NIVFO-Bulletin - 1991 No 4-5

Magazine Overview

Title: NIVFO bulletin
Issue: 4-5/91
Volume: 11
Date: 1991
Publisher: Norsk Institutt for Vitenskapelig Forskning og Opplysning (NIVFO)
Country: Norway
Language: Norwegian
ISSN: 0800-0360
Price: 100,- NOK

This issue of the NIVFO bulletin, a critical forum for pseudoscience and literature, delves into the ongoing debate between evolutionary theory and creationism, alongside discussions on education and alternative practices.

Articles and Content

The Darwinism Debate: Debunking Creationist Claims

The cover story and a significant portion of the issue are dedicated to refuting creationist arguments. An article by Kent Harker, formerly editor of the South Shore Skeptic, critically analyzes the claims made by Jusprofessor Phillip Johnson, author of an anti-evolution book. Harker systematically addresses and debunks nine common creationist arguments, highlighting factual errors and misrepresentations. He points out that Johnson, an advocate, misinterprets scientific concepts, conflates evolution with abiogenesis, and relies on outdated or discredited ideas. Harker emphasizes that evolutionary theory is not a dogma but a dynamic scientific field, and that scientists like Stephen Jay Gould and Eldridge, who question aspects of evolutionary theory, are respected figures, contrary to Johnson's claims of a stifling scientific orthodoxy.

Harker also addresses the argument that evolution is unfalsifiable and untestable. He argues that evolutionary theory, particularly through population genetics, makes testable predictions, citing the Hardy-Weinberg law and the example of sickle-cell anemia as evidence of observable evolutionary processes. He criticizes the creationist tendency to demand specific 'transitional fossils' while ignoring the vast amount of fossil evidence that supports evolutionary lineages. The article also touches upon the 'man the hunter' hypothesis, citing Robert Ardrey, and notes that current paleoanthropological evidence does not support this idea, with findings like broken animal bones at Makapansgat being reinterpreted as gnawed by rodents rather than used as tools.

'Om Darwin' (On Darwin)

This article explores Darwin's theory of natural selection, acknowledging its foundational role in modern biology. It notes that despite its significance, some philosophers, like Karl Popper, have critiqued it as a 'metaphysical research program.' The author aims to examine these objections and defend natural selection, arguing that the common understanding of 'survival of the fittest' (a term borrowed from Herbert Spencer) is often misunderstood. True Darwinian fitness relates to reproductive success. The article clarifies that natural selection is not the sole driver of evolution; mutation, genetic drift, and migration also play roles. It highlights that natural selection is an observable process, exemplified by artificial selection in breeding, and that nature can achieve similar results without a guiding hand.

The article discusses the industrial melanism in the peppered moth in Birmigham, England, as a classic example of natural selection in action, where darker moths became more prevalent due to pollution darkening trees. While creationists might dismiss this as mere variation, the author argues it demonstrates natural selection's role in adapting populations to changing environments. The piece also addresses the argument that natural selection cannot explain the past, asserting that while reconstructing evolutionary history involves abductive reasoning (forming hypotheses to explain observations), it is a scientific process tested against available data, such as the fossil record.

'Friskoler' (Private Schools)

An article by Gunnar Ståldal, a teacher of religious knowledge and philosophy, expresses concern about the rise of private schools, particularly religious ones. Ståldal argues that these schools can potentially be used for fundamentalist indoctrination of children, contrasting this with the scientific worldview that underpins the public education system. He emphasizes the dual role of schools: to foster democratic citizens and impart knowledge with critical thinking skills. Ståldal critiques the idea of 'alternative pedagogy,' suggesting it lacks a clear definition and can be a guise for non-scientific approaches. He worries that a focus on 'alternative' education might undermine the importance of established knowledge and critical inquiry, advocating for the preservation of a scientifically grounded curriculum.

