NIVFO-Bulletin - 1987 No 4-5

Magazine Overview

Title: NIVFO bulletin
Issue: No. 4-5/1987
Volume: 7
Date: April-May 1987
Publisher: NIVFO (Norsk Institutt for Vitenskapelig Forskning og Opplysning)
Country: Norway
Language: Norwegian
ISSN: 0800-0360
Price: KR. 95,-

This issue of NIVFO bulletin, a publication from the Norwegian Institute for Scientific Research and Enlightenment, focuses heavily on the intersection of quantum physics and paranormal claims, critically examining how pseudoscientific ideas are presented as legitimate science. The magazine features a strong skeptical stance, aiming to debunk unsubstantiated claims and promote critical thinking.

Main Articles and Themes

Quantum Physics and the Paranormal

The lead article, "KVANTEFYSIKKEN OG DET PARANORMALE" (Quantum Physics and the Paranormal), addresses how proponents of paranormal phenomena have adopted the jargon of quantum mechanics to lend credibility to their claims. The authors argue that these individuals are not interested in scientific results but in using phrases and analogies that fit their predetermined conclusions, presenting them as major scientific advancements. This is characterized as a "pathological state in scientific research."

The article "BØLGER OG PARTIKLER" (Waves and Particles) and subsequent sections delve into the fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics, particularly the wave-particle duality and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. It explains that entities like light and electrons exhibit characteristics of both waves and particles, and that this duality is not a matter of them being one or the other simultaneously, but rather a third, unknown property. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is presented as a consequence of this duality, stating that there is an inherent limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, can be known.

The text clarifies that the uncertainty principle is not due to poor measurement techniques but is a fundamental aspect of reality at the quantum level. It critiques popular books like Fritjof Capra's "The Tao of Physics" and Gary Zukav's "The Dancing Wu Li Masters" for misrepresenting quantum physics, often conflating scientific findings with mystical interpretations and presenting minority or outdated viewpoints as established facts.

Critiques of Pseudoscience and Misinterpretations

Several articles address specific instances of pseudoscience and misinterpretations. The "LEDER" (Editorial) section criticizes the lack of interest from those responsible for public enlightenment in countering pseudoscientific claims. It poses the question of why interest in the irrational is growing and suggests that simply presenting scientific results is insufficient; methods that encourage critical reflection are needed.

The article "ANSVARET FOR FOLKEOPPLYSNINGEN" (The Responsibility for Public Enlightenment) elaborates on this, noting that the current wave of irrationality is a crisis phenomenon. It highlights the fascination with quantum physics as a field where proponents attempt to bridge the gap between science and the paranormal, particularly concerning the EPR paradox, which some interpret as evidence for a spiritual dimension.

UFO Cases and Investigations

The issue includes a section titled "INNHOLDET FORØVRIG" (Other Contents) which lists several topics, including UFO-related cases. "UFO-KLASSIKER - DEXTER-HILLSDALE 1966" and "UFO-KLASSIKER - JIMMY CARTER 1969" are presented as classic UFO cases. Another entry, "MOUNT RAINIER, 1947 OPPKLART?" (Mount Rainier, 1947 Explained?), suggests a case that has been resolved. The article "FLY FORFULGT AV UFO !" (Flying pursued by UFO!) is described as a scientific investigation in Norway.

There is also a mention of investigations at Loch Ness, which, despite extensive efforts, yielded no evidence of a sea serpent, only stories and fake photographs.

Other Topics

Other topics covered include "Åpent sinn - ti år med negativ forskning i parapsykologi" (Open mind - ten years of negative research in parapsychology), "Forklarte mysterier - en meget interessant bok" (Explained Mysteries - a very interesting book), "Astrologi og Samfunns klasse" (Astrology and Social Class), "Pyramide-energi" (Pyramid Energy), and "Mer om Uri Geller" (More about Uri Geller).

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

NIVFO bulletin consistently promotes a skeptical and scientific approach to claims of the paranormal and pseudoscientific theories. The magazine actively debunks misinterpretations of scientific concepts, particularly quantum physics, and challenges the methods used by paranormal proponents. The editorial stance is one of advocating for critical thinking, evidence-based reasoning, and a clear distinction between established science and speculative or mystical beliefs. The publication positions itself as a unique resource in Norway for critical analysis of these topics.

This issue of Norsk Idrett, dated Winter 1986/87 (Volume 11, Issue 2/85), features a cover story titled "BAK TID OG ROM" (Behind Time and Space) and explores various topics at the intersection of science, philosophy, and parapsychology. The magazine includes articles discussing new scientific theories, the EPR paradox, and personal accounts of research in the field of the paranormal.

Articles

"Bak Tid og Rom" by Erik Dammann

The issue begins with a discussion of Erik Dammann's book "Bak Tid og Rom," published in spring 1987. Dammann, known from the movement "Fremtiden i våre hender" (The Future in Our Hands), seeks to explore the "truth about man and reality." The book delves into existential questions about whether humans are subject to natural laws or possess inner freedom. Dammann's work draws upon mysticism and quantum physics, referencing researchers like Fritjof Capra, David Bohm, Russel Targ, and Rupert Sheldrake. The article critiques Dammann's reliance on pseudoscientific concepts and his interpretation of physics, suggesting that he manipulates scientific findings to support his views. It notes that Dammann believes traditional science is "stuck" because it doesn't produce desired conclusions, and he criticizes organizations like CSICOP and NIVFO for setting too strict demands for paranormal experiments. The book is expected to be popular due to its inclusion of mystical elements, nature descriptions, and personal experiences. Georg Hygen, a parapsychologist, praises the book for providing a "solid foundation for new optimism and new hope."

