foresters (13%), Wildlife Oriented (9%), Scientists (5%), Medical Field (4%), School Students (3%), Others (3%).

2001 Statistics

In the first eight months of 2001, New York reported 137 sightings, with 5 captured on photo or videotape (3 "black panther," 2 tawny puma). A cougar with two cubs was killed by a homeowner in Minnesota, and another cougar that escaped from a wildlife center was killed by a hunter in Georgia. Additional videotapes from Pennsylvania, Missouri, Maryland, and Illinois are being analyzed. Big cats have been reported from 22 of 26 eastern states this year.

From the Past: A Strange Ohio Beast

An account from May 17, 1888, details an encounter by Dr. James P. Bing in Sciotoville, Ohio, with a strange, dark brown animal described as too large for a catamount and too small for a panther. The creature, with a fox-like face, stood about three and a half feet high when sitting. This animal was believed to be the same beast terrorizing Sciotoville.

About the Eastern Puma Research Network

The Eastern Puma Research Network (EPRN), based in Baltimore, Maryland, was established in 1983 as a non-profit, volunteer organization. They have collected over 6300 sightings and 15,000 news articles since 1965. EPRN publishes a newsletter, "The Eastern Puma Network News," on the 25th of January, April, July, and October, with a subscription costing $15.00. They also offer a flyer, "All You Need to Know About the Eastern Cougar," and maintain a 24-hour hotline for reporting sightings. Professional wildlife biologists are available to review evidence. They also provide information on becoming a member or field researcher.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the persistent mystery and debate surrounding the existence of the "Black Panther" and puma in Eastern North America. The publication strongly advocates for the reality of these animals, presenting extensive data and anecdotal evidence to counter skepticism from official wildlife agencies. The editorial stance appears to be one of championing independent research and public awareness, suggesting that official bodies are reluctant to acknowledge these large predators due to management concerns. The newsletter highlights the importance of Native American traditions and historical accounts as valuable sources of information, alongside contemporary scientific investigation and citizen reporting.

This issue of "Arkansas 'Black Panthers'" by Robert Prevo, along with contributions from Chad Arment and Marcus Scibanicus, delves into reports of mysterious animal sightings and folklore from various regions.

Arkansas "Black Panthers" by Robert Prevo

Robert Prevo investigates the recurring sightings of 'Black Panthers' in Arkansas, aiming to identify the responsible species. He has gathered descriptions from various reports, noting a consistent profile: a black, streamlined felid, approximately 24 inches high at the shoulder, with a body length of about 3 feet and a tail of equal or greater length, resulting in an overall length of about 6 feet. These animals are described as having an oddly slender head and are frequently sighted near water sources, in "river bottoms," near chicken pens, and moving through trees.

Prevo's research leads him to consider the jaguarundi as a potential candidate. He describes the jaguarundi as a small, unspotted cat native to South America, ranging north to southern Texas and Arizona, known for its long slender body, short legs, aquatic abilities, and arboreal prowess. Its prey includes small mammals and birds, and it comes in black, gray, and reddish colors.

Further investigation involved contacting the Florida Game & Fish Commission about jaguarundis in the Everglades. While not native to Florida, unverified sightings have occurred, possibly due to escaped exotic pets. However, Prevo notes that jaguarundis were not introduced to Florida until the 1970s, making a long-distance migration to Arkansas less likely.

Another possibility considered is an otter, which is native and aquatic, but not arboreal, ruling it out for sightings involving tree-climbing. Prevo recounts a personal anecdote from the 1970s involving a large cat treed by hunting dogs in the Black River Bottoms. The cat was shot and described as a big black cat with a long round body, an even longer tail (estimated at five to six feet), shorter legs than a bobcat, and a small head. The animal was killed, and its entrails were hanging out from a wound. The witness estimated its size to be smaller than a cougar but larger than a bobcat.

Prevo addresses a discrepancy: the jaguarundi's body length is typically 3' to 4' 6", while the 'Black Panthers' are reported to be around 6' in overall length. He offers two explanations: either the witnesses are exaggerating the size, or a new subspecies of jaguarundi exists, or the species is exhibiting larger size due to its northern range, similar to cougars. Regardless of the explanation, Prevo concludes that people in Arkansas are indeed seeing something and is determined to find out what it is.

The article includes a quote from William James on the importance of investigating irregular phenomena.

Possible Cougar Photographed in Maryland by Chad Arment

Chad Arment details his investigation into cougar sightings in Harford County, Maryland, during 1992-1993. He presents details from previous cases documented in the INFO Journal and attempts to show poor-quality photographs of a 1992 feline sighting.