Other Articles and Notiser

The issue also includes a table of contents listing a variety of articles, including those on "Om Det A Frykte Handen Som Gir Oss Mat" (On the Hand We Fear That Gives Us Food), "Skeptical Inquirer Akseptert" (Skeptical Inquirer Accepted), "The Mask of Nortradamus," and "Vitenskap og Livssyn" (Science and Worldview). There is also mention of a video cassette with James Randi and an article on "The Hundreth Monkey."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The NIVFO bulletin consistently promotes a skeptical and critical approach to claims of pseudoscience, alternative medicine, and unverified phenomena. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of scientific methodology, empirical evidence, and rational discourse. The publication aims to educate its readers by debunking pseudoscientific claims and providing a platform for critical examination of topics often presented without rigorous scientific backing. The concern about indoctrination in education and the defense of evolutionary theory against creationist challenges are central to this issue's editorial direction, reinforcing the bulletin's role as a defender of scientific rationalism.

This issue of NCAS Skeptical Eye, dated Winter 1990-91, is a Swedish publication focused on critical examination of pseudoscientific claims and alternative beliefs. The magazine adopts a skeptical stance, advocating for scientific rigor and evidence-based reasoning across various domains, including medicine, education, and paranormal phenomena.

Free Schools and Education

The issue opens with a discussion on the concept of free schools, particularly in the context of the USA and Sweden. The author questions the value of shielding children from diverse literature and viewpoints, posing whether it is beneficial for them to avoid confronting ideas that differ from those of their parents. The article highlights the potential for indoctrination and 'mind-washing' in such systems, contrasting it with the ideal of providing all children with comprehensive and varied knowledge.

The 'New Age' Movement

A significant portion of the magazine delves into the 'New Age' movement, categorizing its adherents into two main groups: religious fundamentalists (Christian and Muslim) who believe in a single holy scripture, and those who seek information through 'channeling' and altered states of consciousness. The article touches upon figures like L. Ron Hubbard and his book 'Dianetics,' presenting these beliefs as potentially irrational and lacking empirical support.

Critiques of Mysticism and Alternative Beliefs

The magazine strongly criticizes various forms of mysticism and alternative beliefs. It argues that the multitude of conflicting messages from different mystics makes it impossible to discern truth, leading individuals to blindly follow a chosen guru. The article draws a parallel between religious fundamentalists and 'New Age' followers in this regard.

'Mysterious Creature in the Grass'

A prominent feature is the account of a 'mysterious creature in the grass' reported by a woman in Värmland, Sweden. The creature is described as small, light green, and about 10 cm tall, with two brown eyes. The woman and her partner observed it for five minutes before it disappeared. The article presents this as a UFO-related incident, noting the commonality of witnesses leaving before the phenomenon vanishes.

Alternative Medicine Under Scrutiny

A substantial part of the issue is dedicated to a critical analysis of 'alternative medicine.' The authors argue that conventional medicine, despite its evolution, is the most effective system available. They highlight the scientific progress that has eradicated or significantly reduced many diseases, such as polio and smallpox.

The Nature of 'Alternative Medicine'

'Alternative medicine' is described as a heterogeneous mix of ideas and philosophies, including acupuncture, homeopathy, and chiropractic. The article points out the lack of documentation and scientific evidence supporting the claims of these methods. It criticizes the reliance on anecdotal evidence and vague theories about 'energy' and 'forces.'

The Case of Vitamin C

Dr. Anthony G. Wheeler contributes an article questioning the belief that 'natural' vitamins are superior to synthesized ones. He uses Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic acid) as an example, explaining that its molecular structure and properties are identical regardless of whether it is produced by a living cell or synthesized in a laboratory. He presents survey results from his students, showing a strong belief in the superiority of natural vitamins, which he attributes to the influence of alternative practitioners.

Scientific Standards and 'Parallel Medicine'

The magazine emphasizes the importance of scientific methodology, including reproducibility and verifiable evidence, for any treatment to be accepted. It argues that alternative therapies fail to meet these standards. The authors propose renaming 'alternative therapies' as 'parallel medicine' to reflect their tendency to run alongside, but not integrate with, scientific medicine. They highlight that while conventional medicine is constantly evolving and incorporating new findings (making it inherently 'alternative' to older practices), alternative therapies remain largely static and resistant to change.

