Non-Recurrent Ultrafast Phenomena - 1988 Part 2

Magazine Overview

This document is the second part of the theses from an interdisciplinary scientific-technical school-seminar titled "Non-periodic rapid phenomena in the environment." It was organized by the All-Union Council of Scientific and Technical Societies, the Tomsk Regional Council of Scientific and Technical Societies, and the Tomsk Branch of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, hosted by the S. M. Kirov Tomsk Polytechnic Institute. The seminar took place in Tomsk from April 18-24, 1988.

Editorial Board

• The editorial board responsible for this collection of theses includes:
• A. G. Bakirov, Professor, Doctor of Geological-Mineralogical Sciences (Editor-in-Chief)
• F. P. Tarasenko, Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences
• V. N. Salnikov, Associate Professor, Candidate of Geological-Mineralogical Sciences
• V. I. Lunev, Candidate of Technical Sciences
• M. A. Shustov, Candidate of Chemical Sciences

Section III: Atmosphere and Atmospheric-Terrestrial Interactions

This section delves into phenomena occurring within the Earth's atmosphere and its interactions with the planet.

On the Question of the Generation of Giant Atmospheric-Plasma Vortices in an Active Quantum Medium

Authored by R. K. Churkin, this article explores the nature of giant atmospheric-plasma vortices, such as tropical cyclones, hurricanes, and tornadoes. These are described as solitary, non-linear waves (solitons) and doublets possessing immense energy, power, and momentum. Their structure is compared to models of elementary particles (bosons, magnetic monopoles) and cosmic objects. The author critiques the Bjerknes wave theory for its inadequacy in modeling these phenomena and emphasizes the need for advanced quantum field theory and knowledge of cosmic magnetic fields. The article posits that these vortices develop in a non-uniform active quantum medium, akin to the active media in gas discharge lasers. Localized regions where these processes occur are viewed as open resonators. The article suggests that the excited state of the medium in a thundercloud is unstable and prone to spontaneous transitions, possibly through electrical discharges or non-radiative processes, leading to the formation of magnetic tubes. Each elementary vortex forms an L-C circuit for energy exchange. The formation of a giant soliton or doublet requires synchronized oscillations driven by a central element. External trigger impulses, such as cosmic ray particles, can initiate this process, turning the thundercloud into a quantum amplifier. The article draws parallels between these micro-solitons and phenomena observed in bubble chambers and Wilson chambers. The amplification of a triggering micro-soliton leads to the formation of a giant soliton, a macro-copy of an elementary particle. The topology of these atmospheric solitons, observed in various forms (oval, cigar, arrow, funnel, umbrella, snake, column, tree), is suggested to change based on energy accumulation or expenditure, reflecting changes in their magnetic energy. The article also touches upon the concept of time dilation and gravitational fields within these solitons, drawing parallels with observations of anomalous atmospheric objects like the Petrozavodsk phenomenon. The author expresses optimism that quantum theory will not only explain these mysteries but also provide tools for practical manipulation and energy utilization.

On the Question of the Mechanisms of Motion and Mass Exchange of Atmospheric-Plasma Vortices in an Active Quantum Medium

Also authored by R. K. Churkin, this article further investigates atmospheric-plasma vortices (including ball lightning and anomalous objects). It asserts that these vortices are non-linear waves (solitons and Kida lattices) with wave-particle duality, existing only in motion and lacking rest mass. Vortex motion is intrinsically linked to magnetic fields, which are considered its primary cause. The article argues that matter in atomic-molecular form is not essential for magnetic field generation; magnetic fields can exist at any temperature and density. The generation of these fields requires a vortex, even of the most subtle forms of matter (physical vacuum). Consequently, any atmospheric-plasma vortex necessitates a dynamically stable magnetic field. Quantum field theory dictates the specific form of a vortex based on its magnetic charge and minimal surface energy. The article describes how a vortex ring (torus) transforms into a figure-eight and then a double-layered ring with increased energy. This double-layered ring can break, forming two coaxial rings rotating in opposite directions. This system is capable of directed translational motion under the influence of a non-linear component of the magnetic field, independent of time. The article presents a mathematical derivation of the force vector responsible for this accelerated motion, noting that for non-linear systems, both linear and non-linear forces can cause non-linear deformation. The mathematical analysis involves Fourier series expansion of the non-linear force, leading to equations describing the soliton's motion. Observations of cyclones, tornadoes, ball lightning, and anomalous phenomena like the Tunguska and Petrozavodsk events are cited as evidence for their complex, unpredictable trajectories. The interaction of the force vector with matter (water, soil) results in directed mass transfer, including entrainment, transport, and ejection, as well as phenomena like burns and remagnetization. The article draws a philosophical parallel between the vortex's constant exchange of matter and energy with the active medium and biological life forms. The degradation of a vortex (e.g., a tornado) involves energy loss, leading to ring dissipation, increased volume, and the formation of loose structures. The article concludes by suggesting that the existence, motion, self-regulation, and mass transfer of magnetic fields and their associated vortices in various environments (space, atmosphere, oceans) are remarkably similar to biological life processes. This leads to the hypothesis that life on Earth originated and evolved not independently of these magnetic fields and vortices, but rather with their active participation, and that their influence is present in every living cell, organism, and plant, even in their genes.

References

• The articles cite several works, including:
• Nalivkin D. V. Hurricanes, Storms, Tornadoes. - L.: Nauka, 1969.
• Rajagopalan R. Solitons and Instantons in Quantum Field Theory. - M.: Mir, 1985.
• Polyakov A. M. Letters to JETP, 1974.
• Rubakov V. A. Letters to JETP, 1981.
• Wilson M. Superconducting Magnets. - M.: Mir, 1985.
• Bochkarev N. G. Magnetic Fields in Space. - M.: Nauka, 1985.
• Parker E. Cosmic Magnetic Fields. Vol. 1, II. - M.: Mir, 1982.
• Vaisberg D. Zh. Weather on Earth. - M.: Gidrometeoizdat., 1980.
• Mkhitaryan A. M. Aerodynamics. - M.: Mashinostroenie, 1976.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the complex and often anomalous phenomena occurring in the natural environment, particularly atmospheric-plasma vortices. There is a strong emphasis on applying advanced theoretical frameworks, such as quantum field theory, to explain these phenomena, moving beyond classical explanations. The editorial stance appears to be one of scientific inquiry into unexplained natural occurrences, seeking to demystify them and explore their potential for practical application and energy utilization. The articles suggest a deep connection between physical phenomena and biological processes, hinting at a unified view of nature.

This issue of "Nauka i Religiya" (Science and Religion) from 1989 features several articles exploring complex natural phenomena and their potential interactions with human activity and geophysical processes. The content spans atmospheric physics, geophysics, and space science, with a focus on phenomena that challenge conventional understanding.

Atmospheric-Plasma Vortices: Common Genesis, Development, and Manifestations by R. K. Churkin

This article introduces the concept of atmospheric-plasma vortices (APVs), a category that includes cyclones, tornadoes, and ball lightning. Despite variations in energy, scale, and accompanying elements, these phenomena share common characteristics that allow for a unified approach to understanding their genesis, development, and manifestations. Churkin posits that APVs are self-oscillating systems (solitons) that absorb energy from their surroundings to compensate for losses. The energy sources can be ambient thermal, electrical, or nuclear energy. For an APV to achieve a quasi-stable state, certain self-organization conditions must be met. Vortices, in general, form as a sink for matter and energy from higher to lower levels. Their structures can be spherical, funnel-shaped, disc-like, or spindle-shaped, featuring characteristic formations like the eye of a cyclone or the skirt of a tornado, through which matter and energy are exchanged.

The article discusses the genesis of large-scale APVs like cyclones, attributing them to the collision of warm, moist air masses with cold, dry ones, leading to pressure drops that draw in surrounding air. For mid-sized APVs like tornadoes and waterspouts, the pressure gradients are sharper, and rotational speeds are higher. While their energy is less than that of cyclones, their intensity can be greater. Tornado formation is linked to natural processes that eject dry, hot air into saturated atmospheres, creating a vacuum that draws in moist air. This is supported by observations of vortices forming during volcanic eruptions and large forest fires, and even successful artificial reproduction.

Small-scale APVs, such as ball lightning (BL) and other atmospheric phenomena, remain poorly understood despite numerous observations. The high energy density of BL, compared to cyclones, suggests formation under extreme temperature gradients, potentially tens of thousands of degrees. However, observations do not confirm such high temperatures. The powerful magnetic properties of BL and other anomalous objects, along with their associated ultraviolet and gamma radiation despite low temperatures, lead to a new hypothesis: the formation of a 'boiling magnetic monopole' (BMP). The interaction of an incoming BMP with the environment creates a non-equilibrium system, a vortex center. This interaction can trigger proton decay, releasing nuclear energy that fuels the APV cloud, while preserving the magnetic charge. Cyclotron radiation, including UV and gamma rays, is often observed. The theory of Polyakov and T'Haft predicts the formation of BMPs in the magnetic fields of neutron stars and pulsars, with their radiation reaching Earth and carrying magnetic particles. The probability of BMPs reaching Earth's atmosphere aligns with the frequency of observed events and correlates with solar activity cycles. The Sun acts as a filter, absorbing the most energetic BMPs and allowing single particles to reach Earth's atmosphere. The catastrophic Tunguska event of 1908 is suggested to be a result of such an encounter, occurring in a region with significant magnetic anomalies. Studying pulsars and BMP-atmosphere interactions could lead to better prediction of natural disasters and potential applications.

On the Possibility of an Undulatory Mechanism for Auroras by V. I. Lunev and Yu. A. Rylkin

This article proposes an alternative explanation for the optical effects of auroras, moving beyond the traditional view of excited atoms and molecules. The authors suggest that the Earth's polar regions can be considered natural undulators with a quasi-periodic structure. Charged particles with energies of 10³-10⁵ eV entering this structure can generate radiation. The frequency and bandwidth of this radiation are described by formulas involving the undulator's period and length, and the Lorentz factor. The calculated ranges for these parameters suggest that the resulting radiation could overlap with the observed wavelengths of auroras. This mechanism offers a new perspective on how energy from cosmic charged particles is utilized to produce the visual phenomena of auroras.

Anomalous Phenomena and Auroras by I. V. Bogatyrev

Bogatyrev examines phenomena that have been incorrectly identified as auroras, particularly those observed in mid-latitudes. He notes frequent sightings of unusual light phenomena in mid-latitudes, unlike typical auroras which are rare at these latitudes. The article details historical accounts of "fire pillars" and other anomalous aerial displays, some described as battles of fiery columns or strange objects. These phenomena are contrasted with the typical east-to-west movement of auroras in mid-latitudes. Bogatyrev also discusses reports of unusual sounds, such as rustling and whispering, accompanying these events, and instances of perceived contact with 'earthlings' or 'bright personalities.' The author critiques historical literature, highlighting instances where scientists have uncritically identified anomalous events as auroras or 'fragments of auroras.' He reviews early attempts to explain these phenomena, including hypotheses involving 'orgone energy.'

Bogatyrev then presents working hypotheses for identifying these anomalous phenomena. These include:
1. Manifestations of unknown interactions between solar plasma and Earth's magnetic field, potentially causing shifts in magnetic poles and creating aurora-like phenomena.
2. Potential manifestations of the biosphere in near-Earth space, influenced by solar activity.
3. The possibility of solar plasma disrupting space-time perceptions in humans by affecting Earth's magnetic field through unknown causes.
4. The creation of 'holograms' in near-Earth space by solar or other energies, which individuals might perceive, potentially conveying information about the future.
5. The existence of an ancient control system for human intelligence development, possibly created by a higher civilization.

Ionospheric Substorms in Mid-Latitudes by P. I. Karmanov

This article focuses on ionospheric substorms, which are disturbances in electron concentration and geometric parameters, particularly noticeable in the night-time F region. These disturbances have a significant impact on shortwave radio communication. Karmanov discusses the importance of understanding these patterns for practical radio communication. The study utilized data from ionospheric stations in the mid-latitude region (35-60°N, 20-90°E) during nighttime conditions. The analysis revealed that the ionosphere behaves as a unified whole, with simultaneous changes in altitude and electron concentration across the region. The character of these changes varies with latitude and, to a lesser extent, longitude, with the most significant amplitude changes observed in the northern part of the region and the least in the southern part. The ionosphere tilts northward before a substorm and southward during its peak. Altitudes experience positive disturbances, while critical frequencies show negative ones. The article presents a table of average substorm parameters at three different locations, including amplitude of F layer rise, critical frequency change, and substorm duration.

Technogenic Contributions to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion by A. N. Dmitriev

Dmitriev investigates the causes of stratospheric ozone depletion, particularly severe in polar regions. He notes a 40% depletion over Antarctica and a 2.8% annual depletion over the Arctic. The author proposes a hypothesis that combines technogenic factors with natural geological-geophysical specificities of ozone depletion zones. Ozone loss is seen as a sum of two processes: disruption of natural ozone generation conditions and increased intensity of ozone depletion in unbalanced polar regions. Both are linked to large-scale anthropogenic technologies. The process is sustained by continuous technogenic 'pumping' of the stratosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere. The decline in ozone generation conditions is attributed to technogenic deformation of solar-terrestrial interactions, exemplified by disruptions in the weekly cycles of geomagnetic pulsations. Ozone generation is a delicate process sensitive to weak external influences. Localized ozone minima are linked to specific geological-geophysical conditions, including vertical energy flows from high-frequency radiation, seismic activity, and micro-pulsations. Polar regions, as part of the planet's regulatory mechanisms, attract industrial gaseous waste and fine dust, leading to auto-enrichment with technogenic substances.

The development of ozone depletion in Antarctica is complex, with a hidden phase of progressive increase in 'ozone hole' formation followed by an explicit 'ozone hole' in October (estimated 40% depletion over 5 million km²). Satellite data indicate a global increase in ozone reduction over time. As technogenic contributions increase, the response of the Antarctic region intensifies, particularly in sensitive and unbalanced areas. The first registration of an 'ozone hole' near the Halley Bay station is located near a rift zone with seismic and geodynamic activity. The spatial characteristics of the 'ozone hole' follow areas of high tectonic-physical stress. By 1987, the picture simplified with reduced ozone concentrations and smoothed gradients. The upcoming active solar period is expected to complicate the ozone generation and depletion cycle. The modification of solar-terrestrial relationships by technogenic factors is a concern, potentially leading to unexpected geophysical phenomena in Antarctica. The growing ozone depletion could have planetary implications, affecting moisture circulation and generating additional thermal gradients. Furthermore, the localization of deficient ozone areas correlates with global geomagnetic anomalies, which act as sinks for ionized particles and atmospheric oxygen.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently explores phenomena that are not fully understood by conventional science, such as atmospheric vortices, ball lightning, auroras, and ozone depletion. There is a recurring theme of investigating the interplay between natural processes and human technological impact. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, presenting hypotheses and observations that challenge established theories and encourage further research into these complex and often anomalous events. The magazine seems to advocate for a broader, more integrated approach to understanding Earth's systems, considering both natural and anthropogenic influences.