The photographs were taken in August 1992, showing a feline with reddish-brown coloration and a white underbelly, resembling a cougar. The witnesses estimated its size to be about that of a German Shepherd. The animal was observed sitting for about twenty minutes before walking away.

Another report from late October of the same year described a "75 to 100 lbs." cat walking past a housing development. The cat exhibited calm behavior, sitting, waiting, and walking, and even rolled over scratching its back. Witnesses watched it for about 30 minutes.

Arment concludes that these cats were likely released pets, either intentionally freed or accidentally escaped. He notes that some pet owners may not hesitate to release exotic animals due to their former native status. He also mentions a similar series of cat reports in Ohio from 1994, linked to a police officer who disappeared, leaving behind a pet tiger and a missing pet cougar.

The Harford County cougar was last seen heading towards the Aberdeen Proving Grounds. Sporadic reports of cougars in the area have occurred over the last century, with Baltimore Zoo officials confirming a cat's presence in 1966 based on cast prints. Arment suggests that while many sightings are likely due to released animals, wildlife officials' immediate dismissal of such reports is short-sighted.

Strange Creatures from Slavic Folklore by Marcus Scibanicus

Marcus Scibanicus compiles reports of unusual wildlife and folklore from various Slavic countries, edited from correspondence with Chad Arment. He notes the prevalence of folkloric elements and the existence of numerous endemic species in regions not typically considered biologically diverse.

Chagljevi

These are described as small, dog-like beasts, resembling puppies, seen only at night and afraid of humans. They are found on hills by the sea in Montenegro. Scibanicus suggests they might be a species of canine, like the jackal (Canis aureus), known for being skittish and active at night, though the description of nocturnal puppy-like beasts doesn't perfectly fit a jackal.

White Boar

Reports mention a white boar in the mountains of Kosovo province near Presevo, differing from the normal European boar in color and morphology (shorter legs). Another white boar was killed near Visegrad, about 300-400 km away in a mountain region.

White Wolf-like Animals

An article from 1999-2000 described pale, almost white-gray mammals, larger than wolves with dog-like heads, that were killed on a mountain. Their exact kind was unknown.

White Badger

A legend speaks of a white badger (Meles meles) living in the woods of Mount Kopaonik.

Dog-like Animals

Radomir Djurakic reported that a pair of strange animals, larger than pit bull dogs, were killed near Slatina between 1994-1997. These animals drank blood from chickens and domestic animals. They had short, strong legs, long snouts, varied skin colors, and no tails. This description is compared to a beast from Mala Kopasnica near Leskovac. Djurakic speculates they might be a wild predator activated by mountain bombardments, now invading lowlands.

Kosorush

This is a Serbian name for something that scares local people, described as "rush with hair."

The "Squid" Sounds

At Carska bara, a protected swamp, a monster was recorded. A retired sailor named Slaven reported hearing squid-like noises (croaking) and splashing of something large in the water at night. He described bubbling, croaking, and crinkling sounds, and a "smashing of a big number of tails." Thousands of frogs then began croaking, and birds became agitated. A man named Sima, responsible for the lake, shot into the water, possibly at the creature.

Winged Serpent

In February-April (year unspecified), a specimen of a winged snake appeared near a house in a mountainous part of Serbia.

Giant Snakes

Stories from Mount Ovcar in Serbia tell of a giant snake, about 10 meters long, that fled down a cliff, crushing trees and rocks. Another incident involved a bus having to stop because a giant 10m snake was crossing the road near Ivanica, about 30 km south of Ovcar mountain.

Sounds from the "Jaruga"

Near Backi Brestovac village are old lake-like holes called "jaruga," which emit strange, terrible, and noisy sounds, compared to loud roaring, hooting, or breathing. These sounds occur day and night. One theory suggests underground water is making the sounds. Similar terrible and scary sounds have been heard from Plavsko Jezero lake near Kosovo.

Cries from the Forests

Grandmother Janja Sciban reported that before World War II, something in the woods near Brljevo, Montenegro, made loud, scary, and strange sounds, which were taken as an omen of bad events. Marko Djurakic also reported hunters hearing strange sounds on Mount Rumija in Montenegro.

Mass Kills

In the province of Banat, Serbia, a nocturnal beast has been killing sheep. In one night, 10 adult and several young sheep were killed at Joce Nikolic's sheep-fold. Other villages in the region also reported kills. Notably, only young sheep are missing, while adult sheep are killed and left dead. Some suspect human theft, with the killing of adult sheep intended to mislead people into thinking it's a beast. However, the article notes that local dogs, called "pulin," are very good and aggressive and normally alert to threats, yet they remain silent during these attacks, which is unusual.

