NIVFO-Bulletin - 1986 No 4-5

Magazine Overview

Title: NIVFO bulletin
Issue: Nr. 4-5
Volume: 86
Issue Date: 1986
Publisher: NORSK INSTITUTT FOR VITENSKAPELIG FORSKNING OG OPPLYSNING (NIVFO)
Country: Norway
Language: Norwegian
ISSN: 0800-0360
Price: KR. 95,-

This issue of the NIVFO bulletin, published by the Norwegian Institute for Scientific Research and Enlightenment, focuses on skepticism towards paranormal claims, particularly UFOs and faith healing, and provides an in-depth analysis of a classic UFO case.

Bløff-industri (The Bluff Industry)

This section, authored by Professor Paul Kurtz, the leader of CSICOP (Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal), exposes the methods used by prominent faith healers in the USA. Kurtz and his team of 90 collaborators spent nine months investigating leading healers, finding no evidence of miracles. Instead, they uncovered sophisticated deception techniques.

Peter Popoff, a well-known faith healer, was documented using a hidden radio transmitter behind his ear, fed information by his wife who gathered details from pre-meeting registration cards filled out by attendees. This allowed Popoff to appear to have divine knowledge of individuals' names and life histories.

Another healer, W.V. Grant, employed a similar tactic of addressing individuals in the audience. However, Grant's 'miracles,' such as healing the lame, were achieved by pre-selecting participants who were already mobility-impaired and then having them 'miraculously' stand up from wheelchairs on stage. Kurtz noted that Grant always brought 30 wheelchairs on his tours.

Kurtz concluded that no documented healings were found, and that these practices were immoral and unethical acts performed in God's name. The article mentions that press releases about Kurtz's visit to Norway had been distributed by NTB (Norwegian News Agency).

Slik ble 1986 (How 1986 Became)

This article discusses predictions for the year 1986, as presented in the magazine 'Allers' by Anna Elisabeth Westerlund. The predictions included an 'Eastern crisis' affecting Norway, 'terrible bloodshed in South Africa,' a resolution to the US-Soviet arms race, and stability in the monarchy. Westerlund also predicted Norway's failure in the Melodi Grand Prix and that Carl I Hagen would be a 'disruptive element.'

Regarding personal predictions, Westerlund foresaw success for author Willock and Harald Tusberg. The weather forecast predicted a cold, snowy winter and a wet summer, improving in July. A Norwegian woman was predicted to achieve significant success with a book, potentially receiving an award. Westerlund herself claimed to have predicted her own death two years prior.

The article contrasts these predictions with the skepticism of 'seers' who tend to focus on past predictions. It notes that while seers may not achieve 100% accuracy, their followers remain satisfied. The piece also mentions that the 'incomparable AEW' (likely referring to Westerlund) did not subject her alleged abilities to testing. The article questions the reliability of such predictions, noting that even if a prediction fails, the followers' faith remains unshaken.

"I ALL HEMMELIGHET RASER KRIGEN MOT UFOENE" ("In All Secrecy, the War Against UFOs Rages")

This section critiques a sensationalist report in the magazine 'Vi Menn' about UFOs and a supposed 'war against intruders from space.' The article dismisses the report's 'shattering photographs' as staged or misleading, including a reflection in a lens, rocket launches from a submarine, and a model suspended by a thread.

The 'Vi Menn' report is described as a dubious account, referencing the Condon Report (page 53) and linking animal mutilations to UFO stories, a trope the article claims has long been debunked. It criticizes the report for suggesting that authorities keep UFO information secret for national security reasons, a claim the article implies is a long-standing, unsubstantiated assertion.

The article also mocks the report's inclusion of 'scientific' observations and assessments, pointing out that the named individuals, Lawrence Fawcett and Barry Greenwood, are known UFO enthusiasts, not objective scientists. The Teheran case, also featured in this issue, is mentioned as being presented in a 'mystifying' manner through omissions.

The piece concludes by questioning the purpose of such sensationalist reporting, stating that those seeking genuine answers would look beyond popular magazines. It suggests that most readers are content with their sources of information, even if they are misleading.

UFO-KLASSIKER: Teheran, 1976 (UFO Classic: Teheran, 1976)

This detailed article by Kim Møller Hansen investigates a significant UFO incident that occurred on September 19, 1976, involving two Imperial Iranian Air Force (IIAF) F-4 Phantom fighter jets and unidentified flying objects over Teheran.

The Incident:

• At approximately 00:30, the IIAF command received reports of strange objects in the sky near Teheran. Initial explanations suggested they were stars.
• Brigadier General Yousefi, after confirming no radar contact, personally observed a star-like object, brighter than usual. He dispatched an F-4 jet from Shahrokhi airbase to investigate.
• At 01:30, the F-4 jet approached the object, which was visible at 130 km. At 46 km, all instruments and communication (UHF) aboard the F-4 failed. The pilot broke off pursuit, and upon turning away from the object, communications and instruments were restored.
• At 01:40, a second F-4 was launched. Its radar operator acquired a contact. As the F-4 closed in, the object moved away at high speed, maintaining a distance of 46 km. The radar echo was comparable to a Boeing 707 tanker.
• The object emitted flashing lights in blue, green, red, and orange, arranged in a rectangular pattern, changing colors rapidly.
• A second, smaller object, estimated to be half to one-third the size of the moon, emerged from the first object and rapidly approached the F-4. The pilot attempted to fire an AIM-9 missile, but his weapon control panel and communication failed again. The object passed by at close range.
• A third object emerged from the first and descended rapidly, landing on the ground and emitting a bright light over a 2-3 km area.
• The first F-4 jet descended from 7900 meters to 4600 meters. The crew experienced difficulty adjusting their night vision. As they circled over Mehrabad, they detected a strong 'push' signal.
• During landing approach, a third, cylinder-shaped object with lights was observed at a distance of 19 km. Air traffic control reported no other traffic in the area.

Investigation and Analysis:

• The crew of the first F-4 jet was taken by helicopter to the suspected landing site on a dry lakebed. They detected a strange 'push' signal emanating from a small house.
• The incident was initially classified as 'Top Secret' but a copy of the report was leaked to NICAP and published in 'UFO Investigator' in November 1976.
• When contacted in 1977, the U.S. Air Force stated that no further investigation had been conducted. Colonel Mooy also indicated that the IIAF had not thoroughly investigated the second Phantom jet's electronic issues.
• The article questions the lack of interest in a full investigation, suggesting the case might not be as mysterious as reported.