The Placebo Effect

The issue acknowledges the placebo effect, recognizing that a significant percentage of patients report improvement even with inert treatments. However, it stresses that this effect should be understood and potentially utilized within a scientific framework, rather than being the sole basis for unproven therapies.

Kirlian Photography and Mysticism

The magazine discusses Kirlian photography, which was featured on a TV program. It clarifies that Kirlian photography is a natural phenomenon related to electrical discharges and not evidence of paranormal abilities or 'auras.' The article criticizes the TV program for presenting mystical interpretations of such phenomena without adequate scientific context.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The overarching theme of this issue is a strong advocacy for scientific rationalism and a critical approach to claims that lack empirical support. The magazine consistently challenges pseudoscience, mysticism, and unverified alternative practices, promoting evidence-based reasoning and critical thinking. The editorial stance is clearly that of a skeptical organization dedicated to debunking unfounded beliefs and promoting a scientific worldview.

This issue of the Norwegian magazine 'New Age' (published in 1991, issue 3) covers a range of topics including UFO sightings, crop circles, skepticism, and the debate around natural versus synthetic substances. The magazine presents itself as a platform for discussing paranormal and New Age phenomena, often with a critical or skeptical undertone, as indicated by its references to 'skeptics' and 'debunking'.

Letters from Readers

The 'Brev fra Leserene' (Letters from Readers) section features two contributions. Olav J. Befring from Indre Jølster writes about observing Venus in the February evenings, speculating that it might be mistaken for a UFO, as reported by the local newspaper 'firdaposten'. He recounts contacting the newspaper and the observer, suggesting it was Venus. The section also includes a letter from a 'Reader from Vestlandet' (West Coast) referencing an article about triangular imprints near Namsenfjorden, inquiring about further developments and explanations from NIVO.

Crop Circles: A Skeptical Examination

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to an article titled 'KORNSIRKLENE' (Crop Circles), detailing an event attended by representatives of the North Texas Skeptics. The article reports on a presentation by Professor George Wingfield and Lord John Haddington, described as 'Lord of Haddington', who are associated with the 'Center for Crop Circle Studies' (CCCS). The event, held in North Park, Texas, attracted around 200 people. The article critically examines Wingfield's presentation, noting the lack of information about his academic credentials and Haddington's noble title. It describes crop circles as imprints in grain fields, typically found in mature crops and often aligned with tractor tracks. Wingfield presented slides, some of which showed circles without tractor tracks but with apparent pathways leading to them. The article expresses skepticism about the 'circle enthusiasts' interpretation, particularly the lack of explanation for who or what creates the circles. Wingfield is portrayed as encouraging speculation, linking crop circles to religious symbolism, UFOs, and New Age concepts. The author questions Wingfield's assertion that the circles are not hoaxes, pointing out his admission that they are 'almost impossible to create with a bluff.' The article highlights Wingfield's reliance on 'wishful evidence' and 'channeling' as proof, citing a medium named Rita Gould who claimed to have heard a 'whistling sound' inside a circle. The author criticizes the use of psychics and mediums by organizations like MUFON and CCCS, questioning their scientific methodology. The article concludes that the CCCS 'show' is a business venture, funded by attendees, and criticizes the audience for suspending their critical thinking.

Natural vs. Synthetic Pesticides

Another article, 'LITT OM NATURLIG OG SYNTETISK VEDRØRENDE MATVARER' (A Little About Natural and Synthetic Foodstuffs) by Jay D. Mann, a biochemist from DSIR Crop Research in New Zealand, challenges the notion that natural pesticides are inherently safer than synthetic ones. Mann argues that many natural toxins in plants, such as flavorings, can be as poisonous as synthetic chemicals, and that the idea of 'natural' automatically meaning 'safe' is a myth akin to the Tooth Fairy. He points out that natural chemicals are often untested and lack clear safety regulations, unlike synthetic ones which undergo rigorous analysis. The article cites examples like parsley containing chemicals found in paint strippers and honey causing poisoning in ancient Persia. It questions the paradox of lower cancer rates despite the presence of natural toxins in fruits and vegetables, referencing the principle that 'the dose makes the poison.' The author suggests that the focus on synthetic chemicals might be misplaced, given that natural chemicals can be present in much higher concentrations.

