North American BioFortean Review - Issue 06

Magazine Overview

Title: North American BioFortean Review
Issue: Vol. 3, no. 1, Issue #6
Date: May 2001

This issue of the North American BioFortean Review, edited by Chad Arment, Brad LaGrange, and Craig Heinselman, provides a broad exploration of biological mysteries from around the globe, featuring both recent discoveries and historical accounts. The publication is distributed as a free PDF newsletter via the Zoological Miscellania website (www.herper.com).

News Notes

New Hong Kong Snake Genus?

On July 4, 1999, Jonathan Kolby captured a snake in Hong Kong with three prefrontals, a characteristic not found in any known genus from the area. Internal examinations suggest it belongs to the Colubridae family, but the three prefrontals make it a potential new species or genus. Only one hatchling has been found so far.

Loch Ness Panel

In early 2001, the Scottish Natural Heritage organization established a controversial Loch Ness Environmental Panel. Protests arose due to concerns that the panel might bypass proper approval processes for investigations and that it might not include current researchers. The panel's aim is to address the impact of monster-associated research on Loch Ness biodiversity, not to protect an unknown creature. A Code of Practice for assessing new projects at Loch Ness is to be created, addressing issues like nets, traps, protection from alien organisms, salmon, lake ecosystems, and water quality.

New Funnel-Web Spider?

Dr. Robert Raven of the Queensland Museum in Australia believes he has found a new species of funnel web spider, potentially making it the 37th known species. These spiders are found throughout Australia and can be deadly. The new specimen was discovered in northern Queensland, approximately 600 miles from the closest known habitat.

New Sri Lanka Owl?

A new species of owl was spotted in Sri Lanka in January 2001. Ornithologists consider it significant as they believed the area's avian population was well-documented. There have been prior reports of an unknown avian form in Sri Lanka, sometimes called the Sri Lankan devil-bird, which has been theorized to be a form of owl.

Lord Howe's Stick Insect Not Extinct

The Lord Howe Island Stick Insect, or Lord Howe Island Land Lobster (Dryococelus australis), thought to be extinct, has been found on Balls Pyramid, an island roughly 14 miles off Lord Howe Island. This flightless phasmid is about six inches long. Reports of finding dead insects on the island date back to the 1960s. In February 2001, researchers found evidence of the insect, and later discovered three females. Conservation efforts are underway to relocate them to Lord Howe Island for better survival prospects.

New Species of Camel, That Drinks Salt-Water?

Genetic tests on camel remains from China's Lop Nur area indicate a 3% difference between these wild Bactrian camels and domesticated camels, suggesting they may be a distinct species. Astonishingly, these camels can drink salt water and survive without apparent ill effects. The news was released during the 21st session of the United Nations Environment Programme. John Hare, founder of the Wild Camel Protection Foundation, noted that the genetic difference is significant, comparing it to the 5% difference between humans and chimpanzees. The wild camels are isolated in the Gashun Gobi desert. The Lop Nur area, a former nuclear test site, is now part of the Arjin Shan Lop Nur Wild Camel Reserve.

The Other "Jersey Devil" of 1909

This section revisits two historical accounts of mysterious creatures. The first is from New Hamburg, Ontario, Canada, where a "three-toed monster" was reported in a swamp in 1909. Police Chief George Thomas described it as 30 inches long with a track about seven inches wide, marked by three distinct claw prints. He suggested it prowled at night, possibly seeking a mate.

The second account concerns Williamsport, USA, and a "Jersey devil" reported in the winter of 1909. Large tracks were found in a yard, and the story gained traction. A Newberry woman provided an affidavit describing a creature with the body of a horse and powerful wings. A street car motorman who reported seeing the "monster" was fired after it was discovered he had abandoned his post early to investigate.

From the Editors

The editors welcome readers to NABR #6, the first issue of 2001, which aims to provide wider exposure to biological mysteries globally. Craig Heinselman has joined the team, contributing a collection of recent and historical material. Brad LaGrange explores cultural influences of cryptozoology. The issue includes reprints of articles by Roy Chapman Andrews on "blue tigers," early support for introducing kangaroos to North America, and the history of an antiquated bovine breed in the U.K. The editors solicit articles for future issues, expressing interest in biological and cryptozoological mysteries worldwide.

Fair Usage Policy

The Review strives to use original images but may use published images for criticism, comment, education, and research under Title 17 of the U.S. Code. Reprinted texts aim to honor copyright laws. Full texts under copyright in the U.S. will not be intentionally reprinted.

Distribution Policy

North American BioFortean Review is available as a free PDF download from www.herper.com. Print copies are not provided. Readers are encouraged to share the URL. Original articles are copyrighted by their authors and may not be reprinted without permission.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the discovery and documentation of new or rare species, the investigation of unexplained phenomena and cryptids, and the exploration of historical folklore related to mysterious creatures. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry into bio-cryptozoological subjects, encouraging reader contributions and presenting a wide range of reported events and scientific findings, while also adhering to fair use and copyright principles.

This issue of The News, dated July 18, 1953, features a collection of articles covering a historical hoax, military insignia, and the introduction of kangaroos to America.

The 'Jersey Devil' Hoax of 1909

The first article details a fascinating hoax that occurred in Williamsport in January 1909. As news was reportedly dull, reporter Mr. Heim was instructed to 'stir up' some interest. He, along with companions John Alden Knight and Albert H. Bubb, devised a scheme involving the mysterious 'Jersey devil.' They created hoof prints using a deformed horseshoe tied to a string, which they dropped at irregular intervals. To make the hoax more convincing, they even killed chickens and used their blood near the tracks, making the 'monster' appear dangerous. The hoax was indirectly terminated when Frank Bowman, a local resident, prepared to shoot the 'monster' with a loaded shotgun. The perpetrators, realizing the situation had gone far enough, stopped making prints. Mr. Heim, who conceived the idea and wrote about the 'antics' in the news, revealed the story for the first time. The article also mentions that Albert H. Bubb later moved South and passed away in Monroe, Louisiana, and his widow is currently visiting Williamsport. The Williamsport Sun, in a 1953 article, notes the Canadian 'three-toed monster' and speculates on a connection between the Williamsport hoax and the 'Devil footprints' that appeared in the Philadelphia/New Jersey region in January 1909, which researchers suggest may have been part of a real estate scam. Unfortunately, archives of The News were not microfilmed, making it difficult to pinpoint the exact date of the Williamsport hoax.