Audio Recording:

• A Persian-language newspaper obtained an audio recording of the conversation between the Mehrabad control tower and the first F-4 pilot. The recording revealed that the pilot could not catch up to the object even at maximum speed. The pilot reported an object approaching from behind, passing very close, and then moving away.
• This audio recording did not mention any electrical disturbances, contradicting Colonel Mooy's report, which focused on the second crew's experiences. The article suggests this discrepancy might be due to Mooy's investigation concentrating on the second jet and the crews not having had time to compare notes.

Expert Opinions:

• Two Westinghouse technicians, TR-1 and TR-2, who were at the Shahrokhi base, provided insights. TR-1 noted that the second F-4 jet was placed in 'quarantine' for a week, suggesting it had experienced after-effects from the encounter.
• TR-2 discovered that the F-4 jet had a history of persistent electronic system failures that IIAF mechanics could not resolve.
• Both technicians were able to test the F-4's APQ-120 radar a month later. TR-1 adjusted the radar, which was reportedly not functioning correctly.
• The technicians stated that the Iranian pilots, including the radar operators, were not adequately trained for night flying. They suggested that the pilots might have misidentified known objects, such as Jupiter, which was very bright at the time, or meteors, citing the Aquariid and Piscid meteor showers occurring around September 19th.

Conclusion of the Teheran Incident Analysis:

While the article acknowledges that the Teheran case is difficult to fully resolve, it suggests that the available data points towards natural explanations. The IIAF's reluctance for a joint US-Iranian investigation is attributed to the Shah's pride in his air force and potential embarrassment over the F-4's operational issues and pilot training deficiencies. The article implies that it was easier for the IIAF to accept the UFO explanation, especially since the U.S. Air Force itself had admitted to being unable to explain all UFO incidents.

"UFO-Events of the Year" Award:

The article critiques the 'National Enquirer' for awarding the Teheran incident the title of 'UFO Event of the Year' in 1978. The judging panel consisted of known UFO enthusiasts. The 'Enquirer' article is described as a dramatic and inaccurate summary of the event, showing the Iranian ambassador receiving a $5000 check (which was then donated to the Iranian Red Cross) and commemorative plates for the pilots and ground crew.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The NIVFO bulletin consistently adopts a skeptical stance towards paranormal claims, including UFO sightings and faith healing. The articles in this issue aim to debunk sensationalist reporting and provide rational, scientific explanations for phenomena that are often presented as mysterious. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of critical thinking and evidence-based analysis, contrasting with the uncritical acceptance of extraordinary claims found in popular media. The magazine promotes the idea that many UFO sightings and paranormal experiences can be attributed to misidentification, psychological factors, or deliberate deception.

This issue of the NIVFO-Bulletin, identified as issue number 3/86, continues a significant discussion on the topic of Anthroposophy. The cover prominently features the title "ANTROPOSOFI" and the subtitle "ANDSVITENSKAP ELLER DIKTNING ?" (Anthroposophy: Spiritual Science or Fiction?). The publication appears to be a Norwegian periodical, focusing on spiritual and esoteric subjects.

Continuation of K.E. Steffens' Article

The issue begins by stating that it brings the continuation of K.E. Steffens' interesting article on Anthroposophy. The article acknowledges that the topic of Anthroposophy might be debatable within the context of the NIVFO-Bulletin but deems it necessary to address due to its frequent association with pseudoscientific claims. To provide a balanced perspective, the bulletin includes a debate entry from Oddvar Granly, who in Humanist nr. 7/83 attempts to counter Steffens' critical article. Granly is identified as a teacher at the Steiner school in Oslo.

References to Related Articles and Debates

For interested readers, the article points to a Swedish journal, Søkaren, which published an article by K.E. Steffens in issue 5-6/85 titled "Teosofin och antroposofin bygger på sviktande grund" (Theosophy and Anthroposophy are built on a shaky foundation). This article is presented as a follow-up to one previously published in Søkaren (nr. 10/84). The articles have generated counter-arguments from theosophists Curt Berg, Gunnar Larson, and Mikael W. Gejel, published in Søkaren (nr. 10/84 and nr. 8/85).

Furthermore, K.E. Steffens published a concluding reply to the theosophists in nr. 7/1986. This reply highlights a three-month debate about Anthroposophy that took place in the Norwegian newspaper Morgenbladet in Oslo. Steffens describes this debate as the most extensive of its kind in any Scandinavian country, listing the dates of the articles: 12/2, 21/2, 28/2, 4/3, 2/4, 4/4, 8/4, 14/4, 21/4, 25/4, 7/5, 20/5.

The bulletin concludes this section by stating that this is enough on Anthroposophy for now, but that Anthroposophical medicine might be discussed later.

The Question of Scientificity

Page 2 delves into the question of whether Rudolf Steiner's teachings can be verified or falsified. It poses whether his claims about the 7 phases of world development, the 7 components of human evolution, karma, reincarnation, and the cosmic effects of Jesus' death are plausible. The article notes that Anthroposophy asserts that individuals can develop supersensory organs of perception. It questions whether Steiner himself possessed such clairvoyance and if his followers have been able to develop it.

The author presents a "working hypothesis" that Anthroposophy is the result of a highly developed capacity for reproduction of ideas, citing Sundén and Hauer in support. Hauer is quoted as describing "living objectification of consciousness impressions" that appear as immediate revelations. The author suggests that Steiner may have been "reading" the Akasha Chronicle, but in reality, he was reproducing ideas from his extensive reading. Hauer's attempt to challenge Steiner to use his clairvoyance to solve archaeological and historical problems reportedly received no answer. The author states that Steiner's research results from reading the Akasha Chronicle have never been confirmed by empirical science, nor has any anthroposophist reportedly developed clairvoyance comparable to Steiner's. Hauer is cited as criticizing Steiner for creating unrealistic expectations about clairvoyance among his students.

While acknowledging the possibility of parapsychological abilities in humans, the author stresses the importance of critical and sober evaluation of esoteric teachings, asking if they meet elementary scientific requirements for falsifiability. The consensus among theoreticians of science is that statements claiming truth must be testable for truth or falsity. The article concludes that Steiner's Anthroposophy does not meet these scientific demands, even if individuals may subjectively believe in its truth.

Steiner's Atlantis

Page 2 also addresses Steiner's teachings on Atlantis, its inhabitants, and their culture. The article asserts that Steiner's description of Atlantis is presented in a way that allows for scientific scrutiny regarding its claims about physical reality. It notes that current knowledge about the Atlantic Ocean and its seabed makes it impossible for a continent like the one Steiner describes in "Aus der Akasha-Chronik" to have existed. Steiner's claims about advanced technology and flying machines powered by plant seeds are dismissed as "pure nonsense," though acknowledged as entertaining.