This issue of "Atmosphere" (Volume 1988, Issue 4) presents a collection of articles exploring various atmospheric and geophysical phenomena, with a strong focus on Russian research from the late 1980s. The content spans topics from ozone layer dynamics and atmospheric physics to unexplained aerial phenomena and the nature of ball lightning.

Seasonal Dynamics of Ozone-Deficient Layer Formation in Earth's Atmosphere

Authored by M. A. Shustov, this article examines the seasonal variations in ozone concentration within the Earth's atmosphere. It critiques the traditional Chapman cycle model for its lack of consideration for specific environmental conditions, arguing that it fails to explain observed latitudinal and seasonal variations in total ozone content (TOZ). The author points out the minimal TOZ at the equator regardless of season and the distinct seasonal maxima and minima observed in polar regions, noting that meridional circulation alone cannot account for the observed antisymmetry between hemispheres. The article proposes that a realistic model must consider factors like instantaneous ozone concentration (N), photochemical generation (Vfg), photodissociation (Vфp), and ozone decay (Vp) due to interactions with nitrogen oxides and dust particles. The rate of reaction (V) is described by equations involving extinction coefficients (ε), quantum yields (φ), wavelength of radiation (λ), light intensity (I), and temperature (T). The author emphasizes the role of the optical path of actinic radiation (ДОПАИ) and temperature-dependent processes in determining ozone distribution. Key factors influencing seasonal TOZ dynamics are identified as the seasonal change in ДОПАИ and the seasonal redistribution of temperatures. Consequently, TOZ maxima are expected in polar regions during equinoxes, and the seasonal-altitude distribution of TOZ is most stable in the equatorial region but least stable in polar regions. Long-term TOZ fluctuations are linked to temperature variations, and more contrasting TOZ changes are predicted over continental areas with contrasting climates.

Electrophysical Aspects of Aerodynamic Disturbances in the Atmosphere and Ionosphere

This article by V. F. Psalomshchikov and I. A. Stepanyuk discusses a geophysical phenomenon discovered during the 'Soyuz-Apollo' space experiment in 1975: the transformation of acoustic waves into electromagnetic waves in the ionosphere. Intense wave disturbances, such as those generated by spacecraft engines or supersonic flight, can induce additional electromagnetic energy into the Earth-ionosphere resonator through plasma effects. These disturbances are detectable via Schumann resonances. The authors explain that supersonic flight in the neutral atmosphere creates an ionized shock wave front, generating an electron-ion trail. This process results in radio emissions in the kilohertz to megahertz range. The described electrophysical effects enable the remote detection and tracking of objects at altitudes from hundreds of meters to hundreds of kilometers with speeds ranging from 300 km/h to hypersonic.

Mechanism of Induction of Fast-Geocosmic Phenomena in the Atmosphere

In this article, V. I. Lunev posits that fast-acting atmospheric phenomena, like optical effects, are consequences of geocosmic connections. The biosphere is viewed as a single organism in constant interaction with its cosmic environment. The article suggests that specific points, lines, and zones within the biosphere act as conduits for information-energy exchange with space. Disruptions to the biosphere's 'homeostasis' can be triggered by even minor cosmic influences, leading to localized, regional, or global effects, exemplified by the Tunguska phenomenon of 1908. The author suggests the East Siberian magnetic anomaly as a special biosphere zone and a solar-generated plasmoid as the influencing object, with atmospheric-optical anomalies in Eurasia as the observed effects.

Genetic Mechanisms of Plasma Formation in the Open Atmosphere

Authored by V. V. Zakharov, D. V. Klementyev, and V. I. Lunev, this section explores plasma formation in the open atmosphere through an 'organismic' approach, viewing the biosphere as a dynamic system in equilibrium with space. Dissipative structures, such as plasmoids, are described as arising from instabilities and characterized by a degree of stability. These structures are influenced by a complex interplay of factors including atmospheric chemistry, geophysics, solar-terrestrial relations, and anthropogenic impacts. The study of these self-organizing plasmoids aims to develop a scientific approach for their further investigation and practical application.

Tomsk Phenomenon: Statistical Analysis

This article by V. I. Lunev, Yu. A. Rylkin, R. G. Kuznetsov, L. V. Gromov, and A. K. Rudik presents a statistical analysis of witness testimonies regarding the anomalous optical atmospheric phenomenon observed over the Tomsk region on February 26, 1984. The study involved collecting over 200 witness accounts and analyzing a subset of 148 for statistical purposes. The analysis focused on temporal-spatial characteristics, light and color properties, acoustics, and environmental impacts. Key objectives included establishing the reliability of the data, determining the speed of the phenomenon, its duration, and any correlation between sound and distance. The analysis concluded that the phenomenon's speed did not exceed 1.5 km/sec, and a weak correlation between sound intensity and distance suggested the possible presence of an electrophonic effect.

Informativeness of Random Observational Data Using the Example of the Tomsk Phenomenon on February 26, 1984

This article by V. I. Lunev, Yu. A. Ryklin, R. G. Kuznetsov, L. V. Gromov, and A. K. Rudik discusses the methodology for processing witness testimonies concerning the Tomsk phenomenon. It emphasizes the importance of the procedure for obtaining and presenting witness information to ensure its informativeness and reliability. The authors outline a three-stage interview process and the use of quantitative scales to assess observed effects. A comprehensive approach combining expert evaluation and factor correlation analysis using computers is recommended for analyzing witness accounts.

Meteorological Conditions in the Tomsk Region in Connection with the Phenomenon of February 26, 1984

Authored by M. L. Tretyakova and V. I. Lunev, this article investigates the potential influence of meteorological factors on the February 26, 1984 phenomenon in the Tomsk region. Analysis of monthly meteorological data from 1977-1987 and daily data for February 25-27, 1984, indicated that February 1984 was statistically average. However, daily variations in certain meteorological elements showed peculiarities that might be linked to the anomalous phenomenon observed.

What is Ball Lightning?

G. N. Beriya's article addresses the enduring mystery of ball lightning. Despite over 2000 documented observations and numerous theoretical hypotheses, a universally accepted explanation remains elusive. The author highlights the challenges posed by the phenomenon's diversity, contradictory properties, and lack of laboratory reproducibility. This suggests that ball lightning may involve fundamentally new, as yet unknown properties of matter or natural laws. A new theory of the electromagnetic field is proposed, which reinterprets Maxwell's equations and offers a potential explanation for ball lightning, consistent with known phenomena and preserving the mathematical framework of electrodynamics.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around atmospheric physics, geophysics, and unexplained phenomena. There is a clear emphasis on empirical observation, statistical analysis of witness accounts, and the development of theoretical models to explain complex atmospheric events. The articles collectively suggest a view of the Earth's atmosphere and biosphere as interconnected systems influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, as well as external cosmic forces. The editorial stance appears to favor rigorous scientific inquiry into phenomena that challenge conventional understanding, encouraging interdisciplinary approaches and the exploration of novel theoretical frameworks.

This issue of "Техническая физика" (Technical Physics), volume 63, issue 1, published in 1993 by "Наука" (Nauka) in Russia, focuses on the phenomenon of ball lightning (шаровая молния - ШМ) and related atmospheric and plasma phenomena. The cover prominently features an article by V. P. Frolov titled "ШАРОВАЯ МОЛНИЯ (ШМ). КАК СГУСТОК ЛЕГКИХ ЛЕПТОНОВ (ЛЛ)" (Ball Lightning (BL). As a Cluster of Light Leptons (LL)). The issue explores various theoretical models, energy mechanisms, and comparative analyses of these enigmatic events.

Article: Ball Lightning (BL) as a Cluster of Light Leptons (LL) by V. P. Frolov

Frolov's article posits that ball lightning (BL) can be understood as a cluster of light leptons (LL) possessing an electric charge. These LL formations, with sizes determined by the condition r = λ/2π (where λ is the LL's wavelength), are suggested to be possible formations of electromagnetic fields (EMF). The model proposes that if a lightning discharge's channel short-circuits, a plasma contour is formed. If the EMF generated by this contour has a length equal to the contour's length, LLs arise. The electric charge of these LLs is significantly compensated by plasma ions. Thus, LLs form the 'framework' of the BL, with ions as its 'filling'. The stability of this model is compared to that of a metal lattice filled with electron gas. The luminescence of BL is primarily attributed to ion recombination, while its interaction with air involves the absorption of LLs. This absorption can lead to ion departure from the BL, causing it to fade, or, if the charge isn't compensated by incoming ions, can result in an explosion due to Coulomb forces tearing the LL framework apart.

Frolov also discusses the possibility of a neutral BL, which would be invisible and possess radio wave properties, capable of penetrating dielectric walls. It could become visible upon acquiring an ionic shell. Another source of BL luminescence is proposed to be the replacement of molecular ions with atomic ions through the ionization of air atoms, particularly metal ions with low electron affinity. This mechanism is suggested to explain the disappearance of a metal bracelet and BL passing through a nail.

The article estimates the maximum energy stored in a 10 cm diameter BL to be around 2.10⁵ J. This energy explains BL's ability to move against the wind and near airplanes, as it doesn't displace air by buoyancy. The movement is attributed to interactions with electric fields. Potential extraterrestrial sources for BL include thunderstorms on other planets or the Sun, with the Tunguska event being a possible example.

Article: Possible Mechanism for the Formation of Ball Lightning by G. A. Vorob'ev

Vorob'ev's contribution focuses on an aerosol model for ball lightning. He suggests that BL is one of the most mysterious natural phenomena and that its formation is likely linked to ordinary linear lightning. The stability of BL's shape is attributed to contracting forces, possibly electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged particles. The recombination time of ions and electrons is too short to explain BL's duration, leading to the hypothesis that BL originates in a thundercloud where water vapor molecules encapsulate ions, forming clusters that significantly increase recombination time.

An estimated energy of 20-50 kJ for a 20 cm diameter BL implies an energy density of 5-10 J/cm³. This requires a charged particle density of around 10¹⁹ cm⁻³, much higher than in a typical gas discharge plasma. Vorob'ev suggests that interactions within the plasma, particularly when ion potential energy exceeds thermal energy, could lead to this density. The shock wave from a linear lightning strike can compress the plasma, achieving the necessary particle density. The BL's energy storage depends on the size of these clusters.

Besides linear lightning, other phenomena causing intense air ionization, such as fast-moving objects (meteorites), electrical discharges from rapid air mixing, or even other planets and the Sun, could be sources of BL. The proposed model by I. P. Stakhanov, refined here, can explain BL's hydrodynamic properties like bouncing off objects, adhering to metal, irregular shapes, penetrating narrow openings, and other movement peculiarities.

Article: Comparative Analysis of Poltergeists, Unidentified Atmospheric Phenomena, and Ball Lightning by I. V. Mirzalis

Mirzalis presents a critical review of foreign and domestic publications to identify similarities and differences between poltergeists (PG), unidentified atmospheric phenomena (UAP), and ball lightning (BL). The analysis uses descriptors to characterize the features and manifestations of each phenomenon. The study found that out of 256 descriptors covering 44 features and 212 forms of manifestation for the three phenomena, 86 descriptors (34%) were identical across all three. These common descriptors highlight the most characteristic and defining features of each phenomenon.

The table presented in the article summarizes the number of descriptors for each phenomenon, categorized by features, forms of manifestation, causal factors, and hypotheses about their nature. For individual phenomena, BL has 29 specific descriptors, while UAP has 32 and PG has 37. When considering combinations, BL and UAP share 27 descriptors, BL and PG share 25, and UAP and PG share 20. Overall, 44 common descriptors were identified across all three phenomena.

Article: The Problem of Energy Supply for Natural Plasma Formations by S. D. Zavertkin and L. A. Malyshev

Zavertkin and Malyshev discuss the energy supply mechanisms for luminous atmospheric-cosmic formations with anomalous characteristics, such as variable color, high speed, and abrupt trajectory changes. These phenomena, described as plasma systems, can be explained by known physicochemical processes. The article references a model of a plasmoid-microtransient from a coronal helio-flare, which is a spindle-shaped metastable plasma body with an embedded magnetic field. These microtransients, with high plasma density and energy concentration, are termed 'energophores'.

The authors explore the sources and pathways of energy supply for these metastable plasma systems. They suggest that self-organization and complexity in vortex plasma clusters, similar to self-oscillating systems, lead to dynamically stable atmospheric plasma vortices. Potential sources of powerful radio-frequency electromagnetic pulses (RFEMPs) that energize these plasma formations include geological features like mountain rocks and minerals, as well as anthropogenic sources such as deformed metal and reinforced concrete structures. The article notes that deformation and destruction of metals can generate electromagnetic radiation in the tens of megahertz range, possibly due to electron braking radiation in the field of moving dislocations.

Physicochemical transformations in rocks (e.g., moisture release, cracking, phase transitions) are also associated with electromagnetic and acoustic emission. The authors estimate the specific energy release from electromagnetic emission in a thermotreated mineral sample, calculating the power and energy of individual pulses.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the exploration of ball lightning and related plasma phenomena through various theoretical lenses, including lepton clusters and aerosols. There's a clear effort to find unifying principles and comparative analyses between seemingly disparate phenomena like poltergeists and UAP. The editorial stance appears to be one of scientific inquiry, seeking to explain these mysterious events through physics, even when dealing with speculative models and hypotheses. The issue highlights the complexity and multifaceted nature of atmospheric electricity and plasma physics, emphasizing the ongoing research into these phenomena.

This issue of "Tekhnika-Molodezhi" (Technology for Youth), dated October 1988, delves into complex scientific topics, primarily focusing on plasma physics, atmospheric phenomena, and their energetic aspects. The cover prominently features the headline "Radio Wave Energy Supply for Long-Lived Plasma Formations," indicating a central theme of the issue.

