NIVFO-Bulletin - 1984 No 4-5

Magazine Overview

This issue of NIVFO bulletin, volume 4, number 4-5, dated 1984, is published by NORSK INSTITUTT FOR VITENSKAPELIG FORSKNING OG OPPLYSNING (NIVFO) in Norway. The cover headline boldly states "Sjarlataner kan bevege seg fritt" (Charlatans can move freely), setting a critical tone for the content within. The magazine focuses on debunking pseudoscientific claims and promoting critical thinking, particularly concerning topics like astroarchaeology, natural medicine, and UFO phenomena.

Articles and Content

"Sjarlataner kan bevege seg fritt" (Charlatans can move freely)

This overarching theme is explored through several articles. One piece, "Legen og naturlegen" (The Doctor and the Natural Healer), delves into the practices of natural medicine and questions the scientific validity of "quackery." It highlights the financial aspects, noting that initial consultations with a natural healer can be costly. The article also references a 1936 law concerning restrictions on those who are not licensed doctors or dentists practicing healing.

Erich von Däniken and Astroarchaeology

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to a critical examination of Erich von Däniken's theories on astroarchaeology. The article "Däniken" by Willy Wegner, citing Gerhard Gadow's book "Fortids Gåders Forklaring" (Explanation of Ancient Riddles), debunks Däniken's interpretations of ancient artifacts and texts. Däniken's central thesis is that human civilization was influenced or created by extraterrestrial astronauts. The magazine scrutinizes his evidence, such as the Palenque sarcophagus lid, arguing that his interpretations are not supported by factual analysis. It points out that Däniken often lacks proper source citations, misinterprets evidence, and uses a "cut-and-paste" method to fit his narrative. The article criticizes his lack of scientific rigor, subjective approach, and tendency to ignore contradictory information. The "Karakteristikk" section further elaborates on Däniken's methods, describing him as a storyteller who poorly supports his claims and is immune to criticism. The magazine concludes that his assertions about ancient astronauts are merely words on paper.

"Astronauten" and "Kommandokapselen"

Specific examples from Däniken's work are analyzed, including his interpretation of the Palenque sarcophagus lid as depicting an astronaut in a spacecraft. The magazine provides detailed counter-arguments, comparing the imagery to known Mayan art and cultural practices, such as the use of jade masks and cranial deformation. Däniken's interpretation of a quetzal bird on a "command capsule" is also questioned, with the article suggesting it is a common motif in Mayan art. The magazine asserts that Däniken's interpretations have "absolutely no basis" and require a "certain degree of naivety" to accept.

"Mer om astroarkeologi" (More on Astroarchaeology)

This section continues the critique of astroarchaeology, referencing authors like Jacques Bergier and Louis Pauwels, known for their "off-beat" works. It discusses their contributions to the "Ancient Astronaut Society" and their theories about extraterrestrial influence on human development. The article highlights the lack of scientific grounding in these theories, labeling them as pseudoscience. It mentions the book "La aventure mysterieuse" and criticizes the contributors' tendency to present personal views as factual evidence.

UFOs and the Hessdalen Phenomenon

The magazine reports on UFO sightings and investigations, particularly focusing on the Hessdalen phenomenon in Norway. An event organized by NIVFO and the Holålen municipality is described, where local residents were informed about the ongoing investigations into aerial phenomena. The article notes the involvement of a Swedish UFO organization and an engineer who focused on technical measurements. While the engineer and the organization officially distanced themselves from claims of extraterrestrial visits, individual members expressed strong conviction. The report suggests that NIVFO's investigations aimed to clarify common misunderstandings about these phenomena.

Parapsychology and Skepticism

An article titled "Parapsykologi - vitenskap eller pseudovitenskap?" (Parapsychology - science or pseudoscience?) questions the scientific standing of parapsychology. It touches upon "out-of-body experiences" and the general skepticism surrounding such claims within the scientific community. The magazine consistently promotes a skeptical viewpoint, urging readers to critically evaluate extraordinary claims and to demand evidence and proper sourcing.

Other Mentions

The issue also includes brief mentions of other topics such as "UFO over Lierne" (UFO over Lierne), "Optiske UFOer" (Optical UFOs), and the "Mosjøen-rapporten" (Mosjøen Report), indicating a broad interest in unexplained phenomena within the context of critical analysis.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

Throughout the issue, a strong emphasis is placed on critical thinking, source criticism, and scientific methodology. The editorial stance is clearly skeptical towards pseudoscientific claims, particularly those popularized by figures like Erich von Däniken. The magazine aims to educate its readers by debunking sensationalist theories and promoting a rational, evidence-based approach to understanding unexplained phenomena. Themes of "charlatanism," "pseudoscience," and the importance of distinguishing between "science" and "pseudoscience" are recurrent. The magazine advocates for rigorous investigation and transparency in research, criticizing the lack of verifiable sources and the tendency to sensationalize findings in "off-beat" literature.

This issue of NRK RADIO's program "Uforklarlige» opplevelser" (Unexplainable Experiences), broadcast on October 5, 1984, at 20:30 on Kanal P2, delves into the controversial realm of parapsychology and related phenomena. The program features a discussion between program host Brita Syvertsen and experts Georg Hygen and John Mannsåker from the Norwegian Institute for Scientific Research and Enlightenment (NIVFO), alongside critical voices.