Steiner's References to Atlantis and Lemuria

Page 3 continues the critique of Steiner's historical claims, specifically regarding Atlantis. The author references W. Scott-Elliot's book "Atlantis nach okkulten Quellen," which Hauer describes as a "fantastic piece of work." A notable difference highlighted is that Scott-Elliot's flying machines could only fly a few hundred feet, requiring them to navigate around mountains. This is presented as evidence of how the clairvoyant is influenced by their surroundings.

The article argues that if Atlantis did not exist, it would create a significant void in Steiner's world history, causing his entire construct to collapse. The concept of Lemuria, a supposed continent in the Indian Ocean popularized by Blavatsky, is also dismissed as equally imaginary as Atlantis. The entire construction of the 7 world periods, their "rounds," and "globes," and their predetermined development leading to full human-spirituality in the "volcanic age," is characterized as pure fantasy, a kind of "spiritual-scientific novel writing."

Theology and Christ

Page 3 then turns to Steiner's teachings on Christ and his significance within this determined cosmic development. The article finds Steiner's spiritual-scientific reconstruction of background events, and particularly the meaning of Jesus' life and death, to be as impossibly arbitrary and fantastic as his evolutionary cosmology. The assertion of two Jesus children and their planned interaction to form a perfect vessel for Christ, whose death guarantees the spiritualization of Earth and humanity, is deemed historically and theologically impossible.

While acknowledging that Steiner's Anthroposophy has a Christocentric character, the article notes that disagreements on this point led to a split with Besant and Leadbeater in 1913. These individuals had promoted Krishnamurti as the Christ for our time. For Steiner, Christ's death is a singular event, the turning point in world history. His background is traced to his Catholic upbringing and a profound experience of the "Golgotha mystery" around 1900.

Steiner's framework for Christ's work and many details are influenced by his Theosophical background. It is noted that Steiner predicted Christ's return in Earth's etheric sphere precisely in 1909, leading von Stieglitz to observe how the development of a significant aspect of Christosophy occurs as a result of tensions within the Theosophical Society.

The article suggests that Steiner's Christosophy leads to a massive reinterpretation of the Bible, imposing concepts alien to it. The author finds this one-sided interpretation both frightening and impressive. It is frightening because it is seen as a violation of the past and its sources, but impressive due to its uncompromising will to integrate biblical testimonies into the grand cosmic perspective inherited from Blavatsky.

Critique of Radical Rejection

In a previous polemic, the author had acknowledged that there might be elements of genius intuition in occult thought systems. However, the article criticizes the total rejection and condemnation of Anthroposophy, as exemplified by some "anarchists" in Norway, as going too far in its negativity. It argues that radicalism, like anarchism, is incapable of legitimizing its own values, and from a nihilistic standpoint, all objections to Anthroposophy are arbitrary constructions lacking grounding in reality. The author posits that only to the extent that one assumes judgments can be more than random mental reactions is it "justified" to be morally outraged by the erroneous and untenable aspects of theosophical and anthroposophical worldviews.

School and Agriculture

Page 4 discusses Rudolf Steiner's name being most known in Norway for the ten Steiner schools and biodynamic agriculture. The article notes that many people, even with vague notions of Anthroposophy, have a positive view of these practical aspects. While acknowledging that these practices might be based on untenable assumptions, the author suggests that Steiner possessed significant pedagogical intuition and anticipated some of today's ecological ideas.

Regarding the Steiner schools' pedagogy, the article quotes Høvela, who states that the "anthroposophical educational and teaching doctrine, both in content and method, serves the anthroposophists' worldview." However, the author's impression, reinforced by reading Johan Lindholm's book "På menneskevei," is that the teaching in Norwegian Steiner schools is influenced by German idealism (Fichte and Schelling) and lacks specific anthroposophical content.

Other anthroposophical fields mentioned include medicine, political and social theory (the three-fold social order), and theories related to the arts. However, these are largely outside the author's expertise, and the article suggests that Steiner's clairvoyance did not offer anything new or solve significant problems in these areas.

Limitations of Dogmatism

Page 4 also addresses what the author considers a particularly harmful aspect of Steiner's theory: the perception and evaluation of Eastern religions and paths to spiritual insight. The author notes an "irritating know-it-all" attitude and a condescending, even hateful, stance towards these movements among many anthroposophers. While advocating for critical assessment, the article criticizes the dogmatic rejection of these traditions.

Steiner's Atlantis and Scientific Inquiry

Page 9 continues the discussion on Atlantis, with Oddvar Granly responding to K.E. Steffens' critique. Granly argues that Steffens' dismissal of Atlantis based on a popular science book is too simplistic, especially since it omits later findings. He refers to underwater photography and observations near the Bahamas since 1968 that have revealed submerged structures and formations. While acknowledging that Steiner's concept of Atlantis was more than just an island, he suggests that future research may connect these findings to the sunken continent. Anthroposophical natural scientists are closely monitoring investigations of the Atlantic, and findings so far do not contradict the existence of Atlantis, according to an article by Andreas Suchantke in "Das Goethanum."

Granly emphasizes that for Steiner, the crucial aspect is the spiritual transformation through cultural history. He points out that Steiner's work aims to provide a basis for his own views, drawing from a deep respect for Eastern religions but finding them not directly applicable as paths to spiritual insight for modern Westerners. Steiner's intellectual lineage is traced through figures like Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, and Kant.

Steiner's Educational Path

Page 9 outlines the educational path within Anthroposophy, which involves studying epistemological writings, then spiritual-scientific foundational texts like "Teosofi," and finally engaging in meditative exercises. This process is described as requiring moral self-discipline, and the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake is deemed outside this path. The article states that Steiner's descriptions of supersensory phenomena cannot be proven or disproven externally; one can only convince oneself by following the educational path.

Critique of Steiner's Clairvoyance Claims

Page 9 also addresses Steffens' claim, supported by Hauer, that Steiner created unrealistic expectations about clairvoyance among his students. Granly counters that it is not the role of an initiated teacher to limit students' possibilities and that Anthroposophy posits a consciousness evolution that continues beyond death. Each step on the educational path is considered valuable.

Steiner's Critique of Eastern Religions

Page 10 discusses Steffens' assertion that Steiner's theories lead to a devaluation of Eastern religions. Granly argues that Steiner held deep respect for these traditions but believed they were not suitable paths for modern Westerners seeking spiritual insight. Steiner's focus was on the development of consciousness from a dreamlike, mythical state to a clear, scientific one, while also retaining an awareness of the spiritual world.

Steffens' Critique of Steiner's Development

Page 10 also touches upon Steffens' questioning of the coherence and consistency in Steiner's development, noting his transition from admiring Nietzsche to collaborating with Haeckel and eventually embracing Theosophy before founding the Anthroposophical Society. Steffens cites critical statements from anti-anthroposophy writings.