"Gjennom lysmuren" by Bente Müller

Another sensation discussed is Bente Müller's book "Gjennom lysmuren" (Through the Light Wall), which has topped bestseller lists. Müller claims the manuscript was dictated to her by a "higher intelligence." The article notes that the book covers topics Müller realistically shouldn't have background knowledge of, from atomic physics to historical events. It describes the book as permeated by a form of "cosmic feminism" and a "new perception of reality." Like Dammann's book, it has received positive attention from Georg Hygen, who sees it as part of a "New Age" message, linking it to quantum physics, UFOs, and paranormal mediums. The article questions what happens when different cosmic intelligences provide conflicting information.

The EPR Paradox and Rupert Sheldrake

Martin Gardner's article "NOTES OF A FRINGE-WATCHER" explores the EPR paradox and the work of Rupert Sheldrake. Gardner explains the EPR paradox, which questions how two particles can remain correlated over large distances. He discusses David Bohm's interpretation and Einstein's view that quantum mechanics might be incomplete. The article then introduces Rupert Sheldrake's theory of "M-fields" (morphogenetic fields), which he proposes bind together all patterns in the universe, from particles to galaxies. Sheldrake suggests these fields operate instantaneously and are responsible for phenomena like the formation of crystals, the development of species, and even human learning and behavior. The theory is met with significant skepticism from the scientific community, with one reviewer calling his book "the best candidate for burning."

Newsweek reported on a competition sponsored by the Tarrytown Executive Conference Center to test Sheldrake's theory. Three winners, Gary Schwartz, Alan Pickering, and Arden Mahlberg, presented results suggesting some validity, though Sheldrake himself acknowledged the need for more rigorous proof.

Prigogine's Vision

The issue features an article on Belgian chemist Ilya Prigogine, a Nobel laureate, and his theories on dissipative structures. Prigogine's work suggests that open systems, far from equilibrium, evolve from chaos to higher order. He emphasizes the role of time and irreversibility in the universe, viewing it not as a static machine but as a dynamic, creative entity. His ideas are presented as a departure from classical physics, which he sees as describing a "dead universe." Prigogine's theories are embraced by the "New Age" movement, with Erik Dammann referencing him as a highly respected thinker. The concept of "dissipative structure" implies that the interaction between molecules, though localized, creates a structured system as if each molecule were "informed" about the total state. This is linked to the idea that "the part contains the whole." Marilyn Ferguson is mentioned as a proponent of Prigogine's ideas, using them to predict traffic patterns and understand stress as a force for change.

"Åpent Sinn" (Open Mind) by Susan Blackmore

Susan Blackmore, a psychologist and parapsychologist, shares her experiences and research in an article titled "Åpent Sinn." She recounts her initial fascination with parapsychology at Oxford, where she encountered various individuals involved in psychical research. Blackmore describes her own out-of-body experience (OBE), which led her to question the purely materialistic explanations offered by mainstream psychology. She developed a theory linking PSI (extrasensory perception) and memory, hypothesizing that they are aspects of the same process. Her subsequent experiments, conducted with students and later with children, yielded predominantly negative results, failing to find statistically significant evidence for PSI. Blackmore also details her experiments with the ganzfeld technique, a method used to induce altered states of consciousness for ESP testing. Despite initial promising results with one subject, further tests proved inconclusive. She concludes that while many parapsychologists sought explanations for negative results, her own extensive research led her to rely on statistical evidence, which indicated a lack of paranormal phenomena. She notes the common assumption among parapsychologists that a "PSI-hindering" experimenter effect might be at play when results are negative.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently explores the tension between established scientific paradigms and emerging theories, particularly those related to quantum physics, parapsychology, and New Age philosophies. There is a critical examination of how some authors and proponents selectively use scientific concepts, like quantum physics, to support mystical or pseudoscientific claims. The magazine appears to present these alternative viewpoints while also offering a skeptical perspective, particularly through the inclusion of articles that question the validity of paranormal research and highlight the importance of rigorous scientific methodology and statistical evidence. The editorial stance seems to be one of cautious inquiry, acknowledging the limitations of current scientific understanding while remaining critical of unsubstantiated claims and the misapplication of scientific principles.

This issue of The Skeptical Inquirer, Volume XI, Number 3, from Spring 1987, features articles on parapsychology, UFOs, and the nature of belief and evidence. The primary focus is on the experiences and conclusions of researcher Susan Blackmore, alongside a historical account of the Dexter-Hillsdale UFO incident and a review of the book 'Förklarade Mysterier'.

Susan Blackmore's Research Journey

Susan Blackmore details her personal journey through parapsychological research, starting with an initial belief in PSI. She recounts experiments, such as those involving Tarot cards, which initially showed statistically significant results. However, these results were not replicable under stricter conditions, leading her to question the validity of PSI. A key challenge she faced was the argument that her lack of results was due to insufficient belief or an 'unopen mind'.

Blackmore describes her struggle with cognitive dissonance, a term coined by Leon Festinger, which arises from inconsistencies between beliefs and actions. She explains how individuals, including herself, might cope by either rigidly adhering to a theory or selectively ignoring contradictory evidence.

Her research then shifted to Out-of-Body Experiences (OBEs). This new direction, prompted by her own OBE, led her to abandon the PSI hypothesis as a starting point. Instead, she focused on understanding the phenomenon itself, proposing that OBEs occur when the brain's 'reality model' is disrupted and replaced by a memory-constructed one, often resembling a bird's-eye view. This approach, which she found to be more fruitful and less reliant on the problematic concept of an 'open mind', led to positive results and a broader understanding of altered states of consciousness.

Blackmore concludes that her negative results in PSI research taught her valuable lessons, emphasizing the difficulty of maintaining an open mind and the potential for the PSI hypothesis to lead to unanswerable questions and a state of perpetual doubt.