Further reports describe beasts attacking sheep-folds, killing 29 sheep near Nish. Wolves are not typically active in summer, leading to speculation about the perpetrator. A beast caught in Miokovci in April 2001 had conflicting descriptions, including mad dog, hybrid dog, wolf, or wolf-jackal hybrid. Another incident involved a beast that killed nearly 200 sheep over six weeks, seemingly by drinking only their blood, making a 1 cm hole in the neck. This beast reportedly entered through a hole in the roof.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently explores the theme of unknown or cryptid animals, ranging from the "Black Panthers" of Arkansas and cougars in Maryland to a variety of folkloric creatures from Slavic regions. There is a recurring pattern of unexplained animal behavior, mass killings, and strange sounds attributed to mysterious sources. The editorial stance, particularly evident in Robert Prevo's and Chad Arment's pieces, emphasizes the importance of investigating these phenomena, even if they fall outside conventional scientific understanding, and criticizes the tendency to dismiss unusual reports without thorough examination. The collection highlights the persistent human fascination with the unknown in the natural world and the challenges of identifying and explaining anomalous wildlife encounters.

This issue of FATE Magazine, dated November 2001, with volume 54 and issue 11, focuses on mysterious creatures and unexplained phenomena, with a prominent feature on 'Beasts of Serbia.' The cover art depicts a menacing creature, setting a tone of mystery and danger.

Beasts of Serbia

The magazine presents several accounts of strange animal attacks and sightings in Serbia. In Miokovci, a beast described as being between a wolf and a fox in size, killed livestock by drinking their blood and eating organs. Over 150 hunters failed to find it, only killing one fox. Some speculate NATO may have released monsters. A picture of a killed dog from Miokovci in spring 2001 is shown.

In Belegish, a creature reportedly killed over two thousand chickens and 40-70 pigs in two weeks, a feat that baffled locals. The Serbian 'kuna' (Martes martes) is suspected, but its capacity for such mass killing is questioned. The creature was never caught.

Another incident occurred in Putinci, near Belegish, on February 2, 2001. A beast entered a sheep-fold, killing 10 Merino sheep and a ram with precise, surgeon-like wounds behind the ear, from which it drank the blood. This was reported as the first attack of its kind in the region that year.

In Mala Kopashnica, near Leskovac, a cat-sized mammal with a long snout and short tail was killed by Mica Andjelkovic after it had killed hundreds of chickens by drinking their blood through bites to the neck.

The Drekavac

The 'drekavac' is explored as a creature known in Serbia for making scary and loud sounds. In Kula, on April 4, 2001, loud, terrible sounds were heard from a beast across the river, identified as a drekavac. The sounds were compared to those of loud apes but were deeper and more terrible. In Serbian folklore, 'drekavac' refers to something strange, a killer of men and animals, or something that makes terrifying sounds. There are mentions of 'swamp drekavac' and 'land drekavac.' A Croatian internet site describes the drekavac in Slavic mythology as an 'undead, non-baptised child' with a long, thin body that screams with animal voices.

During the 1990s, a drekavac was reported in a moor near Bashaid, causing fear and leading some locals to leave the village. The sound was very loud and scary. It was speculated to be a bird or something else.

An article from 'Vecernje novosti' on December 9, 1992, mentioned a drekavac found near the Krvavicka river bank, described as being between a dog and a fox with kangaroo-like legs, and believed by natives to be a product of a NATO laboratory.

Between 1956-1958, a drekavac appeared in the swamp Djikina bara near Srbobran, with scary and loud sounds heard mostly at night. Mira Pavlic compared the sounds to peacocks, while Branka Sijacic mentioned the name 'bukavac' for a heron species that makes strange sounds. People were so scared they thought it was a demon or devil.

Nemanja Spasojevic shared information about a drekavac that has no fur, is white, and smart. Mythology suggests it can jump on a person's throat and drag them to the river Morava to kill them, with a curse falling on the family if it is killed. Local people respect, but fear, the drekavac.

A Pink Invertebrate from Loch Ness

Dee Golda has collected images from Loch Ness webcams showing a pinkish invertebrate with purplish banding, possibly insect larvae like caddisflies, clinging to the underwater camera. The species is currently unidentified.

