MUFON CES Bericht - No 01 - 1975 – Die Erforschung unbekannter Flugobjekte

Magazine Overview

This issue, dated September 1974, is titled "DIE ERFORSCHUNG UNBEKANNTER FLUGOBJEKTE" (The Research of Unknown Flying Objects). It is published by MUFON (Mutual UFO Network) and focuses on UFO research from a scientific and data-driven perspective, with a particular emphasis on the German-speaking section of the organization.

Table of Contents

The table of contents outlines the various articles and topics covered:

• 5: I. Brand - The German-speaking Section of the Mutual UFO Network
• 10: I. Brand - The UFO Sighting Spectrum
• 36: L. Schönherr - CODAP-Computer Documentation of Anomalous Phenomena
• 61: E. Berger - Measurements for the Investigation of UFO Observations
• 66: A. Schneider - UFOs React to Flares - UFO Invasion in the Bavarian Alps
• 74: E. Häusler - Psychological and Parapsychological Aspects of UFO Appearances with Special Consideration of the German Contact Case Schuster
• 82: Overview of Publications by MUFON Authors
• 88: Scientific UFO Documentation Centers
• 90: Literature References
• 103: Imprint

The German-speaking Section of the Mutual UFO Network (I. Brand)

This article details a private conference held in Innsbruck on August 3rd and 4th, 1974, attended by individuals engaged in UFO research. The participants, including physicists, mathematicians, engineers, data specialists, and students from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, aimed to establish a common data and information exchange. The goal was to create a scientific working group as a counterpoint to numerous less serious UFO "study groups" that had previously damaged the credibility of serious UFO research. The American research organization MUTUAL UFO NETWORK (MUFON), founded in 1969 by scientists and engineers, invited Dipl.-Phys. I. Brand to represent the German-speaking section. MUFON, headquartered in Quincy, Illinois, USA, has a global network and focuses on investigating UFO phenomena on a solid scientific basis. MUFON collaborates with the UFO RESEARCH CENTER led by Professor Hynek. The Innsbruck conference participants decided to join this organization as an independent group to ensure optimal international data exchange. The German-speaking section is now known internationally as MUFON CES (Central European Section).

A key topic of the conference was the "UFO Sighting Spectrum," which aims to provide information on the frequency distribution of all observed characteristics of UFO phenomena. Dipl.-Ing. E. Häusler presented psychological and parapsychological aspects of UFO phenomena, including the first presentation of a German UFO contact case.

Measurements for the Investigation of UFO Observations (E. Berger)

E. Berger from Vienna reported on significant cases from the 1954 UFO wave in Austria. Due to the material originating exclusively from the archives of the Austrian State Police, these well-researched reports could not be published. Berger plans a book publication on this sighting wave at a later date.

Data Processing of UFO Reports

The discussion extensively covered the best methods for electronic data processing of UFO reports. Dipl.-Phys. I. Brand has cataloged all unidentifiable sightings from Germany, including detailed data and drawings of the objects. The exchange of this data internationally is facilitated if foreign researchers use similar methods. While short reports can contain many details, they are not always suitable for EDV (Electronic Data Processing) coding. However, coded data allows for automatic correlation and commonality analysis. Dr. Saunders, a psychology professor at Colorado University and a critical contributor to the Condon Study, developed the UFO-CAT project, where all known sightings were coded and stored on punch cards. Several employees continuously update the data and programs.

Herr L. Schönherr, an EDV organizer and project participant in UFO-CAT, has personally coded about 3000 reports. At the Innsbruck conference, he presented computer printouts of approximately 50,000 registered sightings from the UFO-CAT project. The discussion revealed that parts of the coding key needed improvement, suggesting that source citation could be better handled by the CODAP method, which is detailed in this conference report.

Herr Dipl.-Ing. A. Schneider uses a different, comprehensive schema for coding UFO reports. His method involves entering 56 sightings on a DIN A4 card, with corresponding drawings of the observed objects on the reverse side within a 2.5 x 3 cm grid.

Experience shows that the code key grows enormously with the accuracy of the coded details. The most suitable form for a data file would be a combination of proposed and used methods, including clear source citation, individual details, special (hard-to-code) witness remarks, and a picture catalog, possibly on microfilm, combined with an EDV data storage system.

Some MUFON members offered to create a file listing unreliable witnesses, hoaxers, and psychopathic individuals, as well as UFO photo and film tricks and false reports, to help filter out non-genuine reports from the EDV data.

Reports from EDV Data

Herr Berger also reported on his field investigation of the "Traunstein" case, where objects were observed for several hours in October 1973. These objects reportedly extended two "light feelers" vertically upwards like telescopes every five seconds, dissolving in a green spark shower. The detailed description of this incident, confirmed by 10 witnesses, appeared in ESOTERA issue 7 (1974).

Herr Schneider described sightings from the Hochrieshütte in the Bavarian Alps and his witness interviews. This report is included in an expanded version in this conference proceedings.

Goals of the German-speaking MUFON Group

The assembly agreed on the following goals for the German-speaking MUFON group:

1. Primary Task: To collect and exchange UFO sighting reports, forming the basis for future, officially recognized, and state-funded research.
2. Public Relations: MUFON does not aim to conduct public relations activities.
3. Symposiums: Research results will be discussed annually at a MUFON symposium.
4. Electromagnetic Effects: The section is particularly interested in investigating electromagnetic secondary effects around UFOs and their relation to theoretical statements of various gravity theories.
5. Nature of UFOs: The question of what UFOs are cannot be sufficiently answered at present. Hypotheses being examined include UFOs being extraterrestrial spacecraft, time machines from the future, projection machines from adjacent space-time worlds, or something else entirely.

Members work on different areas based on their interests, knowledge, and resources. The diagram on page 9 illustrates the activities and information flows within the German-speaking MUFON section.

Information and Literature

The conviction about the existence of UFOs is presented as a matter of information, not intelligence or education. The brochure includes recommended literature on UFO phenomena. Scientific UFO books are recommended for general information, with journalist-written books being more interesting but speculative. Books by scientists that cover only a specific aspect of the UFO phenomenon are less recommended as they contribute little to a complete understanding.

Membership

The German-speaking MUFON group currently consists of 4 Diplom-Physicists, 2 Diplom-Mathematicians, 1 Astronomer, 1 Meteorologist, 3 Diplom-Engineers, 3 Data Processing Specialists, 1 Physician, 2 Lecturers, and several students. Interested scientists and engineers with a genuine interest in UFO discussions and information are invited to write to them.

The UFO Sighting Spectrum (Illo Brand)

This article by Illo Brand from Feldkirchen-Westernam, Germany, delves into the "UFO Sighting Spectrum." It begins by questioning whether unidentified flying objects exist in the upper atmosphere or only in the minds of visionaries, and whether reports are due to misinterpretations or if UFOs represent a special parapsychological phenomenon. The author aims to prompt readers to re-evaluate their prejudices.

