NIVFO-Bulletin - 1994 No 4-5

Magazine Overview

Title: NIVFO bulletin
Issue: 4-5
Volume: 14
Date: April/May 1994
Publisher: NIVFO (Norsk Institutt for Vitenskapelig Forskning og Opplysning)
Country: Norway
Language: Norwegian
ISSN: 0800-0360
Price: KR. 100,-

This issue of NIVFO bulletin, a publication dedicated to critical thinking and the debunking of pseudoscience, features a prominent article titled "Skeptikers Manifest" by Dr. Michael Shermer. The cover also lists a variety of other articles covering topics ranging from "Mer om blekksprut høns og homeopati" (More about octopus hens and homeopathy) to "UFOer" and "Sai Baba og morderne" (Sai Baba and the murderers).

Skeptikers Manifest by Dr. Michael Shermer

Dr. Michael Shermer's article, "Skeptikers Manifest," serves as the lead piece, exploring the nature and definition of skepticism. He begins by referencing Vincent Dethier's humorous observation on how children grow into scientists, noting that while they might have taboos against stepping on ants, they don't hesitate to pull wings off flies. Shermer draws a parallel to skepticism, suggesting that while children are naturally curious, most learn to distinguish curiosity from credibility, while others become skeptics. He identifies James Randi and members of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) as examples of prominent skeptics.

Shermer delves into the historical roots of skepticism, tracing it back to the ancient Greeks and citing historian Richard Popkin. He discusses two common meanings of the word "skeptic": one who believes nothing, or one who is dismissive of specific claims. He notes that the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) defines a skeptic as someone who doubts the possibility of true knowledge, a stance he finds sterile and unproductive. A more productive definition, according to the OED, is someone who doubts the validity of claims to knowledge within specific fields, adopting a skeptical attitude towards particular questions or statements.

The article highlights the historical evolution of the terms "skeptic" and "skepticism," referencing a 1672 observation from Philosophical Transactions about a sect of men who spoke differently than they thought. Shermer points out that many "skeptics" are only skeptical as long as their own cherished beliefs are not challenged. He recounts an anecdote of a man who claimed to be a skeptic but was a staunch believer in the health benefits of vitamins, asking NIVFO not to publish anything on the topic as it was "scientifically proven." This leads Shermer to question the man's definition of skepticism.

He argues that while it's easy to challenge others' beliefs from a position of self-assuredness, it requires self-control to listen with an unbiased ear when one's own beliefs are challenged. Shermer posits that extreme skepticism, when turned inward, cannot sustain itself. He quotes an example from 1674 describing skepticism as having an "unreserved trust in the strength of the arguments that are assumed to refute all human knowledge." He asserts that skepticism is a positive claim about knowledge and thus cannot hold when applied to itself. If one is skeptical of everything, they must also be skeptical of their own skepticism.

Shermer emphasizes that skepticism alone does not lead to progress. It must be accompanied by something rational. He references economist Ludwig von Mises' warning to anti-communists not to simply reject communism without offering a rational alternative. A movement that is merely "anti-X" is a negative attitude with little chance of success.

Carl Sagan is quoted with a similar warning to professional skeptics at a 1987 CSICOP meeting: "You can end up in a kind of groupthink where you take pleasure in mocking all those other people who don't see things as clearly as you do. We must guard against that."

The Rational Skeptic

Shermer addresses the misconception that skeptics are narrow-minded. He explains that skeptics and scientists are not necessarily "narrow-mindedly dismissive." They may have been open to a belief, but rejected it when evidence did not support it. There are many legitimate mysteries in the universe to research, so it's not always practical to spend time on "unseen" or "hidden" mysteries. When a non-skeptic accuses a skeptic of being closed-minded, the skeptic might reply, "We are still trying to understand the known forces in the universe."

Shermer suggests modifying the word "skeptical" to "rational." He defines rationality as the ability to evaluate and the capacity for reason, which involves using facts as arguments to adjust or reject claims and to prove or disprove ideas. The ultimate goal of thinking, he states, is to understand cause-and-effect relationships in the world, to comprehend the universe, the world, and oneself. Since rationality is the most reliable method of thinking, a rational skeptic is defined as someone who questions the validity of specific knowledge claims by using evidence to prove or disprove claims, as a tool for understanding causality.

He then poses the question of which method to use, concluding that skepticism alone leads only to the Socratic conclusion that "we do not know." The answer, in one word, is science, and the method, in two words, is the scientific method.

Science and the Rational Skeptic

Shermer briefly touches upon the definition of science, describing it as a set of cognitive and behavioral methods constructed to describe and interpret observed or deduced phenomena, aiming to build knowledge that is testable and open to falsification or confirmation. Science is a specific way of thinking and acting, a tool for understanding information received directly or indirectly. Cognitive methods include insights, guesses, ideas, hypotheses, theories, and paradigms. Behavioral methods encompass background research, data collection, organization, collaboration, communication, experiments, correlation of findings, statistical analysis, and publication.