Dragon-Fly Storms

W. H. Hudson writes about the phenomenon of 'dragonfly storms' in the Pampas and Patagonia. Large dragonflies, some three to four inches long, fly in immense numbers, often preceding the violent south-west wind known as the pampero. These insects travel at high speeds, seventy to eighty miles an hour, and are not seen at other times. They appear to fly from the wind, yet travel in the same direction. In Patagonia, during a pampero, dragonflies swarmed people and horses at a race meeting, showing signs of terror.

Similar phenomena were observed in Germany in 1839 and 1816, with insects travelling south. The author notes that these movements are not explicable by current hypotheses on animal migrations.

From the Past: Wild Animals in a Fury

A train on the Little Miami railroad carrying the Anglo-American show was wrecked near Xenia, Ohio, on December 1, 1883. A hot box caused a fire, leading to the train slowing down and cars piling up. While the animals were not crushed or escaped, their cages overturned, causing them to become enraged. The sounds of their howls spread fear, and the train and show men initially scattered, believing the animals were loose.

From the Past: The Cefn Reptile and the "Times"

An article reprinted from 'Nature' by W. Boyd Dawkins discusses a report in 'The Times' about a 'huge beast of the lizard tribe' discovered in the Cefn Caves near St. Asaph. Thomas Hughes, a sweep, claimed to have captured and killed the creature, exhibiting it for profit. Dawkins reveals this was a hoax; Hughes had purchased a dead reptile from a travelling menagerie and presented it as a new discovery. The wide circulation of the story is attributed to public credulity and ignorance of natural history.

Fabulous Creatures of China

George Lanning discusses fabulous animals from Chinese folklore. The dragon is highlighted as a symbol of Chinese nationalism, power, strength, and wisdom, classified as one of the 'four marvellous animals' along with the tortoise, phoenix, and unicorn. The Che-lin, a creature resembling a deer with attributes of other animals, is mentioned as a symbol of national well-being. The Ma-hwa, an ape-like creature from western China, is noted for its penchant for women, whom it carries off and adorns with stolen jewelry.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of FATE Magazine consistently explores the intersection of folklore, eyewitness accounts, and unexplained phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry into reports of unusual creatures and events, while also maintaining a critical eye, as evidenced by the debunking of the Cefn Reptile hoax. The magazine presents a range of topics, from cryptozoological reports in Serbia to natural phenomena like dragonfly storms and mythological creatures from different cultures. There's an underlying theme of the unknown and the possibility of undiscovered or misunderstood beings and events.

An editor's note on page 3 suggests that the Kosovo conflict increased interest in the paranormal, and cautions investigators to distinguish between actual events and tabloid sensationalism. Another note on page 8 humorously confirms that circus trains have indeed wrecked.

This issue of The Naturalist features a collection of articles on zoological curiosities and folklore from various parts of the world, with a particular focus on China and the Amazon. The issue includes a reprinted article by W. H. Hudson detailing a peculiar frog encounter and several sections on Chinese mythical creatures and legends, as well as Amazonian Indian myths.

Chinese Legends of Beasts and Birds

The first section delves into the "marvellous creatures" of China, beginning with the "Jung," or gibbon, from Yangchow in Kiangsu province. This ape is described as large, agile, and potentially cannibalistic, selecting its meal from other monkeys by pinching them to find the fattest. A peculiar natural history account from a "Celestial encyclopædia" suggests the monkey follows the Jung to a stream, washes itself, pulls out its hair, and lies down to be eaten.

The "Jih-kih" is introduced as a creature of the bovine family from Kansu province, noted for its regenerative meat. It is said to provide one or two catties of meat per diem, which is completely replaced within twenty-four hours. This is humorously linked to the poverty of Ireland.

The "Mak," or tapir, is presented as a beast of fable whose peculiarity is its diet of iron. Its droppings are described as hard and used by lapidaries for polishing jade, a phenomenon attributed to the use of igneous minerals.

Chinese legends are said to contain more fabulous birds than beasts. The phoenix is mentioned, though its Arabian legend of rising from ashes is not known in the Far East. A bird found in Shansi province, in the hsien of Hung-tung, is described as having the power to change its form, shedding its feathers to become a woman. The "Hiu-liu," a laughing horned owl, is noted for playing spiteful tricks on children and for its ability to be the abode of a dead man's soul. Another bird, the "Fire-queller," is characterized by its screeching cry and its power to extinguish fire when thrown upon it. The "Chinese Tiger-eagle" is described as having a body as large as an ox with a 20 ft. wingspan, a deadly foe to tigers and leopards. In Twan-sin-chow, a fish-eating bird called the "Wan-mu-niao" or "Mother of Mosquitoes" is said to emit swarms of mosquitoes from its mouth when it cries. The "Fei-sheng" or "Flying Breeder" is described as a mammal-like creature whose young are born alive and can fly immediately. The "Stone Swallow" from Yung-chow, Hunan, is said to turn to stone when a storm subsides.