Cryptozoology and US Army Military Insignia: Black Panthers, Part 1

Authored by Brad LaGrange, this article explores the intersection of cryptozoology and US military insignia, focusing on the representation of cryptids on military patches. It traces the origin of US authorized shoulder sleeve insignia (SSI) to WWI, starting with the 81st Infantry Division's patch featuring a wildcat. General Pershing initially ordered the practice stopped but later relented, recognizing the morale boost SSI provided. Divisions were then encouraged to develop their own designs. The 66th ID chose a black panther, symbolizing toughness, speed, and tenacity. The article notes that the panther is depicted in mid-run across an orange circle with a lightning bolt underneath, leading to the unit's nickname, 'The Black Panthers.' An interesting point raised is that no American Army division has ever chosen a fictitious animal for its patch, even for fake WWII division patches created to confuse the enemy. The article also mentions that after WWI, the 66th's patch was redesigned for WWII, featuring a more menacing panther head, and that the division played a significant role in urban battles in coastal France.

The Economic Introduction of the Kangaroo in America

This section is a reprint from The Overland Monthly, August 1892, by Robert C. Auld. It discusses serious proposals for introducing kangaroos into America, partly to replace the defunct bison. The author, initially skeptical, investigated the matter and found the undertaking to be feasible. The article provides notes on the natural history of marsupials, including kangaroos, detailing their unique skeletal structure, particularly the marsupial pouch. It describes the gestatory process, which involves a short uterine period and a longer marsupial period of about eight months. The female kangaroo forcibly extracts the immature fetus and places it in the pouch, where it attaches to a teat. The article also touches upon the development of the young kangaroo within the pouch, its eventual emergence, and its dependence on the pouch for safety. It mentions that kangaroos have multiple mammae to accommodate young in various stages of development. The article notes that most marsupials are found in Australia, with the exception of the opossum in America and a dwarf kangaroo. It also discusses the possibility of ancient European marsupials based on fossil discoveries. The physical characteristics of the great kangaroo are described, including its size, weight, disproportionately long hind feet and tail, and its timid disposition. The kangaroo's locomotion, involving a unique leaping gait, and its defensive capabilities, including the use of its hind feet and tail, are explained. The article concludes by noting that kangaroo flesh is esteemed and that they are hunted for sport, with their fur and leather being articles of commerce. The second part of this section presents a report from Mr. P. R. Gordon of Brisbane, Queensland, regarding the proliferation of marsupials in Australia and the government's efforts to control them. It also includes a report from Mr. Brabazon H. Purcell, who believes kangaroos would breed well in America, while Professor Shelton suggests Colorado might be too severe, but southern latitudes could be suitable. The article then details specific kangaroo species, such as the great gray kangaroo and the great red kangaroo, their habitats, fur quality, and value. It also mentions tree kangaroos and swamp wallabies. Mr. Purcell's report suggests that a kangaroo breeding station could be profitable, and he advises on fencing suitable plains or timbered country for breeding.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue seems to lean towards exploring unusual phenomena, historical curiosities, and practical applications. The 'Jersey Devil' hoax highlights the power of media and public imagination, while the military insignia article touches on symbolism and unit identity. The kangaroo section presents a blend of natural history, economic potential, and practical considerations for introduction into new environments. The overall stance appears to be informative and investigative, presenting historical accounts and scientific observations without overt sensationalism, though the hoax article does recount a sensational event.

Title: UFO Universe
Issue: Vol. 1, No. 11
Date: May 1999
Publisher: UFO Universe
Price: $4.95

This issue of UFO Universe delves into a variety of unexplained phenomena, with a strong focus on Bigfoot and other cryptids, alongside reports on UFOs and unusual animal sightings.

Articles

Kangaroos: A New Industry for the American West?

The article discusses the potential for breeding kangaroos in the United States, highlighting their hardiness, prolific breeding in captivity, and economic value for flesh and fur. It notes that kangaroos are easily domesticated, maintained, and acclimated, making them suitable for extensive, inexpensive rearing on land not ideal for other livestock. The author suggests that kangaroos could populate the 'arid' Western areas of the US, similar to how ostriches were introduced to California. The text references historical instances of kangaroos being introduced to Scotland in 1838, where they adapted well to the climate.

From the Past: Brazos River Serpent

This section reprints an account from the Columbia Democrat (Texas) dated May 23, 1853, detailing a sighting of a large, serpent-like creature in the Brazos River. Described as sixteen to eighteen feet long with a large, alligator-like head, the creature moved with 'incredible swiftness' and was observed raising its body out of the water. The report speculates it could be a descendant of the sea serpent.

An Overview of the 13th Annual Bigfoot Conference

Craig Heinselman reports on the 13th Annual Bigfoot Conference held in Newcomerstown, Ohio, on April 7, 2001. The conference, hosted by the Tri-State Bigfoot Study Group, attracted over 320 attendees. Speakers included Don Keating, Bob Chance, Keith Foster, Eric Altman, and Loren Coleman.

• Don Keating discussed the origins of the conference, historical and current sightings in Ohio, and his book 'The Sasquatch Triangle Revisited'.
• Bob Chance presented on the Chesapeake-Susquehanna Watershed activity, focusing on three-toed tracks and their potential link to human ancestry, hypothesizing a sub-species in the Appalachian area.
• Keith Foster shared information on Bigfoot sightings and anecdotal evidence from Colorado, identifying patterns such as sightings occurring in areas of infrequent human contact and a drop in elevation during winter months.
• Eric Altman of The Pennsylvania Bigfoot Society discussed reported incidents in Pennsylvania, including stick formations found in areas of sightings, though no hard evidence was presented.
• Loren Coleman spoke about hominology, the evolution of cryptozoology research groups, and the classification of creatures, referencing his book 'The Field Guide to Bigfoot, Yeti and Other Mystery Primates Worldwide'.

The report also details pre- and post-conference activities, including hikes led by Marc DeWerth in areas known for sightings and filming. The camaraderie among attendees and the shared respect for differing viewpoints were highlighted as key aspects of the conference.