He discusses the definition of the scientific method, noting that there is little consensus among practitioners. He quotes Nobel laureate Sir Peter Medawar, who humorously described the scientific method as something scientists feel they should acknowledge but struggle to define. Shermer presents a three-step process for the rational skeptic to apply to dubious claims, which he calls the "scientific method":

1. Observation: Gathering data through senses or enhanced technologies.
2. Induction: Drawing general conclusions from data and forming hypotheses.
3. Verification: Checking predictions against further observations.

He clarifies that this process is not rigid but interactive, involving observations, conclusions, predictions, and testing against evidence. This is the core of the hypothetico-deductive method.

Shermer then defines key terms:

• Hypotheses: A testable claim based on a collection of observations.
• Theory: A well-supported, testable claim based on a collection of observations.
• Fact: Data or conclusions confirmed to such an extent that they warrant temporary acceptance.

He contrasts this with constructed or untestable claims. He uses the example of evolution versus creationism, stating that evolution can be a theory (or even a fact, according to some), while creationism is a construction.

Objectivity and Mysticism

Shermer emphasizes the importance of Objectivity: basing conclusions on external validity. He contrasts this with Mysticism, which is basing conclusions on personal insight lacking external validity. While acknowledging that many great scientific ideas originate from insight or intuition (citing Alfred Wallace and Albert Einstein), he stresses that these ideas only gain acceptance when they are externally validated. Richard Hardison is quoted explaining that "mystical truths" are inherently personal and lack external validity. He uses examples like tea leaf reading, astrology, and Buddhism, stating they are neither healthier nor unhealthier if they lack supporting evidence. Mystics, when seeking external validation for their views, paradoxically deny mysticism itself, as external validity is impossible for them to achieve.

Other Articles and Content

The table of contents on page 2 reveals a wide array of articles, including:

• "Mer om høns, blekksprut og homeopati" (More on hens, octopus, and homeopathy)
• "Gullsmedforbundet bruker okkultistiske metoder" (The Goldsmiths' Union uses occult methods)
• "Elektromagnetiske felter og kreft" (Electromagnetic fields and cancer)
• "Opp med Arbeiderbladet" (Up with Arbeiderbladet)
• "Hvor kommer egentlig barna fra?" (Where do babies really come from?)
• "Mer om dental amalgam" (More on dental amalgam)
• "En utfordring til skeptikerne" (A challenge to skeptics)
• "Transcendental meditasjon i Zambia" (Transcendental meditation in Zambia)
• "Interessant hefte om UFOer" (Interesting booklet on UFOs)
• "Politi-spøkeriene vekker oppsikt" (Police pranks cause a stir)
• "'Skeptisk' informasjonsarbeide, mål og mening."
• "'Silva-metoden' og falske påstander om hjernen" ('Silva Method' and false claims about the brain)
• "Noen spørsmål man kan stille for å skille mellom proto-vitenskap og pseudovitenskap" (Some questions one can ask to distinguish between proto-science and pseudoscience)
• "Sai Baba og morderne"
• "Legeloven og nysgjerrighet" (The Law of Legality and curiosity)
• "Lunkenhet hos legeforeningen og andre" (Lukewarmness from the medical association and others)
• "Ved årsskiftet" (At the turn of the year)
• "Amazing James" (referring to James Randi)

The issue also includes subscription information for NIVFO Bulletin and lists K. Stenødegård and Jan S. Krogh as the responsible editors. The publication is described as "ET KRITISK FORUM FOR PSEUDOVITENSKAP OG LITTERATUR" (A critical forum for pseudoscience and literature).

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are skepticism, critical thinking, and the scientific method, presented as essential tools for combating pseudoscience and irrational beliefs. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of rational inquiry and evidence-based reasoning, as exemplified by Michael Shermer's "Skeptikers Manifest." The publication aims to provide a platform for scrutinizing claims that lack scientific validity, encouraging readers to question and analyze information critically. The wide range of topics covered, from health claims to paranormal phenomena, underscores the publication's commitment to applying a skeptical lens across various domains of knowledge.

Title: NIB
Issue: 1/1992
Publisher: The Skeptics Society
Country: USA
Language: Norwegian
Price: $50.- per year

This issue of NIB, published by The Skeptics Society, delves into the fundamental principles of science, rationality, and skepticism, while also critically examining pseudoscientific claims found in areas like homeopathy and marketing.

Science and Rationality

The issue begins by defining science's role in leading us to rationalism, which is the practice of basing conclusions on the scientific method. It contrasts this with dogmatism, which relies on authority rather than scientific inquiry. Examples are given to illustrate how scientific methods help us understand phenomena like the Earth being round, contrasting with dogmatic acceptance of information from parents, teachers, or dictionaries.