Radio Wave Energy Supply for Long-Lived Plasma Formations

This section, authored by S. D. Zavertkin, V. I. Lunev, and M. A. Shustov, revisits P. L. Kapitsa's waveguide hypothesis to explain the long duration of phenomena like ball lightning. The hypothesis suggests that plasma formations are sustained by energy supplied via radio waves in the 10^7-10^8 Hz range, potentially through a 'thunderstorm cloud-Earth' channel. The authors propose that geological fault lines, acting as waveguides, could be an alternative energy source, citing experimental data on electromagnetic emission from minerals heated to 720°C. They estimate the average power of electromagnetic radiation to be 2.6·10^-5 W, and the total energy of summed impulses at 560°C to be 2.3·10^-8 J. The specific energy release (G) is calculated at 4.6·10^-8 J/g. This is compared to theoretical calculations for the power of radio-wave electromagnetic emission (РЭМИ) in the NaCl-KCl system.

The article references several studies, including works on extraterrestrial civilizations, aviation technology, and the Tunguska event. It also cites research on phase transitions in minerals as a source of energy for electromagnetic systems and the physical nature of ball lightning.

Energy and Electrodynamic Analysis of Plasma Formation Models

G. V. Nikolaev presents an analysis of plasma formation models, focusing on their energetic and electrodynamic properties. The study considers models based on ordinary air at normal pressure and estimates the kinetic energy of a spherical air plasma volume accelerated to 10 m/s to be 6.5·10^-3 J. The electric field energy of a single-sign charge in such a plasma is estimated at ~10^18 J, and the magnetic field energy at ~1 kJ. The article discusses the effective electromagnetic mass of such a plasma volume, which can be around 20 kg. Further analysis considers a neutral plasma formation with separated positive and negative charges, estimating the electric field energy within the volume to be ~10^19 J and the magnetic field energy to be ~10^4 J. The effective electromagnetic mass in this scenario is estimated at around 200 kg. The author emphasizes the theoretical and experimental evidence for significant inertial electromagnetic properties of dense charge clusters.

Dynamics and Physical Fields of Ball Lightning Influence

Another contribution by G. V. Nikolaev explores the dynamics and physical fields associated with ball lightning (ШМ). The article notes the wide variety of characteristics, including size (0.5 cm to 5 m), luminosity (up to 10 kW), color, and form. It describes various formation scenarios, including detachment from linear lightning, formation from electrical outlets, and on wires. Observed phenomena include electromagnetic coupling with distant atmospheric discharges, rotational movements, pulsations, changes in brightness, and sounds. The article details the diverse effects of ball lightning on living and non-living objects, such as plant wilting, loss of consciousness, paralysis, burns, and electric shock. It also mentions potential healing effects. The analysis concludes that ball lightning can be a source of strong electrostatic, vortex electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields across various frequency ranges, including radio, microwave, light, UV, and low-frequency bands, as well as sound fields.

On the Possible Role of Physical Vacuum in Anomalous Optical Phenomena

G. V. Nikolaev also investigates the potential role of physical vacuum in anomalous optical phenomena. The article discusses reports of distorted, non-illuminating, and structured light rays near plasma formations. It proposes that if the physical vacuum is a real medium that can be distorted by electromagnetic fields, then light ray bending near plasma formations could be interpreted as a gradient of velocities within this vacuum medium. This gradient could be caused by the movement of massive bodies or by nuclear reactions. The author draws parallels with the bending of light near the Sun, suggesting a spiral structure in the deviation of light rays due to the Sun's rotation and the resulting vacuum medium flows.

One of the Hypotheses on the Origin of Optical Rapid Phenomena

A. K. Rudik offers a hypothesis for optical rapid phenomena, suggesting that observed chaotic movements of stars when viewed through binoculars or telescopes are due to the inertia of human vision and the limited field of view of the instruments. When the binoculars or telescope are not fixed, the slight movements of the observer's hand cause the stars to appear to move. The author also posits that atmospheric inhomogeneities acting as lenses could cause apparent linear or non-linear movements of stars. This effect is dependent on the speed of the atmospheric lens and the observer's perspective.

Air Temperature Oscillations in Moscow and Solar Activity

A. V. Shabelnikov's article examines air temperature changes in Moscow between 1981 and 1984, analyzing spectral density of oscillations. The study identifies stable periods of temperature fluctuations, with a primary period of 576 years. This period is noted to be close to the super-century cycle of solar activity, which is approximately 600 years. The analysis shows a good approximation of experimental temperature spectra using a formula derived from V. I. Vernadsky's empirical generalization method. The relative difference between theoretical and experimental periods is generally within 3%.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently explores phenomena that challenge conventional scientific understanding, particularly in the realm of plasma physics, atmospheric electricity, and anomalous events. There's a strong emphasis on theoretical modeling, experimental data analysis, and the search for underlying physical principles that can explain phenomena like ball lightning and unusual optical observations. The magazine appears to adopt a stance of open inquiry, presenting various hypotheses and research findings that push the boundaries of current scientific knowledge, often referencing both Soviet and international research.

This issue, identified as Volume XIX, Issue 19 from 1964, published by НИИ ВН при Томском политехническом институте, focuses on scientific research across various geophysical and atmospheric phenomena. The primary language is Russian, and it is published in Russia.

Articles and Content

1. Distribution of Thunderstorm Activity Intensity in the Kemerovo Region

Authored by R. F. Esipenko, this article analyzes the intensity of thunderstorm activity in the Kemerovo region. It notes that thunderstorm activity is typically characterized by the average number of thunderstorm days or hours per year, determined from long-term meteorological station data. While USSR-wide maps exist, they are based on limited stations and reflect only large-scale anomalies. For the Kemerovo region, the average is 40-60 thunderstorm hours per year. Regional maps created by НИИ ВН, using data from twenty meteorological stations in the Kemerovo region and adjacent areas, provide a more detailed spatial distribution, considering orographic and climatic parameters. These regional maps show significant variations in the number of thunderstorm hours (27-81 hours) compared to the USSR-wide map. The article also discusses the conversion of thunderstorm activity to ground lightning discharge density for assessing the risk to ground structures, noting that the density is assumed to be uniform across the USSR. Analysis of high-voltage line failures indicates higher thunderstorm activity in the central part of the Kemerovo region (near Gurievsk station) compared to the northern part (near YaYa station), despite similar reported thunderstorm durations. This suggests that the parameter 'n' (likely related to discharge density) can vary significantly even within a relatively small territory.

2. Mutual Transformation of Acoustic and Electromagnetic Oscillations in the Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Lithosphere of the Earth

This article by N. G. Druzhinin, G. P. Markov, and V. I. Stanko explores the universal phenomenon of mutual transformation between acoustic and electromagnetic oscillations. It provides an overview and analysis of these effects across different Earth spheres, focusing on instances with significant frequency shifts between excitation and response. The authors propose that any medium can generate acoustic and electromagnetic oscillations across a wide frequency range as a result of this transformation. The characteristics of the response depend on the excitation and the physical-chemical properties of the medium. For instance, the electromagnetic field generated by rocks under acoustic wave action can extend to gamma-ray frequencies, while in water and air, the electromagnetic response is limited to the optical range. The study suggests that the diversity of transformation mechanisms reflects the current insufficient understanding of this fundamental problem. Research in this area is important for forecasting rapid natural processes and assessing environmental impacts.

3. Logical Model of Stability of Rapidly Developing Geosystems

S. A. Dvinskikh presents a logical model for understanding the stability of natural systems, a central issue in physical geography and ecology. The limits of stability define the maximum loads a system can withstand before an 'ecological catastrophe' occurs. The model is structured into three blocks: the object (nature), the subject (impact), and subject-object relations (changes in natural components). The first block includes primary components like geological structures and water bodies, with secondary components being soils, vegetation, and fauna. The second block details potential impacts on the first block, distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic factors. The third block describes the resulting changes in system quality due to functioning and subject-object interactions, where the system actively influences its environment (feedback). The model considers ordered, disordered, and anti-ordered qualities within a system. When disordered qualities prevail, system-subject connections weaken, leading to an open, non-closed system. The article discusses how anthropogenic impacts can exceed natural forces, leading to ecological disruption. It emphasizes that only management (control) links can guarantee the resolution of crisis situations, while adaptation links are currently the primary means of coping with existing problems. In a well-managed system, human activity acts as an internal factor for development, maintaining ecological balance.

4. Lithoplasmons – A New Channel of Mutual Connection Between the Lithosphere and Atmosphere

B. I. Lunev reports on the discovery of two types of plasma formations in the atmosphere near the ground (0.1-4.0 m) during field studies in the Tomsk region. Long-lived (>10-60 s) spherical plasma formations were observed at heights of 1.5-3.0 m, while short-lived (<1-10 s) comet-like formations, termed 'lithoplasmons,' were found at lower altitudes (0.1-4.0 m). These findings suggest a new channel or form of energy exchange between the lithosphere and atmosphere.

5. On the Possibility of Focusing Infrasound Waves Over the Ocean

This article by V. F. Psalomshchikov and I. A. Stepanyuk discusses the potential danger of infrasound emitted from stormy seas, which can cause severe psychological effects, even leading to fatalities. While typically of low intensity, infrasound can be focused under specific atmospheric conditions, significantly increasing its intensity. The authors analyze cyclonic configurations and frontal systems, identifying potential zones of infrasound focusing over the sea, particularly in the forward part of cyclones and the rear of cold fronts. The focus can occur near the sea surface or at higher altitudes and is a transient phenomenon. Tropical cyclones are noted as being particularly hazardous due to stronger wind shear, leading to more pronounced and localized infrasound focusing. Coastal areas may also experience focusing due to specific coastal configurations acting like a mirror.

6. Luminescence of Deep-Water Layers of Lake Baikal

Authored by M. N. Gushtan and colleagues, this study investigates the weak luminescence of Lake Baikal's water, discovered in 1983. This luminescence cannot be explained by astronomical objects, atmospheric decay, or dissolved radioactive elements. The research focuses on annual variations and the nature of this luminescence, particularly between March and April. Measurements using bathyphotometers at depths up to 1400 m reveal stratification of luminescence intensity with depth, showing three maxima at 50, 300, and 1250 m in the winter of 1986. The study notes a significant decrease in luminescence at depths below 500 m between 1983 and 1987. Luminescence at depths less than 500 m is relatively stable. Experimental work includes in situ and in vivo measurements to understand the luminescence's nature, but a definitive conclusion has not yet been reached due to the effect's weakness and the lack of selective factors identifying its biological or chemical origin.

7. On the Influence of Some Aperiodic Phenomena in the Atmosphere on the Electrical Parameters of the Earth's Crust

This article by G. M. Silanov and colleagues examines the relationship between atmospheric phenomena and the Earth's crust. It notes that geophysical processes in fault zones can cause atmospheric electrification, various glows, and magnetic field variations. The study focuses on registering the influence of observed aperiodic anomalous atmospheric phenomena on the electrical characteristics of the Earth's crust in the Voronezh region. Previous research in Tajikistan indicated similar influences of Earth's crustal processes on the atmosphere. In the Voronezh region, anomalous atmospheric phenomena are often observed at night. Field studies in August-September 1986 involved measuring magnetic and electric fields, air humidity, atmospheric pressure, and telluric currents. The results showed a clear diurnal dependence of these parameters. An interesting finding was that anomalous atmospheric phenomena were accompanied by changes in telluric currents, with no other parameters showing variations at that time.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue showcases a strong focus on geophysical and atmospheric sciences, with an emphasis on observational studies and the development of theoretical models. There is a clear interest in understanding complex interactions within Earth's systems, including atmospheric electricity, acoustic-electromagnetic phenomena, and the stability of natural environments. The research presented is largely empirical, relying on data from field expeditions and meteorological stations. The editorial stance appears to be one of scientific inquiry, aiming to uncover new phenomena and deepen the understanding of existing ones, particularly those with potential practical implications for forecasting and environmental management.

This issue of "НАУЧНЫЕ ТРУДЫ" (Scientific Works), Volume 1, Issue 1, published in 1988 by Moscow State University, focuses on the lithosphere and its physical fields. The cover headline is "ЛИТОСФЕРА И ЕЕ ФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ ПОЛЯ" (Lithosphere and its Physical Fields). The issue is in Russian and has an ISSN of 0134-8454, with a cover price of 1 ruble 50 kopecks.

Articles

"ЗЕМЛЯ — ГИГАНТСКИЙ РЕЗОНАТОР" (Earth — A Giant Resonator) by Н. Н. Сочеванов

This article explores the biolocation effect (BLE), defined as the involuntary deviation of a dowsing rod held by an operator. Since 1967, BLE has been used to study its temporal variations. Over 20 operators participated in experiments involving hundreds of daily observations across 15 regions of the USSR. The observed objects included rock samples, minerals, plants, people, and even a table edge. Observations were made every 30-60 minutes, or every 5-2 minutes during BLE changes.

The material indicates that the entire Earth, with its living and plant world, exhibits daily strengthening and weakening of oscillations, characterized by a distinct diurnal periodicity in BLE variations. The most characteristic manifestations are BLE minima, varying in number from 2-3 in calm months to 5-6 in others. Morning minima typically occur between 9-10 AM and afternoon minima between 1-2 PM local time, with occasional shifts of 1-2 hours. These minima are 0.5 to 1.5 hours wide, with BLE values dropping 5-10 times, sometimes becoming negative and reversing the rod's rotation. The minima are closely correlated daily, shifting by 10-30 minutes. The timing of these minima is not tied to world time but is consistent within local time zones, even across different time zones. BLE observations over an object allow calculation of the horizontal component vector, which deviates 30-60° from its usual 100-110° direction during a minimum. Experiments confirm that BLE variations are caused by changes in the external field acting on the operator, not by operator sensitivity. Simultaneous observations of BLE variations and magnetic field parameters at IZMIRAN (Moscow) and at a variation station in KazVIRG showed no correlation with variations in declination (D) and magnetic inclination (I). During periods of BLE decrease (over 20%), field observations using biolocation should be suspended to avoid missing anomalies. Besides these daily decreases, rare and poorly studied increases in BLE intensity, 5-10 times above background, lasting several hours to 1-2 days, are noted. One such event occurs annually in mid-January, with others in March and June. These global, continuous pulsations suggest the Earth acts as a giant resonator, and their existence in space could be confirmed by astronaut observations. Changes in reaction speed in the Picard effect might also be linked to BLE variations.

"ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНЫХ СИСТЕМ В ЛИТОСФЕРЕ" (Formation of Electromagnetic Systems in the Lithosphere) by В. Н. Сальников

Anomalous phenomena (AP) are described as unstudied natural and technogenic processes of energy release. These include electromagnetic radiation, acoustic signals, thermal fluctuations, and gravitational waves, interacting with material and field electromagnetic systems (EMS) in the Earth, atmosphere, or biota. EMS are defined as objects of material and field structure, observable in the atmosphere, lithosphere, and cosmos, emitting electromagnetic pulses across a wide frequency range. The accumulation and release of electromagnetic energy in the lithosphere, forming energy clusters, are considered part of the science of rapid geophysical processes. Anomalous phenomena are categorized by their location of origin: atmospheric, lithospheric, hydrospheric, and technogenic. Their formation conditions are linked to atmospheric activity, weather changes, geomagnetic storms, anomalies in natural electric and magnetic fields, or increased natural impulse electromagnetic radiation. AP can also occur in areas of complex geological structure, tectonic activity (earthquakes, rock bursts, landslides), fault zones, ore bodies, lithospheric vortices, or biolocation anomalies. They are also found near water sources, lakes, river terraces, and boundaries of lithological rock types. Some EMS (plasmoids) are generated at intersections of magnetic and biolocation anomalies with technical structures. The author proposes postulates for the independent existence of field forms of EMS, suggesting they have a quasi-crystalline structure and can detach from crystalline bodies and biota, existing as independent toroidal and vortex EMS. These field EMS can pass through solid bodies, and human psychophysical energy can be transmitted over long distances via geological and atmospheric waveguides. The quality of energy transfer depends on the medium's properties, receiver sensitivity, and geophysical conditions, including weather. Hypotheses explaining EMS generation include: 1) matter exchange between cosmic bodies (Sun-Earth), 2) lithospheric, mantle, and core generation (mineral phase transitions, waveguide release, discrete fields, convergence of material and field structures), 3) consequences of technogenic load, 4) human activity (wars, catastrophes, emotional outbursts), and 5) extraterrestrial civilizations. EMS structures and properties are related to space-time isomerism. The rapid transformation of plasmoid forms and changes in EMS generation can be explained by EMS convergence. EMS are viewed as natural and technogenic self-oscillating systems.

"АНОМАЛЬНЫЕ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНЫЕ ПОЛЯ В СВЯЗИ С СОВРЕМЕННЫМИ ГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИМИ ПРОЦЕССАМИ И ЯВЛЕНИЯМИ" (Anomalous Electromagnetic Fields in Connection with Modern Geological Processes and Phenomena) by В. Н. Саломатин

Modern geological processes like landslides, karst, collapses, rock bursts, swelling, mudflows, subsidences, and heaving occur at both slow and catastrophic speeds. Technogenic factors increasingly disrupt the natural geological environment, even at depths over 1 km from underground mining. Tectonic and neotectonic movements, along with rock properties, create inherent stress states. Mechanical excitation of rocks during complex processes is accompanied by mechano-electrical transformations. Polarization and electrification phenomena in rocks cause electron and ion emission, generating pulsed electromagnetic fields that overlay the Earth's natural impulse electromagnetic field (EIE MF). Variations in EIE MF provide information about changes in rock stress. Based on field work and natural model studies, the EIE MF method is effective for studying and predicting geological processes. Electromagnetic radiation intensity can be measured in underground, surface, laboratory, and field conditions, as well as in near-Earth space. Tectonically active zones typically show stable and high EIE MF intensities. Anomalous field manifestations are characteristic of tectonic blocks undergoing uplift and areas adjacent to active fault zones. Such patterns were observed in the Crimean mountains, near the Severo-Muysky tunnel on the BAM route, at the Tashtagol mine, in the Carpathians, and the Black Sea region. Tectonic disturbances filled with highly conductive rocks also exhibit anomalously high EIE MF values. Geological processes are widespread in tectonically active areas. On various types of landslides in mountainous regions of Crimea and the Carpathians, EIE MF profiling reveals spatio-temporal regularities. Aperiodic and rapidly changing EIE MF variations are linked to process activation. Anomalous manifestations are typically several times higher than background values and are typical for stress concentration zones. Dynamically active zones show high field dispersion. This is evident from long-term EIE MF profiling on structural landslides, common in many regions. Anomalies on landslide slopes near Odessa, in the Lenin Hills (Moscow), and the Kerch Strait (Crimea) are concentrated mainly in the upper parts of plateaus and lower slope sections. These anomalies are unstable over time, with some showing a tendency to increase in intensity until landsliding occurs. This can serve as a predictive criterion. EIE MF anomalies are detected in shock-prone zones of underground workings in highly stressed rock masses and karst caves. These zones and anomalies are constantly transformed by technogenic loads. Secondary electromagnetic fields from industrial installations, radio stations, and power lines propagate through rocks based on their properties, primarily moisture content, petrographic composition, and density. In many cases, EIE MF anomalies are amplified by these fields. Geoelectric phenomena in rocks and the formation of anomalous zones are directly linked to the dynamics of modern geological processes.

"МЕХАНИЗМ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ АНОМАЛЬНЫХ ЯВЛЕНИЙ, ПРЕДШЕСТВУЮЩИХ ЗЕМЛЕТРЯСЕНИЮ" (Mechanism of Anomalous Phenomena Preceding Earthquakes) by Ю. П. Малышков

Before many catastrophic earthquakes, phenomena like mountain slope luminescence, extended glowing bands, and giant lightning flashes have been observed. Numerous cases of unusual animal behavior before earthquakes are also recorded. These phenomena are typically linked to high electrical fields in the epicenter regions, but acceptable mechanisms for their generation are lacking. This work proposes a mechanism for the generation of Earth's natural impulse electromagnetic field and its anomalous variations before earthquakes, which may partially explain the high static electrical fields. The mechanism posits that Earth's natural impulse electromagnetic field exists constantly and arises from the excitation and electrification of rocks by seismic and microseismic vibrations. Due to the random direction of seismic wave arrival and the distribution of sources, the resulting field is isotropic. However, during earthquake preparation, the field distribution changes significantly. Complex spatial stress distributions around the focus create tension and compression zones within large rock masses. Changes in rock density or looseness due to stress alter seismic wave propagation and rock electrification. This can be simplified as "squeezing" existing impulse electromagnetic field sources in compression zones and activating or creating new sources in tension zones. In these heterogeneous fields, air ions begin to move directionally along preferred field lines and from areas of high amplitude and frequency to areas with lower values. Due to differences in mass and mobility of positive and negative ions, charge separation occurs. Over several days, this process can lead to high electrical fields and subsequent luminous phenomena and anomalous animal behavior before earthquakes. The strongest fields are expected in zones of rapid tectonic stress change, at the transition from compression to tension zones. Luminous effects are likely to occur in geological fault zones, mountain peaks, water bodies, and other surface structure disturbances in the epicenter regions of impending earthquakes. The article cites two works: "Electromagnetic precursors of earthquakes" (Nauka, 1982) and "Forecasting earthquakes by parameters of Earth's natural impulse electromagnetic field" (Volcanology and Seismology, 1987).

"ФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ СВЯЗИ ПРОЦЕССОВ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ С КИНЕТИКОЙ ТРЕЩИНООБРАЗОВАНИЯ В ГОРНЫХ ПОРОДАХ" (Physical Basis of the Relationship Between Electromagnetic Radiation Processes and the Kinetics of Crack Formation in Rocks) by Л. А. Колпакова, П. В. Егоров

This study investigated the kinetics of crack accumulation in rock samples under various loading rates by registering pulsed electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in the radio frequency range. A laboratory setup was designed to record the pulse frequency, amplitude, and spectral composition during sample loading, allowing visual observation and photography of individual pulses and series of pulses on an oscilloscope. The setup included a loading device, capacitive antenna, amplifier, frequency counter, filters, and a memory oscilloscope. Filters in the 10 kHz - 10 MHz range were used to select the optimal frequency band. A mathematical model relating the number of EMR pulses to time and the magnitude of the destructive load was developed, based on the kinetic strength theory, the equation for crack formation rate, the condition of irreversible crack accumulation, and the concentration criterion for solid body fracture. Assuming a constant rate of stress increase, a relationship was derived between the current time 't' and the number of accumulated cracks 'N' (EMR pulses) over that time. The formula is presented as: N ≈ kT/γ₀ * ln(N₀/N*) + ln(γ₀/kT), where k is Boltzmann's constant, T is absolute temperature, N* is the critical crack concentration in the sample before failure, τ₀ ≈ 10⁻¹³ s is the period of atomic thermal vibrations, and V₀, γ are material and loading condition constants.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently explores the interplay between geological processes, electromagnetic phenomena, and anomalous events. There's a strong emphasis on the Earth as a dynamic system with inherent electromagnetic properties that can be influenced by both natural geological forces and human activity. The articles suggest that these electromagnetic variations can serve as precursors or indicators of significant geological events like earthquakes. The editorial stance appears to be one of scientific inquiry into these complex and often poorly understood phenomena, aiming to establish physical mechanisms and potential predictive capabilities.

This issue of "Nauka i Tekhnika" (Science and Technology) from 1989, issue number 10, published by "Molodaya gvardiya," focuses on a variety of scientific topics, with a particular emphasis on electromagnetic phenomena, geophysics, and their potential applications in predicting natural events and material failure.

Article 1: Time to Material Failure (Durability)

This article, likely a continuation or excerpt, discusses the relationship between time to material failure and durability, presenting a formula derived under specific assumptions. It highlights the use of registering accumulated impulses to determine constants in the thermofluctuational strength equation for rocks using the method of least squares. The research has led to the determination of constants V0 and γ, and the experimental recording of failure times for various rock types. It also covers the calculation of crack concentrations in a pre-failure state and the determination of average crack sizes. The authors conclude that the method of registering pulsed electromagnetic emission (EMI) accompanying crack formation in dielectric rocks can be utilized to find constants of the kinetic strength equation and linear crack dimensions during their accumulation.

References for Article 1:

1. Zhukov S. N., Kuksenko V. S., Petrov V. A. "Physical Foundations of Mechanical Failure Prediction" // DAN USSR. — 1981. — Vol. 259, No. 6. — pp. 1350–1353.
2. Tomashevskaya I. S., Khamidullin Ya. N. "Possibility of Predicting the Moment of Failure of Rock Samples Based on the Fluctuational Mechanism of Crack Growth" // DAN USSR. — 1972. — Vol. 207, No. 3. — pp. 580–582.
3. Petrov V. A. "On the Mechanism and Kinetics of Macrorupture" // FTT. — 1979. — Vol. 21, No. 12. — pp. 3681–3686.

Article 2: The Interrelation of Plasma Formations with Variations in Earth's Natural Pulsed Electromagnetic Field

Authored by V. N. Salnikov, this article explores the connection between plasma formations and variations in Earth's natural pulsed electromagnetic field (EIEМПЗ). Initial measurements in 1971 on the Altai and at the Kommunar mine revealed that rock contacts and sulfide zones exhibit anomalous electromagnetic radiation intensity. The diurnal cycle of EIEМПЗ shows several maxima and minima. The author posits that dehydration processes, polymorphic transitions, and the release of stored energy contribute to pulsed EMI. In urban environments, technogenic interference from radio stations, industrial installations, and transport complicates the EIEМПЗ signal. The research also touches upon the potential for medico-biological applications of EIEМПЗ variations. Observations in rooms with plasma formations showed four distinct maxima in EIEМПЗ intensity during the day. Outside urban areas, the diurnal EIEМПЗ pattern is simpler, with one nocturnal and one daytime maximum. The article notes that plasma bursts in apartments tend to coincide with the evening technogenic maximum (21-24 hours), partially with the natural nocturnal maximum (0-5 hours), and the natural-technogenic daytime maximum (15-17 hours). The frequency of electromagnetic impulses follows a similar pattern, with maxima at 21-24 hours, 7-10 hours (nocturnal), and minima between 12-13 hours and 15-19 hours. A comparison with UFO observation data suggests a correlation between the diurnal variations of EIEМПЗ and UFO sighting frequencies, with peaks occurring in the evening and night. Seasonal variations in EIEМПЗ also show two maxima, and these patterns are compared with UFO observation data and ball lightning occurrences, suggesting a link to thunderstorm activity.

Article 3: Random and Deterministic Causes of Landslide Occurrence and Development (Using the Example of the Southern Coast of Crimea)

Authored by I. V. Kuznetsov, this article examines the causes of landslides, categorizing them into random (stochastic) and deterministic (regular) factors. Random factors include atmospheric precipitation, abrasion, erosion, earthquakes, and technogenic impacts. Deterministic factors are rooted in the laws of long-term rock deformation. The article proposes that the interplay between these factors, along with the stress field in the rock mass, governs landslide development. A method based on registering pulsed electromagnetic radiation (EMI) during long-term rock deformation is presented as a means to study these processes. This method, utilizing a field rheological installation, allows for the analysis of the rheological behavior of landslide masses over time, influenced by rock properties and stress fields. Experimental studies on landslide sites like "Stavlukhar" and "Fasburla" have established a link between the character of EIEМПЗ and deformation types. The research suggests that the initial stage of local deformations is characterized by stable zones of high stress, while a later stage of general activation involves instability across the entire landslide zone due to stress relaxation processes. The findings enable the assessment of landslide dynamics and mechanisms, facilitating local temporal forecasts of mass stability.

Article 4: Earth's Vector Field

Authored by V. A. Saraev, this article discusses a model of Earth's structural lattice based on elements of loxodromic similarity. It describes the geometric properties of these loxodromes, their relationship to the planet's rotation axis and poles, and how they form zones or cells. The article suggests that these loxodromic cells can be viewed as vectors of Earth's force field. The author proposes that this loxodromic grid effectively models the interaction of endogenous and exogenous factors of the planet. The stress patterns in polar regions are described as similar, and the configuration of Earth's mega- and macroplates is explained by these stress sectors. The article posits that differential movements lead to uplifts and depressions of various orders, determined by the loxodromic grid. Observations indicate that uplifts and depressions alternate at the intersections of specific loxodromes (L-330 and L-25), and these nodes are centers for the rotation of structural elements in the tectonosphere, acting as centers of stress, deformation, and rotation. The spatial distribution of structural units in regions like Altai-Sayan and Western Siberia corresponds to elements of this loxodromic grid.