Black Panther Sighting

Brad LaGrange recounts a personal sighting of a large black feline creature on a local highway near Leavensworth, Indiana, during a snowy February. The animal, described as 100% feline, sleek, and black, sprang across the road with smooth, cat-like movements. LaGrange investigated the area afterward and found no reports of big cats or black panther sightings in the past 25 years, leaving the creature's identity as either a cryptid or an escaped exotic uncertain.

A Review of Jean Roche's book Sauvages et velus

François de Sarre reviews Jean Roche's book 'Sauvages et Velus' (Wild and Hairy), published in 2000. The book, written in French, is described as a comprehensive work on hairy hominids (HSVs) such as Yeti, Sasquatch, Almasty, Barmanou, and Bigfoot. The review notes that Roche employs rigorous scientific methodology, inspired by Bernard Heuvelmans, to investigate these beings. The review touches upon the paradox of HSVs attempting to preserve their incognito while appearing, and the difficulty researchers face in studying them due to a 'psychic blockage'.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores the fringes of unexplained phenomena, with a particular emphasis on cryptids like Bigfoot, the Brazos River Serpent, and black panthers. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, presenting evidence and accounts from various sources, including scientific research, eyewitness testimonies, and historical records. There is a clear interest in the potential for new scientific discoveries and the exploration of the unknown, encouraging a sense of wonder and investigation into the natural and supernatural world. The inclusion of a quote from Theodore Roosevelt underscores a theme of active participation and daring in the pursuit of knowledge, even in the face of potential failure.

This issue of FATE Magazine, dated December 1998, Volume 1, Issue 12, with a cover price of $3.95, delves into several intriguing subjects related to cryptozoology, folklore, and natural history. The main cover headline is 'Mystery Cats of the South,' accompanied by an illustration of a large feline.

Review: 'Sauvages et Velus' by Jean Roche

The issue begins with a review of Jean Roche's book, 'Sauvages et Velus.' The reviewer highlights Roche's argument that ancient hominids, such as Neanderthals, pithecanthropes, bipedal monkeys, or hairy dwarfs, might still exist incognito within modern civilization. The book suggests that these 'HSVs' (Human-like, Sauroid, Veloid) possess the faculty to live hidden and appear when they choose. The reviewer notes that researchers like Porchnev may not reveal the whole truth, mentioning that some HSVs are described as dressed, armed, and capable of communication. The book is praised for attempting a global explanation of the HSV phenomenon, offering original answers rather than just compiling existing data. The reviewer suggests that the faculty of 'ostentation'—the ability to appear where and when desired—is a key aspect. The absence of a geographical map in Roche's book is noted as a regret. The book is described as written in an alert, suspenseful style, spanning 220 pages with 14 illustrations, and it understandably suggests that Homo sapiens is not the only Hominid on the planet.

From the Past: Ontario Aquatic Creature

This section recounts a remarkable story from The Perth Courier (Ontario), dated October 27, 1871. A. A. Freeman reported a sighting by J. B. Maxey, a hotel keeper, who was fishing in a canoe on July 17th in Forked Deep River. Maxey observed an object in the river that appeared to be a drowning man. Upon rowing closer, he saw a creature with a perfectly white face, features like a human's, hair resembling moss, a longer neck than a man's, and a body covered in black and white spots. It was as large as an ordinary man and had large black eyes. Maxey observed it for ten minutes from ten feet away, noting the absence of arms. The creature slowly turned and disappeared into the water. Thomas Neal also reported seeing the same thing about three years prior, and James Neal and Isaac Ward confirmed seeing the creature.

Wampus Cats, Mystery Felids, and the Santer

Loren Coleman discusses mystery felids reported in North America, focusing on the names 'Wampus' and 'Santer' from the southeastern United States. The origin of 'wampus' is explored, with theories linking it to Native American words, Scottish 'wampish' (to wriggle or twist), or even being a nonsensical element. The term 'cattywampus' (or 'catawampus') is analyzed, meaning 'cater-cornered' or 'diagonal,' and also 'a fierce imaginary animal.' This latter sense is thought to derive from 'catamount.' The article delves into the etymology, suggesting 'cata' relates to the French 'quatre' (four), and 'wampus' might be from 'wampish.'

Coleman notes that cryptozoologists are interested in the 'other sense' of 'catawampus' and 'catty wampus,' which referred to a goblin, sprite, or fearsome beast, sometimes used by slaveowners to frighten slaves. The question remains whether these names were applied to naturally occurring felid cryptids due to their swampy behavior or location.

The article then details the 'Santer,' a mystery cat discovered by Angelo Capparello III. Capparello, now a zoology professor, had researched 19th-century newspaper files for reports on the Santer in North Carolina. Sightings occurred in Iredell County (August-September 1890), Second Creek (September-October 1890), near Roaring River (March-May 1897), Elkin (June 1897), Piney Grove (October 1897, where it was described as striped), and Wilkesboro (1899). A witness named Smoak described the Santer as gray in 1899. Capparello believed the 1890s Santer sightings indicated a genuine large felid. Another sighting was reported in South Iredell in May 1934. The article concludes that 'Wampus' and 'Santer' are labels that may hide a deeper truth about these mystery cats.

Wild White Cattle Reprint

This section is a reprint by James Edmund Harting, F.L.S. & F.Z.S., discussing 'Wild White Cattle.' These herds, found in parks in England and Scotland, are seen as a link between extinct wild animals and extant ones. The origin of these cattle is debated, with some believing they descend from the aboriginal wild breed of British forests, the Urus (Bos primigenius), while others suggest they were imported and became feral. Scientific opinion favors descent from the Urus. The presence of Urus remains alongside human artifacts from the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Ages in Britain is noted. Skulls and horn-cores of Bos primigenius have been discovered in various locations, including the Thames, Burwell Fen, Scotland, and Essex.

Historical accounts and scientific opinions are presented regarding the Urus. Professors Rütimeyer, Nilsson, Lyell, Boyd Dawkins, and Darwin lean towards the wild white cattle descending from the Urus. However, Professor Owen and Dr. J. A. Smith believe Bos primigenius became extinct in prehistoric times. The article discusses the possibility of Urus survival in northern Britain. It also mentions Bos longifrons, the 'Celtic short-horn,' which was domesticated and used by man, and from which breeds in Wales and Scotland descended.