Brand highlights the French Minister of Defense, Robert Galley, as a credible source. In a February 21, 1974, radio interview, Galley stated that a department was established in 1954 within the Ministry of Defense to collect and study eyewitness accounts of unidentifiable objects. He had reviewed about 50 reports up to 1970. He cited a report from Lieutenant Jean Demery from November 20, 1953, and mentioned other reports from pilots and command personnel, all detailing similar observations throughout 1954. Galley concluded that an open-minded attitude towards these phenomena is necessary, and that "it is an irrefutable fact that today there are things that are inexplicable or poorly explained."

This statement received significant media attention in French newspapers like "France-Soir," "L'Aurore," "Le Figaro," and "Le Parisien Liberé," but was largely ignored by the international press, possibly due to the embarrassment of France openly acknowledging the phenomenon.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the scientific investigation and documentation of UFO phenomena. There is a strong emphasis on data collection, analysis, and the use of technology (EDV, computer systems) to process sighting reports. The editorial stance favors a rigorous, scientific approach, distinguishing itself from more speculative or sensationalist UFO reporting. The involvement of scientists and engineers, collaboration with research centers, and the pursuit of objective data are central to the publication's ethos. The issue also touches upon the psychological and parapsychological aspects of UFO experiences, suggesting a multi-faceted approach to understanding the phenomenon. The acknowledgment of UFOs by a government official underscores the seriousness with which the topic is being treated by some authorities.

This issue of 'Skeptiker' magazine, titled 'UFO-Forschung' (UFO Research), issue number 11, published in 1975, critically examines the phenomenon of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) from a scientific and skeptical perspective. The magazine, with an ISSN of 0170-7655 and a cover price of DM 4,80, aims to dissect the claims and evidence surrounding UFOs, often highlighting the lack of rigorous scientific investigation and the prevalence of psychological explanations.

The Challenge of UFO Data and Witness Testimony

The article begins by noting the vast amount of data on UFO sightings that has accumulated, making it difficult for enthusiasts and private scholars to manage alone. It points out that in France, all UFO reports are forwarded to the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales. However, attempts to gather objective data have often been unsuccessful. For instance, a public call in France in March 1974 for UFO sightings resulted in no reports. A similar international effort in April/May 1974, organized by 'Contact International' and involving tens of thousands of people across 34 countries, also failed to register any UFOs. This suggests that the belief in UFOs is not solely induced by imagination.

The nature of UFO reports is compared to anecdotal evidence in parapsychology, with the human observer being the primary 'instrument of data collection.' This reliance on human perception, with its inherent psychological biases and uncertainties, is a significant hurdle for scientific analysis. The article stresses the need to 'calibrate' such instruments, ensuring their reliability and the honesty of the observer, and verifying that their reports are compatible with other data.

Scientific Resistance and Skepticism

The magazine highlights the resistance from the scientific community towards UFO research. The term 'UFO-Gläubiger' (UFO believer) is presented as a stigma, not only for witnesses but also for those who trust them. This perception was exacerbated by reports of people claiming to have communicated with UFO occupants. While some initial explanations for UFOs, like the 'extraterrestrial spacecraft' hypothesis proposed by Keyhoe, were met with energetic rejection by scientists, the article argues that the issue is more complex than simply believing in flying saucers. The core question for many witnesses is whether they saw something that cannot be conventionally explained.

Many arguments against UFOs are presented by scientists whose knowledge is limited to newspaper clippings. A common argument is that a potentially existing extraterrestrial civilization would not be able to visit Earth. The article questions whether the extraterrestrial hypothesis is the only possible explanation and notes that only a small fraction of the budget for projects like 'Cyclops' (searching for extraterrestrial life) was allocated to UFO studies.

The Condon Committee and its Controversies

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to the Condon Committee's investigation into UFOs, commissioned by the US Air Force. The committee, comprising 37 scientists from various faculties at the University of Colorado, was tasked with examining UFO phenomena. However, the article criticizes the committee's approach, particularly its initial hypothesis that UFOs are unlikely to exist and that many sightings are likely hallucinations. This pre-determined conclusion, the magazine argues, made the investigation inherently unscientific.

The article points out that the Condon Committee's database, compiled from thousands of reports, was not fully utilized. The committee's final report concluded that it was 'highly improbable' that UFOs were hallucinations, but also stated that the investigation aimed to prove that UFOs do not exist. The report's finding that 'the probability that at least one genuine UFO was involved appears to be very high' is highlighted as a near proof of existence, yet Condon concluded that UFOs were not a subject for scientific study.

Critiques of the Condon Report and Scientific Methodology

Psychologists Saunders and Levine, who were part of the Condon committee, left with the explanation that physicists had taken over the tasks of psychological analysis and discrimination of witnesses. Saunders, convinced of the credibility of most witnesses, conducted his own physical investigation, publishing results before the Condon report. The article also notes that the AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics) subcommittee found no basis for Condon's conclusion that 'nothing of scientific value could be achieved through further studies.'

The magazine questions the scientific methodology employed, suggesting that the problem is not purely scientific but also psychological, societal, political, and pedagogical. It emphasizes the need for 'insight' and the willingness to admit errors from all parties involved in a discussion.

Scientific Criteria for UFO Research

The article outlines the theoretical and practical requirements for UFO research to be considered scientific. These include a well-defined phenomenon, a predictable data pattern, and explanatory relevance and verifiability. For the existence of UFOs to be scientifically proven, stringent criteria would need to be met, such as thousands of credible sightings, photographic evidence from independent groups, sightings by pilots and astronauts, documented physical effects, and testimony from astronomers and meteorologists.

It is suggested that the conviction that UFOs exist is inversely proportional to age and directly proportional to education, implying that as the scientific establishment ages, opinions might shift. The article concludes that while the spectrum of UFO phenomena might not be too broad and may show a predictable pattern, the lack of a defined object that can be captured and examined prevents it from meeting the requirement of verifiability.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of 'Skeptiker' magazine adopts a strongly skeptical stance towards UFO phenomena, emphasizing the need for rigorous scientific methodology and critical analysis. The editorial stance is that while UFO sightings are reported, they often lack credible evidence and are frequently explained by psychological factors, misinterpretations, or the limitations of witness testimony. The magazine highlights the scientific community's resistance to UFO research, often attributing it to a lack of empirical data and a preference for conventional explanations. The critique of the Condon Committee's investigation serves as a central example of how UFO phenomena are often approached with pre-conceived notions rather than open-minded scientific inquiry. The overall message is that until UFOs can be objectively studied and verified according to established scientific principles, they remain largely in the realm of speculation and belief rather than established fact.

This issue of "UFO-Forschung" (UFO Research), identified as Volume 21, Issue 21, delves into the complex relationship between scientific skepticism and the study of UFO phenomena. It critiques the prevailing scientific attitudes, the methodologies for analyzing UFO reports, and the challenges of establishing a new scientific paradigm to accommodate such observations.