A key theme is the inherent fallibility of science, which is paradoxically its greatest strength due to its self-correcting nature. The article highlights that even if errors or deceptions occur, they will eventually be identified and removed due to the lack of external verification. The example of cold fusion is cited as a case where the system's rapid consequences for mistakes and premature publication were evident.

Richard Feynman is quoted emphasizing a principle of scientific thinking that corresponds to utmost honesty: reporting all findings, even those that might invalidate one's hypothesis. This principle is seen as a valuable attribute that prevents overestimation of one's theories.

The Importance of Skepticism and Critical Thinking

The article emphasizes that human survival and the pursuit of greater individual happiness depend on our ability to think scientifically, rationally, and skeptically. It posits that humans are born with an innate capacity to perceive cause-and-effect relationships, inheriting traits from ancestors who successfully navigated a world full of dangers. Our brains are described as natural machines that process information and solve problems.

Charles Darwin is presented as a prime example of a scientist who found the right balance between accepting the status quo and being open to new ideas. His intellectual and personal characteristics, including respect for others' opinions while still challenging authority, and his attention to negative evidence, are highlighted. Darwin's inclusion of a chapter on "Difficulties on Theory" in "The Origin of the Species" is noted as a way to proactively address potential criticisms.

Frank Sulloway's analysis of Darwin points to three characteristics: respect for others' views, openness to new ideas, and an unusual respect for negative evidence. Darwin's extensive correspondence is mentioned as a source of his continuous learning and willingness to formulate original ideas while remaining humble.

Carl Sagan's perspective on the "Burden of Skepticism" is discussed, advocating for a balance between extreme skepticism and openness to new ideas. He warns that pure skepticism can lead to stagnation, while excessive openness can result in an inability to discern valuable ideas from worthless ones.

The Mind as a Tool

Science is lauded as humanity's best method for understanding causality. The article argues that our ability to think scientifically, rationally, and skeptically is essential for our survival and well-being. It suggests that humans are born with a drive to know, a hunger for understanding that goes beyond mere practicality. This innate curiosity is seen as the foundation of scientific endeavor.

Richard Feynman's observation about being "caught" by wonder, like a child, is used to illustrate the continuous search for new discoveries. The importance of education in providing children with the right tools to understand the world is questioned.

René Descartes' famous conclusion, "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am"), is revisited, with the author suggesting a parallel: "Sum Ergo Cogito" ("I am, therefore I think"). This emphasizes the fundamental role of thought and reason in human existence.

Critique of Pseudoscience: Homeopathy and Gemstones

The issue includes a section titled "MER OM HØNS BLEKKSPRUT OG HOMEOPATI" (More about Hens, Ink Squids, and Homeopathy). It discusses a homeopathic medicine called 'sepia,' derived from squid ink, which is claimed to help hens lay eggs with shells. The article questions the efficacy of homeopathic principles, particularly the idea that dilution increases potency, suggesting that if 'sepia' is a source of calcium, then a direct calcium supplement would be more logical for a hen with calcium deficiency.

Another significant section, "GULLSMEDFORBUNDET BRUKER OKKULTISTISKE SALGSMETODER!" (The Goldsmiths' Association Uses Occult Sales Methods!), authored by Knut Grepstad, exposes the use of pseudoscientific claims in marketing jewelry. The article details how the Norwegian Goldsmiths' Association, in their publication "GULLSTIKKA 1994," linked specific gemstones to zodiac signs and claimed they possessed positive effects on personality, mental health, and spiritual life. Examples include claims that amethyst purifies the mind of egoism, diamond ensures faithfulness, and sapphire prevents infidelity. The author criticizes these claims as occultist marketing tactics and has requested the Consumer Ombudsman to review them.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critical examination of scientific methodology, the importance of rational skepticism and critical thinking, and the debunking of pseudoscientific claims. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of scientific rigor, evidence-based reasoning, and a skeptical approach to unsubstantiated assertions, particularly those found in marketing and alternative medicine.

This issue of Illustrert Vitenskap, dated 12/94, delves into several intriguing topics, blending historical accounts with scientific investigation. The cover story debunks a famous Catholic miracle, while other articles explore the potential health risks of electromagnetic fields and offer a satirical take on scientific theories.