The Dexter-Hillsdale UFO Incident, 1966

The issue also revisits the Dexter-Hillsdale UFO incident in Michigan in March 1966. Numerous reports from citizens and police officers described unexplained aerial phenomena. Police Sergeant Nuel Schneider and Officer David Fitzpatrick photographed what they believed to be UFOs. These photos were later examined by Dr. J. Allen Hynek, then a consultant for Project Blue Book. Hynek initially identified the images as long-exposure shots of Venus and the Moon. However, another incident on March 20th involved Frank Mannor and his son observing a car-sized, elliptical object with lights hovering over a swamp. The object turned red and then disappeared, leaving no trace. The 'swamp gas' theory, proposed by Hynek, became a widely known, albeit humorously used, explanation for UFO sightings in the area, though Hynek later admitted it didn't cover all reported phenomena.

Review of 'Förklarade Mysterier'

The magazine reviews the book 'Förklarade Mysterier' (Explained Mysteries), highlighting its aim to demystify various paranormal and unexplained phenomena through scientific and critical thinking. The book is described as a valuable resource for those seeking factual explanations for mysteries. It covers a wide range of topics, from astrology and levitation to UFOs and near-death experiences. The review notes that the book does not present theoretical constructs but rather actual, verifiable explanations. It also touches upon the common human tendency to seek explanations for the unknown and the idea that solving one mystery often leads to the emergence of new ones.

Near-Death Experiences and 'Pa Dødens Terskel'

A section discusses the book 'Livets Speil' (Life's Mirror) by psychologist Rune Amundsen, which focuses on near-death experiences (NDEs) in Norway. Amundsen has collected accounts from about fifty individuals who reported experiences such as leaving their bodies and entering a 'spiral'. The review questions the interpretation of these experiences as necessarily paranormal, drawing parallels to hallucinations induced by drugs or brain damage due to oxygen deprivation. It points out that the book's review in Aftenposten did not address these similarities, and raises the question of why not everyone in critical situations has such experiences.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical examination of paranormal claims, the scientific method, and the psychological aspects of belief and skepticism. The magazine promotes a skeptical yet open-minded approach to unexplained phenomena, emphasizing the importance of evidence, replicability, and logical reasoning. The editorial stance appears to favor rational explanations and highlights the challenges and potential pitfalls of pursuing research based on unproven hypotheses, particularly in the field of parapsychology.

Title: UFO-NYT
Issue: nr. 3/1987
Date: January 1987

This issue of UFO-NYT delves into several prominent UFO-related events and claims, offering critical analysis and investigations. It covers the 1966 sightings in Dexter and Hillsdale, Michigan, the controversial "swamp gas" theory, and the 1969 UFO claim by then-Governor Jimmy Carter, which was later debunked as a misidentification of the planet Venus. The magazine also touches upon astrological predictions and the use of paranormal abilities in search and rescue operations.

The Dexter and Hillsdale Sightings (March 1966)

The issue details two significant UFO sightings that occurred on consecutive days in March 1966. The first, in Dexter, involved Visesheriff Thomas Kelly and other police officers observing lights over a swamp. Later, Visesheriff Stanley McFadden and Betjent David Fitzpatrick saw an object ascend from the swamp and fly away. Betjent Robert Hunawill also reported seeing a strange object. In total, multiple police officers and around 35 civilians witnessed phenomena, with reports of red, white, and green lights, and later, three additional objects.

The following day, in Hillsdale, approximately 87 college girls, their headmistress Kelly Hearn, and civil defense leader William van Horn observed lights over a swamp for three hours. The lights were described as pulsating, changing colors, and sometimes appearing as an "oblong" or "flattened football" shape. After the event, police found a circular imprint in the ground, which was reportedly examined with Geiger counters showing high readings. Water and soil samples indicated a lack of microscopic life and high levels of boron.

The "Swamp Gas" Theory

Following the extensive media coverage of the Dexter and Hillsdale events, the U.S. Air Force held a press conference on May 25, 1966, in Detroit. Major Hector Quintanilla sent Dr. J. Allen Hynek and other officers to investigate. Dr. Hynek, after facing intense media pressure and finding the atmosphere in Michigan "hysterical," eventually proposed the "swamp gas" theory. He suggested that rotting vegetation produces swamp gas, which can be trapped by ice and released, creating luminous phenomena. This explanation was widely rejected by witnesses and the press, leading to ridicule.

The article critically examines the swamp gas theory, noting that scientific knowledge about its formation and combustion is limited. While swamp gas can appear as flames or balloons, its characteristics (color, duration, behavior) do not fully match the witness descriptions from Dexter and Hillsdale. The theory's plausibility is questioned, especially considering the specific conditions of the sightings.

Congressional Hearing and the Condon Report

The public outcry and media attention surrounding the UFO sightings led to a congressional hearing on April 6, 1966. Witnesses included Dr. J. Allen Hynek and Major Hector Quintanilla. Dr. Harold Brown stated that there was no evidence of UFOs posing a threat to national security. Dr. Hynek advocated for a civilian panel of scientists to critically examine UFO phenomena. Recommendations were made to establish contracts with universities for scientific studies, leading to the University of Colorado's UFO study, headed by Dr. Edward U. Condon, which later produced the controversial "Condon Report."

Jimmy Carter's UFO Claim (1969)

The magazine features an article titled "Jimmy Carter, 1969," detailing a UFO sighting reported by the then-Governor of Georgia. The National Enquirer published a story claiming Carter had seen a UFO in 1969. The report stated that Carter, along with ten Lions Club members in Leary, Georgia, observed a bright, sharp-edged object that changed colors and moved erratically for 10-12 minutes. The object was described as being nearly the size of the moon.