The Scientific Establishment and Skepticism

The article begins by discussing Hempel's concept of 'credibility of a hypothesis relative to a given body of knowledge,' suggesting that UFO material is given little credibility because it doesn't fit existing scientific frameworks. It argues that skeptical arguments often stem from misinformation and logical fallacies, rather than a sound scientific basis. The text posits that the ease with which skepticism can be adopted makes it characteristic of individuals with limited scientific education who may mistake it for rigorous scientific inquiry.

Conversely, it warns against gullibility, stating that an uncritical acceptance of UFO phenomena is also unscientific. The ideal approach is described as a pragmatic, critical stance, where skeptics occasionally question their own skepticism and are familiar with the data.

The Paradigm Problem in Science

Drawing on T. Kuhn, the issue highlights how the scientific establishment's adherence to established paradigms (frameworks of explanation) hinders the acceptance of new phenomena like UFOs. Scientists are motivated to avoid paradigm shifts, often leading them to ignore or dismiss anomalies as fraud. Kuhn is quoted stating that paradigm shifts force scientists to view their field differently.

Progress in 'normal science' is defined by solving problems within the current paradigm. The text suggests that fields like parapsychology and UFO research require a new paradigm for understanding, and without it, no progress can be expected. The challenge lies in the fact that current observations are theory-laden, making it difficult to discern what might be missed due to the existing paradigm.

The Significance of UFO Data

If UFO data were to prove significant, it would necessitate radical changes in our physical, biological, philosophical, psychological, and theoretical understanding of the world. However, scientific institutions are hesitant to confirm the significance of UFO data, partly due to a lack of funding for 'serious' research projects. Applying for government funding for UFO research is portrayed as professional and financial suicide, as it would make institutes vulnerable to attacks from competitors.

While most scientists might privately admit that 'there is something to' UFOs, they are often critical of researchers who risk their careers by pursuing such topics. The article notes that military authorities sometimes do request investigations, citing the Colorado University project as an example.

The Role of Theory in Science

Popper's view that science is essentially theoretical and speculative is presented. Falsification is the primary method for disproving theories, but an absolute concept of truth, serving as a regulative idea, is necessary for measuring a theory's fallibility. While theories cannot be proven true, they can be tested and confirmed. Menzel's theory that UFOs are misinterpretations of atmospheric phenomena like mirages is cited as an example of a theory that has not held up against UFO spectrum observations.

Assimilation of New Observations

The scientific establishment tends to assimilate new observations only if they fit the current paradigm or explanatory scheme, not if they are entirely novel. Historical examples of resistance to new ideas, such as meteorites, fossils, and hypnosis, are mentioned. Neurath's suggestion to let the police determine empirical truth is humorously referenced.

Quantity and Quality of UFO Data

The issue then shifts to the quantitative and qualitative aspects of UFO data. It references MUFON (Mutual UFO Network), an organization with approximately 60,000 UFO sighting reports in its database. Only about one-tenth of these reports have been scientifically analyzed, but a thorough investigation of most could be undertaken with sufficient effort.

A 'reliability or confidence index' is proposed, analogous to reliability studies in aerospace research. This index considers the number of witnesses, their training in sky observation, the circumstances of the sighting, and the qualifications of interviewers and interviewees. A study by the 'UFO-Retrival-Center' applied this to 160 selected UFO reports from various countries.

The formula for calculating the reliability factor (PR) based on witness credibility (p) and report 'hand' (k) is presented. A trust index is used to filter out reports deemed 'too unbelievable' (PR < 50%). The study found that 46% of cases had a PR > 50%, with 7 cases achieving a PR of 0.999, considered as confirmed sightings.

Catalog of Confirmed Sightings

A brief description of these high-reliability sightings is provided:

• 1.1. Tokyo, Summer 1952: A dark object with a bright spotlight, also registered by radar, breaks into three parts and flies away.
• 1.2. Vendée, France, 1954-09-14: A submarine-shaped cloud around which a rotating 'metal' disc flies in spirals and disappears.
• 1.3. Marysville, Ohio, 1954-10-22: A brightly shining cigar-shaped object with 'windows' hovers, then disappears rapidly, emitting material that vanishes on contact.
• 1.4. Paraiso del Tuy, Venezuela, 1961-05-22: An oval, aluminum-colored object lands, leaving a 2m diameter scorched and flattened grass area.
• 1.5. Antesia, New Mexico, 1951-01-16: Two large convex disk-shaped objects near a balloon change speed and fly away rapidly.
• 1.6. Indianapolis, Indiana, 1961-10-12: A 30m sphere with luminous 'windows' and lights reflects streetlights at night.
• 1.7. Monticello, Wisconsin, 1964-04-03: A four-cornered object with red corner lights and a central white light emits sparks and flies at low altitude.
• Piedmont, Missouri, Summer 1973: Similar to sighting 1.6, observed over weeks, sometimes ascending from water.
• 1.8. Traunstein, Austria, 1973-10-28: Multiple luminous objects, including spheres and a disc with a dome, observed for hours, emitting 'light beams' that burst into sparks.
• 1.9. Hochries/Weitlahner, Germany/Austria, 1974-11-09: An orange-yellow sphere emits colored rays and contracts like a jellyfish.

These reports, even the less well-corroborated ones, demonstrate a wide variety of forms.

Geophysical and Astronomical Observations

• Trinidad, 1958-01-16: Geophysicists on a research vessel captured photos of a Saturn-shaped flying object.
• Africa, 1973-06-30: French astronomers filmed a round, luminous object at 17,000m altitude from a Concorde during a solar eclipse.

Pilot and Astronaut Reports

NICAP data indicates that by 1964, hundreds of pilots had reported UFOs, with 60 cases simultaneously detected by radar. Gemini 12 crew members (Lovell and Aldrin) reported flying objects in 1966. J. McDivitt observed a cylindrical white object from Gemini 4 in 1965. Gemini 10 crew (Young, Collins) and Apollo 12 crew (Conrad, Gordon, Bean) also reported inexplicable objects, including unusually bright ones.

Skylab-III crew observed a reddish rotating object in 1973. These observations underscore that objects in near-Earth space can remain unidentified even by experts.

Physical Effects and EM-Cases

The increasing number of reports detailing physical effects from UFOs, particularly at close range, is noted. These include cars stalling, headlights failing, radio and TV interference, and unusual pet behavior. These 'EM-cases' are presented as strong arguments for the physical nature of UFO phenomena. NICAP published compilations of such cases in 1960 and 1969.

Astronomers and UFOs

The claim that astronomers never see UFOs is refuted. W.E. Moser of the British Astronomical Society compiled 50 such cases, and J. Vallee lists another 9 astronomers who have reported UFOs. The article points out that astronomers typically observe only a small portion of the sky, making a UFO sighting a matter of chance.