Discussion on Parapsychology and Skepticism

The program opens with a caller, Kolbjørn Stenødegård from Trondheim, representing NIVFO, expressing skepticism about the recent surge in interest in what he terms "pseudoscientific" phenomena. He questions the existence of scientifically verifiable proof for phenomena like telepathy, clairvoyance, and psychokinesis, noting that they often lack repeatability and yield inconsistent results.

Georg Hygen responds by questioning the definition of "scientifically verifiable," pointing out that many established sciences, such as psychology and psychiatry, deal with individuals and therefore cannot always achieve perfect repeatability. He argues that while there is much "sludge and nonsense" in the field, one cannot dismiss it entirely. He also touches upon the challenges of studying paranormal healing, which requires large, uniform patient groups and controlled conditions, something often lacking.

John Mannsåker agrees that skepticism is necessary but cautions against dogmatism. He suggests that while the field of parapsychology has been criticized for methodological flaws, many psychologists acknowledge the difficulty of applying the same rigorous standards of repeatability to their own field as are applied in physics. He asserts that the claims of paranormal phenomena are not easily dismissed and that serious researchers have found evidence that, while not always perfectly repeatable, is statistically significant.

Kolbjørn Stenødegård remains unconvinced, emphasizing the lack of definitive proof and the ongoing debate about the accuracy of experiments. He distinguishes between phenomena like telepathy and those he considers hoaxes, such as stories about the Bermuda Triangle, Uri Geller, and UFOs.

Mannsåker counters that the criticism of parapsychology for statistical misuse is outdated, with many psychologists themselves finding the demands for repeatability unrealistic for their own discipline. He argues that claims of paranormal phenomena not being proven are based on ignorance of the extensive and often mixed literature in parapsychology.

The Case of Uri Geller

The program then shifts to the case of Uri Geller. A caller asks about the validity of his claims and why he has become less prominent. Mannsåker explains that Geller has taken a break from public appearances, possibly for private reasons. He notes that while Geller has been accused of trickery, he has never been caught in the act. Mannsåker states that Geller has performed in laboratories, sometimes with "near-success," particularly in bending metal, often under controlled conditions with physicists present. However, he also mentions that Geller has demonstrated a strong ability in telepathy, specifically in drawing figures that others see, under strict control.

Both Mannsåker and Hygen express conviction that Geller possesses genuine paranormal abilities. They suggest that failures in laboratory settings might be due to the experiments being "boring" for him. Mannsåker recounts an incident at Stanford University where Geller allegedly affected a television apparatus with a mere gesture.

The article "Uri Geller" in the magazine elaborates on this, noting that while Geller's feats are called "miraculous," those of magicians are not, despite the fact that magicians openly admit to using tricks. The magazine suggests that Geller's claim to paranormal abilities, unlike a magician's admission of tricks, is a characteristic element of pseudoscience. It also points out that critics have raised concerns about the "control" in laboratory settings, with some magicians claiming they could pass the same tests.

Critical Perspectives on Parapsychology

The magazine features several articles offering critical perspectives on parapsychology. C.E.M. Hansel's book is discussed, concluding that there is no evidence to support the existence of paranormal phenomena. The article highlights that Hansel's work is based on extensive research and points out that many experiments in parapsychology, even those considered strong, have methodological flaws that have been repeated by later researchers.

Nils Wiklund, a psychologist and researcher, is also presented. Initially approaching parapsychology with the assumption that PSI exists, his extensive study of experimental methodologies led him to become less convinced. He emphasizes the need for rigorous, methodologically sound experiments and notes that even when phenomena appear to be supported by evidence, they do not fit easily into existing scientific explanatory models.

The Shroud of Turin

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to the Shroud of Turin. The article discusses a book by Kenneth E. Stevenson and Gary R. Habermas, which suggests that no natural explanation exists for the image on the shroud, implying divine intervention. The Norwegian foreword to the book states that the shroud is not a medieval fake but likely dates from Jesus' time, and that the bloodstains are real. However, the magazine article strongly critiques this view, labeling it as "pseudoscientific." It argues that the book relies on "extensive scientific investigations" to reach an "unexplainable" conclusion, a common tactic in off-beat literature. The article points out numerous errors and misinterpretations in the book and notes that the authors' conclusions are not necessarily endorsed by the STURP (Shroud of Turin Research Project) itself.

Fireball Incident

The magazine reports on a phenomenon known as "kulelyn" (ball lightning). A New Scientist article describes an incident in January 1984 where a 10 cm fireball materialized inside a Soviet Ilyushin-18 aircraft flying over the Black Sea. The fireball reportedly entered the plane, split into two, rejoined, and then disappeared, leaving holes in the fuselage and damaging the radar. While ordinary lightning strikes on aircraft are common, the behavior of this fireball, particularly its apparent ability to penetrate the fuselage and its formation inside the cabin, is presented as puzzling and remarkable.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the tension between proponents of paranormal phenomena and scientific skepticism. The magazine, through its selection of articles and critical commentary, leans towards a skeptical stance, highlighting the lack of rigorous scientific evidence for many claims. It emphasizes the importance of critical thinking, methodological soundness in research, and the dangers of pseudoscientific reasoning. The editorial stance appears to be that while open-mindedness is important, claims must be supported by robust, repeatable evidence, and that many popular beliefs in the paranormal lack such support.