The Bolsena Miracle: A Bacterial Explanation

The lead article, "BAKTERIE STO BAK BERØMT KATOLSK MIRAKEL" (Bacteria Behind Famous Catholic Miracle), addresses the renowned miracle of Bolsena. It recounts the event in 1263 where a Bohemian priest, during mass in Bolsena, Italy, witnessed the communion wafer begin to bleed. This was interpreted as a divine sign and later immortalized in a fresco by Raphael in the Vatican. However, modern microbiological analysis suggests a more earthly explanation. American biologist Johanna Cullen, from George Mason University, has replicated the conditions in a laboratory. By culturing the bacterium *Serratia marcescens* on a wafer, she produced blood-red spots that closely resembled the depictions in Raphael's fresco. This finding aligns with earlier investigations in the 19th century by Italian and German researchers, who concluded the 'blood' was likely from a fungus thriving in high temperatures. The phenomenon of blood-like substances appearing on food is not new, with historical accounts dating back to Alexander the Great's time, where soldiers found blood in bread, and similar observations on potatoes and porridge during warm weather.

Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer: A Scientific Debate

Another significant section, "ELEKTROMAGNETISKE FELTER OG KREFT ER DER NOEN SAMMENHENG?" (Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer: Is There a Connection?), examines the contentious issue of whether electromagnetic fields can cause cancer. The article notes that claims of such a link are considered 'borderline science' and are subjects of discussion in publications like Skeptical Inquirer. It highlights the case of David Reynard from Florida, who in 1993 blamed his wife's brain cancer on her cell phone use. This incident led to a significant drop in the price of that phone model and prompted the Cellular Telecommunication Industry Association to invest millions in research. The article discusses the extensive research conducted to establish safe limits for electromagnetic energy, referencing a personal involvement in a project 30 years prior involving rabbits and microwave radiation. It explains that while high-intensity microwave energy can cause dangerous temperature increases, leading to tissue damage, a fever of 7 degrees Fahrenheit is a normal bodily defense mechanism. The core of the controversy lies in the claim that electromagnetic energy, at levels below those causing significant heating, might still contribute to cancer. The article points out that media reports often sensationalize the issue, while scientific studies have yet to demonstrate a definitive cause-and-effect relationship between electromagnetic fields and cancer. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) formed a committee of 125 experts to develop safety standards, resulting in the C95.1-1991 standard. This standard aims to protect against DNA damage, which can lead to uncontrolled cell growth. The article details how electromagnetic fields are measured and regulated, distinguishing between electric and magnetic fields and their respective effects. It notes that while high voltage can be dangerous, the fields encountered in everyday life, such as from household appliances or power lines, are generally well below levels considered harmful. The IEEE limits for low-frequency electric fields are set at 600 V/m, and for magnetic fields, 160 ampere-turns/meter (equivalent to 200 microtesla). These levels are compared to the Earth's magnetic field (around 50 microtesla) and magnets on refrigerators, suggesting that typical exposures are not inherently alarming. The article also touches upon the concerns surrounding 60 Hz fields from power lines, acknowledging the difficulty in proving a direct link to cancer due to the multitude of other cancer-causing factors in modern life. It concludes that while public concern persists, scientific evidence for a direct link between low-level electromagnetic fields and cancer remains inconclusive, and the IEEE standards are designed to ensure safety.

"Godt Sagt" - A Quote on Skepticism

A section titled "GODT SAGT" (Well Said) features a quote from Helmut Ormestad (1913-93), a prominent Norwegian popularizer of science. The quote emphasizes the importance of organized skepticism in counteracting sensationalized or misleading information promoted by the media, advocating for reason and critical thinking to be heard.

"Opp Med Arbeiderbladet!" - A Marketing Initiative

Another short piece, "OPP MED ARBEIDERBLADET!" (Up With Arbeiderbladet!), describes a marketing strategy employed by the newspaper Arbeiderbladet to improve its market position. The 40-person marketing department begins their day with 15 minutes of meditation. Past initiatives by the marketing director have included a ginseng cure for staff and color analysis sessions to improve personal style. This section is presented as a "Norwegian story" and is sourced from Journalisten (March -94) and Folkvett (nr. 2/94).

Where Do Babies Come From? A Satirical Look at Theories

Finally, the article "HVOR KOMMER EGENTLIG BARNA FRA??" (Where Do Babies Really Come From??) offers a humorous and satirical commentary on the creationist debate, particularly in the USA. It contrasts the scientific theory of sexual reproduction, taught in schools, with the 'stork theory.' The article playfully argues that the stork theory is supported by scientific methods, citing the existence of storks (confirmed by ornithologists) and suggesting that the biological explanation fails to account for certain aspects of human fetal development and birth timing. It even points to statistical correlations in the Netherlands between declining birth rates and declining stork populations as 'evidence.' The article concludes that children are delivered by storks, framing this as a rigorous scientific conclusion. It is sourced from Georgia Skeptic's Newsletter (Autumn 1993) and is noted by the editors as a 'little jab' at the creationist debate.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Illustrert Vitenskap consistently champions a skeptical and evidence-based approach to phenomena, whether they are historical claims of miracles, contemporary scientific controversies, or even satirical commentary on societal debates. The magazine prioritizes scientific inquiry, critical analysis, and the debunking of pseudoscience or unsubstantiated beliefs. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of rational explanations, as exemplified by the scientific breakdown of the Bolsena miracle and the measured discussion of electromagnetic fields and cancer. The inclusion of Helmut Ormestad's quote further reinforces this commitment to skepticism and reasoned discourse. The satirical article on the stork theory serves as a clever critique of non-scientific arguments, highlighting the magazine's dedication to promoting scientific literacy and critical thinking.