A Strange Frog by W. H. Hudson

This section is a reprint from "The Naturalist in La Plata (1892)" by W. H. Hudson. Hudson describes encountering a frog that was not timid but possessed an instinct and weapons of offense. While attempting to capture a frog in a disused burrow, it sprang at his hand, clasping his fingers with its fore-legs in a "hug so sudden and violent" that it caused pain. He observed that the frog's fore-leg muscles were enormously developed, resembling a second pair of thighs. The frog demonstrated its strength by clasping his gun barrel with enough force to bruise the skin. Hudson believed this was a unique species, which he proposed to name "Rana luctator," and intended to show it to Dr. Burmeister, director of the National Museum at Buenos Ayres, but the frog escaped.

Myths of the Amazonian Indians by Herbert H. Smith

This section presents goblin tales and myths from Amazonian Indians, reprinted from "Brazil: The Amazons and the Coast, 1879." The myths are described as having a different character from animal stories, akin to tales told by old women.

The Bird of the Evil Eye

The "Tucano-yúa," or Bird of the Evil Eye, lives in the thickest forest and can kill any animal that passes near with its gaze. The ground around its nest is white with bones. A hunter shot this bird and cut off its head, using it as a weapon to kill game. His wife discovered his secret and, upon trying to use the head herself, accidentally turned it towards her husband, killing him, and then towards herself, killing her as well.

Boia-Asú, the Great Water-Snake

The Indians believe in an enormous water-serpent called "Boia-asú" or "Mãi d'Agua" (Mother of the Water). Fishermen attribute the appearance or disappearance of lakes to this serpent, and its tracks are said to be the "igarepés."

The Flat-Feet

From Santarem, the Indians tell of a dwarf with only one large, flat foot, which it uses as a parasol for shelter from the sun. This myth is possibly of Portuguese origin, with parallels in medieval German legends about people with large feet used as umbrellas.

The Curupira

The "Curupira" is a forest spirit that leads people astray to their destruction. It is described as a small, brown man with backward-turned feet, making its tracks reversed. Descriptions vary, with some saying it is bald or has enormous ears or green teeth. A story from Old Maria dos Reis tells of a curupira killing a man, disguising itself in his clothes, and tricking the man's wife into serving her husband's heart and liver. The woman eventually escapes with her child by tricking the curupira and receiving help from a frog named Curucuná, which traps the curupira in gum.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue highlights the rich tapestry of folklore and natural history, presenting creatures and myths that blur the lines between reality and legend. The editorial stance appears to be one of fascination and scholarly inquiry into these diverse accounts, presenting them without overt skepticism but with an acknowledgment of their mythical nature. There is a recurring theme of the extraordinary and the unusual in the animal kingdom, both real and imagined, across different cultures. The final paragraph poses a question about whether China, like ancient Hebrews, is turning its focus from the past to the future, a philosophical reflection on cultural evolution.

This issue of "The Land of the Incas" (Vol. 1, No. 1, January 1894) delves into the rich tapestry of Brazilian and Amazonian folklore, exploring various mythical beings and indigenous beliefs. The magazine features a blend of scholarly accounts, personal narratives of exploration, and translated legends, offering a comprehensive look at the supernatural world as perceived by indigenous peoples and early explorers.

Mythical Beings of Brazil

The Curupira

The issue begins by detailing the Curupira, a guardian deity of the forest. Dr. Couto de Magalhães describes the Curupira as a being that protects forests and punishes those who harm trees by causing them to wander lost. A story recounts a hunter who outwits a Curupira by offering it a monkey's heart instead of his own. Another tale illustrates the Curupira's deceptive nature, leading to a hunter's death after he reveals a secret.

The Matinta-Perê

Prof. Hartt contributes a story about the Matinta-Perê, a mythical being described as more of a phantom than a definite form. It is said to walk or fly at night, often invisible, with only the rustling of wings or its song heard. While generally harmless, it can assume various shapes and is fond of sweets. The article suggests that accounts of the Matinta-Perê might be attributed to large moths.

The Jurupary

The Jurupary is presented as a Tupí word now associated with the Semitic devil, but it originates from an aboriginal myth. According to Dr. Couto de Magalhães, the Jurupary is a being that chokes children and men at night, causing trouble and bad dreams. It can also transform into beasts and lure people with fruit before devouring them. Claude d'Abbeville's 1614 account mentions the Maranhão Indians' belief in 'jeropary,' a feared evil spirit.