Further evidence for the existence of wild cattle in Saxon times is found in the legend of Guy Earl of Warwick. The Welsh laws of Howell Dha (circa 940 AD) mention white cattle with red ears. The article also references a coin of Cunobelin bearing a figure of a wild bull.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the existence of unknown or ancient creatures, both living and extinct. The magazine explores the boundaries between folklore, eyewitness accounts, and scientific inquiry. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded investigation into unexplained phenomena, historical mysteries, and the natural world's less-understood aspects, encouraging readers to consider possibilities beyond conventional understanding. The issue champions the idea that mysteries persist and encourages the exploration of historical records and anecdotal evidence to uncover hidden truths.

This issue of The Zoologist, published in October 1874, is a detailed exploration of the history and characteristics of wild cattle in Britain. The content focuses on various herds, their origins, physical traits, and the historical context of their existence within forests and parks.

Historical Accounts of Wild Cattle

The article begins by referencing early historical mentions of wild cattle. In the forest laws of King Canute (A.D. 1014-1035), wild cattle are distinguished from domesticated animals, with the term 'bubali' possibly referring to 'wild bulls.' Matthew Paris, writing about the time of Edward the Confessor, describes spacious woods in Ciltria (the Chilterns) as the habitat of 'forest bulls' ('tauri sylvestres'). Fitz-Stephen, around 1174, also describes similar 'forest bulls' in the country beyond London. Knaresborough Forest in Yorkshire is noted to have had 'fierce wild cattle' around 1200. An anecdote mentions Maud de Breos sending four hundred cows and a bull to King John, described as white with red ears, though it's uncertain if these were wild or domesticated.

Hector Boece (Boethius), in his 'Scotorum Historiæ' (1526), is quoted regarding wild white cattle in the great Caledonian wood of Scotland. He described bulls of purest white with manes like lions, which were wild and untamable, fleeing from human presence. This account has been followed by many subsequent writers, though Sir Robert Sibbald questioned its accuracy in 1684, not doubting the existence of wild cattle but their described appearance.

Decline and Enclosure of Wild Cattle

The text explains that wild cattle held their ground longer in Scotland than elsewhere in Great Britain. As civilization spread, forests were cleared, and wild animals were exterminated or driven north. The increase in population led to game decrease, except in areas where 'liberty to inclose' forest land was granted to influential individuals, creating parks. This enclosure was crucial for the survival of wild cattle, preventing their extinction.

Specific Herds and Locations

The article then details several specific herds:

• Ardrossan Castle, Ayrshire: A herd of white wild cattle with black ears and muzzles existed between 1750 and 1820. Sir John Sinclair referred to this herd as a representative of Caledonia's ancient breed.
• Barnard Castle, Dureham: This area, formerly part of the chase of Marwood, was associated with wild cattle from the time of the Beauchamps and Nevills. Charles I. granted rights to wild cattle in the parks of Barnard Castle in 1626. Wild cattle are also believed to have existed at Raby Castle.
• Bishop Auckland, Durham: Originally part of Weardale Forest, this area was home to wild cattle kept by the Bishops of Durham before the Reformation. An account from 1627 mentions thirty-two 'wild kyne, with calves and bulles.' Sir Wm. Brereton described the cattle in 1634 as 'twenty wild beasts all white,' violent when provoked. These cattle were likely destroyed during the Civil Wars.
• Blair Athole, Perthshire: A herd of white wild cattle with black points, ears, muzzles, and hoofs roamed in the forest. In 1834, this herd was sold, with portions going to Taymouth and Dalkeith. Descendants of this herd are believed to exist in a semi-wild state at Kilmory House, Argyllshire.
• Burton Constable, Yorkshire: This ancient park contained a herd of white cattle, which were extinct by 1790 according to Bewick. They differed slightly from Chillingham cattle, having black ears and muzzles.
• Cadzow Castle, Lanarkshire: This park, part of the great Caledonian Forest, has historically contained a herd of wild white cattle that still exists. Sir Walter Scott immortalized these cattle in his ballad 'Cadyow Castle.' The cattle differ from Chillingham cattle in having black inside ears and mottled legs, and cows seldom have horns.
• Chartley Park, Staffordshire: This park, formed by enclosing part of the Forest of Needwood, has preserved a breed of wild cattle since at least 1248-9. Erdeswick described it as having wild beasts (cattle). An account from 1658 mentions costs for 'ye wild beasts.' The Chartley cattle are described as 'long-horns,' unlike the Chillingham breed, and are less wild due to proximity to a public road.
• Chillingham Castle, Northumberland: This park is the most frequently visited and written about. Evidence of its existence dates back to 1292, and the 'great wood' is mentioned in 1220. Mr. Darwin suggested the enclosure may have occurred around the time of Henry III. The Chillingham cattle are described as white with black ears and muzzles, and are considered the most wild.

Characteristics and Numbers

The article provides details on the appearance and numbers of these herds. Chillingham cattle are white with red ears. Ardrossan Castle cattle were white with black ears and muzzles. Chartley cattle are white with black ears and muzzles, and are 'long-horns.' Cadzow Castle cattle have black inside ears and mottled legs. Numbers varied significantly; for example, the Chartley herd had about thirty animals in 1874, increasing to fifty-six by 1877. The Chillingham herd had twenty-seven in 1873, and twenty in 1877. The herd at Chillingham consisted of 14 breeding animals, bulls, cows, and calves, plus 12 steers in 1692, growing to about 80 in 1838, and around 50 in 1861 and 1863.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the historical presence and gradual decline of wild cattle in Britain, largely due to human expansion and land management practices like enclosure. The editorial stance appears to be one of documenting and preserving the knowledge of these unique animals, highlighting their distinct characteristics and historical significance. The publication, The Zoologist, demonstrates a commitment to detailed scientific observation and historical research regarding British fauna.

This document, titled "British Animals Extinct Within Historic Times, with some account of British wild white cattle," published by J. R. Osgood & Co. in Boston in 1880, serves as a detailed historical account of various wild white cattle herds that once existed across Britain. The text meticulously documents the locations, characteristics, origins, and eventual fates of these animals, drawing from historical records, contemporary accounts, and scientific observations.