Critique of Klaus von Stieglitz

Page 10 addresses Klaus von Stieglitz's critique, which is presented as stemming from a perceived threat to his Evangelical-Lutheran worldview. Steffens cites von Stieglitz's claim that Steiner considered himself a reincarnation of Jeshu ben Pandira and the 20th-century Bodhisattva who would be reborn as Buddha Maitreya. Granly refutes this, stating that von Stieglitz's interpretation is selective and that Steiner himself explicitly distanced himself from such claims, fearing the creation of a "fanatical saint-worship."

Incarnations and the Christ Event

Page 10 also discusses the concept of incarnations. Steiner's views on the Christ event are presented as central, marking a turning point in world history. The article notes that Steiner's background influenced his interpretation, particularly his Catholic roots and his experience of the "Golgotha mystery."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of NIVFO-Bulletin engages in a critical examination of Anthroposophy, presenting both supportive and critical viewpoints. The editorial stance appears to be one of intellectual inquiry, seeking to assess the validity and scientific basis of Anthroposophy. While acknowledging the practical applications and the spiritual aspirations of the movement, the bulletin highlights concerns regarding the scientific verifiability of its claims, its historical accuracy, and its potential for dogmatism. The inclusion of a counter-argument from Oddvar Granly suggests an effort towards presenting a balanced, albeit critical, perspective on Rudolf Steiner's teachings and their impact.

Title: UFO-NYT
Issue: 7/1982
Publisher: NIVFO
Country: Norway
Language: Norwegian
Cover Headline: INGEN BEVIS FOR PSI (No Proof for Psi)

This issue of UFO-NYT delves into critical examinations of parapsychology, UFO phenomena, and the scientific methodology applied to these subjects. It features a strong skeptical stance, questioning the validity of claims and advocating for rigorous scientific standards.

Article 1: INGEN BEVIS FOR PSI (No Proof for Psi)

This central article, authored by Sven Ove Hansson, directly challenges the scientific basis of parapsychology. Hansson argues that despite claims of repeatable experiments, no paranormal abilities have been demonstrated under well-controlled and reproducible conditions. He critiques the arguments put forth by Göran Brusewitz and Jens Tellefsen, who attempted to defend the field.

Hansson addresses the concept of 'reproducibility' (gjentagbarhet) in parapsychological experiments. Brusewitz and Tellefsen suggest that experiments exist and offer reasons why reproducibility might be lacking. However, Hansson points out that some individuals cited as successful subjects, such as Pavel Stepanek, have been exposed as tricksters, and Bill Delmore is also noted as having used magic methods.

The article discusses the 'experimenter effect' (forsøksledereffekten), where Brusewitz and Tellefsen suggest that a skeptical experimenter might hinder positive results. Hansson counters by drawing parallels to other scientific fields, arguing that such an effect would not be accepted in any other discipline. He also touches upon the argument that parapsychology is a 'young science,' dismissing it as an excuse for lower standards of proof.

Furthermore, Hansson addresses the argument that phenomena like quantum mechanics are not strictly deterministic. He clarifies that while individual events in quantum mechanics may not be predictable, the theory itself provides highly accurate statistical predictions and has been extensively verified through repeatable experiments. He asserts that the characteristics attributed to paranormal phenomena do not align with those of quantum mechanics.

Key Points from "Ingen Bevis for Psi":

• Lack of Reproducibility: No individual has consistently demonstrated paranormal abilities in controlled, repeatable experiments.
• Exposed Tricksters: Some subjects cited in parapsychology have been revealed as using fraudulent methods.
• Experimenter Effect: The claim that a skeptical experimenter hinders results is not scientifically tenable in other fields.
• Quantum Mechanics Analogy: While quantum mechanics deals with probabilistic outcomes, it is a highly predictive and experimentally verified science, unlike parapsychology.
• Scientific Standards: Parapsychology must adhere to the same rigorous standards as other scientific disciplines, including reproducibility and independent verification.

Article 2: ASTRO-ARKEOLOGI AV BESTE SORTERING (Astro-Archaeology of the Best Sorting)

This section features an interpretation of a drawing of the Mexican god Votan by Bjamo Finderup. The author, Willy Wegner, offers a provocative and unconventional interpretation of Votan, portraying him as a symbol of "pure corruption" and suggesting he was a "punker, junkie and drunkard." This piece appears to be a critical or satirical take on certain interpretations of ancient deities and their symbolism, possibly within an archaeological or esoteric context.

Article 3: KRYSTALLKULE-EFFEKTEN (The Crystal Ball Effect)

Authored by Michael Hough, this article explores the phenomenon of observers reporting UFOs with exaggerated characteristics, making them appear larger, more mobile, and more dramatic than they likely were. Hough proposes the "crystal ball effect" as a psychological explanation for these distortions.

The article categorizes various external stimuli that can lead to misidentification of common objects as UFOs. These include stars, aircraft lights, signal flares, balloons, and ground lights.

Hough focuses on the role of psychological factors, such as belief and susceptibility to hallucinations, in shaping these perceptions. He discusses 'scrying' – the practice of gazing into reflective surfaces to induce visual hallucinations – as a related phenomenon. Scrying visions are described as autonomous and can be influenced by the observer's beliefs and expectations, similar to how UFO reports might be shaped.

The article draws parallels between UFO visions and other altered states of consciousness (ASC) phenomena, such as hypnagogic and autoscopic hallucinations. It suggests that the observer's internal state and preconceptions play a significant role in interpreting ambiguous stimuli.

Key Points from "The Crystal Ball Effect":

• Exaggerated UFO Reports: Many UFO sightings involve objects that are perceived as more dramatic than their likely mundane origins.
• Psychological Explanations: Beliefs, expectations, and psychological states significantly influence perception.
• Scrying: The practice of inducing visions through reflective surfaces is presented as analogous to how some UFO experiences might be formed.
• Altered States of Consciousness (ASC): UFO visions are linked to other ASC phenomena, suggesting a common underlying psychological mechanism.
• Observer's Role: The observer's internal world is crucial in shaping the interpretation of external stimuli.

Article 4: SPØGELSES-RAKETTERNE (The Ghost Rockets)

This article, based on research by Anders Liljegren and Clas Svahn, revisits the mysterious "ghost rockets" or "ghost bombs" that were widely reported across Scandinavia in the summer of 1946. The authors, who have examined extensive archives, including those of the Swedish defense forces, present their findings.

Contrary to theories suggesting these were Russian V-weapons, Liljegren argues against this explanation. He points out that German V-weapons had a maximum range of 300-370 km, whereas Swedish defense statistics indicate that at least 225 ghost rockets were observed flying south and crashing into Swedish lakes, some originating from over 1000-1500 km away from the German coast.