The Caá-Póra

The Caá-Póra, or Caypór, is distinguished from the Curupira. It is described as a giant, misshapen monster with red skin and long, shaggy red hair. Unlike the Curupira, its feet are not turned backward. Mr. Bates notes its depiction in an Indian masked dance. Dr. Couto de Magalhães states that the Caá-Póra is the protecting deity of forest game, represented as a man of gigantic size riding a wild hog. Seeing the Caá-Póra is considered a sign of ill-luck, leading to the Portuguese phrase "Estou Cahipóra."

Anhanga

Anhanga is described as a mythical being whose destiny is tied to the animals of the open lands. Tradition represents it as a white deer with fiery eyes. Pursuing an animal with young risks encountering Anhanga, which can cause fever and madness. A legend tells of an Indian who, after hunting a fawn, is deceived by Anhanga into believing the doe he shot was his own mother.

Rudá, The God of Love

Rudá is presented as a warrior deity residing in the clouds, whose mission was to create love, foster longing for home, and encourage return from wanderings. The Indians associated different forms of the moon with distinct beings, including Cairé (full moon) and Catiti (new moon), who aided Rudá. The magazine includes invocations to Rudá from an old lady of Pará, sung by Tupís seeking to bring absent lovers home.

The Serpent of Rudá

Rudá also had a serpent servant tasked with recognizing and receiving presents from young girls who preserved their virginity. Those who had lost their virginity were devoured by the serpent. A ritual involving a girl being left on an island with presents for the serpent is described, with the outcome depending on her purity.

Oiára, The Water-Maidens

Stories of water-maidens are common on the Lower Amazons. These beings are described as beautiful, with long black hair, who entice young men with their beauty and songs, dragging them into the water. While these tales are current, the author suggests they may have been introduced by the Portuguese. However, an aboriginal myth, as given by Dr. Couto de Magalhães, represents the Oiára as a male deity who transforms into a river-porpoise and seduces women.

Hunting the Ipi

This section features a narrative by Paul du Chaillu detailing his experiences in Gabon. He recounts a hunt for an unknown animal called the 'ipi,' described as a rare creature with large, thick yellow scales, possibly a larger variety of pangolin. The hunt involves navigating difficult terrain and facing superstitions about a forbidden island inhabited by a crocodile with brass scales.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores themes of indigenous mythology, folklore, and the supernatural across different cultures, primarily focusing on South America and Africa. There is a clear interest in documenting and understanding these beliefs, often through scholarly research and personal accounts of exploration. The editorial stance appears to be one of respectful curiosity and a desire to preserve these narratives, while also acknowledging the potential for superstition and the influence of external cultures (like Portuguese introductions to certain myths).

This issue of McClure's Magazine, dated September 1901, features a prominent article titled "The Okapi; The Newly Discovered Beast Living in Central Africa" by Sir Harry H. Johnston. The magazine also includes an account of capturing an animal identified as an 'ipi' and a separate article on a Chinese woodpecker.

The 'Ipi' Capture

The narrative begins with the discovery of a dead tree trunk, within which an animal, referred to as an 'ipi', was found to be hiding. The author and his companion, Mayombo, devise a trap using branches and a creeper to smoke the animal out. After a struggle, the 'ipi' is captured and killed. The author identifies it as belonging to the pangolin genus (Manis), noting its armor of scales, long extensile tongue, and diet of ants. The captured specimen is described as a new species, Pholidotus Africanus, a female measuring four feet six inches, with thick, yellow or tawny scales. The text also mentions that male pangolins are said to be larger, reaching up to six feet. The author expresses his satisfaction at discovering this new species, which was a rare sight even for the local villagers.

The Okapi Discovery

Sir Harry H. Johnston recounts his efforts to discover and document the okapi, a creature previously known only through native accounts and vague historical references. He was prompted to investigate further after reading Stanley's account of the Emin Pasha expedition, which mentioned Kongo dwarfs knowing an animal of ass-like appearance. Johnston's expedition into the Kongo forest, accompanied by naturalist Mr. Doggett, faced challenges including the oppressive atmosphere and severe fever. Despite initial setbacks and the natives' tracks being of a cloven-hoofed animal, which conflicted with their expectation of a horse-like spoor, Johnston eventually obtained a skin and skull of the okapi through the efforts of Mr. Karl Eriksson. The specimen was sent to the British Museum for mounting. Johnston describes the okapi's appearance, comparing it to a zebra with a dark brown upper body, large ears, and more than one hoof. He notes its resemblance to a horse but also its affinity to the giraffe, leading to its classification as a new genus, Ocapia. The article details the okapi's coloration, including its yellowish-white cheeks, dark neck, and boldly marked hindquarters with purple-black stripes. It also discusses its diet of foliage and twigs and its evolutionary relationship to the giraffe and other ruminants. Johnston expresses concern for the okapi's survival due to increased hunting and collection, urging British and Belgian governments to protect it.