Historical Herds and Their Characteristics

The document details numerous herds, providing specific information for each:

Chillingham Herd

This herd is described as having increased slowly, with several deaths annually from accidents or overrunning their calves. The cows bred slowly, often with calves sucking for two years. Bewick's assertion of a few having black ears is confirmed, with a prevalence of black ears in 1692, suggesting selection led to the present prevalence of red ears.

Drumlanrig Castle Herd

Located in Dumfriesshire, this herd of white wild cattle, property of the Duke of Queensberry, had an unknown origin but was ancient. Pennant and Bewick described them as white with black ears. They were reportedly driven away around 1780 by the fourth Duke of Queensberry. Other writers identified them with "the wild Caledonian cattle."

Ewelme Park Herd

This Oxfordshire estate, formerly belonging to the Dukes of Suffolk, once housed a wild cattle herd. Edward Ashfield was appointed "keeper of the Park and master of the wild beasts" in 1536 by Henry VIII. Lord William Knollys held the same position for James I in 1606. A reference to hay provided for these "wild beasts" in a 1627 conveyance confirms they were cattle.

Gisburne Park Herd

Situated in Yorkshire, this herd was once part of Gisburne Forest. It is believed to have originated from the herd at Whalley Abbey. By 1697, part of the herd went to the Listers of Gisburne. Bewick noted in 1790 that the Gisburne cattle were perfectly white, except for the inside of their ears, which were brown. They were hornless, strong-boned, and not high. Tradition suggested they were brought from Whalley Abbey upon its dissolution in the reign of Henry VIII.

Dr. Whitaker, in 1812, described the Gisburne Park herd as descendants of the indigenous race that once populated Lancashire's forests. He suggested the breed was maintained by the Abbots of Whalley and later passed to the Asshetons after the Dissolution. This species differed from those at Lyme and Chillingham, being hornless.

Holdenby Park Herd

Licensed in 1578 in Northamptonshire, this park was enlarged by James I. During the Civil War, it was seized and sold, with the park eventually destroyed. In 1650, it was stocked with deer and eleven cows and calves of wild cattle.

Leigh Court Herd

This Somersetshire park formerly contained a wild cattle herd, belonging to the Augustinian Canons of Bristol. In 1806, the cattle became so savage that they had to be shot. Their origin is unknown, making it a unique instance of a wild herd in western England.

Lyme Park Herd

Originally part of the Forest of Macclesfield in Cheshire, this herd has remained with the Legh family since the 14th century. Hansall, in 1817, described them as similar to Lord Tankerville's herd at Chillingham, chiefly white with red ears, and indigenous. They assembled in high lands in summer and sheltered in woods in winter. By 1875, the herd had dwindled significantly, with only four animals surviving. Factors contributing to their decline included in-and-in breeding, foot-and-mouth disease, and infertile bulls.

The Lyme cattle were described as larger than other breeds, higher on the leg, more upstanding, and longer in the body, with strong bone and thick hides. Males had fully developed, curly hair resembling a mane. Their flesh was excellent.

Middleton Park Herd

This Lancashire estate, an ancient seat of the Asshetons, was likely where the wild cattle herd originated. Tradition suggested they came from Whalley Abbey. The cattle were white and polled, with some having black or brown ears. Dr. Leigh, in 1700, noted they were hornless and resembled American wild bulls and cows. Descendants of this herd were eventually moved to Gunton Park, Norfolk, where they gradually declined and ceased to exist by 1853.

Naworth Castle Herd

Wild cattle were introduced to this Cumberland park in 1629 from Martindale Forest. Records from 1633 show the sale of wild cattle skins and the use of wild calves for food. The herd appears to have ceased to exist by 1675, likely destroyed during the Parliamentary wars.

Somerford Park Herd

Located in Cheshire, this herd, resembling those at Chartley, is described as the best surviving representative of the hornless and tame variety of the original wild white breed. The cattle are pure white with black ears, eye rims, muzzle, and hoofs. They tend to produce small black spots, which are encouraged. In 1875, the herd numbered twenty head.

Wollaton Park Herd

This Nottinghamshire park held white cattle until about fifty years prior to the publication date. Bewick mentioned this herd in 1790 as one of five remaining breeds. They were white with black noses and ears, polled, and known as the "old park breed." They became extinct between 1800 and 1835, with fourteen dying from eating dead branches, leading to the survivors being ordered for sale.

Current Status and Other Topics

As of the publication date, the only existing herds were at Cadzow, Chartley, Chillingham, Kilmory, Lyme, and Somerford. No trace of wild cattle had been found in Ireland.

The document also includes a section on "Cryptozoology in the Movies," reviewing William Girdler's 1976 film "Grizzly," which features a prehistoric bear as a cryptid. It highlights the film's entertainment value despite its low-budget special effects.

Additionally, there is a report titled "Investigations of the Lake Erie Monster" by Charles E. Herdendorf, a Consulting Limnologist and Oceanographer. This report, a technical paper from October 1990, discusses sightings of a "Lake Erie Monster" and includes an analysis of a strange, unexplained image from a 1975 satellite photograph showing a serpentine shadow in the lake. The report notes that while the initial "naming" of the creature was a jest, further research into the biological feasibility of aquatic monsters is encouraged.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout the historical sections is the decline and extinction of wild white cattle herds in Britain, driven by factors such as habitat loss, selective breeding, disease, and domestication. The editorial stance is one of historical documentation and preservation of knowledge about these unique animals. The inclusion of the cryptozoology and Lake Erie Monster sections suggests an interest in unexplained phenomena and creatures, broadening the scope beyond purely historical zoology.

This issue of UFO Universe, Volume 3, Issue 13, published in 1998, features a prominent cover story on the Lake Erie Monster with the headline "THE LAKE ERIE MONSTER: SCIENTIFIC PROOF!". The magazine delves into cryptozoology, unexplained phenomena, and historical accounts of strange creatures.

The Lake Erie Monster: Scientific Proof!

The issue presents a scientific classification for the Lake Erie Monster as *Obscura eriensis huronii*, placing it within the Phylum Chordata and Class Ichthyoreptilia. It includes a map illustrating the 'Possible Route of Monster Invasion' dating back 11,000 years B.P., showing glacial ice caps and ancient water bodies like Lake Agassiz, Post-Duluth Lake, and Early Lake Erie and Champlain.