Title: Skeptikeren
Issue: 3/1994
Volume: 16
Date: March 1994
Publisher: Norsk Skeptikerarkiv
Country: Norway
Language: Norwegian
ISSN: 0800-1777
Price: 35

This issue of "Skeptikeren" (The Skeptic) tackles a range of topics from a critical and scientific perspective, including dental amalgam, climate change, Transcendental Meditation (TM), UFOs, and alleged paranormal phenomena.

Dental Amalgam Debate

The issue opens with an article by Dr. John Welch addressing the dental amalgam debate. Welch asserts that there is no evidence linking mercury in amalgam to significant human illness. He recounts a case of a 34-year-old man who experienced weight loss, stomach cramps, and nausea, which was initially attributed to 'mercury poisoning' and treated with expensive alternative therapies. Welch argues that the symptoms were likely due to depression and were resolved with appropriate psychological treatment, highlighting the power of the placebo effect in alternative treatments.

Climate Change and Computer Models

An article titled "EN UTFORDRING TIL SKEPTIKERNE.....?" (A Challenge to Skeptics.....?) discusses the issue of global warming. It references a reader's letter to the Association for Rational Thought (ART) in Cincinnati, USA, which questions the focus of skeptics and suggests they should address more significant issues. The article critiques the use of computer models in climate science, stating that they do not accurately reflect reality but are nevertheless accepted as credible. It points to the Pic du Midi observatory in the Pyrenees as a location with reliable, long-term temperature records unaffected by urbanization. The author suggests that the popular approach to climate change is to ignore facts in favor of pre-formed opinions, labeling global warming as 'politics.' The piece criticizes the acceptance of computer models that don't align with reality as 'quack science' and suggests that scientists who disagree with the prevailing 'politics' face professional consequences.

Transcendental Meditation (TM) and its Claims

Another section, "TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITASJON (TM) I ZAMBIA OG EN MISLYKKET FLYTUR.." (Transcendental Meditation (TM) in Zambia and a Failed Flight Trip..), examines TM's history and claims. It mentions TM's 1976 attempt to establish a 'world government' in collaboration with Philippine President Marcos. Following Marcos's downfall, TM sought support elsewhere, reportedly partnering with the Zambian government, leveraging its estimated assets of two to three billion US dollars. The article also touches upon TM's concept of 'meditation power,' suggesting that collective meditation can influence the 'unified field' and alter world events. It cites claims that 1500 Sidhi practitioners could make the USA more positive towards the Soviet Union (in 1990) and that TM contributed to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the liberation of Eastern Europe. A specific event in October 1990 involved 4000 meditators in Iowa and over 5000 in Stockholm attempting to influence the Persian Gulf situation through projected 'peace energy.' The section "MAHARISHI MAHESH YOGI MÅTTE TREKKE SEG" (Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Had to Resign) details a 1977 incident where Maharishi Mahesh Yogi was challenged by Indian skeptics to levitate from Old Delhi to New Delhi. He agreed to perform the feat for a sum of 10,000 rupees (approx. $1000), but when the skeptics presented the money, he refused, claiming TM was not about demonstrating proof. The article concludes that Mahesh Yogi has never demonstrated levitation.

UFO Reports and Skepticism

An article titled "INTERESSANT HEFTE OM UFOER: 'BRINGING UFOS DOWN TO EARTH'" (Interesting Booklet on UFOs: 'Bringing UFOs Down to Earth') reviews a booklet by Philip Klass, who is described as the 'Sherlock Holmes of UFOlogy.' Klass has reportedly spent over 25 years investigating UFO reports and has written four books on the subject. The 28-page booklet presents numerous examples of 'unexplained' UFO reports that Klass has subsequently explained through natural causes. It also discusses the 'flying saucer theory' and 'conspiracy theories' and is illustrated with photos and drawings. The booklet can be ordered from CSICOP in Buffalo, NY.

Poltergeist Activity in Trondheim

The article "Politi-spøkeriene vekker stor oppsikt" (Police Poltergeists Attract Great Attention) reports on a sensational case at the Trondheim police station. The incident, which gained significant media attention after being featured in Uke Adressa, involved alleged poltergeist activity in the old Tukt-huset and Kriminalasylet buildings. Police officer Knut Lagesen noted a high level of public interest, receiving numerous calls from people claiming to be able to 'kill ghosts.' Reports included footsteps and cold gusts of air. Several media outlets planned to cover the story, and a medium was engaged to investigate. TV2 also featured the phenomenon on its news program. An expert in energy radiation suggested the poltergeist could be photographed using infrared film, though the equipment is expensive. Colleagues of Lagesen also expressed interest in spending nights at the location to investigate the mystery.