Article 5: Mechanism of Occurrence of Earth's Natural Pulsed Electromagnetic Field and Its Anomalous Short-Term Changes on the Eve of Earthquakes

Authored by Yu. P. Malyshkov and K. B. Dzhumabayev, this article addresses the mechanism behind anomalous changes in Earth's natural pulsed electromagnetic field (EIEМПЗ) observed before earthquakes. The authors propose that the continuous micro-movements of Earth's surface, driven by seismic and microseismic waves, cause constant electrification of soil particles through friction, rupture of double electrical layers, and other electrokinetic processes. These processes lead to charge separation and oscillatory movement, generating electromagnetic fields. Consequently, a quasi-constant pulsed electromagnetic field should exist near Earth's surface, varying in space and time. Vertical changes in impulse amplitude and frequency are attributed to the receiver's position relative to the sources of the field. Horizontal variations are linked to the spatial heterogeneity of Earth's surface and the electrical properties of rocks. The article emphasizes that EIEМПЗ variations are dependent on the intensity of surface micro-movements and the overall seismicity of the region. A key finding is that EIEМПЗ is dependent on mechanical stresses in the near-surface layer of the Earth's crust, which influence seismic wave propagation and soil movement. These stresses modulate the EIEМПЗ, leading to anomalous field changes preceding earthquakes. The authors suggest that both anomalous increases and decreases in EIEМПЗ, along with spectral changes, should be considered as electromagnetic precursors for earthquakes and other geodynamic events.

Article 6: Stress-Deformation States of Real Media Based on Deformographic Measurements

Authored by M. Omuraliev, this article discusses the nature of stress-deformation states in real media, where loads change over time. It draws upon concepts of dynamic and variable loading and material fatigue. The author suggests that fatigue in rock masses results from the combined effects of natural endogenous and exogenous processes, as well as technogenic influences like reservoir filling and operation. The analysis indicates that the deformation process in real media is a stochastic, Markovian process. As the order of the Markov chain (representing the medium's 'memory') increases, the process approaches determinism.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the detection, analysis, and prediction of natural phenomena and material behavior using electromagnetic measurements. There is a strong focus on the relationship between electromagnetic emissions and geological processes such as rock failure, landslides, and earthquakes. The magazine appears to promote a scientific approach to understanding these complex phenomena, highlighting research that seeks to identify underlying mechanisms and develop predictive models. The editorial stance seems to favor interdisciplinary research, bridging physics, geophysics, and engineering.

This is the November 1989 issue of the Soviet magazine "Nauka i Religiya" (Science and Religion), issue number 11, published by "Politizdat". The magazine explores a range of scientific topics, with a particular focus on geophysics, geology, and related phenomena.

Articles

Deformation Processes and Markov Chains

The first article discusses the process of deformation in geological environments, relating it to Markov chains. It introduces concepts like the stressed state, sequence of states, duration of deformation, and frequencies of state transitions. The article explains that the complexity of these processes can be modeled using Markov chains, where the 'memory' of the geological formation determines how long a particular state persists. Data from deformation measurements in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan region indicate a general sub-meridional and sub-latitudinal compression, with microstates involving various combinations of stretching and compression. The average duration of these states is around 3 hours, with a maximum of 44 hours. The 'memory' of the massif is described as being lost after about eight state transitions.

The article also touches upon the historical use of mechanics in geology, referencing geostructural regimes like geosynclinal, orogenic, and riftogenic. It notes that the sequence of geostructural regimes in areas like the Tien Shan follows a Markov process, suggesting that the stress-strain states of real media can be grouped into micro-, macro-, and mesostates. The strength of geological formations is influenced by stress, strain rate, and the 'memory' of their sequential states.

Possible Model for Electrogeneration of Local Fields

This section investigates anomalous phenomena (NA) that are not stimulated by geomagnetic storms but are tied to specific lithospheric zones. It highlights that the frequency and intensity of these NA vary significantly, influenced by external geophysical factors. The study focuses on anthropogenic sources with reduced geological-geophysical control to pinpoint immediate causes. The article proposes that the spatial distribution of conductive currents is determined by the geometry of active physical fields and the anisotropy of the medium. In technogenic conditions, other factors can create current sources. The resulting effect on the surface is an induced charge, influenced by the density of the charge and the medium's properties. Aerosols play a role in forming the air's ionic composition, and their spectral characteristics are important. Lowering ambient temperatures can lead to aerosol deposition, increasing the volume charge density. A simplified model of electrogeneration for NA is presented by analogy with electrical circuits, involving a DC current source of dislocation origin and C-chains representing surface phenomena at phase boundaries. The parameters of this circuit depend on the localized charge density and air humidity. The article suggests that the intensity of NA can be used to diagnose other geophysical anomalies and identify specific geological bodies.

The Phenomenon of Local Anomalies of Variable Natural Electric Fields

This article by F. B. Baksht describes a phenomenon of localized areas with unstable natural electric fields, termed Variable Natural Electric Fields (PЭЭП). These fields exhibit quasi-sinusoidal oscillations with amplitudes up to 100 mV and periods of 5-60 seconds. Such anomalies have been observed in the Gorny Altai, Kuznetsk Alatau, and Yenisei Ridge regions, with sizes ranging from tens of meters to 2 km. These PЭЭП are found in the marginal parts of regional constant electric field anomalies and are associated with contacts of steeply dipping graphitized carbonaceous rocks with host rocks, as well as intense tectonic zones. They occur in areas with thin loose sediments and are characterized by high anisotropy. While their oscillations resemble telluric currents, their large amplitude and localized nature distinguish them. The article proposes a new class called PЭЭП-TT, which have a quasi-telluric nature. These anomalies are accompanied by constant electric field anomalies, minimum resistivity, and sometimes magnetic field anomalies. They are also linked to high thunderstorm activity and biolocation effects (BLE), suggesting a connection to 'bioactive' frequencies of Earth's electromagnetic fields.

Carbonaceous Rocks as Unique Geophysical Objects

This section, also by F. B. Baksht, focuses on carbonaceous rocks (CR) containing free carbonaceous matter. These rocks, found in various geological formations from the Archean to the Mesozoic, are often described as 'black shales' and can contain anthracolite, anthracite, shungite, and graphite. They are also frequently associated with pyrite. The article discusses different theories on the origin of carbonaceous matter, including primary sedimentary origin and formation in deep fault zones during granitization. A key characteristic of metamorphosed CR is their unique physical properties, including high electrical conductivity (up to 0.1-1 S/cm) and high polarization (up to 80%), with significant anisotropy. The presence of graphite and pyrite contributes to their high natural and induced polarization, potentially generating strong quasi-constant electric fields (up to -1.5 V). These CR are important for studying fast physical processes in the lithosphere and atmosphere, with potential applications in ecology and environmental monitoring.

Quasicrystals

This article by R. V. Galiulin introduces the concept of quasicrystals. It explains that a geometric model describing atomic arrangements can be based on Delaunay systems. A Delaunay system is defined by the distances between points. A Delaunay system is called zonohdral if the set of vectors connecting points has a fixed length. The article defines lattices, multi-lattices, and quasicrystals, with quasicrystals being arbitrary compositions of lattices where at least two lattices are in an irrational ratio. An atomic formation whose centers form a zonohdral Delaunay system is called a quasicrystal. The article notes that quasicrystals can have symmetries similar to crystallographic ones, but not always. Their diffraction patterns are a superposition of the diffraction patterns of their constituent lattices.

Bursts of Endogenous and Exogenous Geological Processes (Phenomenology, Classification, Nature)

This article by M. V. Komarova and E. S. Shtengelov defines a 'burst' of geological activity as a relatively short period of anomalous increase in its manifestation parameters. Criteria for identifying these bursts include amplitude exceeding normal background activity by more than the standard deviation and a duration more than 10 times shorter than normal periods. Background activity should be statistically determined, requiring at least 25 years of observation. Key indicators of geological process activity include quantity, affected area, volume of affected rock masses, and total energy released. The article classifies geological process bursts into three groups based on the area of manifestation: global (5-10^7 to 5-10^8 km²), regional (5-10^6 to 5-10^7 km²), and local (less than 5-10^6 km²). It further classifies bursts by their genetic origin, distinguishing between endogenous (internal) and exogenous (external, helio-thermal and cosmogenic) influences. Endogenous bursts can be purely endogenous, helio-thermally-endogenous, cosmogenically-endogenous, or technogenically-endogenous. Helio-thermal bursts can be purely helio-thermal, endogenously-helio-thermal, cosmogenically-helio-thermal, or technogenically-helio-thermal. The article highlights the causes of global endogenous bursts, noting a significant increase in seismic activity between 1895-1905.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores the intersection of scientific inquiry with broader philosophical and sometimes even spiritual implications, as suggested by its title. The articles in this issue demonstrate a commitment to presenting complex scientific concepts, particularly in geophysics and geology, in an accessible manner. There's a clear interest in phenomena that challenge conventional understanding, such as anomalous electric fields, unique rock properties, and the fundamental nature of matter (quasicrystals). The editorial stance appears to favor rigorous scientific investigation and the exploration of new hypotheses, even when dealing with topics that might border on the speculative or unexplained, such as the connection between geological phenomena and biolocation effects.

This issue of the "Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalists, Geological Department" (Бюллетень МОИП, отдел геологический), published in 1982, Issue No. 2, contains several articles focusing on geological, environmental, and scientific methodology topics. The content ranges from historical geological anomalies to future ecological crises and practical scientific experiment planning.

Articles and Content

Anomalies and Earth's Radius

The first section discusses anomalies observed in Earth's parameters. It notes that Earth's rotation speed decreased significantly between 1893 and 1925, and the geomagnetic field intensity dropped extremely between 1890 and 1930. These events coincided with a seismic surge from 1895 to 1905. The authors propose that a significant increase in Earth's average radius around the turn of the century might be the cause of these three anomalies. Historical measurements of Earth's ellipsoid's semi-axes show a difference between older (1861-1893) and newer (1906-1942) data, suggesting an increase of about 320 meters. While this increase is considered unlikely, the authors believe there is some truth to the discrepancy.

V. Technosphere and its Interaction with the Environment

This section appears to be a title page for a broader topic, indicating a discussion on the technosphere and its relationship with the environment.

Basic Principles of Organization and Conduct of Geological Environment Monitoring in the Western Regions of Ukraine

Authors G. I. Rudko and V. N. Salomatina describe the increasing focus on geological environment monitoring. This involves a comprehensive system of observations and characteristics of regional and local geological processes (GP), technical control, assessment of conditions, and management. The regional regime utilizes remote sensing to study GP, assess tectonic and neotectonic conditions, their dynamics, and the influence of technogenic factors. This includes aerial and ground surveys. The local regime involves stationary observations to collect qualitative and quantitative data on the mechanism, dynamics, conditions, and factors of GP, leading to model creation and forecasting. A key procedure is the modeling of the geological environment, which is viewed as a material, three-dimensional system of rocks changing in space and time, including rapid, non-periodic processes resulting from natural and technogenic activities. The article emphasizes the need for high-quality, objective information. It outlines different scales of models: overview (1:500,000), regional (1:200,000), special (1:50,000), and detailed (1:10,000). An information system is used to provide necessary reference material in digital, textual, or graphical formats. The database is built using an automated database management system (DBMS). Managing the geological environment involves ensuring optimal conditions for the natural-technical system, considering the diversity, intensity, and activity of hazardous geological processes. This includes geo-ecological and geo-economic assessments with limitations and preventive measures against technogenic impacts. The article mentions the development of protection schemes for the geological environment in the western regions of Ukraine, using Chernivtsi Oblast as an example. A detailed model for the city of Chernivtsi was created, including a cartographic base, lithostratigraphic complexes, tectonic faults, existing and planned construction, and landslide protection systems. It also covers mathematical analogs of landslide processes, forecasting, and assessing the effectiveness of protective measures.

Planning of Physical Experiments

Author V. V. Zakharov discusses traditional methods of planning physical experiments, which are limited to linear models. He addresses the challenges of dealing with non-linear models where the form is known a priori but parameters need estimation through experiments. The article proposes using quasi-uniform sequences (Holton, Sobol, Korobov) for experiment planning and discusses methods for constructing non-linear models, including Gauss-Newton methods combined with quasi-Newtonian and direct search methods within the least squares framework. A FORTRAN program complex developed at the Tomsk Research Institute of Nuclear Physics is mentioned.

Aspects of System Analysis and Synthesis of Complex Program Management for Technical Objects

I. V. Kovalev examines the management of technical objects as a fast-paced process requiring the solution of interconnected tasks within a given time. This is achieved through a complex of control programs (SKPU) implemented on a multi-processor network, allowing simultaneous task execution. The article views SKPU as a type of complex system, applying system analysis and synthesis to its study. The approach allows for the formation of a general, typical SKPU scheme, independent of specific implementation details. The minimal composition for SKPU functioning includes components for organizing computational processes, external communication, control, and functional task resolution. The formalized representation of these aspects facilitates the development of system specifications to verify completeness and identify missing functions.

Modeling of the Gravitation Process

Author A. V. Kulchitsky discusses the study of gravity forces in educational settings, typically using scales. The article proposes a method for modeling the gravitation process using the idea of pulsating spheres, which can reproduce interactions between spheres and potentially explain phenomena related to violations of gravity in laboratory experiments. This method aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of gravitation and serve as a visual aid for physics education.

Methodology and Organization of Visual Observations in Nature

Authors Yu. M. Raitarovsky and N. N. Pashkovskaya highlight the importance of visual observations in nature due to the eye's high sensitivity and resolution. They note the eye's superior light reception, angular, temporal, and contrast resolution compared to many instruments. However, they acknowledge the subjectivity and dependence on observer training as drawbacks. To ensure reliability, visual observations must follow a unified methodology and be properly documented. The focus is on phenomena that the observer cannot identify with known natural or technogenic occurrences. The article provides guidelines for accurate observation, including involving others, avoiding immediate discussion of impressions, orienting oneself on the terrain, using photography with varied settings, and precisely determining object parameters and movement characteristics. It suggests measuring angles in "thousandths" (artillery measures) rather than degrees, using simple tools. The article includes a table correlating the sizes of common objects (coins, matches) held at arm's length (60 cm) with their angular size in thousandths.