Two main sections explore the monster's biology and ecology:

Prediction of Lake Erie Monster Swimming Speeds

• Based on assumptions that Lake Erie monsters follow the speed patterns of Lake Erie fish and have a body length of 10 meters, predictions are made:
• Basic Facts: Adult fish speeds relate to body length; cruising speeds are 1-3 body lengths/sec; burst speeds are about 10 body lengths/sec.
• Assumptions: Monsters follow fish speed patterns; monsters are 10 meters long.
• Conclusions: Cruising speed is at least 10 m/s (22 mph); burst speed is up to 100 m/s (220 mph).

Potential Population Density of Lake Erie Monsters

• This section analyzes the potential population based on Lake Erie's surface area and fish harvest:
• Basic Facts: Lake Erie surface area is 25,000 km²; 25,000 tons of fish are harvested annually.
• Assumptions: Monsters are 11 meters (35 ft) long and weigh 2,000 kg (2 tons); 10 kg of fish are needed per 1 kg of monster; monsters consume 10% of harvestable fish.
• Conclusions: 1 ton of fish is produced per km² annually; 1 ton of monster can be produced per 10 km²; Lake Erie can support 1,250 monsters (2 tons each); the population is estimated at 125 monsters (1 per 200 km²).

A "Possible Lake Erie Monster Food Chain" diagram illustrates a pyramid structure: Phytoplankton (10000 KG) -> Zooplankton (1000 KG) -> Forage Fish (100 KG) -> Predator Fish (10 KG) -> 1 KG Monster. A map of Lake Erie indicates "SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR A BREEDING PAIR OF LAKE ERIE MONSTERS" at 400 km².

A "Recommended Capture Technique for Lake Erie Monsters" is illustrated through a series of seven diagrams depicting a net-based capture method.

From the Past: Historical Accounts

Ontario Wild Man

An account from the Renfrew Mercury (Ontario), August 3, 1883, describes a citizen's encounter on Pretty's Island. While camping, he reported seeing an eight-foot-tall, hairy, man-like figure emerge from the shadows. When questioned, the figure remained silent. The citizen threw a stone, striking the figure, which then splashed into the water and swam away swiftly.

Monster Bird of Chile

From Harper's Weekly, Journal of Civilization, June 6, 1868, this report from Santiago, Chile, details a gigantic bird appearing at dusk. It had a grasshopper-like head, large brown wings, and a serpent-like body covered in brilliant, metallic-sounding scales. Superstitious onlookers believed it to be the devil.

Book Review: A Review of Lothar Frenz's book Riesenkraken und Tigerwölfe: Auf der Spur mysteriöser Tiere

Reviewed by Thomas Diehl, this article discusses Lothar Frenz's book as a serious attempt to introduce cryptozoology to a German audience. The book, with 20 chapters, covers various cryptids, focusing on those that lend credibility to the field, such as the Muntjak in Vietnam and ancient discoveries in Australia (duck-bills, tree-kangaroos). It aims to counter prejudices against cryptozoology in Germany. The reviewer notes the book's high price (30 marks/15 US$) but considers it a great introduction for the newly interested.

A Pennsylvania Primate

Authored by Chad Arment, this section discusses reports of small primates in North America, referencing Janet and Colin Bord's "Unexplained Mysteries of the 20th Century." It details an incident in November 1987 in Honeybrook Township, Pennsylvania, where an approximately 50-lb primate, about 2.5 feet long with reddish-brown fur and inch-long canines, was shot. Specialists at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine could not identify the species.

Ape killed in the wilds of Chesco

This article, reprinted from The Philadelphia Inquirer (Nov. 4, 1987), provides further details on the Pennsylvania primate incident. Strange cries had been heard for weeks. Marlene Oatman, 48, shot and killed a "pretty big" monkey on her farm. State police collected the body, which was described as 2.5 feet tall and weighing about 50 pounds. Trooper Glen Gaasche transported the carcass to the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, in Kennett Square. Cindy Smith, an administrative assistant, confirmed it was a monkey but veterinarians could not identify the species. Plans were made to send it to the Philadelphia Zoo. Robert Gerhart had reported seeing a large monkey or chimpanzee earlier.

Monkey killed in Chesco was a Macaque with a Tattoo

This follow-up article, from The Philadelphia Inquirer (Nov. 5, 1987), identifies the killed primate as a young adult male rhesus macaque, native to Asia and used in laboratory experiments. Dr. Wilbur B. Amand, vice president of animal programs at the Philadelphia Zoo, stated that an autopsy determined the 40-to-45-pound macaque was healthy. It had a three-digit tattoo (779) on its thigh, common in zoo or research animals. The article concludes that this case should be removed from "unexplained primate" files as it was likely an exotic release or escapee.

A Study on Gunshots and Sasquatch Sightings: Part I

Authored by Brad LaGrange, this article begins a series examining cases where individuals have fired on purported sasquatch, questioning why none are reported killed. Part I serves as a primer on firearms, cartridges, shooting, and hunting, aimed at readers with limited firearm experience. It discusses the variety and purpose of firearms, including rifles (designed for accuracy and taking life, suitable for hunting or military work), carbines (shorter rifles often using pistol calibers), and shotguns (designed for spreading shot to hit small targets, but also effective with slugs).

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores the intersection of unexplained phenomena, cryptozoology, and scientific inquiry. It presents historical accounts alongside modern investigations and scientific speculation, as seen in the detailed analysis of the Lake Erie Monster. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded investigation, encouraging readers to consider possibilities while also grounding discussions in scientific principles and evidence, as demonstrated by the debunking of the Pennsylvania primate case. The inclusion of a firearms article suggests a broad interest in topics relevant to potential encounters with unknown creatures.

This issue of the magazine, published in English, contains articles on firearms, a personal account of a strange animal encounter, and research into a 'New Moon Theory' for predicting cryptid sightings. The content is primarily focused on topics related to unexplained phenomena and investigative reporting.

Firearms and Ammunition The first section delves into the world of firearm cartridges, discussing their variety and effectiveness. It begins by dismissing pistols as Hollywood-exaggerated weapons, emphasizing their close-range limitations and underpowered rounds. The author contrasts a .44 magnum with a 20-gauge shotgun firing a deer slug, suggesting the latter is a more effective man-stopper. Ammunition is categorized by caliber, velocity, and intended use, ranging from small, high-velocity rounds to large, slow-moving ones, and even those designed as gimmicks.