However, an investigation by Robert Sheaffer, prompted by the National Enquirer article, revealed inconsistencies. Sheaffer contacted witnesses, including the Stembridges and Milton Jones, who were quoted in the article, but found their accounts to be fabricated or exaggerated. A local radio station employee in Thomaston, where the sighting was initially reported to have occurred, had no recollection of Carter mentioning a UFO. Further investigation by Al Webb of the Lions Club headquarters in Oakbrook uncovered meeting records indicating Carter visited Leary on January 6, 1969, not in October as initially reported.

Sheaffer concluded that the object Carter saw was likely the planet Venus, which was a prominent evening star in January 1969 and appeared bright and stationary in the sky, consistent with the description of the sighting. The article highlights this as a classic example of misinterpreting celestial phenomena, citing ufologist Jacques Vallee's work on Venus being frequently mistaken for UFOs.

Astrology and Paranormal Claims

Two shorter sections discuss other topics. One analyzes a study published in the Skeptical Inquirer regarding a supposed link between astrological sun signs and professions, concluding that any observed correlations could be explained by seasonal birth differences and social class factors rather than astrology. The other section reviews astrological predictions for 1986, including those concerning political leaders like Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan, and mentions a prediction about the Loch Ness Monster being caught.

Search and Rescue and Paranormal Abilities

A section titled "CAN SEERE HJELPE POLITIET?" (Can Seers Help the Police?) discusses the use of individuals with alleged paranormal abilities in search and rescue operations in Sweden. It recounts a case where police received numerous tips from psychics about a missing boy, none of which proved to be correct. The article questions the reliance on such tips, suggesting that the time and resources spent could be better used in actual searches. It also briefly mentions the use of dowsing rods in Norwegian mountain rescue services.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical examination of UFO phenomena, the debunking of sensational claims, and the exploration of alternative explanations. The editorial stance appears to be skeptical of unsubstantiated UFO reports and political manipulation of the topic, favoring scientific investigation and logical explanations. The magazine actively seeks to demystify UFO sightings by identifying misinterpretations of natural phenomena, such as planets and swamp gas, and by scrutinizing media reports and witness testimonies. There is a clear emphasis on evidence-based analysis and a critique of the uncritical acceptance of paranormal claims, particularly those amplified by media hype or political agendas.

Title: Forsvarets Forum
Issue: nr. 5/87
Date: June 1, 1987

This issue of Forsvarets Forum critically examines several topics related to pseudoscientific claims and their presence in public discourse, particularly concerning the military and paranormal phenomena.

Dowsing Rods in Avalanche Rescue: A Scientific Critique

Professor Rolf Manne of the University of Bergen is featured prominently, expressing strong criticism of the Norwegian military's continued use and training in dowsing rods for avalanche rescue. He describes the practice as 'occult' and calls for a critical review of the curriculum at institutions like Norges Høgfjellskole. Manne argues that the scientific basis for dowsing rods is weak and that claims of their effectiveness, often cited by organizations like the Red Cross, can be easily debunked. He states that he has not personally used dowsing rods but relies on his scientific experience to distinguish between valid arguments and wishful thinking.

Nils Faarlund, leader of Norges Høgfjellskole, is identified as the proponent of dowsing rods within the rescue service. Manne suggests that Faarlund's belief in 'occult forces' is a key reason for the military's adoption of the method. Faarlund, in turn, dismisses Manne's criticisms, stating that scientific proof is not a prerequisite for a rescue method, drawing a parallel with avalanche dogs. However, the article highlights that scientific investigations, including those by the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), find dowsing rods to be 'totally useless.' NGI's research suggests that any perceived success is due to subconscious factors, such as the seeker's expectations and desires, combined with subtle environmental cues.

Major Gunnar Hugo Jensen from the education department of the military acknowledges the skepticism but states that in dire situations, 'even the devil eats flies,' implying that dowsing rods are used as a last resort when no other means are available.

A subsequent article on page 2, titled 'Søkevinkler uten verdi' (Dowsing rods without value), reports on controlled tests conducted at Hjerkinn involving approximately 40 individuals. The tests, which included both believers and skeptics, aimed to scientifically assess the effectiveness of dowsing rods in simulated avalanche and snowdrift scenarios. The results, as reported by Forsvarets Forum nr. 12/87, concluded that dowsing rods had no value in these situations. The Infanteriets Skyte- og Vinter-skole (SVI) organized the experiment, inviting experts and soldiers who had received training. Major Aage Jonassen, the outgoing head of SVI's development department, stated that while one mark was found in the simulated avalanche, it was only by chance. He suggested that the results in snowdrifts were slightly better but that one could achieve the same results by searching randomly. SVI used a random number generator to place markers, ensuring objectivity. Despite the generally negative results, Jonassen noted a 'small effect' in the snowdrift tests that might warrant further investigation, but firmly stated that dowsing rods are not recommended for rescue operations.

Skredforsker Steinar Bakkehøi from NGI called the Hjerkinn experiment a 'scientific pilot project' and expressed disappointment that organizations like the Red Cross have overlooked factual evidence, despite claims of international acceptance of the technique. Rolf Manne, a long-time critic of pseudoscience, found the results consistent with his research, including tests conducted by the British military on mine detection.

The Pyramid Energy Phenomenon

Page 3 introduces a book review of Jens Laigaard's 'PYRAMIDEENERGI' (Pyramid Energy). The book is described as an exposé of the pseudoscientific claims surrounding pyramid energy and the colorful personalities who promote these theories. Laigaard, known from the magazine Skeptica, critically examines speculations about pyramids, including their supposed mystical powers, proportions, and alleged extraterrestrial origins. The review highlights that Laigaard's book systematically deconstructs these claims, which are linked to theories of parapsychology, Kirlian photography, and orgone energy. The book's chapters cover topics such as 'Pyramid centers in Sejlflod,' 'Who built the Kheops pyramid?', 'The purpose of pyramids,' and 'Physical conditions for pyramid energy.' It also touches upon 'Myths surrounding the energy,' 'Definitions,' 'Mummification,' 'Razor blades,' 'Accelerated plant growth,' 'Water,' 'Psychic experiences,' 'Healings,' and 'Science versus the opposite.' The review mentions the popular claim that a model of the Great Pyramid can sharpen razor blades and preserve food, or accelerate plant growth and aid in meditation and healing, but frames these as part of the 'airy speculations' that Laigaard debunks.