This issue of "Vitenskapens grenser" (The Limits of Science) delves into the controversial topic of UFO sightings, particularly those attributed to astronauts during the space race era. The magazine features discussions from a symposium and meticulously debunks numerous alleged astronaut UFO encounters from the 1960s and 1970s.

Symposium on the Limits of Science

The issue opens by detailing a half-day symposium held at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in New York City. The event, titled "Vitenskapens grenser," attracted a large audience and featured prominent personalities such as Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke, and James Randi. The focus was on pseudosciences, with a significant segment dedicated to UFO phenomena. Key figures in this discussion were Dr. J. Allen Hynek, a well-known UFO advocate, and James Oberg, a skeptic.

Hynek's Arguments

Dr. Hynek presented his usual arguments, emphasizing that the sheer number of unexplained UFO reports suggests that something unusual is occurring. He cited computer analyses of 400 UFO cases, which demonstrated that the reported characteristics of UFOs were inconsistent with everyday objects and phenomena. Hynek also criticized those who dismissed eyewitness accounts, arguing that it's unreasonable to expect people to be mistaken about phenomena like a meteor stopping, hovering, and reversing direction.

Oberg's Counterarguments and Skepticism

James Oberg directly challenged Hynek's assertions by providing documented cases where similar dramatic events were explained by known phenomena. He specifically pointed to UFO observations in the Soviet Union and South America, which he had previously shown were likely misidentifications of rocket launches. Oberg argued that human expectations, imaginations, and fears play a significant role in interpreting observations. He stated that "extraordinary phenomena are not required to explain UFO reports."

Oberg also addressed Hynek's criticism of his view that pilots are unreliable UFO observers. Oberg maintained that pilots, trained for immediate action, might not be in a position to make detailed observations of unusual aerial phenomena. He provided examples of traffic pilots giving inaccurate reports on unidentified flying objects (UFOs).

Oberg further discussed the concept of "the rest of false conclusions," suggesting that even after accounting for misidentifications, hoaxes, and pranks, there would remain a residual number of unexplained cases. However, he argued that it would be unrealistic to expect scientists to solve all these prosaic cases due to insufficient information. He concluded that there are no real UFOs.

"Astronauts and UFOs" - Debunking the Myth

The core of the magazine issue is a detailed examination of alleged UFO sightings by astronauts, presented as a list of "Fawcett-list" entries, originally compiled by George Fawcett and later included in the book "Edge of Reality" by Hynek and Vallee.

Analysis of Specific Incidents:

1. John Glenn (February 20, 1962): Reported seeing three objects following his Mercury capsule. Oberg explains this as the objects being small particles that entered a lower orbit, appearing to overtake the capsule due to their higher speed.
2. Scott Carpenter (May 24, 1962): Claimed to have photographed a firefly-like object resembling a disc. Oberg states this was false; Carpenter photographed his Atlas rocket and a balloon, with the photo being distorted by sunlight.
3. Joe Walton (May 30, 1962): Allegedly photographed five disc-shaped objects. Oberg dismisses this as a fabrication.
4. Robert White (July 17, 1962): Photographed an object about 10 meters away. White himself described it as small, like a piece of paper, and possibly ice from his rocket's fuel tank. Oberg calls this a "bluff" due to withheld information.
5. Gordon Cooper (May 16, 1963): Reported a greenish UFO with a red tail and other observations. Oberg notes Cooper's belief in UFOs but states that reports attributed to him have been misrepresented or fabricated by UFO authors.
6. Walter Shirra (October 3, 1963): Reported a large glowing mass. Oberg explains this as lightning from thunderstorms, with the report selectively quoting Shirra.
7. Voskhod 2 Cosmonauts (March 8, 1964): Reported seeing an unidentified object. Oberg identifies this as a human-made satellite, specifically their own booster rocket.
8. Jim McDivitt (June 3, 1964): Photographed a cylindrical object and an egg-shaped UFO. Oberg explains this as a reflection in the co-pilot's window, not a UFO.
9. Voskhod 1 Cosmonauts (October 12, 1964): Reported being surrounded by disc-shaped objects. Oberg attributes this to dubious Italian breakfast newspapers and calls it a bluff.
10. Frank Borman and Jim Lovell (December 4, 1965): Photographed two UFOs with glowing undersides. Oberg states this is a misrepresentation of an earlier incident involving detached parts from a rocket.
11. John Young and Mike Collins (July 18, 1966): Saw a large cylindrical object and two smaller blank objects. Oberg suggests these were fragments of the launch vehicle, not photographed, and that the astronauts' accounts were fabricated.
12. Richard Gordon and Charles Conrad (September 12, 1966): Reported a yellow-orange UFO. Oberg identifies this as the Soviet satellite "Proton 3," noting discrepancies in tracking data that led to confusion.
13. Jim Lowell and Edwin Aldrin (November 11, 1966): Saw four UFOs in a row. Oberg explains these as waste material jettisoned from the capsule.
14. Frank Borman and Jim Lovell (December 21, 1968): Reported a "bogie" 15 km up. Oberg clarifies this refers to objects detached during a previous flight and is a misapplication to the Apollo 8 mission.
15. Apollo 11 Crew (July 16, 1969): Allegedly pursued by a UFO. Oberg states this was due to debris from the spacecraft and its Saturn V rocket.
16. Pete Conrad, Alan Bean, and Dick Gordon (November 14, 1969): Claimed a UFO accompanied them. Oberg states they were joking about a blinking piece of their rocket, and UFO enthusiasts misinterpreted this.