Geller vs. Randi and Other News

The 'GELLER' section briefly mentions the ongoing controversy between Uri Geller and James Randi, noting that lawyers are investigating the possibility of holding Geller responsible for the high costs incurred by Randi due to Geller's lawsuit. It anticipates further news in the new year.

The 'RANDI' section seems to be a continuation or related item, possibly detailing Randi's activities or the legal situation further.

Sri Satya Sai Baba: A Skeptical View

An article titled 'DARLIG REKLAME FOR SAI BABAS OVERNATURLIGE EVNER' (Bad Publicity for Sai Baba's Supernatural Abilities) presents a critical perspective on the Indian swami Sri Satya Sai Baba. Citing 'Indian Skeptic', the article dismisses his alleged abilities, such as producing objects from thin air, as simple tricks. It notes that Sai Baba reportedly avoids performing miracles when professional illusionists are present. The article also mentions a building collapse related to Sai Baba that resulted in fatalities and injuries. Furthermore, it reports on Indian President R. Venkatraman attending Sai Baba's birthday, criticizing politicians for supporting such figures and questioning the separation of religion and politics.

New Age Bookstore Facing Closure

The 'NEW AGE' section reports on the potential closure of Astraea, described as Washington's largest New Age bookstore, owned by Norris Blank. The store, which also functioned as a cafe and hosted events, opened a year prior. Despite financial difficulties, Blank remains optimistic about the 'New Age vision' and the location.

'For Galleriet' Segment

The 'FOR GALTERIET' segment discusses a television program that featured a demonstration of electromagnetic radiation related to an object. The article explains the process in scientific terms, attributing the observed phenomena to known physical-chemical processes rather than paranormal activity. It also recounts a test involving two alleged psychics and a football expert, where the psychics performed poorly compared to the expert, suggesting that practical knowledge is more reliable than psychic abilities.

Editorial and Recurring Themes

The editorial section reflects on the magazine's tenth anniversary, highlighting its extensive publication history and the wealth of information it has provided. It mentions the upcoming visit of James Randi and the possibility of improving the magazine's technical standard. The recurring themes in this issue include skepticism towards paranormal claims, critical analysis of 'New Age' phenomena, and a questioning of widely accepted beliefs, such as the safety of natural products. The magazine appears to advocate for a scientific and rational approach to understanding unexplained phenomena.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of 'New Age' consistently adopts a skeptical and critical stance towards paranormal claims and New Age beliefs. While reporting on phenomena like UFOs and crop circles, the articles often dissect the evidence, question the methodologies of proponents, and highlight alternative, more rational explanations. The magazine seems to champion scientific inquiry and critical thinking, as evidenced by its focus on skeptics like James Randi and its critical examination of figures like Professor Wingfield and Sri Satya Sai Baba. The editorial stance appears to be one of promoting a rational worldview and debunking unsubstantiated claims, even while acknowledging the existence of phenomena that challenge conventional understanding. The magazine also engages with broader societal issues, such as the public perception of natural versus synthetic substances and the intersection of politics and religion.

This issue of the magazine features several articles, with the main cover story focusing on the "MARFA LYSENE" (Marfa Lights) by James Long. Other articles discuss skepticism in science, the role of statistics in parapsychology, and a review of comic books.

Marfa Lights: A Personal Investigation

James Long recounts his trip to Marfa, Texas, with his companion Jeff, to witness the famed Marfa Lights. The lights have been reported since the 1880s and are described as unique, appearing regularly and exhibiting characteristics like being cool, ball-shaped, moving quickly, and having a constant light, sometimes appearing as doubles. Long notes that while many scientific hypotheses exist, none have achieved general acceptance, with some leaning towards the unscientific, such as extraterrestrial visits or Apache spirits.