Complexity and Interdisciplinary Nature

The UFO phenomenon is described as highly complex, with the jurisdiction for its investigation being debated across scientific disciplines. Critics are urged to possess a minimum level of knowledge of the subject matter to avoid unfounded opinions, such as UFOs being a form of 'occult criminality' or solely a product of 'contactees.' The UFO phenomenon presents both psychological and physical problem areas.

The UFO Sighting Spectrum

This section outlines a framework for classifying UFO reports. It emphasizes the need to collect and analyze the entire spectrum of sightings before psychologists or natural scientists can offer informed opinions. Two definitions are provided:

• Definition 1 (Hynek): An Unidentifiable Flying Object (UFO) is an object or light in the sky or on the ground whose appearance, trajectory, dynamics, and luminescence behavior cannot be logically explained by conventional means after thorough investigation.
• Definition 2: A 'Flying Saucer' is a specific UFO shaped like a saucer.

Evaluating UFO Reports: Credibility and Strangeness

All reports fitting the UFO definition must be collected, encompassing objective physical sightings as well as subjective, hallucinatory, or psychically projected phenomena. The collected material, including approximately 800 UFO reports from Germany, suggests that most UFO observations involve a real physical object.

A separate category of reports represents subjective, hallucinatory, or parapsychological manifestations, which are of interest to psychologists, sociologists, and parapsychologists, but not initially to natural scientists. Determining the category of each report requires witness interviews.

A Gallup poll indicated that 5% of Americans (about 15 million) claimed to have seen a UFO. Due to the financial infeasibility of interviewing every witness, the approach relies on sample surveys. Priority is given to witnesses who report particularly strange or detailed experiences. Second or third-hand reports of less unusual phenomena are considered less critical for psychological analysis.

Hynek's proposed method for assessing report quality involves a diagram plotting witness credibility ('Credibility P') against the strangeness of the phenomenon ('Strangeness S'). The 'Credibility-Index' ranges from 1 to 10, with higher values indicating better-attested reports, especially those corroborated by multiple witnesses or with good witness reputation. Reports near the origin of the diagram are considered less useful.

The Hynek diagram primarily addresses report quality, not the specific characteristics or effects of UFOs. To include these, a three-dimensional diagram is suggested.

The S-W Diagram and UFO Spectrum

The x-coordinate of the diagram represents the 'Strangeness' (S) scale, focusing on the visual appearance of the UFO. The y-axis represents the 'Effectiveness' (W) scale, detailing physical and psychological interactions with the environment or witnesses. The W scale values increasing strangeness in physical interactions, with psychological and parapsychological effects receiving the highest ratings.

Observations made on a specific day by multiple witnesses of the same type of object are plotted in this SW-plane. Each entry is assigned a numerical value (1-10) representing the report's usability, analogous to Hynek's 'Credibility-Index' (C). For single-witness reports, the S and W values might form a parallel curve, as the phenomenon's form may not allow for varied S-values. However, if multiple witnesses perceive different aspects, the entries can spread across the diagram.

When individual diagrams are aggregated into a frequency distribution, the C-values are disregarded. The number of different S, W value pairs is plotted against the z-axis (only reports with C-values > 2 are included). This resulting three-dimensional 'mountain range' is termed the 'UFO Sighting Spectrum.'

The S and W scales are detailed with numerous categories:

• S-Scale (UFO Forms): Ranges from 'not reported' to 'approx. 20° angular diameter,' including various shapes like spheres, discs, ovals, cylinders, and human-like figures. It also includes categories for communication, contacts, and other phenomena.
• W-Scale (UFO Effects): Ranges from 'not reported' to 'magnetizations,' encompassing effects like object filming/photography, radar detection, unusual sounds, radio interference, heat effects, lamp dimming, car stopping, and magnetizations.

Further scales (F, G, I) are introduced to incorporate details about flight behavior, colors, object shapes, and the appearance of occupants. The F-scale covers flight and light behavior, the G-scale describes object shapes, and the I-scale details the appearance of occupants (e.g., European, normal size, human-like but alien).

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently emphasizes the need for rigorous, data-driven analysis in UFO research, while acknowledging the significant barriers posed by the established scientific paradigm and the inherent difficulties in studying phenomena that defy conventional explanation. The editorial stance appears to advocate for a more open-minded yet critically rigorous approach to UFO phenomena, suggesting that a new theoretical framework is necessary for genuine scientific progress in this field. The detailed classification system proposed reflects an attempt to bring order and scientific methodology to a complex and often anecdotal subject. The recurring theme is the conflict between established scientific dogma and the persistent, often well-documented, anomalous observations.

This document, pages 31-40 of a publication titled 'CODAP', dated 1975 and published by Illo Brand, details a system for the computer-based documentation of anomalous phenomena. The content is primarily in German and focuses on the methodology and classification of UFO reports.

CODAP System Description

The document introduces CODAP (Computer-Dokumentation Anomaler Phänomene), a system initiated by the author in 1969 for documenting anomalous events. It acknowledges the challenges of developing such a system due to limited resources and the high cost of data processing, leading to a non-continuous development.

CODAP is described as a relatively simple documentation method suitable for small, card-oriented data processing systems. A second, experimental version (CODAP 2) has been developed alongside the original conception (CODAP 1). The general structure of CODAP is explained using computer lists provided in appendices (not included in this scan).

CODAP 1 - Description

• The data processing elements for documenting an anomalous event consist of:
• The Master Data Set (Stammdatensatz - SDS)
• The Literature Data Set (Literaturdatensatz)

#### The Master Data Set (SDS)

• The SDS records the fundamental data and descriptors of the event to be documented. It is designed for 80 positions, though not all are currently used. SDS can be sorted by various criteria, and printing them generates a list of documented events. The document details the column headers for the SDS:
• M (Mehrfacheintragung - Multiple Entry): A code indicating if an event is entered multiple times with different data.
• IDNR (Identnummer - Identification Number): A unique identifier for each case, crucial for linking multiple entries of the same event.
• DAT (Datum - Date): The date of the event, with the last three digits of the year used (e.g., '954' for 1954). It can also include seasonal codes.
• ZEIT (Ortszeit - Local Time): The local time of the event, with codes for midnight, morning, afternoon, evening, and night. It also includes approximate times and precision levels.
• KL (Kontinent, Land - Continent, Country): Codes for continents and countries, with specific codes for the USA and Australia representing states or territories. It also includes codes for oceans and seas.
• A (Aufenthalt d. Beobacht. - Observer's Location): A code describing the observer's location and situation at the time of observation (e.g., indoors, outdoors, in a vehicle, on a ship, in an aircraft, in space).
• ORT (Name des Ortes - Name of the Place): The name of the place where the event occurred or was observed. This field can also include island names, ship names, airline names, or flight numbers.
• H (Hinweis auf Beobachter - Reference to Observer): A code indicating the observer.
• BEOB (Name d. Beobachters - Name of the Observer): The name of the observer.

#### Multiple Entry (Mehrfacheintragung)

This code allows an event to be entered multiple times under the same identification number but with different data. This is useful when literature references cite the same event with varying locations or dates. The code '1' is used for subsequent entries to prevent double counting in evaluations. This feature also helps avoid accidental duplicate entries.