Additional incidents from Skylab 3, Apollo 10, Apollo 13, and Salyut 6 are also discussed and attributed to mundane explanations like passing satellites, debris, or misidentified waste.

The Role of Misinformation and Authors

The article highlights how UFO literature often relies on sensationalism and misrepresentation. Authors like Charles Berlitz and Robert Barry are mentioned for popularizing such stories. The magazine points out that many "top space researchers" and "internal sources" quoted in UFO literature have denied making such statements or have had their words distorted. For instance, Dr. Garry C. Henderson and Dr. Farouk El-Baz have publicly disavowed claims attributed to them regarding astronaut UFO sightings.

Plasma Theory

A brief section discusses the "plasma theory" in relation to UFOs, referencing an article from "Vi Menn" in 1971. It contrasts the characteristics of "flying saucers" with plasma phenomena, concluding that plasma is diffuse and transient, unlike the described UFOs.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout the issue is the critical examination and debunking of UFO claims, particularly those involving astronauts. The editorial stance is clearly skeptical, emphasizing the importance of scientific rigor, verifiable evidence, and the tendency for misinterpretation and fabrication within the UFO community. The article argues that the "astronaut UFO myth" persists due to the sensationalist nature of UFO publications and media, which often prioritize exciting narratives over factual accuracy. The issue concludes that the claims of astronauts seeing UFOs are based on untruths, bluffs, misunderstandings, and inaccurate citations, urging readers to approach such reports with critical thinking.

This issue of UFO-NYT, dated 4/84, focuses on UFO phenomena and critically examines claims linking them to space missions and scientific phenomena. It also delves into the scientific debunking of astrological theories and other pseudoscientific beliefs.

UFO Sightings and Explanations

The issue begins with a report on a UFO sighting in Lierne, Norway, on September 19, 1984. An observer, described as credible, reported seeing a disk-shaped object approximately 200 meters above a lake. The object moved from east to west, made a sharp turn, and disappeared. The observer noted a loud air resistance and compared the object's size to a large capercaillie, describing its color as gray-brown against the sky but black against a wooded height.

Another article discusses the historical claims of UFOs interacting with space missions. It references a March 1974 article in National Tattler, which alleged that 26 astronaut observations confirmed UFOs spying on Skylab and even following Apollo 11 to the moon. The article questions the credibility of such claims, noting that Reader's Digest cited this report without further investigation.

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to exploring scientific explanations for UFO-like phenomena. It presents theories from Soviet scientists like Andrei Monin and Georgi Barenblatt, who suggest that 'atmospheric discs' – formations created by the mixing of air layers – could explain some sightings. These discs, when accumulating dust, can become visible. The article also mentions that Soviet cosmonauts have reported seeing small foil pieces detached from probes, which can reflect sunlight and appear as objects, a phenomenon now well-understood.

Furthermore, the magazine addresses the "mystiske flyet" (mysterious plane) incident in Lierne, explaining it as likely a bird, specifically a loon, in a glide. The loud noise described by the observer is attributed to the bird's flight.

Critique of Astrology and Pseudoscience

A substantial part of the issue is dedicated to debunking astrology. University lecturer Curt Roslund is featured, who argues that astrological claims lack scientific support. He critiques studies often cited by astrologers, such as one from Nature magazine suggesting many journalists are born under the Pisces sign, finding no statistical evidence to support this. Roslund also examines the "Mars effect" theory, which posits a link between planetary positions at birth and career success, particularly for elite athletes. He discusses studies by Michel Gauquelin, which showed a slight correlation, but also highlights contradictory findings from Belgian and American research, with the American study (CSICOP) finding no Mars effect.

The article "Mer om astrologi" (More on Astrology) further elaborates on Roslund's critique, stating that astrological predictions are often based on misinterpreted or flawed data. It mentions a study of 5,111 American librarians, where birth distributions across zodiac signs were found to be largely even, suggesting no significant astrological influence.

Moon's Influence and Radio Interference

The magazine also tackles the popular belief in the moon's influence on human behavior. It references a study by psychiatrists Arnold Lieber and Carolyn Sherin on homicides in Miami, which showed a peak during full moons. However, it contrasts this with a similar study in Houston that found no such correlation, concluding that the belief in the moon's influence on aggression is likely unfounded.