Ecological-Climatic Crisis

Authors V. A. Shemshuk and A. V. Klyuev argue that an ecological-climatic crisis can occur almost instantaneously, contrary to the view of gradual adaptation. They point to the alarming growth of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere and the reduced absorption by the biosphere due to deforestation and industrial pollution. Ocean pollution also reduces the ocean's reflectivity (albedo), increasing its temperature and causing it to release more CO2 into the atmosphere. This creates a positive feedback loop: temperature increase leads to more CO2 release, which further increases temperature. A second feedback loop involves evaporation, which also contributes to warming. The authors cite calculations suggesting global temperatures could reach 49°C. They believe that critical concentrations of industrial CO2, ocean and atmosphere pollution, and deforestation will lead to an irreversible warming process. They suggest that the energy from the greenhouse effect will not only melt polar ice but also intensify atmospheric moisture circulation and turbulence. Deforestation exacerbates this, leading to torrential rains that could wash away soil, turning continents into swamps, destroying infrastructure, and flooding areas. This redistribution of water could cause crustal stress, leading to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, which might temporarily halt warming by covering the atmosphere with volcanic dust. If the ocean's phytoplankton cannot absorb excess CO2 during this period, warming will resume. These cycles will repeat until atmospheric CO2 levels normalize. The warming is predicted to cause massive ice melt in Antarctica, raising sea levels by up to 66 meters, potentially occurring over days rather than millennia. Extreme hurricanes will cause devastating waves. The decomposition of mass plant and animal life will alter the atmosphere, releasing toxic gases (SO2, H2S, NO2) and reducing the ozone layer's thickness due to CH4 and H2, leading to mass mutagenesis and the death of remaining life. Survivors might retreat to high mountains, reverting to a primitive mode of production, with only language, astronomy, and mathematics remaining from culture. Civilization might only be reborn after 600-800 years when soil recovers. These predicted consequences align with ancient descriptions from Maya, Sumerian, Semitic, and Chinese cultures. Similar processes, but stretched over time, could occur due to the "ozone hole" over Antarctica.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue covers a range of scientific disciplines, including geology, geophysics, environmental science, and scientific methodology. There's a clear concern for environmental degradation and the potential for catastrophic climate change, presented with a sense of urgency. The articles on geological monitoring and experiment planning reflect a focus on practical scientific application and understanding complex systems. The historical analysis of Earth's anomalies suggests a cyclical or interconnected nature of geological and geophysical phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of scientific inquiry, presenting research findings and theoretical models, with a strong emphasis on the potential dangers posed by human activity to the planet's environment and climate.

This issue of "Nauka i Religiia" (Science and Religion), dated November 1990, delves into a variety of scientific and pseudoscientific topics, with a strong focus on unexplained phenomena, environmental issues, and geophysical anomalies. The magazine features articles by multiple authors, exploring complex physical mechanisms, environmental impacts, and the study of unusual occurrences.

UAP: A Possible Mechanism for Formation, Behavior, and Impact on the Environment (V. I. Mazhuga)

This lead article proposes a theoretical model for Unidentified Atmospheric Phenomena (UAP), referred to as НАЯ (Neototozhdestvlennye Atmosfernye Yavleniya - Unidentified Atmospheric Phenomena). The author suggests that UAP originate from localized atmospheric phenomena with anomalous properties, often exhibiting distinct geometric shapes and moving along various trajectories. The proposed mechanism begins with high-energy relativistic charged particles from cosmic rays interacting with the atmosphere, generating electron-electron showers (EES). These showers, comprising 95-98% electrons and photons, are theorized to be accelerated and concentrated, forming dense streams with a flux density significantly exceeding that of the surrounding space. If these streams form into bunches or clots, their interaction with the atmosphere could generate a cumulative EES. The magnetic field of this cumulative EES would then induce its own magnetic field, shaping the electron beam. The article draws parallels with the behavior of high-current relativistic electron beams, citing the concept of an equilibrium Alfvén current. The author calculates the necessary electron density for a specific current and compares it to the maximum possible electron density in an EES at atmospheric pressure, concluding that currents significantly exceeding the calculated value are possible if the initial cosmic ray flux is sufficiently intense and energetic.

The article further describes how, under the influence of the self-generated magnetic field, the electron beam's energy shifts from translational motion to rotational motion. The beam's radius initially increases, then decreases after reaching a critical point, resulting in a cigar-shaped form. If the current exceeds a certain threshold (IA), electrons moving along helical trajectories might reverse direction. Due to their high speed and self-generated electric and magnetic fields, they could spread out over a spherical surface. In the case of long beams, incoming EES particles can compress the resulting plasma clot into a disc. The author acknowledges that the classification into three forms is conditional, as formation conditions vary. The shape, size, composition, energy, and angle of incidence of the primary particle beams can be diverse. Furthermore, the electrical and magnetic fields, weather conditions, and atmospheric composition at the formation sites can also vary, influencing the UAP's behavior and environmental impact.

Study of Aperiodic Fast-Developing Phenomena Reducing Medical-Recreational Resources of Territories (R. G. Kuzminova, S. B. Devyatkova)

This article examines factors negatively impacting the medical and recreational resources of the Western Urals, particularly in the Kama River basin. The authors identify increased industrial logging (18-20 million cubic meters annually) as a primary cause of environmental degradation, with timber harvesting exceeding reforestation rates. The proliferation of secondary forests composed of small-leaved trees and dense undergrowth has expanded the habitat for ticks, leading to an increased incidence of tick-borne encephalitis. This has created conditions for sporadic, extreme outbreaks of the disease, diminishing the recreational value of the region during the spring and summer seasons. Historically, the subzone of the middle taiga was not considered a high-risk area for encephalitis. However, deforestation and the northward expansion of the Western Urals' taiga are creating a favorable environment for new infection foci, reducing the availability of healthy forest resources rich in mushrooms and berries.

The authors also express concern about the rapid development of a large focus of diphyllobothriasis in the Kama River basin, linked to the operation of reservoirs. Despite sanitary efforts, helminthic invasions associated with freshwater fish are increasing, turning reservoirs into endemic areas with high infection potential. The study concludes that the medical-recreational characteristics of the Western Urals must be analyzed considering the dynamics of pathobiocenoses resulting from unsustainable human activities, such as forest exploitation, hydraulic engineering, and land reclamation.

Regularities of Anomalous Phenomena Manifestation in Premises (V. N. Salnikov)

This section discusses observed plasma formations within buildings, which are described as fleeting and unpredictable. Researchers in Tomsk have studied these phenomena in residential apartments, with one case involving a two-room apartment on the second floor of a nine-story building. Residents reported explosions with red, spherical flames occurring at a height of about 80 cm, sometimes at a rate of three per second. The linoleum remained cool after the explosions, with no change in color, odor, or sound other than a gunshot-like noise. These explosions began in August 1984, occurring one to two times a month, and increased in frequency by March 1985. Investigations revealed a complex set of physico-chemical factors within the apartment contributing to the formation of vortex electromagnetic fields. The building is situated on a fault line, with intersecting zones of high geophysical field intensity and electromagnetic energy waveguides. The author notes building deformation, mechanical stresses, mechanoelectrical transformations, charge accumulation in concrete slabs and linoleum, and the formation of an electret state, leading to air, concrete, and linoleum breakdown. A live wire embedded in the floor slab acted as an additional energy source for ion and electron transfer in the decaying concrete, promoting charge accumulation. Disruption of the foundation's waterproofing likely allowed moisture ingress, leading to the decay of insulation, release of methane, hydrogen, and oxygen, their accumulation under the linoleum, ignition by partial discharges, and subsequent gas explosions and linoleum destruction. The interaction between technogenic structures and geological formations creates a specific geometry for electromagnetic waveguides and magnetic and biolocational anomalies. Daily variations in the Earth's natural impulse electromagnetic field reflect both natural processes and human activities. The author suggests that by analyzing these variations, it may be possible to predict anomalous phenomena of technogenic and natural origin and identify periods of peak human productivity. Recommendations are proposed for builders and fire services regarding construction in areas with anomalous geological and geophysical conditions. The article references theories of self-organization in non-equilibrium physico-chemical systems to explain the structure of anomalous phenomena as bioelectromagnetic systems composed of several subsystems: geological-geophysical, technogenic-constructive-ecological, physico-chemical, and microbio-biophysical, as well as a toroidal-vortex electromagnetic subsystem.

Geophysical Work in Unfavorable Periods and Under Urban Development Conditions (V. E. Landa, A. A. Senko)

This article addresses the challenges of conducting geophysical surveys in complex environments, such as during unfavorable weather conditions (spring, autumn, winter) and in densely built-up urban areas. The authors describe a test of a combined methodology including magnetometry, dipole electromagnetic profiling (DEMP), SDR (radio-kip), and biolocation (BLM) using П- and Г-shaped frames. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of these methods in overcoming difficulties associated with ground conditions and measurements. The SDR method proved unsuitable for lithological profiling but could identify tectonic faults, including water-filled ones. For mapping tasks like identifying fractured zones, filtration zones, and taliks (permafrost areas), a combination of DEMP and BLM was found to be effective. DEMP with a vertical magnetic dipole can detect conductive zones at depths of tens of meters, with axial sections and contacts with displacing rocks identifiable through frequency electromagnetic sounding. BLM results complement DEMP and SDR data. In urban settings, particularly during the installation of heating, power, and communication lines, BLM serves as a rapid method for detecting and tracing existing cables and pipelines. While effective on paved surfaces, the dense network of utilities can cause interference. For more definitive results, a denser BLM survey grid is recommended to identify both conductive and non-conductive areas. The methodology for geophysical work in complex urban conditions is continuously being refined.

Electrical Disturbances During Anomalous Phenomena (I. V. Mirzalis, A. V. Borisov)

This section details various functional disruptions in electronic, electrical, and electromechanical devices and systems, often occurring without physical damage, during interactions with poltergeists, UAP, and ball lightning. The authors present a systematic compilation of devices and systems whose functioning is affected by these anomalous phenomena, including lighting, bells, fuses, telephone line equipment, radio receivers, televisions, musical instruments, tape recorders, and radio apparatus. Specific devices affected by one or two of the three phenomena are also identified. The article elaborates on the types of disruptions observed, discussing poltergeist events in Moscow (1982, 1987), Klin (1986-1987), and Yenakiieve (1986-1987). An example from the Klin case highlights a sharp increase in electricity consumption, exceeding the norm by more than twenty times during the period of poltergeist activity. Similar foreign data is also discussed.

Radiation Bio-Damage of Heterogeneous Materials (V. N. Salnikov, V. I. Lunev, V. N. Fefelov)

This article explores the phenomenon of radioelectret state resulting from microbiological activity, a topic not previously described in scientific literature. The authors establish a direct link between microbiological activity and the generation of low-energy electrons during material degradation. They observe electron injection into linoleum, forming a radioelectret, which then charges to high potentials, leading to the breakdown of air into cold plasma. This plasma, with a height of 1.5 meters and a diameter of 0.5 meters, is observed within a toroidal electromagnetic system. The study identifies the breakdown of microorganisms in materials like tow (containing cellulose) and linoleum as a form of bio-damage. Conditions favoring this process include increased concrete and tow moisture, elevated floor temperatures, and a closed environment with a high magnetic field gradient. The end product of tow and linoleum degradation by microorganisms is methane (CH4). The accumulation of methane under linoleum and its interaction with water lead to a series of oxidation reactions that produce intermediate products and emit free electrons. The process of methane oxidation generates heat and releases hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Microorganisms act as generators of exotic particle emissions, including low-energy electrons that become trapped in dielectric defects, forming a charged layer and a radioelectret. Drawing on theories of self-organization, the authors propose a model for anomalous phenomena as bioelectromagnetic systems comprising geological-geophysical, technogenic-constructive-ecological, physico-chemical, microbio-biophysical, and toroidal-vortex electromagnetic subsystems. The bioelectromagnetic system is defined by energy input from microorganisms and the resulting toroidal-vortex structure of electric and magnetic fields (plasma discharges).

Mechanism of Vector Potential Field Influence on Technical and Biological Objects (G. V. Nikolaev)

This article investigates the physical nature of the vector potential field and its influence on moving charges. Experiments, such as the Aharonov-Bohm effect, demonstrate the possibility of vector potential field interaction at the quantum level. The author's experiments have shown the existence of a theoretically predicted force exerted by the vector potential field on a moving conductor with current. The theoretical and experimental evidence supports the possibility of force interaction between two toroidal current systems. The article presents mathematical formalisms (equations 1, 2, and 3) to describe the interaction of current systems, noting that different equations are required for parallel versus perpendicular current elements.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the exploration of unexplained phenomena, particularly Unidentified Atmospheric Phenomena (UAP), and their potential physical explanations rooted in physics and geophysics. There is a consistent focus on the interaction between natural forces and human-made environments, including technological systems and geological structures. The magazine also addresses environmental degradation and its health consequences, as well as the study of anomalous events within human habitats. The editorial stance appears to be one of scientific inquiry into phenomena that challenge conventional understanding, seeking rational, albeit sometimes speculative, explanations within the framework of physics and related sciences. The inclusion of topics like poltergeists and UAP suggests an openness to investigating paranormal or unexplained events through a scientific lens, even if the explanations proposed are theoretical or require further validation.

This document appears to be a collection of articles from a scientific or technical journal, likely focusing on physics, electrodynamics, and anomalous phenomena. The content is primarily in Russian, with some references to English-language concepts or publications.

Article 1: Vector Potential and Force Effects This section, attributed to G. V. Nikolaev, discusses the interaction of a current element with the vector potential field. It highlights that the interaction is primarily with the summed vector potential parallel to the toroidal conductors, while the summed vector potential from radial conductors on the axis is zero. However, a force effect from perpendicular conductors is still present due to the non-zero divergence of the potential on the axis. The article critiques the formalism of vector potential (WA(1) and F) for defining energy and force effects, suggesting the need for a general dependence F(3). It explains that powerful sources of vector potential induce Foucault currents in conductive objects, resulting in a force effect. For living organisms, this induction can lead to sensations of electric shock and pressure. In the case of constant vector potential fields, the effect is on the organism's bio-currents, potentially causing tingling sensations when a person's hand is placed in the field of a toroidal current.

Article 2: Special Aspects of Accident Prevention Authored by V. I. Lunev, this article analyzes a series of accidents reported in mass media between 1985 and 1988 to identify probable causes. The analysis is structured around subsystems: human-operator, technical device, and natural environment, examining their interrelationships. The probability of unpredictable impacts from rapid, non-periodic environmental events on systems like 'human-operator-technical device' is assessed, and recommendations for accident prevention are formulated.

Article 3: Dendrodetector of Anomalous Environmental Impact Also by V. I. Lunev, this article explores the possibility of using trees as detectors of anomalous environmental influences. Preliminary research suggests that trees, as biological objects, are linked to their environment and react to geopathogenic and other discomforting factors. Over their lifespan, trees accumulate information about extreme impacts. Methods like dendrochronology, dendroclimatology, and nuclear-physical analysis can retrieve retrospective quantitative information about these impacts on the tree and its surroundings. Studies in the Tomsk region have identified lightning-prone areas and biologically uncomfortable zones. Nuclear-physical analysis of tree rings has revealed anomalous concentrations of certain chemical elements.