They visited a designated observation spot on Highway 90, a flat landscape surrounded by low-lying mountains. Arriving an hour before sunset, they observed several cars arriving with people equipped with chairs and binoculars. A woman shared her previous night's sighting, advising them to look near the mountains. As darkness fell, a light appeared on an antenna tower, which was confirmed not to be a Marfa Light. Shortly after, a bright white light appeared at the foot of the mountains, moving along the mountain range. Over the next few hours, a continuous stream of lights was observed, following two main patterns: appearing near the southern edge of the mountains and moving halfway to the road before disappearing, or appearing two-thirds of the way to the road and remaining stationary. The stationary lights would blink at regular intervals.

Using his eight-inch Celestron telescope, Long observed that the lights appeared as unclear balls, several feet in diameter. The telescope revealed that the lights were located behind the mountains and that some blinking lights were actually the lights moving behind rocks. The light emitted was sufficient to illuminate the mountain face behind them. A fascinating discovery was that some single lights would split into two, with one becoming brighter than the other, a phenomenon not visible to the naked eye. The lights ceased around midnight after approximately four hours of observation.

Long concludes that natural causes were quickly ruled out, and while he doesn't dwell on the cause, he found the experience fascinating and beautiful, providing him with a memorable vacation.

Notiser (Notices)

This section contains several short news items:

• UFO Kidnappings: James S. Gordon, a professor of psychiatry, has written an article for Atlantic magazine supporting the reality of UFO abductions, changing his initial skepticism after attending a UFO conference.
• Haunted House: The Appellate Division of the State Supreme Court in Manhattan ruled on a case involving a Victorian house in Nyack, NY, declaring it a "haunted house" in the legal sense.
• Lost Squadron Found?: Reports suggest that "the lost squadron" from the Bermuda Triangle may have been found off the coast of Fort Lauderdale, though this was later disproven. However, a wreck believed to be from the lost "Squadron 19" (which crashed in 1945) was located by underwater hunters.
• Pat Robertson's Hotel: Pat Robertson's new hotel in Virginia Beach allows guests of any religion but requires job applicants to affirm their belief in Jesus and admit that their faith has transformed their lives.

Interview with Ray Hyman

This section features an interview with Ray Hyman, a professor of psychology at the University of Oregon and a member of CSICOP's Executive Council. Hyman discusses his involvement with CSICOP, which began in the early 1970s with a group aiming to inform the academic world about paranormal claims. He was invited to join CSICOP in 1976.

Hyman is currently involved in a national research committee examining techniques for enhancing human performance, including meditation, neurolinguistic programming, and parapsychological techniques, some of which were being explored by U.S. military and intelligence agencies.

He explains that the "Psi-Gap" was a term used to describe the perceived lead of the Soviet Union in psychic warfare. Hyman's background in magic before becoming a psychologist has informed his work in investigating paranormal claims, including cases for the Defense Department and the National Institute of Mental Health.

Regarding statistics, Hyman expresses skepticism about its application in parapsychology, stating that statistical data can be manipulated or unreliable. He argues that the ideal model of the world used in statistics doesn't exist in reality, making its application questionable. He believes that in most parapsychological experiments, researchers do not pre-define specific tests, leading to potential biases in interpreting results.

He specifically addresses Robert Jahn's experiments at Princeton, noting that while Jahn has collected data for over ten years, the issue lies in the lack of pre-defined tests, making it impossible to know if the results are truly significant or a product of selective data analysis.

Hyman also discusses subliminal audio tapes, stating that while proponents claim they can influence the subconscious, his research suggests that if a message is too weak to be consciously heard, it cannot have any effect, even on the subconscious. He acknowledges that belief in these tapes can lead individuals to convince themselves they are working, but this is a subjective experience, not objective proof.

He emphasizes that while belief can affect subjective states like happiness, it cannot cure diseases like cancer or alter physical characteristics. He advocates for a combination of psychological techniques and good medical treatment, warning against using alternative therapies in place of proper medical care.