Another section explores the theory by John Nelson, an engineer at Radio Corporation of America, who suggested that radio interference on shortwave bands might be linked to planetary alignments. Nelson proposed that hard aspects between planets (0, 90, or 180 degrees) could cause solar flares, leading to radio disruptions. The article dismisses this theory, noting that Nelson's method was flawed and that astronomers did not accept his findings. It humorously points out that performances at the Folies Bergère in Paris also coincided with these planetary aspects.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critical examination of UFO claims, the scientific debunking of astrology and other pseudoscientific beliefs, and the exploration of natural explanations for phenomena often attributed to the supernatural. The editorial stance is clearly pro-science, emphasizing empirical evidence and rigorous methodology while questioning and refuting claims that lack such support. The magazine aims to educate its readers about the scientific perspective on topics often sensationalized in popular culture.

This issue of the magazine, titled "OPPRINNELSE I MAGI" (Origin in Magic), published in Fall 1984, delves into the historical and contemporary aspects of astrology, natural medicine, and homeopathy. It features a critical perspective on these practices, contrasting them with scientific approaches.

Astrology: From Omens to Determinism

The magazine traces the origins of astrology back to ancient Mesopotamia, specifically to King Ashurbanipal's library in Nineveh (circa 600 BC), where thousands of cuneiform tablets described omens. These omens were believed to be divine messages from the gods, warning of future misfortunes or offering guidance. Initially, omens included a wide range of events, from scorpion stings to planetary movements. As states grew, rulers sought counsel from these omens, leading to the development of more systematic interpretations.

Babylonian astronomers observed the regular movements of planets, likening them to the sun and moon, and developed the concept of celestial cycles. This led to the belief that planetary positions at birth determined an individual's destiny. The article highlights the oldest known birth horoscope, created on April 29, 410 BC, which simply noted planetary positions and predicted a good life.

The influence of Babylonian astrology spread to Greece with Alexander the Great's conquest in 331 BC. Greek philosophers, like Ptolemy, integrated astrological concepts into their philosophical systems. Ptolemy's work, 'Tetrabiblos,' compiled around 140 AD, became a foundational text for Western astrology, and its core principles have remained largely unchanged.

The magazine notes that while the exact methods by which Babylonians and Greeks determined planetary influence are not detailed, the sheer number of possible combinations of planets, zodiac signs, and houses suggests that astrology relies heavily on philosophical and religious speculation rather than empirical evidence. The article touches upon the Pythagorean belief that souls travel from the divine ether via planets to newborns, influencing their lives.

Curt Roslund's Critique of Astrology and Pseudoscience

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to the views of Curt Roslund, a professor of astronomy at Chalmers University of Technology. Roslund is a staunch critic of astrology, natural medicine, and other pseudoscientific practices, which he views as a harmful trend and a form of environmental pollution.

Roslund argues that astrology is not a science but a religion that falsely claims celestial positions at birth determine one's fate. He states that numerous scientific studies have thoroughly debunked astrological claims. He criticizes astrologers for lacking knowledge in mathematics, statistics, and probability principles. In one experiment, Roslund and other astrologers attempted to identify murderers among a group of individuals, including prisoners and medical secretaries, based on their birth data. The experiment was a complete failure, with astrologers attempting to explain away the results by finding superficial similarities between the groups.

Roslund dismisses the idea that astrology is harmless fun, pointing out that many people, particularly young women in Sweden, structure their lives and relationships based on horoscopes, even consulting astrologers to match horoscopes with potential partners.

The Rise and Controversy of Natural Medicine and Homeopathy

The magazine also extensively covers the growing popularity of natural medicine and homeopathy in Norway, often framing it as a pseudoscientific phenomenon.

Naturmedisin (Natural Medicine): The issue reports on a case in Lierne, Norway, where a 64-year-old patient with a blood clot was advised by a natural healer to stop all conventional medicine. The local public health officer, Bjørn Enstad, raised alarm, warning against discontinuing prescribed medication. The county medical officer, Edvard Fjærtoft, is investigating the case for potential violations of malpractice laws.

Several articles highlight public concern and media attention surrounding natural healers. The publicity given to natural medicine in weekly magazines is noted, with fears that the market is growing and could become dangerous if not monitored. A research project has been initiated to map the activities within natural medicine in Norway.

Homeopathy: The magazine presents homeopathy as a speculative and unscientific practice that falls under malpractice laws. It explains the homeopathic principle of 'like cures like' (similia similibus curentur) and the use of extreme dilutions. The article notes that nurses and other healthcare professionals are reportedly becoming significant clients of homeopaths in Trondheim, possibly due to a perception that homeopaths offer more personalized attention and respect than conventional doctors.

Debate and Criticism: The issue includes a debate between a natural healer, Hans Jørgen Hansen, and a school doctor, Bernt Østensen. Østensen dismisses Hansen's claims about the body and healing methods, such as a 'magnetic drum,' as unscientific. The article also features a critique by Claus Nielsen, who argues that users of alternative health services should have their experiences recognized and that the monopoly of 'school medicine' should be challenged.