Page 4 continues the discussion on pyramid energy, referencing a book by Tage Nissen, described as a 'pyramid engineer' and 'zonetherapist.' Nissen allegedly sells pyramid-shaped devices for a significant profit, with a production cost of around 14 DKK selling for 95 DKK. The article notes Nissen's involvement in zonetherapy, 'farveterapi,' and 'psychic massage,' and his belief in aligning pyramid points with his biorythms. The reviewer notes that while pyramid engineers are not yet common in Norway, they might appear.

Debunking the Famous UFO Case of Frank Fontaine

An article on page 4 discusses the widely publicized 1979 'UFO abduction case' involving Frank Fontaine in France. The case, which claimed Fontaine was abducted by aliens for a week, is now definitively declared a hoax by the Belgian UFO magazine SVL Journal. Jean-Pierre Prevost, one of Fontaine's companions, confessed that he staged the entire incident. Fontaine was not abducted but was instead staying with a friend during the supposed week of his disappearance.

The Nature of Scientific Inquiry

Under the heading 'AVSLØRENDE KRITIKK' (Revealing Criticism), the magazine emphasizes the process of scientific inquiry. It argues that attempts to discredit science by pointing to individual scientists who may have strayed from rigorous methods are misguided. The core of science, it asserts, is its process and methodology for acquiring knowledge, and this process is not invalidated by the actions of individual practitioners.

Uri Geller: The Psychic Performer

Pages 5 and 6 are dedicated to a critical examination of psychic Uri Geller. The article asserts that Geller has never possessed genuine psychic abilities and that his 'tricks' have been demonstrated by magicians. Psychologists have explained how Geller and others with 'psychic powers' manipulate people's senses. Geller has reportedly refused all challenges to participate in controlled tests. The article highlights his financial success, noting that he is a multi-millionaire, with a reported standard fee of one million pounds for his services to mining companies. The Financial Times is cited as reporting on how mining magnate Sir Val Duncan encouraged Geller to use his 'psychic abilities' to identify mineral deposits. Geller's business model involves claiming to help mining companies find rich veins, though the article suggests it might be easier for these companies to 'lose' his fee in their exploration budgets than to explain failures.

An example cited is Geller's involvement with the Australian mining company Zanex, which paid him $250,000 to search for gold. The article quotes Geller's statement that he 'likes to work with geologists. The more feedback they provide, the greater his chances of interpreting the forces he summons.'

The article also mentions Geller's ambition to find 'Lasseter's Reef,' a legendary gold mountain. However, it notes that media coverage of Geller has become increasingly skeptical, with the Miami Florida Herald urging readers to join the 'Sunshine Skeptics.'

Further criticism comes from the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) study in 1974, which published a report in the scientific journal Nature. The article claims this study was heavily criticized by other scientists, and Nature itself published a retraction, stating the work did not meet the journal's standards for scientific rigor. Geller's explanation for not performing metal bending at SRI was that he 'simply did not wish to do it.'

The article details Geller's alleged attempts to influence politicians like Jimmy Carter and Henry Kissinger, both of whom have denied any connection to him. Geller's claim that the USA is falling behind the Soviet Union in psychic research is also mentioned, alongside his refusal to be tested under conditions that exclude fraud.

James Randi, a well-known magician and skeptic, has offered a standing reward of $10,000 to anyone who can demonstrate psychic powers under controlled conditions. Geller has reportedly never responded to this challenge, nor to similar challenges from other organizations. An example of a failed trick occurred on the 'Johnny Carson Tonight Show,' where Carson, aware of Geller's methods, ensured that no 'magic' happened, resulting in what was described as one of the most entertaining failures in American television history.

Despite being exposed in the media, the article concludes that Geller continues to profit from the gullibility of the public, with many stories of his alleged successes being denied by the companies involved.

UFO Sighting Over Alaska: A Detailed Analysis

Pages 7, 8, and 9 present a detailed analysis of a UFO sighting reported by pilot Kejnu Terauchi on November 17, 1986, while flying a Boeing 747 from Iceland to Anchorage, Alaska. Terauchi reported being accompanied by three UFOs, one of which was described as being as large as a hangar ship. Both air traffic control and military radar reportedly detected the objects following the aircraft.

Terauchi, a pilot with 29 years of experience, described the UFOs as small craft and a mothership, capable of disappearing, reappearing, changing course rapidly, and stopping suddenly. He could not explain the phenomenon other than by suggesting an extraterrestrial origin. The flight crew was reportedly not overly frightened but requested permission to maneuver, which was granted. Radar stations indicated the UFOs were near the aircraft for 32 minutes, though the crew felt it was longer. Ground radar showed the objects approaching within eight kilometers.

Following the landing, the crew was interviewed and examined, with the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) deeming them normal, professional, and rational pilots.

However, the article, citing CSICOP and investigator Philip J. Klass, presents a skeptical analysis. Klass suggests that the 'extremely bright' Jupiter, visible in the sky at the time, could have been mistaken for a UFO. Jupiter was low on the horizon, appearing at a similar altitude to the aircraft. Mars was also visible. Despite the presence of these celestial bodies, Terauchi only reported seeing a 'white and yellow' light, not multiple objects or specific details later recounted in media interviews.