The article highlights that Sweden was likely the first country to establish a special committee to investigate UFO-like phenomena, forming a committee in July 1946. The book "Spøgelsesraketterne" by Liljegren and Svahn is presented as a comprehensive report on this event.

Key Points from "The Ghost Rockets":

• 1946 Scandinavian Sightings: Numerous "ghost rockets" were reported across Scandinavia in 1946.
• Range Discrepancy: The observed range of these objects exceeded that of known German V-weapons.
• Swedish Investigation: Sweden formed a committee to investigate these phenomena.
• Likely Explanation: The article suggests these were not Russian rockets but rather an unexplained aerial phenomenon, though the exact nature remains open to interpretation within the context of the time.

Article 5: MYSTISK LYSFENOMEN (Mysterious Light Phenomenon)

This short report describes a mysterious, bright white, growing light observed over Scandinavia on the night of September 4th. Eyewitnesses from Norway and Sweden reported seeing a powerful light that expanded significantly before fading. The article notes that the term UFO was not mentioned in initial reports, with authorities and experts leaning towards conventional explanations.

Experts, including Sven Grahn from the Swedish Space Corporation, suggest the phenomenon was likely related to a Soviet rocket launch from Plesetsk, possibly an intercontinental missile test. The Danish authorities considered the possibility of a misdirected rocket. The Norwegian Defense Command stated they would investigate the matter.

The article concludes by observing that the media's approach to such events has become more reserved, with a tendency to seek conventional explanations first before resorting to UFO terminology.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is a critical and skeptical examination of paranormal claims and UFO phenomena. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of rigorous scientific methodology, demanding reproducible evidence and logical explanations. The magazine actively debunks pseudoscientific claims, particularly in the field of parapsychology, and encourages readers to approach extraordinary claims with a healthy dose of skepticism. The focus is on distinguishing between genuine scientific inquiry and unsubstantiated beliefs, emphasizing that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. The articles collectively advocate for a rational, evidence-based approach to understanding unexplained phenomena.

This issue of UFO-NYT, dated 6/1984, focuses on "UFO-KLASSIKER" with a prominent cover story about the Mount Clemens, Michigan UFO sighting from January 9, 1967. The magazine delves into various UFO cases, critiques pseudoscientific claims, and discusses the controversial topic of alternative medicine.

The Mount Clemens, Michigan 1967 Case

The main article details the sighting by brothers Dan and Grant Jaroslaw, who claimed to have photographed a large, disc-shaped object with a superstructure and tail fin near Selfridge Air Force Base. The photos, taken with a Polaroid Swinger camera, were initially considered compelling evidence. However, the article reveals that the brothers later confessed to creating a hoax. They admitted to making a UFO model, hanging it with white thread, and photographing it to amuse their family. The story gained traction when their mother contacted a local newspaper. Despite the confession, the photos were widely circulated as a prime example of a "daylight disc."

Dr. J. Allen Hynek, then a UFO consultant, initially stated he could not confirm the authenticity of the photos but later, after an investigation at Wright Patterson Air Force Base, considered a hoax less likely, though not impossible. Project Blue Book closed the case due to insufficient data, partly because the original photos were not released. The article notes discrepancies in the radar data from Selfridge AFB and inconsistencies regarding the number of photos taken, which were attributed to the witnesses' excitement.

The Jaroslaw Brothers' Confession

A letter from the adult Jaroslaw brothers, dated 1976, is presented, detailing their elaborate hoax. They explained their motivation was to create a "UFO model" and fool their family. They describe how they staged the event, including the presence of a helicopter to add to the illusion. They express regret for the trouble their prank caused.

Other UFO Cases and Analysis

The magazine also touches upon other UFO-related topics:

• The "VG-UFOet" and Hallingdal Case: A case from Norway involving alleged UFO sightings and ground marks is discussed. Initially, circular marks were reported, but they were later identified as originating from a manure tank. A video recording of UFOs was also mentioned, but the witness became reluctant to share it.
• The Lånke, Stjørdal 1981 Case: This case, previously covered in NIVFO-Bulletin, involved a witness, Hjørdis Hokstad, who reported seeing an oblong object. Over time, the description evolved, incorporating elements from Leonard Stringfield's work on "UFO wrecks and dead humanoids," including a "little man" and a rocket-like craft. The article suggests that sensationalized versions in weekly magazines were pure fiction.

Critique of Alternative Medicine

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to critiquing alternative medicine and pseudoscientific practices, particularly in Sweden and Norway.

• THX and "Naturmedisin for Injeksjon": The article discusses the legalization of "naturmedisin for injeksjon" in Sweden, which allowed products without proven medical effects to be sold. THX, a product used for cancer patients, is highlighted as problematic because it contains large amounts of bacteria, making it potentially dangerous. Despite this, its sale continued.
• Misteltoe Preparations (Iscador, Helixor): These preparations, based on anthroposophic medicine, are presented as having no proven medical value for cancer treatment, according to several evaluators. Their sale increased significantly in 1984.
• Anthroposophic Treatment Homes: The establishment of an anthroposophic treatment home in Jäma, Sweden, is mentioned. A committee was formed to investigate "alternative medicine," and a report was issued that allowed the injection of products for non-cancer patients without requiring proof of medical effectiveness.
• Critique of Media Coverage: The magazine criticizes media outlets, including NRK radio, for presenting alternative medicine in a one-sided, promotional manner, without sufficient critical evaluation or counterarguments. The article notes that the Norwegian Medical Association clarified that their publication on alternative medicine was merely an orientation for doctors and not an endorsement.

Critique of Erich von Däniken

The magazine features an article titled "DÄNIKEN - SMART BLØFFMAKER ELLER IDIOT?" which thoroughly debunks the theories of Erich von Däniken. The article highlights:

• The "Palenque Astronaut" and Nazca Lines: Däniken's interpretations of these are dismissed as pseudoscience.
• Elefantine Island: Däniken claimed ancient Egyptians knew of the island's shape from aerial views, but the article explains the name derives from the Greek word for ivory, indicating its historical role as a trading post.
• Easter Island Statues: Däniken suggested advanced technology was needed to build the statues, but the article points to historical evidence and experiments (like Thor Heyerdahl's) showing that ancient islanders could have constructed them.
• The "Gold of the Gods" and Ecuador: Däniken's claims about a tunnel system in Ecuador and a library of unknown metal are refuted. Juan Moricz, the explorer Däniken cited, denied taking him into such caves. The "gold artifacts" collected by Fader Crespi are identified as mostly tourist items made of tin and brass.
• Prehistoric X-rays: Däniken's assertion that ancient peoples knew about X-rays based on a carving of a skeleton is ridiculed.
• Racism Accusations: The article suggests Däniken's theories often underestimate the capabilities of non-European civilizations, implying he requires extraterrestrial intervention for their achievements while crediting Europeans with their own advancements.