The article highlights that caliber alone doesn't determine power. The .223 round used by the military is accurate but lacks the stopping power of a slow, big-bore round. The 9mm pistol round is accurate and has good penetration but is considered less effective as a man-stopper than the slower, less accurate .45 ACP. For hunting game deer-sized and larger, .30 caliber rifle rounds are preferred for their accuracy and penetration without excessive meat damage, with a skilled shooter capable of hitting a heart-sized object at 200-250 yards.

The .22 long rifle is noted as one of the smallest rifle cartridges and is responsible for more deaths in the U.S. annually than any other caliber. It was designed for small game hunting and accuracy, outperforming rounds like .25s, .32s, and .380s. It is common in U.S. households and used as a 'varmint' gun in rural areas.

Shotguns are discussed with two types of ammunition: shotshells (firing lead shot from sub-BB to 1/2 inch) and slugs (large, slow-moving bullets for hunting, usually deer). The 12 gauge is the most powerful common shotgun, capable of hunting squirrels or deer, and even rumored to be used against grizzlies in Alaska. Other gauges include the 16, 20, and the .410 (technically a caliber).

Pistols are reiterated as close-range weapons, less deadly than shotguns at close range but potentially more so than rifles at sub-20-yard distances due to complex factors. They are generally considered marginal man-stoppers unless using powerful rounds like the .45 ACP, .41 Special, or .44 Magnum.

Shot Placement This subsection emphasizes the critical importance of shot placement for an animal to die. A shot to the back leg is unlikely to be fatal, and a headshot is difficult due to the small brain size. For most quadrupeds, the ideal shot is through the shoulder, targeting the heart and lungs. The article warns that even with a good shot, the animal may still run. Careful planning and steady aim are crucial, as even minor movements can significantly alter bullet trajectory. 'Spraying gunfire' is discouraged as it reduces accuracy and the likelihood of hitting the intended target.

A Western Oddity: Strange Animal Encounter This section details a strange animal report received from a woman in Lebanon, Oregon, who claims to have encountered an unknown creature in the summer of 1999. The encounter lasted four to five minutes. The woman was at an old off-road dump site when she noticed movement. The creature, initially appearing as a clump of dirt, emerged from the ground. It was described as approximately five inches long and two inches in diameter, with a smooth, round, light-brown, worm-like shape. It lacked discernible features like eyes, mouth, nose, or ears, but had patches of peach-like fuzz on soft, dusty skin. Suddenly, two large crystal blue eyes opened, revealing the front of the creature. The observer noted the eyes were disproportionately large and the creature seemed to study her before ignoring her. It moved slowly, swaying its head and blinking, seemingly unaffected by attempts to gain its attention. The creature eventually retreated back into the hole it emerged from. The writer intends to continue searching for this animal.

Testing the New Moon Theory at Lake Champlain This article investigates the 'New Moon Theory' proposed by Dennis Jay Hall, a researcher of the 'Champ' creature of Lake Champlain. Hall's theory suggests that sightings of the creature are less likely during a new moon but more probable in the days immediately before and after. The author, Craig Heinselman, evaluated historical sighting data from various sources, including books by Hall, Joseph Zarzynski, and articles from the journal CRYPTOZOOLOGY, to test this theory.

Experimental Data A total of 141 date-sensitive sightings from 1878 to 2000 were analyzed. Initially, a 5-day window on either side of the new moon showed a 39.72% prediction rate, with 60.28% falling outside. Expanding to a 7-day window improved the positive prediction rate to 53.19%, though 46.81% still fell outside.

To account for potential biases in older reports, data from the last two decades (1980-2000) was analyzed. Using a 7-day window, the results showed 52.07% within the window and 47.93% outside. A 5-day window for this period yielded 38.84% within and 61.16% outside.

Further analysis of the last 5 years (1995-2000) showed a more favorable result for the theory, with 59.26% within the 7-day window and 40.74% outside. However, a 5-day window for this period showed 51.85% inside and 48.15% outside.

Results The study notes that many older reports lack precise dating, which can affect accuracy. Using only reports with specific dates, the data suggests that while a new moon cycle might offer a slight improvement (around 7.06% better success in a 7-day window), the historical 75% success rate claimed by Hall is not consistently supported across all data. The findings suggest a current trend rather than a firm historical pattern, and more data collection is needed.

An Improved Search Area in a Month Perhaps An additional analysis examined sighting patterns by calendar month, based on the 141 cases. January showed 0% sightings, while summer months had the highest yield: July and August at 23.40% each, followed by June at 21.28%. This aligns with data from Yasushi Kojo's research on Lake Champlain unknowns. Applying the 7-day new moon window to July showed a higher success rate (63.64% within the window), but overall averages remained consistent with previous evaluations.

Conclusions The article concludes that the 75% success rate for the New Moon Theory does not hold up historically, possibly due to imprecise dating of older sightings. While selective reporting from specific time frames can approach the predicted rate, the lunar cycle of a new moon does offer an improvement of about 7.06%. Continued data collection is recommended to establish a more firmly established pattern.

The Trail of the Blue Tiger (Reprint) This reprinted article by Roy Chapman Andrews recounts a legend of a blue tiger in South China. Andrews followed a lead to Futsing, intrigued by the story, though it remained a somewhat unbelievable legend until he experienced it himself. One night, his thoughts were interrupted by a shriek, followed by a snarl and the cry of a child. His companion, Harry Caldwell, a missionary, identified the sound as a tiger and prepared his rifle. The accompanying illustration depicts a great blue cat attacking a man, with another man, possibly Caldwell, preparing to shoot.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance The magazine appears to focus on unexplained phenomena, including UFOs/UAPs, cryptids, and unusual animal encounters, alongside practical topics like firearms. The editorial stance seems to be one of investigative inquiry, presenting research and personal accounts with a degree of skepticism and a call for further data collection, particularly in the case of the 'New Moon Theory'. The firearms section provides a factual, albeit opinionated, overview of ammunition and weapon effectiveness.