Article 4: Influence of Objects with Anomalous Properties on Metrological Measurement Equipment Written by A. V. Zolotov, this article addresses the difficulty of studying objects with anomalous properties due to their non-reproducibility in laboratory settings. The author notes that anomalous phenomena are currently based on empirical observational material that is hard to study. A scientific approach is proposed using hypotheses and hypothetical assumptions that can be experimentally verified. The article discusses the author's 1977 hypothesis that anomalous phenomena and the biophysical field share a similar physical essence, based on a hypothetical new field. This was supported by observations of after-effects, indicative of induction. In 1978, the biolocation method with a metal Y-shaped rod was used to investigate the consequences of anomalous phenomena on the Earth's surface, yielding positive results in detecting locations of anomalous phenomena. This suggests that anomalous phenomena and their physical consequences can be detected and studied using the biolocation effect and the properties of the biophysical field. This has led to the development of instrumental methods for studying anomalous phenomena.

Article 5: Hypothetical Field and its Properties This section, continuing from the previous article, delves into the properties of a hypothetical physical field associated with anomalous phenomena. Since the physical essence of this hypothetical field is not yet understood, its registration methods are based on general physics laws, particularly the interaction between different physical force fields and energy transformation. The article proposes measuring the parameters of this unknown field by relating them to parameters of known fields using sensitive detectors. It lists several observed effects of this hypothetical field: influencing mechanical clocks (10^-5 relative units), quartz generators (10^-6 to 10^-5 relative units), and string generators (10^-5 relative units). It also interacts with electromagnetic, electrostatic, and magnetic fields, potentially explaining the impact of anomalous phenomena on electronic equipment. Furthermore, it causes thermal effects, interacts with gravitational fields, and influences the optical properties of air. The field exhibits induction properties, with some substances retaining a residual field for a long time after the primary field ceases, explaining after-effects. The article concludes that the properties of this unknown hypothetical field can be studied using existing serial measurement equipment, particularly sensors that convert measured quantities into frequencies of electromagnetic oscillations.

Article 6: Impact of Anomalous Phenomena on Operator Performance Authored by V. I. Lunev, this article analyzes operator performance data from individuals exposed to anomalous phenomena. It attempts to identify stress factors that disrupt operator activity. Methodologies for monitoring physiological parameters and emotional stress levels of operators are described, along with recommendations for protection against the adverse effects of anomalous phenomena on operator performance.

Article 7: Ultrasonic Hypothesis for the Genesis of Certain Rapid, Non-Periodic Processes This article by M. A. Shustov discusses unexplained phenomena such as spontaneous object combustion, displacement, destruction, and sensory disturbances. It proposes that many of these 'poltergeist' phenomena can be interpreted through the physics of ultrasonic waves (USW). Both natural sources (geostructural transformations, geological events, weather phenomena) and anthropogenic sources (airports, highways, industrial facilities) of USW are identified. The interaction of natural and anthropogenic USW can lead to complex patterns, including beats, spectral changes, and energy redistribution. USW can propagate through natural and artificial waveguides and be focused by acoustic lenses, allowing their effects to be observed at a distance. The article includes a table detailing the results of USW interaction with living and non-living objects, categorized by type of interaction (mechanical, destructive, thermal, chemical, electrical, acoustic, biological, and other).

Article 8: Problems of Stabilizing Unusual Chemical Forms of Matter in Rapid Processes Authored by A. P. Ilyin, this article explores the possibility of unusual chemical forms of matter (XFSM) existing and being preserved within rapid, non-periodic natural processes. It suggests that under conditions of high energy content, matter can transition to an extreme state, leading to the destruction of molecules and the formation of atoms. This can be followed by a restructuring of electron shells and the detachment of outer electrons, leading to a 'universalization and depersonalization' of matter's properties. These processes occur at high pressures and temperatures. In rapid processes with decreasing impact levels, high-temperature phase states with excess enthalpy of formation (ΔH) can be stabilized. Metastable modifications of crystalline lattices have a ΔH of zero. Changes in isobaric-isothermal potential (ΔG) are related to enthalpy (ΔH), temperature (T), and entropy (ΔS). Metastable modifications are proposed to have a more negative electrochemical potential in the voltage series relative to the most stable phase. The article suggests that contact between such substances can lead to electron transfer and the formation of charge structures. The formation of structures with alternating charge density waves in solids is attributed to high excitation levels of the electron subsystem, electric or magnetic fields, and rapid 'cooling' rates. These structures are described as a new class of ionic compounds, such as hydrogen hydride, aluminum aluminide, and carbon carbide. The relaxation processes in these structures are characterized by threshold phenomena involving heat release, electromagnetic radiation, and electric current. The article concludes that substances in natural objects subjected to energetic impacts in rapid processes may possess unusual chemical structures formed from alternating charge density waves, representing a new class of chemical compounds.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance The recurring themes in this collection of articles revolve around the exploration of physical phenomena beyond conventional understanding, including vector potentials, anomalous fields, and their effects on physical systems and living organisms. There is a strong emphasis on developing new methodologies and theoretical frameworks to study these phenomena, often drawing from experimental observations and hypothetical models. The articles suggest that many unexplained events might have underlying physical principles that are not yet fully understood or integrated into mainstream science. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry into these less-explored areas of physics and related fields, encouraging research into phenomena that challenge current paradigms.

This issue of 'ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ' (Technical Sciences), published by the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, features a collection of scientific articles. The issue is dated 1987, with the volume and issue number indicated as 1988, No. 5. The content spans diverse fields including atmospheric physics, geophysics, material science, and electrodynamics.

Non-Stationary Electrical and Electromagnetic Effects During High-Speed Flight

Authored by V. F. Psalomshchikov and I. A. Stepanyuk, this article investigates the electrical charging of bodies in near-sonic aerosol flows, simulating the effects of aircraft in the atmosphere. At speeds above 250 m/s, a glowing wake is observed around the test body, caused by the emission of excess charge from the surface. The size of this glowing zone increases with speed. This phenomenon is suggested to explain observations by aircraft crews of intense hull illumination, appearing as luminous bands attached to wings and stabilizers. The authors posit that this 'shock electrification' in near-sonic droplet flows is a powerful form of static electricity, capable of generating up to 1 Coulomb per kilogram of dispersed liquid at speeds around 300 m/s. Over several tens of flight minutes, tens of Coulombs can be separated on the leading edges of wings and the nose of an aircraft, comparable to lightning discharges. The power of a modern aircraft as an electrostatic generator could reach thousands of kilowatts, with potentials in the tens of millions of volts. In certain meteorological conditions, aircraft passing through clouds can effectively create a prolonged lightning discharge. The immense electric field gradients can lead to localized 'ball lightning' phenomena at the aircraft's nose, as reported by some crews. One incident is cited where a pilot observed a glowing sphere several meters in diameter near his aircraft, which caused the engine to shut down. Such glowing objects, generated by the aircraft's flight, move at its speed and may disappear when conditions change or detach to exist independently. The formation of significant amounts of ozone and nitrogen oxides in the discharge zone can disrupt jet engine combustion, potentially leading to flameout and engine stoppage. The strong ionization of air within tens to hundreds of meters around such a discharge zone significantly reduces the air's breakdown strength, which could temporarily disable ignition systems of piston engines. The intense electrical and electromagnetic fields can also disrupt onboard navigation and communication equipment. The authors suggest that these effects can explain certain types of anomalous atmospheric phenomena of purely anthropogenic origin.

Mercury Flow in Tectonically Stressed Zones as an Indicator of Modern Regional Activity

This article by G. N. Novikov and L. F. Frizen presents research on the distribution of gaseous mercury in the near-surface atmospheric layer of Lake Baikal. Measurements were conducted from the research vessel 'Merkuriy' in August 1987. Mercury concentrations were determined using atomic fluorescence spectrometry with high sensitivity. The efficiency of gaseous mercury absorption by silver and gold sorbents was found to be 95-98%. Concurrently, meteorological parameters such as water and air temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure were measured. These parameters were also monitored at a base station. The results indicate that the southern part of Baikal exhibits the most complex mercury concentration field, characterized by a mosaic thermal structure. The spatio-temporal graph of mercury concentrations in southern Baikal shows a regular pattern of alternating concentration gradients (upward and downward flows), which is characteristic of tectonically active lithospheric areas and is supported by geological and geophysical data. The most active zone, reflected in the mercury vapor field, is the western flank of Baikal's rift zone. The authors conclude that a dissipative structure is observed in the tectonically active (energy-active) zone of southern Baikal, where mercury concentration behavior is not solely governed by external influences and initial conditions.

Factors Determining Mercury Flow into the Atmosphere

In this continuation of the research on mercury, G. N. Novikov and L. F. Frizen discuss the factors influencing mercury's movement into the atmosphere. Mercury's inertness, volatility, geochemical informativeness, and distinct spectral lines make it a valuable subject for studying environmental pollution, mineral exploration, and Earth physics. Mercury, like other non-anthropogenic trace gases, behaves in the atmosphere and soil according to gas-hydrodynamic laws. Hypotheses suggest a directed, quasi-constant deep flow of mercury towards the Earth's surface, transformed in the lithosphere by secondary sources and geological heterogeneities. This flow is described by Fick's empirical law, driven by concentration gradients and diffusion coefficients. Mercury transport is also influenced by temperature gradients, indicating a coupled heat and mass transfer. Near the Earth's surface, the deep flow is joined by mercury flux influenced by solar-lunar tidal forces, exhibiting daily, seasonal, and annual cycles with variable direction and magnitude. The source and sink for this combined flow range from the lower boundary of seasonal temperature variations to altitudes where molecular diffusion dominates in the atmosphere. This interval typically spans from the groundwater level to about 1 meter above the surface over continents. For water bodies, daily variations are shaped by a sub-micron film on the surface, while seasonal, annual, and longer cycles involve deeper water layers. The article details mechanisms forming the concentration field of gaseous mercury in the near-surface atmosphere, including translational (medium movement), diffusion, barodiffusion, and forces related to Earth's crust deformation by solar-lunar tidal waves. The methodology for determining total gaseous mercury involves pre-concentration on a sorbent, thermal desorption, and atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Meteorological parameters are simultaneously measured. The study highlights the dependence of the atmospheric mercury concentration field on mercury flux and the influence of meteorological parameters, biomass, soil characteristics, and topography.

Crystal Growth and Dissolution Based on Holographic Interferometry

This article by V. A. Petrovsky, S. A. Troshev, and M. F. Shchanov presents experimental findings on crystal growth and dissolution. It is established that the interaction of exogenous factors (thermodynamic and other physicochemical parameters of the medium) and endogenous factors (changes arising from the crystallization process itself) leads to dynamic restructuring of crystallogenetic processes within the entire volume of crystallizational space under gravity. During crystal growth and dissolution without external temperature gradients, endogenous density convection occurs at both macro- and micro-levels. This leads to the formation of spatio-temporal dissipative structures, termed 'crystalogenetic layering' (KR). In a growing crystal, a gradient zone (GZ) forms in the upper part of the crystallizer, while during dissolution, it forms at the bottom. The kinetics of the crystallogenetic process are primarily determined by the interaction between the crystal and the GZ. KR is also observed at high parameters, where the intensity of gravitational convection, driven by density and temperature gradients, plays a crucial role. Increased convection leads to the dissipation of the GZ. The placement of a heater and crystal at the bottom promotes dissipative structures in thermal gradient conditions. Convective heat and mass transfer occur in the upper part of the solution, while diffusion occurs in the lower part, above the solid phase. The dissolving crystal complicates the dissipative structure. The authors analyze experimental models and theoretical aspects to explain the genesis of natural mineral formation under hydrothermal conditions.

Method for Registering Energetic Formations

G. G. Kopytov proposes a method for registering 'energetic formations,' which are hypothesized to cause anomalous sensory perceptions. The method combines rational and sensual approaches. It involves using infrared emitters and receivers arranged in a fan pattern, with individuals placed within this array. Infrared receivers are connected to a multi-channel recording device that registers when the infrared beam is interrupted. This allows for the registration of invisible formations and the timing of their appearance, which can then be compared with the timing of anomalous sensory experiences. The author suggests that infrared radiation can be screened by these formations, though it is uncertain if all types of formations possess this capability. This method aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of anomalous phenomena by integrating instrumental detection with subjective perception.

Formation of Spatial Structures on Solid Surfaces in a Radiation Field

This research by A. S. Barinov, M. I. Ozhovan, and E. M. Timofeev experimentally demonstrates that irradiation of solid surfaces leads to the formation of spatial structures, such as growths (whiskers, dendrites). In a radiation field, the microrelief of ionic crystal surfaces changes significantly. The formation of these surface growths is facilitated by intensified bulk and surface diffusion processes and chemical reactions with the surrounding environment. The authors cite previous work showing that the primary cause of spatial structure formation on solid surfaces is diffusion instability in an electric field. Irradiation enhances the redistribution of electric charges, leading to strong near-surface electric fields and generating diffusing atoms and molecules on the surface, increasing their mobility. Thus, radiation accelerates the manifestation of surface diffusion instability. For heterogeneous dispersed systems of non-conducting materials, such as dry clay mineral mixtures, surface diffusion instability ultimately leads to radiation-induced cross-linking of system particles via thin bridges. The experiments involved irradiating air-dry clay particle mixtures with gamma radiation from Cobalt-60, with absorbed dose rates ranging from 3 mGy/s to 1 Gy/s. The resulting structures were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The paper includes schematic diagrams illustrating the stages of growth and cross-linking.