Hyman is currently writing a book about how intelligent people can make significant mistakes, focusing on scientists who have been deceived by paranormal claims.

Universets Vidundere (Wonders of the Universe)

This is a review of the comic book series "Universets Vidundere" by Moebius (Jean Giraud). The reviewer praises Moebius's imaginative storytelling, particularly the character Arzach, an eagle-rider who travels through alien landscapes. The review describes a specific story where Arzach encounters a woman and a "wild man," showcasing Moebius's blend of humor and gruesome elements.

The review also mentions a black-and-white story about a family on a road trip through southern France, which the reviewer interprets as a vision of a coming "New Age: The Age of Waste."

Two volumes of the series have been released, and the reviewer eagerly awaits future installments.

Kvasimedisin (Quasi-Medicine)

This article discusses the risks associated with iodine-rich "natural products" and vitamin/mineral supplements. It highlights a study in "Tidsskrift for Den Norske Lægeforening" that details four patients who developed thyroid disorders (hypo- or hyperthyroidism) after using such products derived from seaweed or supplements.

The authors of the study argue that the sale of these iodine-rich "natural products" is increasing and should be subject to public control and regulation regarding iodine content. They note that only products falling under vitamin and mineral supplement regulations have limits on their iodine content. The current regulations should be expanded.

Iodine is essential for thyroid hormones but also affects how much iodine the thyroid gland absorbs and the synthesis of hormones. The article concludes that the actual prevalence of iodine-induced thyroid disorders in the population is unknown, but the availability of these products poses an increased risk of developing hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and goiter.

Mangler (Missing)

A short editorial by Sidsel Mørck criticizes the lack of politicians with imagination, integrity, and the courage to set future goals beyond economic advisors. She argues that while economic advisors have their tools, society needs other abilities.

Om Det A Frykte Handen Som Gir Oss Mat (About Fearing the Hand That Feeds Us)

This article by Molleen Matsumura discusses the general lack of scientific literacy among Americans, citing examples of people not knowing basic facts like the Earth revolving around the sun. The author attributes this to schools being overburdened with social services, political pressure influencing curriculum choices, and negative societal attitudes towards science and scientists.

The article criticizes the portrayal of scientists in media, such as in "Sesame Street" where a fictional scientist is depicted as creating overly complicated solutions, and in TV shows where scientists are often portrayed as sadistic or boring. It also points out scientific inaccuracies in popular films like "Alien" and "Superman II."

Matsumura suggests that fostering scientific understanding should start at home and that appreciating scientists is crucial for various aspects of society, including food and drug regulation.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine appears to have a skeptical stance towards paranormal claims, evident in the interview with Ray Hyman and the general tone of the articles. There is a strong emphasis on scientific investigation and critical thinking. The "Notiser" section often highlights debunked claims or questionable phenomena. The magazine also seems interested in exploring the intersection of science, psychology, and societal attitudes towards these fields. The review of "Universets Vidundere" suggests an appreciation for imaginative art, even if it delves into darker themes. The "Kvasimedisin" article points to a concern for public health and the regulation of unverified health products. The editorial stance is generally pro-science, critical of pseudoscience, and concerned with the dissemination of accurate information.

This issue of The Skeptical Inquirer, dated Fall 1991 and identified as issue 2/91, focuses on the critical examination of pseudoscientific claims, New Age beliefs, and the importance of scientific reasoning. The magazine features articles in Norwegian, with some English titles and references.

Articles and Content

Promoting Science and Critical Thinking

The issue opens with an article emphasizing the role of parents and society in fostering an appreciation for science. It highlights how families can engage with science through educational programs, museums, and by supporting scientific endeavors. The article stresses that scientific literacy is crucial for the well-being and progress of society, citing historical figures like Galileo, Walter Reed, and Marie Curie as examples of scientific dedication.