The article concludes that Däniken is a "smart hoaxer" who profits from selling "thought escape, excitement, wholeness, news, and simple answers," contrasting this with the magazine's promotion of "science and reason."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the debunking of UFO phenomena (particularly photographic evidence), the critical examination of alternative medicine and its promotion, and the refutation of pseudoscientific theories like those of Erich von Däniken. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of scientific evidence, critical thinking, and skepticism towards claims lacking empirical support. The magazine positions itself as a source of factual information and reasoned analysis, contrasting with sensationalism and pseudoscience found in popular media and certain fringe movements.

PARA-NYT, issue 2/1986, is a Norwegian magazine focused on paranormal phenomena and skepticism. This issue features critical analyses of various claims, including those of Erich von Däniken, spiritual healers, and astrologers, alongside reports on unusual sightings and events.

Däniken's Popularity and Skepticism

The magazine begins by discussing Erich von Däniken's popularity and the tendency of his followers to accept his theories without critical examination. It notes that even Däniken himself seems hesitant to fully embrace UFO theories, suggesting a strategic approach. The article criticizes the lack of critical engagement at events featuring Däniken, such as the one in Norway, where the focus was on promoting his books rather than scientific inquiry. The author questions whether Däniken is a clever trickster or simply an idiot.

UFO-Foreningens Leaflet

A leaflet distributed at a UFO meeting is described as containing outdated beliefs from the 1950s and 60s UFO romanticism, along with false claims. The article suggests that those promoting such material might be doing so knowingly, attempting to sell a dubious product to a naive audience. The leaflet also advertised books from Ernst G. Mortensen's publishing house, specializing in 'off-beat' literature.

Jerome Clark Reflects on UFO Enthusiasts

Jerome Clark, editor of International UFO Reporter, is quoted stating that UFOlogists have often been their own worst enemies. He characterizes the average UFO enthusiast as intellectually unsophisticated and uncritical, with some ufologists acting more as mystery-makers. However, Clark acknowledges that some ufologists have matured, developing better research methods and a healthy skepticism, and are open to the possibility of unknown natural phenomena or even extraterrestrial visitors. He expresses concern that the confirmation of alien presence could be destabilizing for human society, politically, economically, and religiously, citing historical examples of technologically superior civilizations inadvertently causing the demise of primitive cultures. Clark hopes that UFO investigations will ultimately find no alien visitors.

Uri Geller and the Zanex Mining Company

The magazine reports on the Australian mining company Zanex paying magician Uri Geller $250,000 USD to help locate gold deposits on the Solomon Islands. Geller, who has no geological qualifications but is known for his stage magic, visited Australia and the Solomon Islands. Despite his claims, it is suggested that he revealed nothing about the potential gold sites that was not already known to geologists. The article also mentions that Geller entertained guests at the opening of a Zanex mine, even bending a spoon. Bay Area Skeptics observed Geller's act and claimed to have demonstrated how his tricks were performed. However, Zanex director Peter Sterling remained convinced of Geller's abilities and offered him a significant sum.

Belgian UFO Congress

An account of UFO Belgia's 3rd National Congress in March 1986 is presented. The congress featured Professor Waterschoot, whose field of expertise was not specified but was presented as a significant achievement by Belgian ufologists. Waterschoot's lecture defended the theory of time travel using 'time capsules,' suggesting UFOs might be involved in interdimensional travel. Another speaker, Cor Gijsen, presented research linking Virgin Mary apparitions to UFO sightings and suggested that extraterrestrials were warning humanity about nuclear war and internal conflicts. The congress concluded with a panel debate where it was agreed that 'modern' ufologists were focusing on time travel theories.

'Can God Fill Teeth?' - The Fuller Case

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to the case of Willard and Margaret Fuller, who claimed to be 'psychic dentists' capable of filling teeth and healing other health problems through divine intervention. Advertisements for their events in Australia and New York are featured. The article details an investigation by Australian Skeptics, who found no evidence of dental improvement in participants after the Fullers' 'healing' sessions. The Fullers faced legal challenges in Australia, with a court finding their advertising misleading. The case highlights the gullibility of some individuals and the media's role in promoting such claims, even when debunked.

Astrologer Miscarriages

An investigation by researcher Shawn Carlson, published in Nature, is discussed. The study tested the abilities of 30 prominent American and European astrologers to match personality descriptions to birth dates. The results showed that astrologers performed no better than chance, accurately matching descriptions in only about one-third of cases. Carlson concludes that this strongly argues against astrology as practiced by reputable astrologers. The article suggests that many astrologers succeed by using 'cold reading' techniques, which involve observing clients' body language and verbal cues, a method not applicable in this controlled study. The magazine also notes that despite repeated debunking, astrology continues to thrive, partly due to media support.

Transcendental Meditation (TM) Levitation Demonstration

Chris Wammen of Ekstra Bladet witnessed a TM levitation demonstration in Lyngbycenteret. He describes five TM practitioners attempting to levitate after meditation, jumping on a foam mattress. Wammen found the performance to be an 'acrobatic feat' but not the promised miracle, labeling it 'bluff and fraud' and concluding that the participants had lost touch with reality.

Strange Light in the Sky

Dagmar and Ola Nybo from Nordli, Norway, reported seeing a strange, luminous object in the sky resembling a rocket launch. They described it as a large, bright sphere with a long, conical tail. Bjørg and Bjørnar Skjelbred also reported a similar observation. The magazine's editor suggests it was likely a rocket launch.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of PARA-NYT consistently adopts a skeptical and critical stance towards paranormal claims. It emphasizes the importance of scientific investigation, critical thinking, and evidence-based reasoning. The magazine debunks pseudoscientific practices like Däniken's theories, 'spiritual healing,' and astrology, often highlighting the financial motivations behind them and the gullibility of the public. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of rationalism and against the uncritical acceptance of extraordinary claims, as demonstrated by the detailed reporting and analysis of each featured case.

This issue of the magazine, identified by its page number '51', focuses on the controversial Condon Report, questioning whether it was a 'trick or conspiracy'. The main headline in Norwegian, 'CONDON-RAPPORTEN, TRICK ELLER SAMMENSVERGELSE ?', sets the tone for an in-depth analysis of the report and the surrounding controversy.

The Condon Report and its Controversy

The article begins by acknowledging that most people following the UFO debate have heard of the Condon Report. When its conclusion was negative, it triggered protests from UFO proponents who claimed the investigation was not objective. The article notes that within UFO literature, claims emerged that the entire Condon investigation was a conspiracy, a 'cosmic Watergate' against UFOs.