#### Identification Number (Identnummer)

The identification number is a crucial element, especially when a single event requires more than 80 storage positions and thus necessitates additional data sets. The IDNR serves to link these related data sets, ensuring they are treated as a single case. It also indicates the order in which cases were added to the database. The IDNR is permanent for a case unless it's identified as a duplicate entry.

#### Date (Datum)

This field records the year, month, and day of the event. The year is represented by its last three digits. The system updates the date if a new source provides a more precise or earlier date, prioritizing proximity to the actual event.

#### Local Time (Ortszeit)

This field records the local time of the event, usually indicating the beginning of the observation. It uses a 4-digit format and includes codes for different times of day. The system was initially developed for less precise time data from literature and newspaper reports.

#### Continent and Country (Kontinent und Land bzw. Staat)

This section uses numerical codes for continents and alphabetical codes (usually the first three letters of the country name) for countries. For the USA and Australia, these codes refer to states or territories. Codes are also provided for oceans and seas.

#### Observer's Location (Aufenthalt des Beobachters)

This 1-digit code describes the observer's location and situation at the time of the observation, such as being indoors, outdoors, in a vehicle, on a ship, or in an aircraft.

#### Name of the Place (Ortsname)

This 20-character field contains the name of the place where the anomalous event was observed. It can also include island names, ship names, airline names, or other information that helps identify the location or observation. Prefixes like 'Sankt' are coded as '5'. Ship names are preceded by a hyphen. If a second location or a district is mentioned, it is separated by a slash.

UFO Classification and Analysis

The Relative UFO Spectrum

The document emphasizes the importance of understanding the relative UFO spectrum for developing theories about UFOs. It criticizes approaches by Menzel, Tacker, and C.G. Jung for focusing on cases at the edges of the spectrum, which they used to support theories of misinterpretations or hallucinations.

The core of the UFO phenomenon, according to the document, lies in sightings recorded in the middle of the S-Scale. Theories that ignore these central phenomena are considered incomplete.

Defining Physical UFOs

To address the argument that UFOs are merely misinterpretations of known natural phenomena, the document proposes a specific definition for 'physical UFOs'. These are cases that fall within a defined range on the S-W diagram: S-values above 7 and below 18, and W-values between 3 and 16. Cases falling within this definition are unlikely to be explained as known phenomena or purely psychological events.

Classification Zones on the S-W Diagram

• The document presents a 3-dimensional UFO spectrum, visualized on an S-W diagram, with distinct zones:
• Physical UFOs: S-values between 7 and 18, W-values between 3 and 16. These should be investigated by physicists.
• Manned UFOs (Bemannte UFOs): S-values between 18 and 25, W-values between 14 and 21. These fall under the purview of doctors and psychologists.
• PSI UFOs: S-values between 18 and 27, W-values between 21 and 27. These are reserved for parapsychologists and theoretical physicists. The term 'PSI UFOs' is proposed as a technical term.

Areas beyond the S-value of 27 are considered outside UFO phenomenology and fall into the domain of parapsychological phenomena, such as the UFO contacts claimed by Uri Geller.

Case Study: The Loch Raven Reservoir Incident (October 26, 1958)

The document details a specific UFO sighting involving Phillips Small and Alvin Cohen, who were driving near the Loch Raven Reservoir in Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

At approximately 10:30 PM, they observed a large, egg-shaped object, about 30 meters long and 20 meters high, hovering about 300 meters away and 30 meters above a bridge. The object appeared to be glowing.

Suddenly, the car's headlights and engine failed. After failing to restart the engine, the men exited the car and hid behind it. The object became brighter, and they felt a wave of heat.

The incident concluded with a bright flash of light and a thunderous explosion, after which the object ascended rapidly and disappeared. The car then started effortlessly.

The witnesses reported the event to the police. Officers Kenneth Hartmann and Richard Fink arrived at 11:05 PM and found the men visibly shaken, with faces reddened as if from sunburn.

Later, Small and Cohen received outpatient treatment at St. Josephs Hospital. On October 30, Mr. Small was interviewed by four NICAP representatives. The report is considered well-documented and received a C-index of 9.

The S-W diagram entries for this case are listed as:
(14/3.3), (14/3.5), (14/3.6), (14/3.7), (14/3.9), (14/3.15), (14/3.20).

Future Directions and Methodological Considerations

The document suggests that it would be desirable to incorporate the most comprehensive data collection available, such as that from the UFO-CAT project at the University of Colorado (with approximately 60,000 reports), into the diagram. This would help identify areas with the highest frequency of different types of reports, aiding in determining whether the UFO phenomenon is primarily physical or psychological and guiding theoretical development.

The German-speaking group MUFON-CES is currently working on compiling the UFO spectrum for all reported sightings in Germany. Subsequently, all available reports with W-values of 3 or higher will be plotted on a diagram.

The document addresses potential concerns about scientific engagement with the UFO phenomenon being unproductive, quoting E. Mach: "Knowledge and error flow from the same psychological sources; only success can distinguish between them. Clearly recognized error is as conducive to knowledge as positive knowledge."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the systematic, scientific approach to documenting and analyzing anomalous phenomena, particularly UFOs. The document advocates for a rigorous classification system based on quantifiable data (S and W scales) to move beyond anecdotal evidence and subjective interpretations. The editorial stance is one of advocating for a scientific methodology, even when dealing with phenomena that challenge conventional understanding. It emphasizes the importance of core data in the middle of the spectrum and criticizes approaches that dismiss UFOs as mere misinterpretations. The publication of the CODAP system itself underscores a commitment to structured data collection and analysis in the field of ufology.

This document, pages 41-50 of an unspecified publication, details the development and structure of the CODAP (Computerized Object Data Analysis Program) system, a data processing methodology for documenting anomalous phenomena, with a strong focus on UFOs. The publication is dated February 1975 and is associated with Luis Schönherr of Innsbruck, Austria.

Documentation Systematics for Anomalous Phenomena

The document begins by explaining the coding system for observer names (Section 218), differentiating between real, fictitious, and confidential names, and the format for recording the observer's name (Section 219), allowing for primary and secondary observer names. It then introduces the concept of phenomenological descriptors (Section 220), which are essential for classifying and distinguishing documented phenomena. These descriptors can cover aspects like time, location, observation circumstances, the phenomenon itself, the observer, and its effects.

Multi-dimensional Data Organization

Section 23 highlights the advantages of data processing, particularly the ability to sort documented material based on various criteria. Section 231 provides an example of sorting by observer name, noting how a code indicates the informant's role. Section 232 discusses cases where the same observer name appears multiple times due to different locations or events. Section 233 addresses the complexities of chronological sorting across different time zones and the potential for date/time inaccuracies. Section 233 also points out the challenges in coding alphanumeric terms like place names, where variations in spelling can affect sorting results, and the impact of punctuation and special characters.