Discrepancies are highlighted between Terauchi's initial radio reports to the FAA and his later media statements. For instance, his claim that a UFO followed him during a 360-degree turn is contradicted by his FAA transmissions. He also reportedly 'forgot' key details that might have challenged his account.

Further investigation revealed that another commercial flight, United Airlines Flight 69, was asked to divert its course to help confirm Terauchi's sighting. The United Airlines pilot could see the JAL 747 but reported seeing no other objects. Another USAF C-130 aircraft was also tasked to investigate but found nothing.

Klass points out that experienced pilots have often misidentified bright celestial objects as UFOs. He cites a case from the 1950s where a military pilot chased what he believed to be a UFO for 30 minutes, only to discover it was the star Capella. Similarly, during World War II, pilots reported seeing a 'mysterious ball of light' that was later identified as Venus.

The article notes that over 25% of UFO reports submitted to The Center for UFO Studies were identified as planets or stars. It also mentions that Terauchi's later account of seeing two small UFOs in addition to a large one was not reflected in his initial radio communications.

The presence of a radar blip near the 747's position was noted, but the article explains that radar in mountainous terrain can produce 'false echoes' from reflections off mountains and snow. The FAA traffic control requested investigation of radar screens due to fear of mid-air collisions.

Klass's suspicion that the UFO might be a 'strongly luminous celestial body' was heightened by the pilot's report of the object remaining visible for over 30 minutes. He explains that for an aircraft at flight altitude, a 4000-foot altitude difference would not significantly alter the apparent height of a distant planet.

The article concludes by emphasizing the significant difference between sensational media reports and the results of thorough, competent investigations. It criticizes UFO organizations for often relying on media accounts, which can lead to the presentation of unexplained mysteries and the frustration of enthusiasts who find their views dismissed by skeptics.

Religion as Business: The Case of Dianetics and Scientology

Page 10 features an article titled 'Religion - forretning åndelig kvaksalveri?' (Religion - business spiritual quackery?). It critiques a advertisement for L. Ron Hubbard's book 'Dianetics' in the Ringsted Avisen Week-end. The advertisement promises increased intelligence and personal improvement, portraying Hubbard as an 'American researcher' whose work is of great significance.

The article argues that this is a prime example of misinformation. It reveals that Dianetics is backed by the neo-religious movement Scientology, whose business practices have been previously reported in the newspaper 'Dagbladet Aktuelt.' A key point made is that in 1949, a speaker at an author's congress stated that the best way to earn a million dollars is to start one's own religion. This speaker was identified as science-fiction author Lafayette Ron Hubbard, who later launched Dianetics, leading to the establishment of the Scientology sect.

The article further states that The Founding Church of Scientology was established in Washington D.C. in 1955, positioning Scientology as a church. Members were encouraged to act as 'priests' and 'help' those in need, with Ron Hubbard urging his associates to find customers in hospitals and accident sites, describing it as an 'organized soul hunt.'

The term 'church' is deemed a misnomer, as Scientology differs from Christian churches by demanding cash payments. The article quotes 'Tjen penger!' (Earn money!) as a primary tenet. It also mentions that several of Ron Hubbard's associates have been convicted of fraud, and Hubbard himself was sentenced to four years in absentia in France.

The article recommends the journal 'Skeptica' (nr. 4, June 1982) for a detailed analysis of Scientology's history, methods, and ideology by librarian Willy Wegner and journalist Per Borgaard. It warns readers that purchasing the book 'Dianetics' supports Scientology, a fact not disclosed in the advertisement.

The author, Kim Møller Hansen, recounts how his own publication board declined a full-page advertisement for Dianetics, despite the financial incentive, prioritizing journalistic integrity over profit.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Forsvarets Forum consistently adopts a skeptical and critical stance towards pseudoscientific claims, paranormal phenomena, and unsubstantiated theories. The editorial focus is on debunking such claims through scientific investigation, logical analysis, and the presentation of evidence. The magazine appears to champion scientific methodology and critical thinking, contrasting it with what it portrays as gullibility, wishful thinking, and deliberate deception. The articles on dowsing rods, Uri Geller, and the UFO sighting over Alaska all follow this pattern, aiming to provide rational explanations and expose the lack of credible evidence for extraordinary claims. The critique of Dianetics and Scientology further reinforces this theme by highlighting the commercialization and pseudoscientific underpinnings of certain belief systems. The magazine's editorial stance is clearly in favor of evidence-based reasoning and against the uncritical acceptance of paranormal or unverified phenomena.

This issue of the magazine, titled 'DNA-MOLEKYLET OG UTVIKLINGSLÆREN' (The DNA Molecule and the Theory of Evolution), features a British film broadcast on Norwegian TV (NRK) on August 5th, 1987. The film focuses on human ancestry and the theory of evolution, specifically the DNA molecule. The magazine includes commentary from Professor Nils Chr. Stenseth, a prominent Norwegian biologist and expert in evolutionary biology, who praises the film as good public education.

The DNA Molecule and the Theory of Evolution

The main article discusses the ongoing debate surrounding human evolution. It references the famous 1859 debate between Bishop Wilberforce and Thomas Huxley, where Huxley famously stated he would rather be descended from apes than from a man who prostitutes the gifts of culture by being eloquent in the service of prejudice and falsehood. The article clarifies that humans do not descend from modern apes but share a common, long-extinct ancestor. Professor Stenseth is presented as a key figure in defending evolutionary theory against pseudoscience in Norway.

Public Opinion and Evolution

The issue touches upon a public opinion poll showing a decline in belief in evolutionary theory. Stenseth criticizes the statement by the Minister of Church and Education that human ancestry is not clear, suggesting it undermines scientific understanding. He likens it to teaching that the Earth is flat.

Debunking Pseudoscience

Stenseth is highlighted for his efforts to counter pseudoscience. The magazine mentions an instance where the popular science magazine 'Viten' claimed Darwin's theory had collapsed, prompting Stenseth's public rebuttal.