A Chinese Woodpecker

In a separate article, George Lanning recounts an encounter in China with a small bird that initially appeared to be a tit but, upon closer inspection, showed characteristics of a woodpecker. The bird, described as having a lightsome grace and a woodpecker's bill, was observed foraging. Lanning and his companion debated whether to shoot the bird for scientific examination and cataloging, with "Science" arguing for the pursuit of knowledge, while "Admiration" advocated for mercy. Ultimately, the bird flew away, leaving the debate unresolved. Lanning reflects on the encounter, expressing a lingering curiosity about the bird's identity.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue highlights the thrill of discovery in the natural world, from documenting new mammal species in Africa to observing potentially undocumented bird species in Asia. The articles emphasize detailed observation, scientific classification, and the importance of preserving wildlife. The editorial stance appears to favor rigorous scientific inquiry while also acknowledging the aesthetic and ethical considerations in studying nature, as seen in the debate over the Chinese woodpecker. The magazine also serves as a platform for reprinting significant scientific reports, such as Johnston's work on the okapi, underscoring its commitment to disseminating important zoological findings.

Title: Flying Saucer Review
Issue: 1
Volume: 17
Date: January 1971
Publisher: Flying Saucer Review Publications
Country: United Kingdom
Price: 2s 6d
ISSN: 0015-472X

This issue of Flying Saucer Review, edited by Charles Bowen with Gordon Creighton as Assistant Editor, delves into the perplexing phenomenon of 'invisible' UFOs – those detected by instruments like radar but not seen visually. The cover art depicts a stylized flying saucer emitting a beam of light.

The 'Invisible' UFOs: A Central Theme

The lead article, "The 'Invisible' UFOs," by Charles Bowen, addresses the long-standing issue of aerial objects that register on radar or other detection systems but remain visually elusive. This phenomenon presents a significant challenge for investigators, blurring the lines between potential misidentification of conventional craft, natural phenomena, and genuine anomalous aerial objects.

USAF Pilot Reports: A Pattern of Encounters

A substantial portion of the magazine is dedicated to a series of detailed reports from United States Air Force pilots who encountered unidentified disc-shaped objects near St. Louis, Missouri, between August and January 1969-1970. These reports, compiled and analyzed, highlight a consistent pattern of observations:

• Object Description: The objects were consistently described as disc-shaped, often with a silver underside and a red top, or emitting a red light.
• Performance Characteristics: Pilots reported extreme speeds, instantaneous acceleration, rapid changes in direction, and silent flight, capabilities far exceeding those of known aircraft.
• Detection: While visually observed by the pilots, the descriptions imply a level of performance that would likely be detected by radar systems, aligning with the 'invisible' UFO theme.
• Maneuvers: The objects performed maneuvers that were physically impossible for conventional aircraft, such as rapid ascent and descent, and hovering.

These accounts, coming from trained military observers, lend significant weight to the discussion of anomalous aerial phenomena.

Other Contributions and Analysis

Beyond the primary focus, the issue includes contributions from various individuals, offering diverse perspectives and case studies:

• John W. MacGinitie contributes an article, likely examining specific sightings or aspects of UFO research.
• J. Bernard provides a piece that may offer further case details or analytical insights.
• A. W. Stokes offers his perspective, potentially on the scientific or investigative aspects of UFOs.
• J. H. Davies contributes to the ongoing discussion, possibly with a specific case study or theoretical point.
• F. J. Smith, R. J. Smith, J. G. Smith, P. A. Smith, J. M. Smith, J. C. Smith, J. L. Smith, C. W. Smith, J. A. Smith, D. J. Smith, P. J. Smith, R. W. Smith, and J. R. Smith are listed as contributors, suggesting a collaborative effort or a collection of shorter pieces, perhaps letters or brief reports, from multiple individuals, possibly related to the 'Smith' family or a group with that common surname, contributing to the breadth of coverage.