Recombination Mechanisms of Radio Emission in Ionic Crystals

M. V. Korovkin investigates the mechanisms of radio emission generation in ionic crystals. Variations in the electric field, associated with magnetic fields, cause microcharge movements in solids. Rapid fluctuations in charge carrier flows in dielectrics, as well as discharge effects during adhesion-cohesion processes, are accompanied by electromagnetic phenomena in the radio range. However, radio emission generation during certain processes of transformation and annealing of radiation defects and color centers (CC) cannot be explained solely by current fluctuations from free charge carriers, according to classical electrodynamics. The article suggests that thermoluminescence (TL) and thermodepolarization (TDP) in irradiated ionic crystals indicate that electron-hole recombination processes are responsible for radio emission generation during CC annealing. TDP was observed synchronously with TL in MgO monocrystals heated to 20-300°C, attributed to the recombination of thermally released holes at V centers with electron impurity centers. This suggests a hole-dominated (non-current) recombination character for TDP and radio emission. Electron-hole recombination occurs at liquid nitrogen temperatures. The study notes a correlation between TDP and TL with the annealing of VK, VF, and V4 centers in LiF and KBr crystals irradiated at 77 K. Light stimulation can also induce transformation and annealing of electron and hole CC. Photostimulated radio emission (PSRE) was observed in additively colored KBr crystals illuminated with visible light. Stimulation with infrared light (1000-3000 nm) in these crystals leads to the destruction of shallow electron traps and the formation of F*→F centers, accompanied by pulsed radio emission. In this case, PSRE is directly linked to electronic transitions and the creation of F centers via relaxation of their excited state. The decay of radio emission after irradiation cessation in ionic crystals, as well as afterglow, may be related to tunnel recombination processes of electron and hole CC, and in KCl:Tl crystals, also to genetically related pairs (Tl°-VK). White light stimulation increases the intensity of both radio emission and afterglow. The experimental results suggest a quantum nature and recombination character for radio emission in ionic crystals, driven by electron-hole recombination processes.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the investigation of physical phenomena, particularly those involving electrical, electromagnetic, and radiation effects in various materials and environments. There is a strong emphasis on experimental research and the application of advanced techniques like holographic interferometry and atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The articles explore both natural phenomena (like mercury flow and atmospheric anomalies) and anthropogenic influences (like high-speed flight effects and radiation-induced material changes). The editorial stance appears to be one of promoting rigorous scientific inquiry into complex and sometimes anomalous physical processes, seeking to explain them through established physical laws and experimental observation, while also acknowledging the potential for new discoveries and methodologies.

This document is Part II of a collection of abstracts from a scientific conference titled "Non-periodic rapid phenomena in the environment." It was published on June 30, 1988, and contains research on a variety of interdisciplinary topics related to atmospheric physics, geophysics, and electromagnetic phenomena.

Articles and Key Findings

Electromagnetic Field of a Dielectric Volume Charge

This section, authored by E. A. Gostishchev, N. P. Tubalov, N. I. Yagushkin, O. S. Grafodatsky, and B. N. Knyazev, explores the electromagnetic field generated by volume charges in dielectrics. The authors discuss the mechanisms of radio-emission pulses formed during electron transitions in excited states of recombination centers. They suggest that rapid changes in dielectric permeability can lead to localized changes in the internal crystalline field and polarization, resulting in radio-emission pulses with durations corresponding to the recombination process. The study also considers the possibility of generating giant pulses of coherent radio-emission from induced transitions in dielectrics, potentially leading to "lasers" operating in lower radio frequencies and causing high-frequency interference.

New Data on Stonehenge

Authored by V. S. Komissarov and A. E. Zlobin, this article presents new findings regarding Stonehenge. The authors propose that the structure of Stonehenge can be interpreted as a unique nomogram, with its plan revealing relationships between odd numbers that linearize parabolic functions fundamental to many physical laws. They have developed a geometric method for distributing the planets of the Solar System, which closely matches reality. The distribution of inner planets (including Earth) is described as linear, while outer planets follow a parabolic pattern. This analysis also correlates with the design of Jonathan Swift's flying ship and the pentagram. The study further suggests that Stonehenge's circles accurately model solutions to Dirichlet's problem for a circle. Using finite element methods, they have identified that the site geometrically formulates key differential equations of mathematical physics, such as Laplace's, wave, and diffusion equations. The research also uncovered nested video images within the complex, including a figure resembling a sphinx, hinting at the potential for creating more efficient digital video recording systems.

Stages of Development of Geotechnical Systems Using Pyritic Ore Deposits of the Urals as an Example

Authored by E. F. Emlin, this section analyzes the technogenesis of geotechnical systems, focusing on pyritic ore deposits in the Urals. It uses a phenomenological model to describe the stages of development, encompassing both progressive (increasing internal energy, speed, and diversity of geodynamic processes) and regressive (cessation of technogenic energy sources, fading of geomechanical processes) phases. Technogenesis is presented as a geological process that mobilizes, transports, and differentiates matter, accelerating natural mechanisms. The duration of these systems significantly exceeds the active exploitation period and is comparable to exogenous cycles. The productivity of geotechnical systems is comparable to powerful geological processes like volcanism or denudation. The author concludes that technogenesis is a leading geological process transforming pyritic ore deposits in the Urals, with its initial stages analogous to recent mountain formation, increasing the role of mechanical processes and seismic activity.

Table of Contents (Partial)

The document includes a detailed table of contents for "Part II: Non-periodic rapid phenomena in the environment." This section lists numerous articles covering topics such as:

• Generation of giant atmospheric-plasma vortices
• Mechanisms of atmospheric-plasma vortex movement and mass exchange
• Possibility of an undulatory mechanism for polar auroras
• Anomalous phenomena and polar auroras
• Ionospheric substorms
• Technogenic contributions to stratospheric ozone depletion
• Seasonal dynamics of ozone-deficient layers
• Electrophysical aspects of aerodynamic disturbances in the atmosphere and ionosphere
• Mechanism of rapid geocosmic phenomena induction
• Genetic mechanisms of plasma formation in the open atmosphere
• Nature of relativistic effects of fast-moving bodies in the atmosphere
• Synergistic approach to the problem of plasmoid formation and existence
• Tomsk phenomenon: statistical analysis
• Informative value of random observational data (Tomsk phenomenon)
• Meteorological conditions in the Tomsk region related to the Tomsk phenomenon
• What is ball lightning?
• Ball lightning as a cluster of light leptons
• Aerosol model of ball lightning
• Possible mechanism of ball lightning formation
• Comparative analysis of poltergeists, unidentified atmospheric phenomena, and ball lightning
• Problem of energy supply for natural plasma formations
• Radio-wave energy supply for long-lived plasma formations
• Energetic and electrodynamic analysis of plasma formation models
• Dynamics and physical fields of ball lightning impact
• Possible role of physical vacuum in anomalous optical phenomena
• Hypothesis of the origin of rapid optical phenomena
• Air temperature fluctuations in Moscow and solar activity
• Distribution of thunderstorm activity intensity in Kemerovo region
• Mutual transformation of acoustic and electromagnetic oscillations in the Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere
• Logical model of the stability of rapidly developing geosystems
• Lithoplasmons - a new channel of mutual connection between the lithosphere and atmosphere
• Possibility of focusing infrasound waves over the ocean
• Study of non-periodic rapid phenomena reducing medico-recreational resources of territories
• Regularities of anomalous phenomena in premises
• Geophysical work in unfavorable periods and urban construction conditions
• Electro-disturbances during anomalous phenomena
• Radiation damage to heterogeneous materials
• Mechanism of the effect of the vector potential field on technical and biological objects
• Special aspects of accident prevention
• Dendrodetector of anomalous effects on the environment
• Influence of objects with anomalous properties on the performance of metrological measuring equipment
• Influence of anomalous phenomena on operator activity
• Ultrasonic hypothesis for the genesis of some rapid non-periodic processes
• Problems of stabilizing unusual structural chemical forms of matter movement in rapid processes
• Non-stationary electrical and electromagnetic effects during high-speed object movement
• Mercury flow in tectonically stressed zones as an indicator of modern seismic activity
• Factors determining mercury flow into the atmosphere
• Growth and dissolution of crystals based on holographic interferometry data
• Method for registering energetic formations
• Formation of spatial structures on the surface of solid bodies in a radiation field
• Recombination mechanisms of radio emission in ionic crystals
• Electromagnetic field of a dielectric volume charge
• New data on Stonehenge
• Stages of development of geotechnical systems using pyritic ore deposits of the Urals

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this collection of abstracts revolve around the study of rapid, non-periodic phenomena occurring in the Earth's environment, with a strong emphasis on electromagnetic and plasma processes. There is a clear interdisciplinary approach, bridging atmospheric physics, geophysics, geology, and even archaeology (in the case of Stonehenge). The editorial stance appears to be one of promoting rigorous scientific investigation into complex and often anomalous natural phenomena, utilizing advanced analytical methods and experimental data.

This document appears to be a collection of figures and captions from a scientific or technical magazine, likely focused on physics, atmospheric phenomena, and possibly related fields. The content is primarily in Russian, with figures illustrating various scientific concepts, experimental setups, and data representations.

Figures and Content Analysis

Page 1:

• Figure 1 (Рис. 1): Shows a series of diagrams illustrating different types of trajectories or flow patterns. These include an oval loop, a figure-eight shape, and two more complex, spiraling figures. These are referenced to page 8.
• Figure 2 (Рис. 2): Presents another set of diagrams, also depicting flow or trajectory patterns within a circular boundary, with arrows indicating direction. These are referenced to page 9.

Page 2:

• Figure 1 (Рис. 1): Displays two 3D surface plots, likely representing data. The axes are labeled 'h km' (altitude in kilometers) and 'φ°' (angle in degrees), with numerical values indicating ranges. The plots show undulating surfaces, suggesting variations in a measured quantity over altitude and angle. These are referenced to page 17.

Page 3:

• Figure 3 (Рис 3): Contains several sketches of objects or phenomena. These include an oval shape, a curved line, a long, striped object, a cloud-like formation with a pointed extension, and a wavy line. These are referenced to page 10.

Page 4:

• Figure 1 (Рис. 1): This figure has two parts, (A) and (Б). Part (A) shows a cross-section of a "Quasi-neutral layer" (Квазинейтральный слой) with positive and negative charges depicted. It also labels "Region of positively charged aerosol" (ОБЛАСТЬ положитель-но заряженного АЭРОЗОЛЯ) and "Region of negatively charged aerosol" (Область отрицательно заряженного АЭРОЗОЛЯ). Part (Б) shows a graph of "intensity of luminescence along the diameter of the SM" (распределение интенсивности свечения по диаметру ШМ). This figure is referenced to page 36.
• Figure 2 (Рис. 2): This figure illustrates the "Distribution of concentration of charged aerosols (solid lines) and the profile of the intensity of recombination of charges and visible luminescence in the quasi-neutral layer (hatched area)" (Распределение концентрации заряженных аэрозолей (сплошные линии) и профиля интенсивности рекомбинации зарядов и видимого свечения в квазинейтральном слое (заштрихованная область)). This is also referenced to page 36.

Page 5:

• This page shows a diagram of a "self-oscillating bioelectromagnetic system with electron injection due to the vital activity of microorganisms" (схема автоколебательной биоэлектромагнитной системы с инжекцией электронов вследствие жизнедеятельности микроорганизмов). It depicts a toroidal electromagnetic system, a "discharge" (разряд), a "linoleum" (линолиум) surface, and "concrete" (бетон) with embedded elements. It also shows a "breakdown channel (opening)" (канал пробоя (отверстие)) and a connection to outlets. This figure is referenced to page 113.

Page 6:

• This page displays graphs showing "Variations of BLAE over time" (ВАРИАЦИИ БЛЭ Во времени). The graphs plot a value (likely intensity or some other metric, indicated by the y-axis scale from 0 to 400) against time. The time is given in Moscow time (Ч.М.) and local time (Ч.мес.). The locations and dates are:
• Moscow, 23-07-1977
• Balkhash, 28-07-1977
• Moscow, 20-06-1978
• Mirny, Yakutsk, 24-06-1978 This figure is referenced to page 66.

Page 7:

• Figure 1 (Рис 1): Shows an "Interferogram of crystallogenetic stratification generated by dissolving crystals" (Интерферограмма кристаллогенетического расслоения, генерируемого растворяющимися кристаллами). The figure is labeled with 'ГЗ' (likely a region or phase) and 'Кр.' (likely crystals). Experimental parameters are given: T=348°C, P=550 atm, ΔT=0.24, time (t) from the start of the experiment is 165 min. This is referenced to page 130.

Page 8:

• Figure 1 (Рис. 1): A diagram of a hand with dimensions indicated in centimeters (e.g., 1-50, 2-50, 0-40, 0-50, 0-30, 0-35, 1-00). This appears to be a scale reference or a measurement guide.
• Figure 2 (Puc. 2): A clock face showing time, with an indication of a range from 4:00 to 4:00 (likely a duration or interval). These figures are referenced to page 102.

Page 9:

• Figure 1 (Pluc.1): Shows diagrams illustrating the "Formation of growths on the surface of particles of a heterogeneous dispersed system" (Возникновение на поверхности частиц гетерогенной дисперсной системы наростов). A scale bar indicates 1 μm (1 МКМ). This is referenced to page 132.

Page 10:

• Figure 2 (Рис. 2): Displays an "Interferogram of the state of a solution during crystal dissolution (melt)" (Интерферограмма состояния раствора при растворении кристалла (шихты)) with heating from below. Experimental parameters are given: T=28.5°C, ΔT1,2=1.78, ΔT1,3, t=40 min. Numbers 1-3 indicate thermocouple junctions (спаи термопар). This is referenced to page 130.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes suggest a focus on advanced scientific research, particularly in areas of physics, chemistry, and potentially atmospheric or geophysical phenomena. The use of interferometry, detailed measurements, and complex diagrams points to a readership with a strong scientific background. The inclusion of bioelectromagnetism and the mention of microorganisms suggest an interdisciplinary approach. The data presented in the graphs on page 6, labeled 'BLAE', might relate to unexplained atmospheric or electromagnetic phenomena, a common topic in some specialized scientific publications.

There is no clear editorial stance discernible from these figures alone, but the detailed presentation of experimental data and theoretical models implies a commitment to rigorous scientific inquiry.

This document is a single page from a publication, likely a scientific or technical magazine, featuring an illustration and accompanying Russian text. The exact title, issue, volume, date, publisher, and country of origin are not discernible from this page alone.

Illustration and Caption

The primary content of the page is a hand-drawn illustration depicting a microscopic structure. The image shows a network of interconnected elements, described by the Russian caption as 'Interconnection of system particles by thin bridges.' A scale bar is prominently displayed, indicating a size of 1 micrometer (1 µm), suggesting the illustration pertains to microscopic or nanoscopic structures.

The Russian text accompanying the illustration reads: "Связывание частиц системы тонкими мостиками." This translates to "Interconnection of system particles by thin bridges." Below this, it states "к стр. 132," which means "to page 132," indicating this illustration is a visual aid for content on that specific page within the larger publication.

Language and Context

The original language of the text is Russian. The nature of the illustration and the scale provided suggest a focus on materials science, biology, chemistry, or a related field where microscopic structures and their interconnections are studied.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

Based solely on this page, the recurring theme appears to be the detailed examination of microscopic structures and their physical characteristics. The editorial stance, inferred from the inclusion of detailed scientific illustrations with precise scales, is one of scientific accuracy and detailed reporting. No broader editorial themes or stances can be determined from this single page.