Key Aspects of Human Evolution

The article outlines key stages in human evolution, starting with the disappearance of dinosaurs, the rapid development of mammals, and the adaptation of smaller mammals to arboreal life, leading to improved vision and brain development. It mentions the emergence of Homo habilis and Homo erectus, and the development of tools and fire. The close genetic similarity (99% in amino acids) between humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas is noted, pointing to a common ancestor living 4-6 million years ago. The concept of the 'family' and 'division of labor' are presented as crucial factors in the development of uniquely human characteristics, rather than rivalry and conflict.

The 'Specifically Human'

The article defines 'specifically human' traits as qualitative differences, not just quantitative ones. It suggests that the development of the brain allows humans to perceive themselves and their place in the cosmos, leading to philosophical and scientific inquiry. The author warns that claims of fundamental qualitative differences can lead to speculation and pseudoscience, citing creationism and astroarchaeology as examples.

Paranormal Experiences and UFOs

Personal Accounts

Several personal accounts of paranormal experiences are shared, including:

• Telepathy: A childhood experience where the author's mother seemed to know what he was thinking.
• Synchronicity: A striking coincidence during a party where a singer unexpectedly sang a phrase the author had just thought of.
• Group Telepathy/Sensitivity: An incident where several people at a bus stop simultaneously turned towards the author who was internally 'shouting'.
• Synchronicity in Correspondence: A letter about parapsychology sent by the author on May 31, 1977, was mirrored by a letter received the next day from a magician, also dated May 31, containing a photocopy of the same section on parapsychology from a psychology textbook.
• Disappearance: A woman jogging around a lake vanished inexplicably.
• Unidentified Flying Object (UFO): A sighting of a completely white, silent aircraft that disappeared.
• Teleportation: A chair disappearing from a desk and reappearing in the hallway.
• Materialization/Healing: A sudden appearance of water on the author's hair, followed by the disappearance of a headache and nausea.
• Hair Anomalies: Microscopic examination of beard hairs revealed perfect knots, suggesting a paranormal cause.

UFO Sightings and Theories

The Rotating Ice Floe: A natural explanation is provided for a rotating ice floe, attributing it to water vortices, not UFOs.

The "Akador Chronicle" Debunked: The article critically examines the 'Akador Chronicle,' a book by Karl Brugger based on legends told by Tatunca Nara. It reveals that Nara's story is likely fabricated, with clear parallels to works by Erich von Däniken and other 'ancient astronaut' theories. Nara's background and education in West Germany are highlighted, suggesting he was not an indigenous source as implied.

Kenneth Arnold's 1947 Sighting: The famous sighting by Kenneth Arnold of nine 'flying saucers' near Mount Rainier in 1947 is re-examined. While initially considered unexplainable, the article presents the theory that Arnold may have seen early, secret military aircraft, specifically Republic F-84 Thunderjets. Hans van Kampen's research, using computer analysis, suggests a strong resemblance between Arnold's description and the F-84's characteristics, including its 'half-moon' appearance and 'spiky' tail when viewed from certain angles. The article also mentions Donald Menzel's earlier suggestion of atmospheric mirages as a possible explanation.

"Japanese UFO Drama" Controversy: A Swedish UFO magazine is criticized for its handling of a report about a UFO incident in Japan, accusing the journalist Allan Fredriksson of biased reporting and the TV station FUJI of censorship.

Scientific vs. Unscientific Theories: The magazine includes a piece discussing the criteria for scientific theories, emphasizing falsifiability. It criticizes an arrogant dismissal of theories that are difficult to test and warns against binding thought with dogma and prejudice. The author hopes the piece was written before the author began university studies.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes evolutionary theory and critically examines claims of paranormal phenomena and UFO sightings, often debunking them or offering naturalistic explanations. There is a clear stance against pseudoscience, which is seen as exploiting the unknown to create unfounded theories. The magazine encourages critical thinking and scientific rigor, while acknowledging the human fascination with mysteries and the unexplained. The recurring theme is the contrast between established scientific understanding and speculative or pseudoscientific claims, with a preference for the former.

This issue of NIB, dated January/April 1987, is a Norwegian publication focusing on skepticism, pseudoscientific claims, and related phenomena. It features articles on UFOs, the debate surrounding creationism, near-death experiences, and the international activities of skeptical organizations.

Kenneth Arnold's UFO Sighting

The issue revisits Kenneth Arnold's famous UFO sighting, noting that calculations indicated the objects were moving at approximately 350 miles per hour, a speed not unusual for jet aircraft. The article, citing Hans van Kampen, expresses surprise that these facts have remained largely unknown after 40 years of UFO history and criticizes modern research and authors for perpetuating myths about the case.

Setback for Creationism

Creationism in the USA suffered a significant defeat when the US Supreme Court invalidated a Louisiana law that sought to give creationism equal standing with evolutionary theory in biology education. The decision was made by a seven-to-two vote, with William Renquist, a supporter of creationism, being one of the dissenting judges. The article highlights that 72 Nobel laureates had signed a letter to the Supreme Court supporting scientific education and urging the law's invalidation, marking it as the largest number of Nobel laureates to ever sign such a petition. The initiative was taken by the Southern California Skeptics.

Astroarchaeology: Ancient Astronauts

Erich von Däniken, known for his theories about ancient astronauts, visited Norway the previous year. NIVFO ØST distributed a pamphlet presenting counterarguments to his ideas. Däniken's books have sold 45 million copies in 40 countries, and he is currently working on his thirteenth book with two full-time assistants. However, interest in his theories appears to be waning, as his US publisher, Bantam Books, decided not to translate his latest book due to insufficient market interest.