Critique of Pseudoscience and New Age Beliefs

One section addresses a direct mail catalog advertisement for a "tension bracelet" that claims to improve "bio-magnetism." The Norwegian National Board of Health has reported the advertiser to the police for illegal advertising, but the article expresses skepticism about whether authorities will follow up, citing previous inaction on similar cases involving homeopathic practices.

Another article discusses the book "The Mask of Nostradamus" by James Randi. The reviewer, Hugh H. Trotti, praises Randi's logical and concise approach to debunking the prophecies of Nostradamus. The book examines historical documents and locations associated with Nostradamus, offering a critical perspective on interpretations that link his prophecies to historical events like Hitler's career.

The Steiner School Controversy

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to an exposé of the science education at a Steiner School, based on an article from The Skeptical Inquirer. The author, Dan Dugan, initially found the school's teaching methods progressive but became concerned when he discovered that the curriculum included pseudoscientific ideas, such as the influence of race on intelligence and the concept of "baby science." Dugan's attempts to address these issues with the school administration were met with resistance, leading to his family being asked to leave.

The Nature of Science and Belief Systems

Gunnar Ståldal's article, "Science and Worldview," explores the positive connotations of the word "science" and its related terms. He contrasts this with the tendency to resort to "alternative" knowledge or "inner truths" when scientific grounds are lacking. Ståldal argues that while science and technology can be used destructively, they are essential for progress in areas like medicine and agriculture. He also touches upon the use of scientific methods in historical research, such as pollen analysis and carbon dating.

Biblical Criticism and Historical Accuracy

Another article delves into the historical and textual criticism of the New Testament. It questions the literal truth of biblical accounts, particularly the miracles attributed to Jesus, and suggests that the Gospels may not have been written by eyewitnesses. The author points to scholarly debates about the authenticity of Jesus's words and actions, referencing Albert Schweitzer's work, which concluded that the historical Jesus as depicted in the Gospels may not have existed as described.

Skeptical Inquirer's Indexing and Resources

An announcement details that The Skeptical Inquirer has been accepted for indexing in the Readers Guide to Periodical Literature, a significant step for its visibility. Additionally, a videocassette of James Randi's lecture at the University of Trondheim is available for purchase.

Spook Hill Illusion

The issue includes an article by Guss Wilder about "Spook Hill" in Lake Wales, Florida. It describes the optical illusion where cars appear to roll uphill, explaining it as a trick of perspective and terrain rather than a violation of gravity laws. The article notes the public's fascination with such phenomena.

Book Review: The Hundredth Monkey

A review of "The Hundredth Monkey And Other Paradigms of the Paranormal," edited by Kendrick Frazier, is presented. This collection of essays from The Skeptical Inquirer examines various paranormal claims and pseudoscientific beliefs from a scientific and skeptical viewpoint.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of The Skeptical Inquirer strongly advocates for scientific literacy, critical thinking, and evidence-based reasoning. It consistently challenges pseudoscientific claims, New Age ideologies, and uncritical acceptance of anecdotal evidence. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of skepticism and rigorous scientific investigation as the primary means of understanding the world. The magazine aims to educate its readers about the pitfalls of pseudoscience and promote a rational worldview.

This issue of Skeptical Inquirer, dated Fall 1991, features articles debunking pseudoscientific claims and reporting on a significant legal case. The magazine maintains a skeptical stance, emphasizing scientific reasoning and evidence.

Spook Hill: An Optical Illusion

The article "rapporteringen" (Reporting) addresses the phenomenon of Spook Hill, a location where objects appear to roll uphill. The author critiques a Wall Street Journal reporter's account, suggesting that the phenomenon is not a gravitational anomaly but rather an optical illusion. The reporter's observation of a water level being affected by the 'uphill' slope is questioned, with the author pointing out that water naturally flows downhill and that town engineers would have accounted for the lowest point when building the street. The article interviews two individuals cited in the original report: Jack A. Kapchan, a psychologist, who stated he had no data and leaned towards an optical illusion explanation, and Anthony Randazzo, from the University of Florida's Geology Department, who admitted he had never been to the site and felt his comments were taken out of context. The author suggests that the 'astonished scientists' mentioned might be elsewhere, possibly referencing the Bermuda Triangle. The piece notes that the reporter, Johnson, grew up in the area and stated he went as a skeptic and returned as one, which contradicts the impression of astonishment in the article. The author concludes that the Wall Street Journal should have clearly stated that Spook Hill is an entertaining illusion.