Scientific and Investigative Perspectives

The magazine also touches upon the broader context of UFO investigation, referencing organizations and institutions involved in the study of aerial phenomena:

• British UFO Research Association (BUFORA) is implicitly involved as the publisher.
• Ministry of Defence, Royal Air Force, and United States Air Force are mentioned in relation to pilot reports and potential government involvement or knowledge.
• National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena (NICAP), a prominent US-based UFO research organization, is likely referenced in the context of broader UFO research.
• Royal Observatory, Royal Aircraft Establishment, and Institute of Aviation Medicine represent scientific and governmental bodies whose expertise might be relevant to the analysis of aerial phenomena.

The issue highlights the ongoing debate and research into UFOs, emphasizing the difficulties in obtaining conclusive evidence and the need for rigorous investigation.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

Flying Saucer Review consistently maintains a serious and investigative approach to UFO phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded inquiry, presenting evidence and witness testimony for consideration by the readership, while also acknowledging the challenges of scientific verification and the potential for misinterpretation. The recurring themes in this issue include the elusive nature of some UFOs, the reliability of eyewitness accounts (particularly from trained observers like military pilots), and the implications of these phenomena for our understanding of aviation and potentially beyond. The magazine aims to document and analyze sightings, encouraging further research and discussion within the UFO community.

Title: UFO Universe
Issue: Vol. 1 No. 3
Date: July 1977
Publisher: UFO Universe
Price: $1.50
Cover Headline: THE UFO COVER-UP IS REAL!

This issue of UFO Universe presents a strong case for a global conspiracy to conceal evidence of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and potential extraterrestrial visitation. The magazine argues that governments and military organizations have systematically suppressed information, disinformation, and outright denial regarding UFO phenomena for decades.

The UFO Cover-Up: A Global Conspiracy

The central theme of this issue is the assertion that a deliberate and widespread cover-up of UFO activity is in effect. The editorial board posits that numerous sightings, encounters, and even alleged crash incidents have been deliberately hidden from the public. This secrecy is attributed to a desire to maintain social order, prevent panic, and protect national security interests, as well as to conceal advanced technologies that might be of extraterrestrial origin.

Key Incidents and Evidence

The magazine details several pivotal events that are presented as evidence of this cover-up:

• The Roswell Incident (July 1947): The alleged crash of a UFO near Roswell, New Mexico, is revisited. The official explanation of a weather balloon is dismissed, and the military's swift and thorough recovery operation, coupled with witness intimidation, is highlighted as proof of a cover-up.
• Washington D.C. Sightings (July 19, 1952): This event, where multiple unidentified objects were observed over the U.S. capital, is presented as another instance where military and government authorities attempted to downplay or explain away credible sightings, involving radar tracking and fighter jet scrambles.

The issue also discusses the characteristics of reported UFOs, noting a wide variety of shapes including discs, cigars, triangles, and spheres. Their reported behaviors are equally diverse, encompassing silent hovering, extreme acceleration, sudden stops, formation flying, and the emission of lights. The speeds and altitudes achieved by these objects are often described as far beyond the capabilities of known human technology.

Furthermore, the magazine touches upon the alleged effects of UFOs on conventional technology, such as interference with radio and radar systems, power outages, and engine stalls. Physical trace evidence, including ground impressions, scorched earth, and even alleged metallic fragments, is also mentioned as supporting evidence that is often ignored or discredited by official sources.

Government and Military Involvement

UFO Universe lists a comprehensive array of government and military organizations believed to be involved in or aware of the cover-up. These include intelligence agencies like the CIA, FBI, NSA, and DIA, as well as branches of the armed forces such as the USAF, US Army, US Navy, and US Marine Corps, alongside civilian agencies like the FAA and NASA. The magazine suggests that these entities have coordinated efforts to collect, analyze, and conceal information related to UFOs.

Expert Opinion and Analysis

Dr. J. Allen Hynek, a consultant for the magazine, is mentioned, implying his work in analyzing UFO reports is considered within the context of the broader UFO phenomenon. The magazine likely draws on his expertise, while also presenting more speculative theories about extraterrestrial intelligence and its motives for visiting Earth.

Geographic Scope

The alleged cover-up and UFO activity are not confined to the United States. The magazine indicates that similar phenomena and suppression efforts have occurred in other countries, including Great Britain, France, Canada, and Mexico, suggesting a global pattern of secrecy.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The editorial stance is unequivocally pro-disclosure, advocating for the release of all information regarding UFOs. Recurring themes include government secrecy, the limitations of conventional scientific and military explanations, the possibility of extraterrestrial intelligence, and the public's right to know. The magazine aims to inform and mobilize readers to demand transparency from their governments on this critical issue.