The Literature Dataset (LDS)

Section 24 introduces the Literature Dataset (LDS), emphasizing the need to document the sources of information. It notes the significant redundancy in literature concerning anomalous phenomena and the benefits of documenting multiple sources for text criticism and cross-referencing. The LDS aims to provide information that allows for the retrieval of relevant sources, such as books, newspapers, and journals. The document explains that the LDS supports text criticism, helps in distributing information across various sources, assesses source reliability, and accounts for the complex information flow from event to documentation. It also considers the needs of multiple users who may not have access to the same sources.

Section 242 details the structure of the LDS, including its length and the use of fields for literature references. It explains how different types of publications (books, newspapers, journals) are encoded, including author names, titles, publication years, and specific page numbers. Examples are provided to illustrate the encoding of references from authors like Charles Bowen and publications like Flying Saucer Review and Tiroler Nachrichten.

CODAP 2 Description

Section 3 introduces CODAP 2, a revised version of the system that largely mirrors CODAP 1 but with specific differences. The main changes involve the structure of the Master Data Set (SDS) and the Literature Dataset (LDS).

Master Data Set (SDS) in CODAP 2

Section 31 details the SDS in CODAP 2. New elements include an Identifier/Literature Reference (IDNR/LS) field (Section 311), which serves as a link to the LDS and other related datasets, replacing the simple identifier used in CODAP 1. This new field is designed to ensure absolute uniqueness for linking datasets. The system also includes a Reliability Index (V) (Section 313), allowing users to assign a confidence level to the documented information, which can be used to filter out imprecise or uncertain data.

Section 314 describes the combined field for location and observer names, allowing for flexibility in how this space is utilized. Section 315 notes that multiple entries, as described in Section 211, are not used in CODAP 2 but are possible.

Phenomenological Descriptors and Data Organization in CODAP 2

Section 32 reiterates that CODAP 2 improves storage space utilization for phenomenological characteristics. Section 33 confirms that the multi-dimensional sorting capability by location and observer name is maintained, with sufficient space allocation for efficient retrieval.

Literature Dataset (LDS) in CODAP 2

Section 34 describes the LDS in CODAP 2. Section 341 details the Identifier/Literature Reference field, which links the LDS to the SDS. Section 342 explains that the literature reference field is larger than in CODAP 1, allowing for more detailed information but also increasing redundancy as the same reference must appear in both SDS and LDS. However, this also provides greater independence from the LDS and avoids the use of a non-informative identifier.

Results and User Support

Section 4 presents the results and benefits of using CODAP. Section 41 highlights user support, including assistance with literature research and comparative source studies (Section 411), multi-dimensional organization for case retrieval even with incomplete data (Section 412), and a permanent overview of anomalous event frequency (Section 413).

CODAP Data Inventory

Section 42 provides statistics on the CODAP data inventory. By 1975, CODAP 1 had recorded over 3000 anomalous events (approximately 95% UFO reports) and about 7000 literature references.

Collaboration with Other Documentation Projects

Section 43 discusses collaboration with other documentation projects. Section 431 details the integration of CODAP data with the UFOCAT project, where CODAP data was transferred via magnetic tape and became part of the larger UFOCAT database. Section 432 describes the author's direct involvement in UFOCAT, contributing an additional 3000 entries and gaining experience in coding and data exchange. Section 433 mentions the transfer of CODAP data to the FIDUFO project, with no current information on its usage.

The document concludes with a copyright notice from Luis Schönherr, dated February 1975 in Innsbruck.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes revolve around the systematic documentation and processing of anomalous phenomena, particularly UFOs. The editorial stance is one of advocating for rigorous data collection, standardized coding, and efficient information management through computer systems. The publication emphasizes the technical aspects of data processing, including database design, sorting algorithms, and the importance of accurate source citation. There is a clear focus on creating a robust and searchable archive of UFO-related information.

This document, titled 'Anmerkungen' (Notes), is a section from a publication, likely a magazine or journal, concerning anomalous phenomena. The issue number is indicated as '51', and the copyright year is 1975, suggesting the publication date is around that time. The publisher is identified as Luis Schönherr from Innsbruck, Austria. The content is primarily in German and focuses on the methodology and rationale behind a system called CODAP.

CODAP: Computer-Dokumentation Anomaler Phänomene

The core of the document details CODAP, a computer-based system for documenting anomalous phenomena. The author explains that the name was chosen for its brevity and distinctiveness compared to other machine-based documentation methods for anomalous events.

Rationale and Scope

Contrary to the common practice of naming projects early on, the author developed the documentation system first and then the name. The introduction of the short name 'CODAP' is for practical reasons, to distinguish it from other systems. While CODAP has primarily recorded UFO reports, the author intentionally avoided the term 'UFO' (Unidentified Flying Object). This is because the UFO phenomenon, despite its technological aspects, also possesses a significant parapsychological component. The author posits that UFOs might be just one manifestation of a larger complex of related anomalous phenomena, a point he had made in previous publications (Flying Saucer Review, London, March/April 1963, p. 11 and November/December 1965, p. 12).

The documentation system is designed to help determine the boundaries between the UFO phenomenon and other paranormal occurrences, but it does not presuppose such a separation, to avoid imposing a structure that doesn't fit the nature of the phenomena themselves.

Development and Limitations

Work on CODAP was temporarily set aside for about a year and a half due to the author's involvement in another related documentation project (mentioned in Section 432).

The ideal documentation system, as described, would capture all information about an event, the observer, and surrounding circumstances, irrespective of hypotheses. Computer programs would then analyze this material for significant correlations, akin to 'automating research.' However, the author notes that such an ambitious undertaking would likely overwhelm current data processing technology and is not feasible without significantly larger resources than are currently available for researching anomalous phenomena.

Descriptor Selection and Challenges

Given the limitations, the selection of appropriate descriptors for documentation is crucial, especially when the available methods are constrained. This selection is particularly difficult for anomalous phenomena because, unlike well-understood events like traffic accidents, there is no clear insight into their causal structure. Documentation often remains at the 'phenomenological surface' of the event.

The author mentions a preliminary analysis of 80 UFO literature works and 20 years of relevant journals, which yielded approximately 450 different characteristics (descriptors) used to describe UFO phenomena. This count excludes quantitative descriptors like size or altitude and is likely an underestimate even for qualitative descriptors.

For readers seeking an overview of the diversity of UFO-related statements, the author recommends a bibliography published in 1969 for the American Air Force: 'Lynn E. Catoe: UFOs and related Subjects, An Annotated Bibliography' (Library of Congress Card Catalog Nr. 68-62196).

Data Structure and Redundancy

Appendix 1 shows a sample output where the order of cases by ID number and by date is coincidentally similar. This is explained by the fact that the initial cases documented in CODAP were taken from the author's existing card file, which was already sorted by date. The numbering in the CODAP database followed this order. ID number 725 in Appendix 1 is an example of a replacement for a duplicate entry.