Specific Cases and Concerns:

• A woman recounts paying 1500 kroner and an additional 60 kroner for a 'magnetic cylinder' treatment, along with a prescription for white wine to combat depression, highlighting the financial and questionable nature of some treatments.
• Another case describes a woman who felt exhausted and unwell after a week with a natural healer, whose 'diet' involved enemas and drinking large quantities of chamomile tea.
• The magazine questions the blind faith of homeopaths in natural products and their difficulty in explaining their methods, suggesting it contributes to the lack of acceptance by conventional medicine.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The overarching theme of this issue is a critical examination of practices that deviate from established scientific and medical norms. The magazine strongly advocates for evidence-based approaches, particularly in health and the understanding of human behavior. The editorial stance is clearly skeptical of astrology, natural medicine, and homeopathy, labeling them as pseudoscience, humbug, and potentially harmful. There is a consistent emphasis on the need for scientific rigor, empirical evidence, and a critical approach to claims made by practitioners of these alternative fields. The issue aims to inform the public about the potential dangers and lack of scientific validity associated with these practices, encouraging a more discerning attitude towards them.

This issue of the magazine, titled 'Noen fakta om naturmedisin' (Some Facts About Natural Medicine), published in Fall 1984 by The Skeptical Inquirer, delves into various topics related to alternative health practices, pseudoscience, and parapsychology. It critically examines these subjects, contrasting them with scientific principles and evidence.

The Rise of Pseudoscience and Quackery

The introductory section highlights the growing interest in pseudoscience, noting that bookstores offer more books on these topics than on actual science. It criticizes the proliferation of dubious books and quacks who offer services for high fees, attributing this to people's attraction to the irrational, ignorance, and misfortune. The article emphasizes the importance of public education in spreading knowledge about scientific principles and methods to counter pseudoscientific claims with factual arguments.

Natural Medicine: A Critical Examination

The magazine scrutinizes natural medicine, distinguishing it from scientific medicine which, it argues, made significant breakthroughs in the late 19th century by shedding its ballast of error. Folk medicine, however, has not always succeeded in this regard.

The Signature Doctrine and Herbal Remedies

The 'signature doctrine,' attributed to Paracelsus (1493–1541), is discussed as an irrational belief where physicians were expected to be knowledgeable in astrology and alchemy. Paracelsus believed that every sick organ had a corresponding natural element, implying the existence of specific herbs for every symptom. The article notes that this doctrine might explain the popularity of Russian root and ginseng, which are marketed as universal remedies, partly because their roots resemble a human form. Similarly, garlic's popularity is linked to its bulb resembling a steel armor, supposedly why Vikings carried it.

Camomile and Adaptogen Theory

Camomile is presented as another popular health store item, whose marketability is linked to Paracelsus. Its flower, when cut, resembles a uterus, which supposedly sparked interest among 'wise men' who recommended it as a morning-after preventive. The article also touches upon the 'adaptogen theory,' which suggests that certain herbs can adjust their effects to the body's current state, citing licorice as an example.

Nature as a Pharmacy: A Myth?

The idea that natural remedies are inherently better than synthetic ones is dismissed as a romantic notion. The magazine argues that nature is not a pharmacy and that finding medicinal properties in nature is often a matter of chance. Furthermore, natural remedies can have side effects as severe as synthetic ones. While in the past people were limited to natural options, modern science can create molecules better suited for healing.

Dangers of Unproven Cures

A popular folk cure for cancer in the USA was halted when it was found to increase the risk of the disease. Patients were advised to eat large quantities of grapes, but certain grapes contain high levels of tannins that can be carcinogenic. Long-term use of thyme tea can harm the thyroid gland, and large doses of juniper oil can cause kidney damage and uterine contractions. Licorice root can lead to edema (fluid accumulation), and it's often found in cough remedies and as a flavoring agent.

THX and Iscador: Ineffective Cancer Treatments

The article condemns the trade in ineffective cancer medicines like THX and Iscador, referring to them as 'wonder preparations.' While acknowledging that some patients may experience spontaneous remission, it stresses the need for statistical studies to assess the efficacy of any treatment. Iscador is described as a highly diluted mistletoe extract, sometimes smuggled into the country.

The Appeal of Alternative Treatments

The article suggests that people cling to alternative treatments because they feel they have exhausted all conventional options. In private clinics in Switzerland and Germany offering alternative therapies, patients often feel more personally cared for. The friendly atmosphere and the 'sugar pill effect' can contribute to patients feeling better.

Parapsychology: Science or Pseudoscience?

This section, an excerpt from an article by Professor Mario Bunge in The Skeptical Inquirer, critically analyzes parapsychology.

Domain and General Attitude

Parapsychology deals with immaterial existences like spirits, which have never been proven. It ignores the brain's role in the mind. Bunge argues that parapsychology's principles conflict with the scientific worldview, particularly regarding causality (prekognition) and the interaction between mind and matter (psychokinesis).

Formal and Specific Background

Parapsychologists are criticized for their poor handling of formal tools like statistics and for selectively presenting evidence. They fail to distinguish between coincidence and causation and do not use mathematical models or hypothetical-deductive systems. They also fail to utilize knowledge from other fields like physics and physiological psychology, and their hypotheses are often inconsistent with fundamental scientific assumptions.