However, the author posits that there was indeed a conspiracy, but not in the way UFO proponents claimed. The article delves into the history of the Condon project, initiated about 20 years prior by the University of Colorado at the request of the U.S. government. This two-year scientific study of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) brought the university significant attention and criticism.

Dr. Edward U. Condon, a renowned physicist and former head of the National Bureau of Standards, reluctantly agreed to lead the project. He became a favorite target of UFO cultists. Robert Low, the project coordinator who later died in a plane crash, was also singled out in the media, with accusations that he and Condon had orchestrated a 'plot' to 'deceive' the American public.

The article asserts that a conspiracy did exist to mislead the public, but Condon and Low were its victims, not its creators. A small group of 'UFO believers,' including a congressman, secretly attempted to discredit Condon's work. The author claims to have gained access to the archives of the leader of this conspiracy, who later committed suicide.

While the author acknowledges that the Colorado investigation might not have been conducted in the ideal manner, and that Condon himself may not have been actively involved and Low lacked experience for such a complex task, they doubt that others could have done better. The article suggests that those who later tried to discredit Condon's work would have done a much worse job if they had led the project.

Background and the Colorado Clause

The article sets the scene in the spring of 1966, when the U.S. Air Force (USAF) had been investigating UFO reports for nearly 20 years, accumulating over 10,000 reports. Initially, some within the USAF considered the possibility of non-terrestrial spacecraft or advanced Soviet surveillance craft. However, by the early 1950s, the USAF concluded that most UFO reports could be explained by prosaic mechanisms like bright lights, weather balloons, and meteors. Consequently, they assigned less experienced personnel to investigate UFO reports, leading to a higher number of unexplained cases, which UFO believers interpreted as evidence supporting their theories.

In March 1966, UFO reports from university students in southern Michigan gained national attention, partly due to Dr. J. Allen Hynek's suggestion that some reports might be swamp gas. This explanation drew criticism, even from congressmen like Gerald Ford.

In response to criticism and accusations of a deliberate cover-up, the USAF's scientific advisors proposed an independent UFO study to be conducted by one or more universities. However, prestigious institutions like MIT declined, leaving the task open.

In the summer of 1966, as the USAF sought a suitable institution, Dr. James E. McDonald, an atmospheric physicist from the University of Arizona, strongly advocated for the contract. However, McDonald was already convinced that some UFOs were extraterrestrial craft, making him unsuitable for an unbiased investigation.

Dr. Edward U. Condon, a distinguished physicist and member of the National Academy of Science, had recently joined the University of Colorado faculty. Robert Low, then assistant dean at the Colorado Graduate School, saw the project as an opportunity for the university to gain recognition. After internal debates, the University of Colorado proposed the project in October 1966, with a crucial clause stating that the work would be conducted with strict objectivity, by researchers who had no predisposition towards or against the UFO problem. This clause was significant, as it aimed to prevent biased individuals like McDonald from participating.

Despite this, Dr. David R. Saunders, a psychologist, joined the project as a 'head researcher' and was soon labeled a 'quasi-believer' by younger colleagues. Saunders admitted to being very interested in UFOs months before the contract was signed, influenced by a pro-UFO book. He did not declare himself ineligible, despite his knowledge of the objectivity clause.

The Conspiracy Unfolds

Saunders played a key role in convincing Condon and Low to focus on identifying cases that could support the hypothesis of extraterrestrial intelligence. He also pursued the idea of a government conspiracy to hide UFO truths.

Condon and Low initially sought cooperation with NICAP (National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena). In late 1966, NICAP leaders Donald Keyhoe and Richard Hall visited Boulder. The January/February 1967 issue of NICAP's 'The UFO-Investigator' acknowledged the project's researchers as a mix of skeptics and 'moderately convinced believers,' which, according to the article, might have violated the USAF contract's objectivity clause.

The article draws an analogy to a court trial, where a jury already convinced of guilt before hearing evidence would render the trial invalid. It questions the validity of the Condon project if its researchers were already predisposed.

McDonald was invited to Boulder in late 1966 and again in the summer of 1967 to present his own UFO research. However, Condon and Low did not engage him further in the project. Dr. J. Allen Hynek was also invited, but not Dr. Donald Menzel, a prominent UFO skeptic.

In June 1967, Dr. Norman E. Levine joined the Condon team. Levine's views on UFOs were remarkably similar to McDonald's, despite his recent entry into the project. Saunders and Levine were given key roles in coordinating the 'early warning network' for UFO reports, influencing which cases were investigated.

On September 4, 1967, Saunders was asked about the Condon committee's integrity, to which he responded by emphasizing his desire for an open and impartial investigation. This response is deemed surprising given his pro-UFO stance.

Saunders and Levine were dismissed from the project on February 7, shortly after Saunders' proposals to release preliminary findings and to hold a public debate on the implications of extraterrestrial contact were rejected by Condon and Low. These rejections were seen as wise decisions, especially considering Condon's earlier public skepticism about UFOs.

The 'Low Memo' and its Impact

The article highlights the 'Low memo,' written on April 9, 1966, which discussed the university's involvement in the UFO project. The memo, addressed to the dean and vice-dean, suggested that the project should appear objective to the public while giving the impression to scientists that it was being conducted by non-believers who were unlikely to find definitive evidence. This memo was later leaked and became a cornerstone of a Look magazine article by John G. Fuller, a pro-UFO author, which accused the Condon investigation of being a '$500,000 trick' designed to make the public believe in UFOs.

McDonald, who had access to the memo, used it to criticize the Condon project. He sent copies to the National Academy of Science and James Hughes at the Office of Naval Research, who oversaw contracts related to McDonald's research.

In December 1967, McDonald wrote to a French ufologist expressing disappointment with Condon and indicating a confrontation was brewing. The article suggests McDonald's goal was not a direct confrontation but to cast the Colorado project in a negative light.

In January 1968, McDonald revealed he had seen a copy of the Low memo in a letter to Robert Low, expressing confusion about its contents. Later, Condon and Saunders admitted to giving McDonald a copy of the memo, leading to McDonald's and Mrs. Armstrong's resignations.

NICAP's Role and Congressional Involvement

On February 9, 1968, McDonald sent the Low memo to the National Academy of Science and James Hughes. The article notes that McDonald's actions were part of a plan, and that he had previously contacted Congressman J. Edward Roush in March 1967, urging him to hold a congressional hearing on UFOs.

In November 1968, after losing an election, Roush joined NICAP's leadership. Prior to this, in May 1968, following the Look article and NICAP's press conference denouncing the Low memo, Roush condemned the Condon project in Congress, calling it a '$500,000 failure' and questioning its scientific rigor and objectivity.