Skeptical Information Work

"'SKEPTISK' INFORMASJONSARBEIDE: MAL OG MENING; METODER OG EFFEKT" ('Skeptical' Information Work: Goal and Meaning; Methods and Effect) by K. Stenødegård discusses the role of skeptics as a corrective to pseudoscience and modern superstition. The article provides a brief history of NIVFO's activities in the 1980s, including its affiliation with CSICOP, its publications, administrative and operative sections, contact with the Norwegian Armed Forces and the Andøya rocket range, a meteorological station in Hessdalen, and regular lectures and media contributions. It also mentions a press clipping subscription covering over 2,500 newspapers and international cooperation. The section "HVA ER EFFEKTEN?" (What is the Effect?) analyzes the impact of skeptical statements in the media. It outlines a typical process where NIVFO publishes an informative piece or corrects misinformation, followed by indignant responses from affected parties (quacks, astrologers, UFO enthusiasts) and their supporters. The article questions the effectiveness of this approach, particularly regarding the 'silent majority' who may not engage with the debates and might sympathize with the 'alternative' side. It suggests a need to review information procedures.

Another piece, "UTVIDET 'FAGOMRÅDE'?" (Expanded 'Field of Expertise'?), discusses a reader's letter in the South Shore Skeptics' publication questioning whether skeptics are sufficiently skeptical and what issues they should engage with. The reader argues that while exposing figures like Uri Geller and creationists is important, skeptics should also address broader societal and economic issues, such as poverty amidst plenty. The letter implies that if skeptics are content with the status quo, they may be missing crucial aspects of reality.

The final section, "KVANTITET/KVALITET - NYTTIG/POPULÆRT" (Quantity/Quality - Useful/Popular), discusses how politicians and media focus on quantity (group size, popularity) rather than quality. It uses the example of Ron Hubbard starting Scientology as a way to become a millionaire. The article criticizes the 'myth' of greenhouse effects and ozone holes, suggesting that strong organizations use these fears to conduct sabotage, threaten businesses, and lobby governments. It also claims that scientists can be pressured to lie on television and that countries may be prevented from exporting goods. The section "HVALFANGSTEN: FORNUFTSARGUMENTET MOT IRRASJONALISME" (Whaling: The Rational Argument Against Irrationalism) discusses the Norwegian decision to resume minke whale hunting. It notes that international cooperation on environmental issues often relies on a scientific perspective, but in this case, despite extensive scientific information and rational arguments, many reacted irrationally.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of "Skeptikeren" consistently promotes a rational, evidence-based approach to understanding phenomena. The editorial stance is critical of pseudoscience, alternative medicine, unsubstantiated claims, and the politicization of scientific issues. The magazine actively debunks paranormal claims, questions the validity of unproven technologies and theories, and advocates for critical thinking. There is a recurring theme of questioning the effectiveness and methodology of skeptical activism itself, prompting reflection on how best to communicate scientific skepticism to the public. The magazine appears to be a platform for disseminating skeptical viewpoints and fostering critical inquiry within Norway.

Title: NIVFO-BULLETIN
Issue: Double Issue
Volume: 44
Date: September 13, 1994

This issue of NIVFO-BULLETIN, published in Norway, delves into several controversial topics, primarily focusing on the whaling debate, the nature of skepticism, and the exposure of pseudoscientific claims and alleged fraudulent spiritual leaders.

The Whaling Debate and Activist Tactics

The bulletin addresses the strong reactions against Norwegian whaling, noting how public opinion has become detached from scientific arguments. It highlights the phenomenon of 'green' activism, where emotional responses override rational considerations. The article points out the irony of politicians being more concerned about whales than humans and the public's perception of whales as sacred creatures. It criticizes the 'symbol politics' of large nations that can pressure smaller ones. The issue mentions the formation of an organization in the USA to inform the public and the Norwegian group 'Høye Nord-alliansen,' as well as a book titled "Makt uten ansvar" (Power Without Responsibility) by former Green Peace leader Bjørn Økern.

A particularly concerning aspect is the aggressive and threatening behavior of some animal rights activists. Over ten thousand standardized postcards with bomb and death threats were sent to NORTRA, a Norwegian tourism organization, by the International Wildlife Coalition. These postcards, which included the names and contact details of NORTRA officials, contained messages like "Stop Whaling" and violent threats. The article notes that NORTRA has no direct involvement in whaling, and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs is considering demanding the exclusion of the International Wildlife Coalition from the International Whaling Commission (IWC) due to their "false flag" operations and aggressive tactics. The IWC observer status is seen as being misused by the organization, which uses similar initials to the IWC itself.