Problems with Parapsychology

Bunge points out that parapsychology is 'remarkably poor in problems,' with its sole aim being to establish the existence of paranormal phenomena. The problems are not clearly formulated, and the field suffers from a lack of theoretical depth. Despite being centuries old and attracting many researchers, parapsychology has produced no tangible results or plausible hypotheses to explain phenomena like telepathy, clairvoyance, or psychokinesis.

Purpose and Methodology

Instead of seeking laws and theories to understand and predict phenomena, parapsychologists are accused of supporting old myths or serving as a surrogate for religion. Their methodology, which has been scrutinized for over a century, is plagued by a lack of strict control, leading to deception, whether unintentional or deliberate. The article mentions the 'experimenter effect' and 'subject bias' as common issues.

Systematics and Lack of Integration

Parapsychology is seen as straying from the system of human knowledge, with no connection to other research areas. Practitioners request that it be judged on its own premises, but this is impossible due to the dubious nature of their 'evidence,' which often relies on anecdotal accounts and folklore.

Out-of-Body Experiences (OBEs)

The article discusses 'out-of-body experiences' (OBEs) as a psychological phenomenon. It suggests that these experiences occur in altered states of consciousness where thought is directly linked to action. The concept of different 'planes' (e.g., astral plane) is interpreted not as literal places but as different ways of thinking or processing information. The author believes that OBEs are a 'created world' or an 'illusionary world' shaped by thought, and that the similarities in people's experiences stem from similarities in their thinking patterns. The idea of paranormal origins for OBEs is deemed unnecessary.

Parapsychology's Future

The author proposes two paths for parapsychology: either focus on the phenomena themselves, potentially leading to isolation, or integrate psychological research with parapsychological investigations. The latter approach is seen as more productive and capable of contributing to the understanding of the human mind, by utilizing its unique relationship with occult and magical ideas.

UFOs and Criminal Investigations

This section reviews an article from 'Kriminaljournalen' (Criminal Journal) that discusses UFO phenomena, particularly the Hessdalen case.

Critique of Sensationalism

The article criticizes sensationalist journalists who attempt to revive fabrications about light phenomena in Hessdalen. It argues that such articles exemplify the pseudoscientific selection of material and a lack of understanding of fundamental scientific principles and recent UFO research.

The Hypothesis of Extraterrestrial Spaceships

The magazine asserts that the idea of alien spaceships is not a scientific hypothesis because it cannot be empirically tested or controlled. It points out that sensationalist UFO magazines often omit data from serious sources, such as meteorological stations, and instead focus on dubious rumors of 'landings' without critical examination.

Alternative UFO Hypotheses

The article presents two hypotheses from 'Kriminaljournalen' attributed to recognized scientists: one suggests that human existence has been known for millions of years by a 'supercivilization' that is observing and guiding our development, while the other proposes that multiple civilizations are uninterested in us and hide their activities, with their actions being beyond our narrow perception. The author finds these hypotheses more plausible than 'earthly' ones.

Scientific vs. Pseudoscientific Approaches

The magazine contrasts the attitudes and activities of scientists and pseudoscientists, highlighting that scientists admit ignorance, seek new problems, rely on logic and mathematics, and use objective checking procedures. Pseudoscientists, conversely, often suppress unfavorable data, rely on authority, and may achieve instant celebrity. The Hessdalen case is mentioned as an example where scientific data from meteorological stations was ignored in favor of sensationalist claims.

Editorial Stance and Future Outlook

1985: A Year of Occultism and Pseudoscience?

The editorial section reflects on the year 1985, noting a potential rise in occultism and irrationalism, comparable to historical periods. It mentions completed projects like the Hessdalen report and other special issues, indicating a trend towards higher quality publications. The editorial also briefly touches upon astrology, quackery, and promises further coverage of topics like Uri Geller and UFOs.

Reader Engagement

Readers are invited to share their opinions on the magazine's content and presentation, with a questionnaire included to gather feedback for future issues.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical examination of natural medicine, pseudoscience, and parapsychology. The magazine consistently advocates for scientific rigor, empirical evidence, and logical reasoning, contrasting these with the speculative, anecdotal, and often unverified claims found in alternative health and paranormal research. The editorial stance is clearly skeptical towards pseudoscientific claims and supportive of scientific methodology. The magazine aims to educate the public about the differences between science and pseudoscience, encouraging critical thinking and a discerning approach to information, particularly concerning health and unexplained phenomena.

Title: NYTT OM UFO
Issue: Vol. VIII No. 2
Date: Winter 1983-84
Publisher: NIVFO NORD
Country: Norway
Language: Norwegian

This issue of 'NYTT OM UFO' presents a collection of intriguing cases and investigations into paranormal phenomena, with a focus on UFO sightings and related mysteries.

Hessdalen Contact via Divining Rod

The issue opens with an account from Hessdalen, Norway, a locality known for UFO activity. A visitor to the area encountered a man, described as a 'patriarch-like man with a beard,' who had been living in a tent on the 'plateau' for 14 days, contemplating UFO issues. This individual claimed to have had frequent contact with 'them' (UFO occupants) using an old and dry 'wish wand' (ønskekvist). He demonstrated its use by connecting to his 'big brain' to receive 'yes' or 'no' answers. The wish wand reportedly moved vigorously when used. The man stated that the visitors from Hessdalen's UFOs originated from the constellation Taurus. The article speculates whether the man could ascertain why Hessdalen is so attractive to extraterrestrials, suggesting it might be for 'recharging,' akin to service stations in space.