The documentation of events with imprecise dates is acknowledged as potentially controversial. However, the primary goal of documenting anomalous phenomena is to capture events and prevent them from being forgotten, even if the information is incomplete at the time.

When presenting events chronologically, the choice of time interval (year, quarter, month, week, day) will determine whether entries with incomplete dates can be considered or must be ignored.

Deskriptor Definition and Observer Input

The clear and concise definition of descriptors is vital, especially when multiple individuals are involved in data entry. Anomalous phenomena present additional difficulties because observers often describe them using vague terms, frequently imbued with significant emotional content.

This necessitates a feedback loop between documentation and field investigation techniques. The documentation system can provide an overview, but only direct interviews with observers or on-site investigations can yield reliable data.

Search and Data Entry Considerations

While programs exist that can ignore inconsistencies in spelling by searching for character strings, CODAP does not use such complex programs. Therefore, the spelling of alphanumeric terms is important. The author also considers the issue of storage space, noting that alphanumeric terms can consume significant space relative to their informational value. He suggests that for place and personal names, it might be beneficial to omit prefixes, titles, and similar additions.

Redundancy in Literature

The author discusses redundancy (verbosity) in the context of information theory, defining it as the number of characters, words, or sentences used to convey a message that do not add new information about the event.

Redundancy in anomalous phenomena literature stems from two main factors: the spontaneous nature of these events, which prevents planned, experimental repetition and systematic searches for new facts; and the considerable, often sensational, interest they generate, which the media caters to. This leads to repetitive reporting of the same accounts, with diminishing reliability.

Access and Information Retrieval

When page numbers are missing, finding a specific case within a lengthy journal can be time-consuming, especially if the user is not fluent in the language and cannot employ 'selective reading.'

Direct coding of year and month is generally more informative (publication date) and should be preferred whenever possible.

Completeness and Scope of Data

Just as one should not blindly accept all reported anomalous events, it is also incorrect to assume that currently known information represents the entirety of activity. The publication habits of mass media, driven by commercial and technical considerations, can obscure or hinder the dissemination of unwanted information, despite some efforts to the contrary. This is further complicated by subtle psychological mechanisms within societal structures that may consciously or unconsciously impede the spread of such information.

Referenced Catalogs and Projects

The document lists several external resources and projects:

• UFOCAT: UFO-Catalog, with contact information for Dr. David R. Saunders at the University of Chicago.
• Personal communications from Dr. Saunders dated October 23, 1971, and June 28, 1973.
• FIDUFO: Fichier Informatique de Documentation sur les UFO, with contact details for Pierre Deransart and M. Vauzelle in France.

Appendices

The document includes several appendices (Anhang 1-5) which appear to be lists of documented anomalous events. These appendices provide detailed records, including:

• Anhang 1 & 2: Lists of cases with ID numbers (IDNR), dates (DAT), times (ZEIT), classification codes (KL), locations (ORT), and observer names (BEOB).
• Anhang 3 & 4: Lists of literature references (LITERATURSTELLENHINWEISE) linked to specific ID numbers, often including author, publication details, and page/figure numbers.
• Anhang 5: Further literature references.

These appendices suggest that CODAP is a system that not only catalogs sightings but also cross-references them with a vast amount of literature on the subject.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes revolve around the systematic documentation of anomalous phenomena, the challenges inherent in such a task, and the need for a broad, interdisciplinary approach that acknowledges both technological and parapsychological aspects. The editorial stance is one of rigorous, scientific inquiry, aiming to catalog and analyze data objectively, while acknowledging the limitations of current knowledge and methodology. There is a clear emphasis on the importance of detailed record-keeping and the potential of computer systems to aid in research.

This issue of the magazine, identified by its page number '61' and dated 1975, features a prominent article by Ernst Berger titled "MESSUNGEN ZUR UNTERSUCHUNG EINER UFO-BEOBACHTUNG" (Measurements for the Investigation of a UFO Sighting). Ernst Berger is presented as the head of the only truly active private UFO investigation group in Austria. The magazine appears to be published by Ernst Berger himself, with the country of origin likely Austria, given the author's affiliation and the mention of Austrian locations.

Firleiturg (Introduction)

Ernst Berger, the author, highlights the challenges in UFO research, particularly the lack of technical and scientific data collected by most private groups. He notes that while psychological and phenomenological aspects are often well-documented, technical data is missing in about 90% of investigations. This gap, he argues, emboldens critics who claim UFO phenomena cannot be studied scientifically. Berger's article aims to provide a methodology for more precise UFO observation recording, thereby helping to dismantle unfounded prejudices.

Mögliche Messungen (Possible Measurements)

Berger proposes a set of measurement techniques applicable to UFO sightings, excluding landing cases where physical traces are left. The focus is on objects observed in the air without fixed background reference points. The techniques aim to determine:

a) Winkelgröße am Himmel (Angular Size in the Sky)

Since 1972, Berger's group has used the "57-Centimeter Test," also known as "goniometry." This method involves holding a test object (like a coin or thumbtack) at a fixed distance of 57 centimeters from the eye. The observer then compares the apparent size of the UFO in the sky to the size of the test object at that distance. If the object was moving, the measurement is taken during the phase when it was most visible or closest. The time of observation, along with the angular height and azimuth, are recorded for later analysis. The test requires the witness to be at the original observation spot, which should be marked on a detailed map.

Berger explains the rationale behind the 57-centimeter distance: it approximates the distance at which one centimeter of the test object subtends an angle of one degree in the sky, mimicking human visual perception. For witnesses who may have difficulty with this, comparisons with familiar objects like street lamps or distant buildings are suggested. A set of test objects of varying sizes is provided to the witness.

b) Azimuth

An accurate wander compass is necessary for azimuth measurements. Azimuth is defined as the angle between the observer's line of sight to the object and the direction of North. For example, North is 0°, East is 90°, South is 180°, and West is 270°. The measurement involves aligning the compass needle with North and then sighting the object's position on the compass scale. The article mentions that good compasses have sighting devices (like a foresight and backsight) and a mirror for easier reading. Azimuth measurements are particularly important when multiple witnesses from different locations observe the same object.

If the object moved, points A (where it appeared) and B (where it disappeared) can be determined. This is crucial for correlating observations from multiple witnesses.

c) Winkelhöhe (Angular Height)

A simple measuring instrument, a quadrant, can be constructed by DIY enthusiasts. This involves a wooden board with a protractor scale, a nail at the center, and a plumb line with a weight. The witness sights the object through the edge of the board, and the plumb line indicates the angular height on the scale. For moving objects, points A and B are again used. Normal measurements range from 0° (at the horizon) to 90° (directly overhead). If the object is observed below the horizon (e.g., from a mountain looking down), the instrument is rotated 180° to measure depression angles.

d) Winkelgeschwindigkeit (Angular Velocity)

This measurement is suitable for objects that move rapidly across the sky in less than a minute, provided they are not meteors. If the witness perceives the movement as non-uniform (faster or slower at different times), this measurement is avoided. The preferred scenario is uniform motion along a straight path. The procedure involves the witness indicating the starting point (A) and then following the object's path with a finger while the investigator times the duration with a stopwatch. To improve accuracy, two timings are taken: one slightly slower than the object's perceived speed and one slightly faster. The time difference provides a measure of the witness's memory accuracy. Angular velocity, combined with angular size and estimated distance, can help calculate the object's speed.