The article also touches upon the commercialization of the anti-whaling sentiment, citing a T-shirt sold in Hong Kong with the slogan "SAVE THE WHALE; HARPOON A NORWEGIAN!" The Fiskarkvinnelaget in Reine, Lofoten, has called for a boycott of goods marked with the World Wildlife Fund's panda logo. The author contrasts the activists' focus on whaling with their apparent disinterest in other forms of animal cruelty like bullfighting or fox hunting, suggesting that activism against scientifically managed natural resources is more lucrative than addressing actual animal mistreatment.

Skepticism and the Fight Against Pseudoscience

The issue poses the question of whether skeptics should expand their activities beyond their current focus. It notes that while many areas are rife with superstition and irrationality, skeptics tend to concentrate on the most prominent pseudoscientific claims. The article mentions that attempts to broaden the scope of skeptical inquiry in American skeptic forums have met with negative reactions, with the prevailing view being that skeptics should stick to their niche and let sensationalist media compromise themselves.

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to distinguishing between protoscientific claims (new sciences seeking legitimacy) and pseudoscientific claims. A list of 16 questions is provided to help readers identify pseudoscience. These questions probe the methodology, evidence, claims of persecution, and the use of jargon and appeals to tradition or authority by proponents of such claims. The article references an article about Qi gong by Lee Moller from 'The Rational Enquirer' as an example where these questions could be applied.

Critiquing the 'Silva Method' and Brain Myths

An article titled "'Silva Method' and False Claims About the Brain" debunks common myths perpetuated by the 'Silva method.' It criticizes the popular notion that the left brain is purely analytical and the right brain is creative and mystical. Drawing on neuroscientific research, including the work of Nobel laureate Roger Sperry, the article explains that the brain functions as an integrated unit, with each hemisphere specialized for certain tasks but communicating constantly. It refutes the idea that people underutilize their right brain, calling it a false claim used to promote esoteric and New Age ideas.

Exposing Indian 'Godmen' and the Sai Baba Case

The issue features an exposé on Indian 'godmen,' focusing on the case of Sai Baba. B. Premanand, described as India's foremost humbug exposer, has spent 40 years investigating alleged miracles, finding none that cannot be explained by natural means. Premanand, who leads the Indian CSICOP, has faced imprisonment, torture, and threats for his work. The article highlights the significant political power wielded by Indian 'godmen,' with many high-ranking government officials among their followers, whose authority is based on the uncritical faith of their disciples.

A specific incident involving Sai Baba is detailed: on June 6, 1993, four assailants attempted to enter Sai Baba's residence. The confrontation resulted in the assailants being shot by police. The article suggests that the police, many of whom are followers of Sai Baba, may have manipulated the information surrounding the event to cover up evidence, particularly regarding the type of weapon used (pistols vs. a 303 rifle) and the fact that the victims were unarmed. Premanand argues that the police are responsible for the deaths unless they can prove otherwise. The bodies of Sai Baba's personal assistants, allegedly killed by the intruders, were taken to a hospital run by Sai Baba himself, bypassing state facilities and preventing proper post-mortem examinations for the relatives.

Editorial Notes

The issue includes a brief apology from the editors regarding a delay in the publication of this double issue, citing unforeseen circumstances. There is also a note about the subscription price of 'NIB' (presumably the magazine's publication) not being increased, but that the page count will be reduced and a double issue at the end of the year will not be produced due to capacity constraints.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critical examination of activism, the importance of scientific reasoning over emotional responses, the debunking of pseudoscientific claims, and the exposure of fraudulent spiritual figures. The editorial stance appears to be strongly in favor of skepticism, scientific evidence, and rational inquiry, while actively challenging what it perceives as irrationality, manipulation, and pseudoscience in various domains, from environmental activism to spiritual movements.

This document consists of pages 51-56 from the Norwegian publication NIVFO-Bulletin. The content focuses on skepticism, rationalism, and critical examination of various phenomena, including alleged spiritual leaders, alternative medicine, and paranormal claims. The issue appears to be from late 1993 or early 1994, based on the dates mentioned.

Sai Baba Case and Premanand's Appeal

The first section discusses the controversy surrounding Sai Baba, an Indian swami. It is suggested that the Indian interior minister, a supporter of Sai Baba, may have influenced the situation to protect Sai Baba's financial empire. Premanand is quoted expressing the need for Sai Baba's "secret activities" to be revealed to the public.