The article also mentions that the local population in Hessdalen and the surrounding Ålen area are planning to form an interest group due to numerous reported sightings. A flyer about the group's formation will be distributed locally. The author expresses concern that the group's primary goal might be to perpetuate 'UFO romanticism' and fuel uncritical stories, which would be unfortunate. However, if the group aims to distance itself from 'fanatical elements' and engage in more grounded work, it would be commendable, serving both the population and the phenomena in the area.

The Haunted Ship Ivan Vassilli

This section delves into the alleged 'evil persecution' of the Russian steamship Ivan Vassilli, built in 1897. Parapsychologist D. Scott Rogo presents this as a prime example of a haunted ship in his book 'The Haunted House Handbook.' According to the story, in 1903, the crew of the Ivan Vassilli, en route from the Balkans to Vladivostok, began experiencing a sense of evil presence. The feeling intensified, leading one crew member to jump overboard. This event seemed to satisfy the 'ghost,' and the presence temporarily vanished. However, it returned three days later. Upon reaching port, the crew attempted to abandon the ship but were forced to sail again, this time to Hong Kong. The presence reportedly became even more malevolent, with crew members claiming to see a 'misty, human form.' Two more men jumped overboard, and a third died of fright. The ship made only two more voyages, to Australia and San Francisco, before returning to its home port in Russia, where no sailor could be persuaded to board it, and it was eventually burned.

The author critically examines Rogo's account, noting that Rogo cites Vincent Gaddis's 'Invisible Horizons' (1965) as a source, which in turn references magazines like 'Fate' and books by Frank Edwards and Ripley's 'Believe It or Not.' Rogo also cites Coronet Magazine (December 1942) and American Weekly (April 14, 1940). The author's investigation found no mention of the Ivan Vassilli in the Coronet issue, and the American Weekly issue was unobtainable. Attempts to find records of the ship at the Maritime Museum in San Francisco and in shipping registers like 'Lloyd's Register' and 'All the World's Ships' were unsuccessful. The author also contacted Charles Fort, a collector of unusual historical accounts, who had no record of the Ivan Vassilli story. A young researcher known as 'X' also confirmed that the story was not found in Fort's works and expressed skepticism towards such 'ghost stories.'

Further investigation involved contacting Vincent Gaddis directly. Gaddis provided copies of articles, clarifying that the Coronet reference was to a September 1942 issue, not December, and it contained a short piece by R. DeWitt Miller. However, the original source of Miller's information remained unclear. The article in American Weekly, titled 'More Proof That Accidents Can Haunt Ships,' is mentioned, but its content regarding the Ivan Vassilli is not detailed. The author notes that the story of the 'Stonepool,' a British steamer pursued by German U-boats, was mentioned in the same context, but the Ivan Vassilli part is presented as a separate, almost unbelievable mystery with no clear source.

The article concludes that while Rogo asserts the Ivan Vassilli story is not fantasy, there is strong reason to believe it is not factual, possibly originating from a journalist adding a ghost story to a mundane maritime incident. The author suggests that easily convinced writers and parapsychologists have perpetuated the story as a real event.

The Mosjøen Report: A World-Famous Case

This section introduces a comprehensive report on the world-famous Mosjøen case from 1954. The event made international headlines when sisters Edith Jacobsen and Åsta Solvang claimed to have seen and attempted to communicate with a man who then vanished into a silent, flying craft. The craft is described as having a shape resembling two pot lids placed together.

The incident caused a significant stir in Mosjøen, dividing the community into those who believed and those who did not. The report states that NIVFO has conducted extensive research into this case, spending over four years gathering information from newspaper microfilms and previous publications. The resulting document, 'MOSJØEN-RAPPORTEN,' is 55 pages long in A4 format and includes a reasoned conclusion.

The article includes a testimonial from Edith Jacobsen describing the encounter. She recounts seeing a man approaching, initially mistaking him for a berry picker. The man, who did not appear to be carrying anything, extended his hand to greet her. When she reciprocated, he gently brushed his hand over the inside of hers. He then spoke in a language she did not understand, resembling no known language. He gestured for her to follow, and they walked towards a strange, gray-blue object in the distance.

The report highlights that the Mosjøen case is still discussed in UFO literature today, and this publication aims to provide a complete overview of the material gathered from the 1954 event.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores UFO phenomena, paranormal events, and historical mysteries. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical investigation, as seen in the detailed debunking of the Ivan Vassilli story. While acknowledging the public interest in UFOs and the potential for genuine phenomena, the publication emphasizes the need for verifiable evidence and skepticism towards unsubstantiated claims. The Hessdalen report touches on the balance between 'UFO romanticism' and grounded investigation, suggesting a preference for the latter. The presentation of the Mosjøen case as a thoroughly researched report indicates a commitment to providing in-depth analysis of significant UFO incidents.