The Condon Project's Final Report and Klass's Analysis

The article discusses the Condon project's final report, released in early 1969. Condon stated in the report that he was unaware of the Low memo until it became public, describing it as an early 'brainstorming' by an individual not competent to make final decisions. Condon also pointed out that Low's proposal to focus on psychological aspects rather than the phenomena themselves was contrary to the project's actual procedure. He emphasized that the investigation focused on physical phenomena, not psychological or sociological causes.

Philip J. Klass, a speaker at a CSICOP conference, offers his conclusions. He states that Condon and Low did their best under difficult circumstances, especially given that three key researchers were already 'quasi-believers'. Klass asserts that Condon, Low, and the University of Colorado were victims of a well-organized conspiracy to discredit them, a conspiracy that would have remained unknown without the tragic death of its mastermind and the efforts of a promising Ph.D. candidate.

Condon's own comments in the final report acknowledge the passionate debate surrounding UFOs made an unbiased investigation difficult. He stated that had he known the extent of UFO believers' emotional engagement and what their beliefs could drive them to, he would not have undertaken the investigation.

Klass criticizes the Condon project for investigating too many old UFO cases, making it harder to contact witnesses. He suggests that focusing on more recent cases would have provided a more representative sample of the phenomenon.

Unexplained Cases and Prosaic Explanations

The article addresses the 'unexplained' UFO cases from the Condon Report. One case involved a USAF RB-47 electronic surveillance aircraft. The investigation was hampered by an incorrect date provided by the pilot, but Klass eventually found a prosaic explanation, approved by the pilot and the Elint operator.

Another 10-year-old UFO case from England, also listed as unexplained, was similarly resolved by Klass with a prosaic explanation. He suspects the young researcher assigned to the case overlooked this explanation due to an eagerness to believe in UFOs.

A third case involved two photographs of a disk-like UFO. The young researcher, who later became a planetary scientist, was too trusting of witnesses. However, after reviewing evidence, including material from Robert Sheaffer, and Klass's analysis, the photographs were deemed a hoax.

Klass is confident that these three cases, and likely others, have prosaic explanations.

Lessons Learned

The article concludes by drawing lessons from the University of Colorado project, suggesting its relevance for future investigations into other paranormal phenomena, such as parapsychology. Klass argues that researchers with a strong pre-existing belief in PSI would be unsuitable for such investigations, as their careers could be jeopardized. He suggests that most volunteers would be young, inexperienced researchers eager to make a name for themselves, making them vulnerable to self-deception and ambition. The article implies that many young researchers involved in the Condon project had 'UFO stars in their eyes,' indicating hopes and ambitions that made them less skeptical.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this article are the alleged conspiracy by UFO proponents to discredit the Condon Report, the challenges of conducting an objective scientific investigation into UFO phenomena, and the eventual resolution of 'unexplained' cases through prosaic explanations. The editorial stance is clearly skeptical of UFO claims and critical of the methods and motivations of prominent UFO proponents like James McDonald and David Saunders, while defending the integrity of the Condon project and its leaders, Edward Condon and Robert Low, who are portrayed as victims of a conspiracy.

This issue of The Skeptical Inquirer, Volume XI, Issue 1/86, dated January 1986, features an article titled 'HOW TO HUNT A GHOST?' by Robert A. Baker, a professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky. The article offers two 'quick and effective cures' for dealing with hauntings, focusing on psychological and behavioral approaches rather than traditional methods.

Two Quick But Effective Cures

Case Study 1: The Tormented Couple

Professor Baker recounts a case where a man, DF, sought his help for a haunting by his wife's deceased uncle. The uncle, who had been close to his niece in childhood, began appearing as a ghost when she had romantic relationships, particularly when she was with her fiancé, DF. The ghost's appearances intensified as the couple's engagement progressed and continued after their marriage, synchronizing with their intimate activities. DF had not seen the ghost himself but relied on his wife's reports. One week prior to contacting Baker, DF caught a glimpse of the ghost, described as wearing a green sweater (the uncle's favorite hunting attire). The ghost's presence was causing significant distress, affecting the couple's relationship. Baker, sensing the ghost's presence in his office, confronted it with a powerful, aggressive verbal command, threatening to drown it in holy water and banish it. He instructed DF that the only way to defeat the ghost was to show no fear and to assert dominance. Baker explained that the ghost's power stemmed entirely from their fear and that by showing courage, they could make it disappear. He advised DF and his wife to stare the ghost directly in the eyes and tell it they were not afraid, that it was dead, and had no power over them. Baker predicted that the uncle's ghost would not reappear, attributing the haunting to a combination of Freudian implications related to the wife's sexual problems and childhood traumas, but ultimately fueled by superstitious fear.

Case Study 2: The Haunted House

Baker then describes a method for dealing with 'haunted houses,' which he likens to sterilization using sound and light instead of gas. For a particularly irritating ghost couple that appeared at night, Baker employed two 1000-watt Pioneer speakers, a Realistic STA-860 amplifier with a tape player, and a portable super-blitz spotlight capable of illuminating a large area. He played hard-rock music at maximum volume for two hours, accompanied by systematic flashing of the spotlight. Paradoxically, Baker claims that hard-rock music drives away the dead rather than waking them. He emphasizes that all family members should be present during the initial minutes of this procedure to fully experience the effect.

For more problematic hauntings in apartment buildings, Baker suggests contacting neighbors and local police, especially if using loud sound effects like machine guns, artillery, thunder, foghorns, and sirens, which he finds effective against more persistent poltergeists. He notes that hard-rock music can attract teenagers who might mistake the exorcism for a party. He asserts that neither the living nor the dead can endure these sounds for long.

For locations like caves, cemeteries, and old abandoned farms without electricity, Baker recommends using portable generators to power electronic lights, 'knuckles,' and 'grass.' He states that no other techniques are necessary, acknowledging that his methods differ from traditional exorcism but are equally effective. He advises having at least two people for assistance with setting up and operating the 'sound and light show,' as more noise and commotion is better.

Statistics and Skepticism

Baker cites a Gallup poll indicating that 72% of the population believes in ghosts, with over 40% claiming to have seen one. He expresses hope that publicizing these confrontational procedures will lead to a decrease in hauntings and that increased rationality, courage, and common sense will weaken the power of superstition over the human mind.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The article's core theme is the debunking of paranormal phenomena, specifically ghosts and hauntings, through rational and psychological explanations. Dr. Baker, a psychology professor, advocates for confronting fear directly and using modern technology (loud music, lights) as a means of 'exorcism.' The magazine, The Skeptical Inquirer, clearly aligns with a skeptical stance, promoting scientific reasoning and critical thinking over superstition and unverified claims. The article implicitly argues that many reported paranormal experiences are rooted in psychological factors like fear, superstition, and unresolved personal issues, rather than actual supernatural entities. The editorial stance is one of promoting critical inquiry and demystifying the paranormal.