Crystal Healing: Pseudoscience and Danger

"Krystaller" (Crystals) by Ian Pilmer, a professor of geology, critically examines the New Age movement's claims about crystal healing. Pilmer traces the historical use of crystals for adornment and perceived protection against negative forces and illness. He mentions ancient Greek beliefs about quartz and amethyst and quotes Roman author Pliny on amethyst's supposed ability to ward off intoxication and madness. The article notes a recent surge in books promoting crystal healing, often by 'snake oil salesmen' who Pilmer claims are destroying valuable mineral collections. Pilmer defines minerals as naturally occurring substances with defined chemical compositions and atomic arrangements, emphasizing that their properties are explainable by physics and chemistry. He states that no naturally occurring crystal has exhibited unknown properties, and any unusual characteristics can be explained scientifically. Pilmer points out that approximately 200 new mineral species are defined annually, bringing the total to around 6,000. He criticizes the perpetuation of myths about mystical crystal powers by charlatans and those seeking easy answers. The article lists various minerals and the ailments they are claimed to treat in New Age circles, such as quartz for kennel cough, dioptase for various diseases, and uvarovite garnet for bloating. Pilmer dismisses these claims, highlighting the lack of evidence and the often-contradictory nature of the claims. He specifically questions the claims made for tourmaline and ruby, noting that the latter's alleged benefits are sometimes linked to its color, while others are based on vague associations. Pilmer argues that many New Age proponents ignore basic scientific principles, such as the abundance of oxygen and silicon in the Earth's crust forming the basis of most minerals. He also notes that New Age healing often involves concentration and mental imagery rather than direct physical contact with the crystals. Pilmer concludes that while crystals can be beautiful and used in jewelry, the New Age claims about their healing powers are unscientific and potentially dangerous, especially when they lead people to delay seeking proper medical treatment for serious conditions like malaria or venomous bites.

Historic Ruling Against Scientology

"Historisk dom mot scientologene" (Historic Verdict Against Scientologists) reports on a significant legal case in Oslo. Advokat Ola Mæland and the estate of Marion Lem won a lawsuit against the Church of Scientology. For the first time, Scientology was convicted of pressuring its members for money. The Oslo City Court's verdict on October 29, 1991, found that the 'church' must repay over 200,000 kroner, having exerted undue pressure and near-coercion to get the deceased to take out and repay loans. Advokat Mæland commented that the court's decision went beyond a simple assessment of services rendered, instead reprimanding Scientology for violating principles of honesty. This was the sixth such repayment case Mæland had handled for former Scientologists in Norway, with more cases pending. Marion Lem had contacted Scientology in Oslo in July 1985, joining shortly after and subsequently enrolling in numerous increasingly expensive courses. She paid 143,666.70 kroner to the church but only received 10,648 kroner back, leaving a dispute of 133,018.70 kroner. Lem realized she had been deceived and contacted a lawyer in March 1988. She died of cancer on May 19, 1988, and the case was continued by her son, Steinar Lem. The article notes that this historic verdict had been widely reported in the press, and a summary in English had been sent to CSICOP in the USA.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue consistently promotes a skeptical and evidence-based approach to phenomena and claims. The editorial stance is clearly against pseudoscience, New Age mysticism, and unsubstantiated beliefs, advocating for scientific literacy and critical thinking. The magazine aims to debunk popular misconceptions, from the seemingly supernatural (Spook Hill) to alternative health claims (crystal healing), and to expose potentially harmful practices, as seen in the report on Scientology. The emphasis is on rational investigation and the importance of verifiable facts over anecdotal evidence or wishful thinking.