A significant portion is dedicated to a letter from Premanand, Convenor of Indian CSICOP, to world rationalist organizations. This letter details the ongoing efforts to achieve a civilized trial regarding alleged murders in Sai Baba's bedroom. Despite facing opposition from Indian authorities and members of the "Sai Baba mafia," Premanand & Co. have filed a petition with the Supreme Court for an impartial investigation, which was heard on September 28, 1993. The letter highlights the need for financial support to cover legal fees, estimating approximately 10,000 rupees per court hearing. Premanand outlines several ways organizations can contribute, including subscribing to the "Indian Skeptic" magazine (US $12.00/year or $150.00 for lifetime), collecting one dollar per member, or purchasing a press clipping collection (US $20.00).

The case and appeal have been published in skeptical journals worldwide, with the hope of a positive outcome for a "good cause."

Legeloven og Nysgjerrighet (The Law of Physicians and Curiosity)

This article, authored by Fredrik Mellbye, discusses the role of curiosity in the medical profession. Mellbye, who has held various public health positions in Norway, reflects on an article by himself titled "Curious Reflections on Curiosity." He argues that doctors' legitimate basis lies in their accumulated knowledge, both factual scientific understanding and mastery of the scientific method. He notes that this dual foundation is often insufficiently emphasized during medical education and misunderstood by the public, leading to criticism of doctors for not accepting non-scientific treatments.

Mellbye states that the medical method serves as a guarantee for patients' well-being and is enshrined in the law of physicians. Authorized doctors are legally prohibited from using methods characteristic of naturopathy, homeopathy, or other forms of "alternative medicine." If they do, they must inform patients that they are no longer acting as doctors under the law.

Lukenhet hos Legeforeningen og Andre (Lukewarmness at the Medical Association and Others)

This section criticizes the Norwegian Medical Association's perceived lukewarm attitude towards alternative medicine. It references an article in the association's journal where three doctors (Ole Jacob Broch, Anders Gogstad, and Sigurd Humerfelt) commented on the rise of "health humbug." These doctors suggested the association should better map these issues and clarify ethical principles regarding acupuncture and other "alternative medicine" practices, urging members to adhere to them. While acknowledging the doctors' concerns, the article notes that these three also expressed little faith in further investigations into such matters, deeming it a waste of resources. However, it contrasts this with the "significant effects" achieved by skeptical organizations like CSICOP, suggesting that greater awareness of such efforts would reveal where inaction and lukewarmness are most detrimental.

Ved Arsskiftet (At the Turn of the Year)

This section presents a collection of brief, often critical, observations on various topics:

• Dowsing: A man in Sogn received 70,000 kroner from municipal development funds to search for "earth rays" using a divining rod.
• Police and Psychics: The city court judge in Bergen, August Rathke, stated that "Police must use psychic help..."
• Crib Death Claims: Knut Hjerten in Hobøl claims to be 99% sure he has found the cause of crib death, attributing it to strong radiation under the cribs.
• Homeopathy: Farmer Lasse Sørensen in Lierne has developed a homeopathic remedy for mastitis.
• Politics: The "Nature Law Party" has been founded, believing that widespread meditation can influence collective consciousness.
• UFO Documentaries: A TV2 program, "UFO-miraklet," is mentioned, with its "documentary series" having been previously exposed as hoaxes.
• Spiritualism: Jon Alvik, a "Life is Life" journalist, claims to have had contact with the spirit world through people with special abilities.
• Satanism: A magazine story recounts the "heroic struggle" of guerrilla preacher Viggo Wilhelmsen to save his son from the satanist Anton LaVey.
• UFO Abductions: It is reported that 3,000-4,000 Americans have been abducted by UFOs, and stories of flying saucer travel are emerging in Norway, with a book and TV appearance by the author.
• Occult Advertising: The Norwegian Goldsmiths' Federation is using occult ideas in its advertising.

The section concludes by urging readers to renew their subscriptions to NIVFO-Bulletin, calling it a "fantastic reality."

Amazing James

This is a poem, set to the tune of "Amazing Grace," that satirizes "James," likely referring to James Randi, a well-known skeptic. The poem mocks the idea of "wretches" being inspired by him and humorously describes his supposed abilities, such as bending spoons, melting hearts, and changing watches. It also references a "healer odd" who claims to receive messages from "the Voice of God" via radio and describes psychics performing "quackery" in the Philippines, involving chicken guts and blood. The poem concludes by praising Randi's "skeptical art" and its "knack of opening at sparrow fart," a crude expression implying trivial or nonsensical achievements.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of NIVFO-Bulletin are skepticism towards paranormal claims, religious figures, and alternative medicine, alongside a strong advocacy for rationalism and scientific methodology. The publication appears to be critical of unsubstantiated beliefs and practices, highlighting instances of alleged fraud, pseudoscience, and the manipulation of public belief. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of critical thinking and evidence-based reasoning, as demonstrated by its coverage of the Sai Baba case, the critique of the medical establishment's approach to alternative therapies, and the satirical poem targeting a prominent skeptic. The publication also seems to serve as a platform for disseminating information and soliciting support for skeptical organizations like Indian CSICOP and NIVFO itself.