Statues That Move

Reports of statues moving are not confined to the Middle Ages. In 1985, such accounts emerged from over 30 locations in the Republic of Ireland, primarily concerning statues of the Virgin Mary. Thousands of pilgrims gathered to witness these phenomena, with some claiming to see the statues move an arm or change their facial expressions. In Limerick, blood was reported on a statue's hands. In Mount Mellary, three children claimed a statue had descended from its pedestal and spoken to them. These reports coincided with a heated abortion debate in Ireland, which also generated strong religious reactions.

Are Luminous UFOs Fried Birds?

This section clarifies that a previous article on luminous UFOs was an April Fool's joke. The story originated from the German magazine "Sterne und Weltraum" (April 1983), which later revealed in its May issue that the article was indeed a prank.

Near-Death Experiences in Children

Five medical researchers from the University of Washington School of Medicine interviewed 40 children, 29 of whom had been seriously ill and 11 of whom had been near death. Seven of the latter group reported near-death experiences (NDEs) similar to those of adults, but less detailed and dramatic. Children whose lives were not in danger did not report unusual experiences, suggesting that NDEs are linked to the dying process rather than pathology or imagination. Six children reported being outside their physical bodies, five entered darkness, four described a tunnel, and three decided to return to their bodies. Unlike adults, the children's accounts were fragmented and lacked a review of their past lives. While adults often report encounters with deceased relatives, the children mentioned seeing teachers or living classmates. The researchers noted that out-of-body experiences can be induced by stimulating the temporal lobe, and drugs that affect this area can also cause such experiences.

New Age: The Age of Opportunism

An article from the magazine Astrologen (4/86) discusses Corazon Aquino in the Philippines in the context of "New Age in the Philippines." It presents a flattering horoscope and links Aquino to the "New Age" era, which is described as succeeding the "Kalis age" of evil. The article contrasts this with Ferdinand Marcos, who, in September 1984, was declared "president of the world government for the age of enlightenment" by Transcendental Meditation (TM). Marcos praised TM's "scientifically proven and unified field" in a speech, and his wife, Imelda, received a high honor from TM, suggesting TM's alignment with democratic principles.

Quackery: Elderly Women Believe in Natural Medicine

A study in Malmö indicates that women around 60 years old are significant consumers of natural medicine. Four out of ten women took natural medicine daily, and three out of ten took vitamin pills. Professor Bertil Steen noted that this is surprisingly high, with half of the women not using conventional medicine but having great faith in vitamins and natural remedies.

CSICOP Visits Sister Organizations Worldwide

This section details Mark Plummer's extensive trip to visit CSICOP's sister organizations in 14 countries over three months. The tour included Canada, Western Europe, India, and Australia. The visit to Norway was canceled due to unforeseen circumstances.

• Canada: The Quebec Skeptics Committee, which publishes a French newsletter and focuses on "paranormal healing."
• England: Efforts to increase the distribution of The Skeptical Inquirer. Plummer gave a lecture at University College London and participated in a radio program.
• Ireland: A group led by psychiatrist Dr. Peter O'Hara, which gained media attention through a talk show appearance.
• Spain: A group publishing the journal "La Aleternativa Racional," working on a book, and translating Skeptical Inquirer articles into Spanish. Mario Bunge is a member.
• France: Group de Recherches sur les Phénoménes Paranormaux à Grenoble (GREPPAG), led by Claudio Benski, focusing on alternative medicine. GREPPAG and Quebec Skeptics will collaborate on publishing books.
• Italy: No formal organization yet, but Plummer met with subscribers in Milan. Physicist Corrado Lamberti, editor of "L'Astronomia," will translate articles from The Skeptical Inquirer.
• Switzerland: Swiss Skeptics, a committee of nine professionals, focusing on "earth radiation," astrology, psychic phenomena, and acupuncture.
• Austria: A group in Graz, critical of pseudoscientific content in textbooks, addressing "earth radiation," fortune-tellers, New Age groups, and miracle cures. A pilot member will publish scientific explanations for UFO sightings.
• West Germany: Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Skeptiker zur Untersuchung von Pseudowissenschaften und Okkultem (ASUOP), a committee of 13 people, collaborating with Switzerland, Austria, and Luxembourg. They are investigating a government-funded project on "earth radiation" and addressing pseudomedicine, miracle cures, New Age beliefs, and psychic phenomena.
• Netherlands: A new group is being formed, expected to grow with members from Dutch-speaking Belgium. They will focus on anti-cancer diets.
• Finland: Mentioned for the next issue. Nils Muskelin is the deputy chairman.
• Sweden: Vetenskap och Folkbildning received positive feedback from CSICOP after Plummer's visit. Plummer was interviewed by newspapers and on radio.
• India and Australia: The trip concluded with visits to India and Australia, where Plummer met with his former colleagues in Australian Skeptics.
• Denmark: Efforts to establish a group were ongoing, with CSICOP contacting Skeptical Inquirer subscribers. However, it was not immediately successful in establishing a formal group.

Other Organizations

The article notes that CSICOP has other sister organizations globally, including in Belgium, Ecuador, New Zealand, and Mexico. It also mentions groups not affiliated with CSICOP but working on similar topics, such as CENAP in Germany, which focuses on UFOs and could potentially assist the CSICOP-related group in West Germany.

Electronic Communications Update

Information is provided for individuals wishing to be listed in CSICOP's E-Mail Directory, requesting name, e-mail address, networks accessible, and areas of expertise.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around critical examination of pseudoscientific claims, paranormal phenomena, and New Age beliefs. The publication, NIB, through its content and the activities of CSICOP and its affiliates, clearly advocates for a skeptical and evidence-based approach to understanding the world. The editorial stance is one of debunking unsubstantiated claims and promoting scientific literacy, as seen in the articles on creationism, ancient astronauts, moving statues, and the international network of skeptical organizations.