This document details a hunting expedition in China focused on tracking and capturing a rare "blue tiger." The narrative is told from the perspective of the narrator, who is collaborating with a missionary named Harry Caldwell. The story begins with an account of a tiger attack on a baby, which sets the stage for the hunt.

The Blue Tiger The central figure of the narrative is a unique tiger, described as Maltese blue, which is believed by Caldwell to be a new species, though the narrator initially suspects it to be a melanistic phase. The tiger is known for its elusiveness and has evaded capture multiple times. Caldwell has had several encounters with it, including one where he shot it with buckshot and another with a .22 Hi-Power rifle, both of which were challenging and dangerous.

Caldwell's Expertise Harry Caldwell is portrayed as an exceptional individual: a skilled missionary, a capable naturalist, and an outstanding marksman. His reputation precedes him, with stories of his exploits in dealing with dangerous wildlife and local disputes. The narrator initially had reservations about hunting with a missionary but quickly recognizes Caldwell's 'he man' capabilities and his deep understanding of the wilderness.

Hunting Expeditions and Encounters The text describes several specific incidents involving the blue tiger:

• The Baby Attack: The story opens with the aftermath of a tiger attack where a baby was taken from a courtyard. This incident fuels the urgency of the hunt.
• The Ravine Encounter: Caldwell recounts killing his first tiger with a shotgun in a ravine after it had attacked a boy. This highlights the dangers of facing tigers with inadequate weaponry.
• The Buckshot Incident: Caldwell describes shooting a tigress with buckshot at close range. While it appeared to be hit, it retreated and later died from its wounds. The villagers used parts of the tiger for medicinal purposes.
• The .22 Hi-Power Hunt: Caldwell shares his experience hunting with a .22 Hi-Power rifle, detailing a kill of a man-eater where the bullet caused a fatal stomach rupture. The narrator expresses skepticism about the rifle's suitability for dangerous game.
• The Trap Failure: A significant event involves setting a trap with a dog as bait. The blue tiger skillfully removes the dog from the trap without being caught, demonstrating its intelligence and agility.
• The Disturbance Incident: The blue tiger attacks and kills three people who disturbed its rest, but it makes no attempt to eat them, suggesting the killings were out of aggression rather than hunger.
• The Cowpen Attack: Caldwell recounts the blue tiger jumping over a twelve-foot fence into a cowpen to kill a heifer, showcasing its remarkable physical abilities.
• The Near Miss: In a tense encounter, the narrator and Caldwell are positioned to ambush the blue tiger, but a group of woodcutters scare it away. Later, the narrator suffers a heatstroke, ending his participation in the hunt.
• The Slapped Tiger: Caldwell describes a close encounter where, after the tiger killed a heifer, he and his hunter Da Da were ambushed. In a moment of surprise, Caldwell's hand slapped the tiger's nose, causing it to recoil and flee.

Villager Beliefs and Cultural Context The local Chinese villagers hold superstitious beliefs about the blue tiger, viewing it as an "Evil Spirit" sent to punish them for past transgressions. They believe it cannot be trapped or killed by ordinary means, adding a layer of cultural complexity to the hunt.

Conclusion of the Hunt After these numerous encounters and near misses, and with Caldwell's life nearly endangered, the narrator and Caldwell decide to cease their pursuit of the blue tiger. The narrator leaves for Hong Kong, while Caldwell stays for a brief period, but the hunt for the elusive creature is effectively over.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance The narrative emphasizes the mystique and danger of the blue tiger, portraying it as an extraordinary animal. It highlights the skills and courage of Harry Caldwell, presenting him as a heroic figure. The story also touches upon the challenges of big game hunting, the cultural beliefs of indigenous populations, and the narrator's personal experiences and observations in a foreign land. The overall tone is one of adventure and awe towards the natural world, particularly the enigmatic blue tiger.

This issue of "Strange Creatures" (issues 1-5, dated January 1950) delves into two intriguing accounts of mysterious animals. The first, a historical piece titled "From the Past: Giant Snake in PA," reprints a report from The Perth Courier (Ontario) dated September 15, 1871. This article details the excitement in the vicinity of Rittersville, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, caused by the appearance of a monster black snake. Witnesses described the reptile as measuring twenty-five to thirty feet in length and having the thickness of a common stove pipe. The snake was reportedly seen traversing fields, with one encounter involving it catching a cat and then a rooster. Despite efforts by locals armed with guns, the snake managed to evade capture.

The second major article, "Black Panther of the Navajo" by Chad Arment, examines the concept of melanistic felines in North America. Arment notes the scarcity of historical support for such phenomena prior to the mid-1900s. He focuses on Warren H. Miller's 1921 fictional work, "The Black Panther of the Navaho," published by D. Appleton and Co., as an example of early cryptofiction. The book is described as a "boy adventurers" genre piece that features a black panther marauding ranches in the American Southwest. The article includes dialogue from the book where characters discuss the possibility of a black cougar or leopard and its connection to Navajo mythology. The narrative within Miller's book involves a legend of four panthers (white, blue, yellow, and black) associated with Navajo creation myths and symbolic meanings. Arment questions whether the fictional panther is a native American feline, an Asiatic black leopard, or a color phase of a cougar, ultimately concluding that the fictional cat is shot by the end of the story, leaving the question of its true nature unresolved.

Arment also reflects on the potential origins of Miller's story, considering if it stemmed from rumors, the author's personal hypothesis about melanistic leopards, or pure imagination. He poses questions about the factual basis of Navajo mythology regarding black panthers and their role in regional folklore.

"Wanted" Section

The issue concludes with a "Wanted" section where Chad Arment expresses his current search for works of cryptofiction, particularly short stories from the 1800s and early 1900s, for inclusion in future anthologies. He has a specific interest in tales from France, Germany, Canada, and the UK that may not have had wide distribution, often found in period magazines. Readers are invited to email him at [email protected]. Information is also provided that his current anthologies, "Strange Creatures 1-5," can be downloaded at http://www.herper.com/ebooks/.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are cryptozoology, folklore, and the exploration of mysterious creatures through both historical accounts and fictional narratives. The editorial stance, as presented by Chad Arment, is one of critical inquiry and research, seeking to uncover and analyze accounts of unusual animals, while also acknowledging the line between factual reporting and fictional creation. There is a clear interest in early 20th-century and 19th-century literature as a source for cryptid lore.