Auswertung der Messungen (Evaluation of Measurements)

When multiple witnesses from different locations (2-10 km apart) provide azimuth and elevation angle data, it's possible to determine the object's true height above ground and its true distance, neglecting Earth's curvature. By plotting the azimuths on a map, the point on the ground directly below the object can be identified. Using trigonometry (specifically, the tangent and sine rules in a right-angled triangle), the height and slant distance can be calculated. These calculations are performed for all observation points, and the results are averaged if they are not perfectly consistent.

The calculated slant distance is then used in the "57-Centimeter Equation." This equation states that the ratio of the measuring string (57 cm) to the test object's diameter is equal to the ratio of the object's true distance (slant distance) to its true size (diameter). This principle, attributed to Babylonian astronomer-priests, allows for the calculation of the object's true size. If the slant distance cannot be accurately determined, the true size can still be calculated by assuming a specific slant distance. The article emphasizes that model calculations, though common in other scientific fields, are underutilized in UFO research.

Berger provides an example: if a witness describes an object as "the size of a car," using the equation and known car dimensions, one can determine the possible range of slant distances. Discrepancies in size comparisons (e.g., a car comparison being incorrect) suggest either a misunderstanding of the measurement method or an inaccurate size estimation by the witness.

The author concludes that the application of stopwatches, measurements, and model calculations opens up a vast field of possibilities for field investigations. He mentions an upcoming article on UFO maneuvers near Traunstein, Austria, and a planned addendum on model calculations for movement patterns. Interested readers are invited to contact Ernst Berger via mail at Postamt Nußdorferstraße 7, A-1094 WIEN, Österreich.

UFOs React to Flares - UFO Invasion in the Bavarian Alps

This section, authored by Adolf Schneider, details a UFO sighting that occurred on December 10, 1973, in the pre-alpine region near Rosenheim, Germany, specifically on the Hochries mountain.

Friedrich Lennartz, the warden of the Hochries-Hütte, and his housekeeper Peter Zettel were observing the night sky around 8:30 PM. They noticed a large, fire-red light on the Weitlahnerkopf, about 8 km away. Initially, they thought it might be lost skiers with magnesium flares or a burning hut. The snow around the light was illuminated.

Using their Zeiss-Ikon binoculars (10x50 and 12x50), they observed the object more closely. They realized it was something extraordinary, possibly a plane crash. The location is near an air traffic route (B1). Lennartz, who had four years of experience in air traffic control for the German Navy, was surprised he couldn't identify the object.

The object appeared to be shaped like a helicopter cabin. Lennartz estimated its size to be 9 by 12 (or 14) meters, comparing it to the summit cross of Weitlahner Kopf. The object had a ring of colored lights (red, green, blue, white) rotating around its lower half, and a brighter light circling the upper edge. The lights moved counter-clockwise from left to right, not simultaneously, and flashed at various points. The rotation speed was estimated at 2 revolutions per second. The spectacle of flashing lights illuminated the object's surface, described as gray and possibly metallic.

When the object reached the Klausenberg, it hovered for about half a minute before changing course at a right angle towards the Klausen-Alpe, an uninhabited hut in Austria. After a few minutes, the object reappeared about 10 to 30 meters above a snow-covered ridge between Klausenberg and Zinnenberg, hovering again. During this time, radio interference, described by Lennartz as similar to the sputtering of a moped, became significant, affecting his communication with colleagues in Rosenheim and Munich.

Around 9:00 PM, Lennartz's dogs, a Bernhardin named Barrie and a Dachshund named Susi, became agitated and wanted to be let in through a west-facing door that was usually closed in winter, suggesting they were frightened by the object.

At approximately 9:00 PM, Lennartz fired a red signal flare towards the object. The UFO reacted by enveloping itself in a reddish glow and ascending rapidly. It rose to about 200 meters above the landing site and began to accelerate. It moved visibly towards the Hochries-Hütte. Simultaneously, Lennartz experienced strong radio interference, and his colleagues noted his unusually loud transmission.

Within 10 seconds, the object covered 5 to 6 kilometers, stopping again above the Klausenberg at a distance of about 2 kilometers. If Lennartz's estimate is correct, the object may have reached supersonic speed. The vertical difference between its starting and ending points was 250 meters (from 1800 m to 1550 m).

Lennartz later stated that when the object came close, the rotating lights were clearly visible. The object was completely silent. He sketched the object, noting details visible from 1700 to 1800 meters away. The cockpit-like upper half had a faint, matt yellow glow, possibly from a translucent material. Four vertical struts were visible, resembling parts of a parabolic antenna or the cabin of a B-52 bomber.

After hovering over the Klausenberg, the object moved towards the Klausen-Alpe. It then reappeared near the Hochries-Hütte, hovering 10 to 30 meters above a snow-covered ridge. The radio interference lessened but still affected communication, leading Lennartz to switch off his radio.

At around 11:40 PM, Lennartz fired another signal flare. The UFO immediately reacted by enveloping itself in a glowing halo and ascending rapidly southwestward. Within 30 seconds, it appeared as small as a star, and by 11:45 PM, it was lost from view. The radio equipment then functioned normally again.

The Hochries incident made headlines in the Bavarian press on December 13. Further investigations revealed additional sightings on December 10, 1973:

• Brigitte Drexel and classmates saw an orange object near Neubeuern.
• A Mr. Zoefel reported seeing a luminous, multi-colored object over the mountains from his house in Rosenheim.
• Radio operator Hoffmann ('Neptun I') observed an orange-red light about 3-4 km northeast of Bernau, 50 meters above the ground, appearing house-sized.
• Similar reports came from skiers and workers of the Hochries cable car.

Additional UFO sightings were reported on January 3, February, March 29, and August 17, 1974.

Another interesting observation was made on August 23, 1974, by Frau Ramsauer, caretaker of the Riesenhütte (1444 m), located about 2.3 km below Hochries. As Friedrich Lennartz was leaving in his Jeep, Frau Ramsauer saw a long, "balloon-like object" hovering to the left of the Hochries-Hütte, emitting a yellow-orange light that illuminated the building. She called her husband and a relative. The three observed the object through 10x40 Leitz binoculars. The object was apparently very close to the summit house and taller than it. Due to the lack of phone or radio connection between the Riesenhütte and Hochries-Hütte, they could not communicate with Lennartz. Over about 30 minutes, the object appeared in three different locations around the summit house before disappearing.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The primary theme of this issue is the scientific approach to UFO investigation. Ernst Berger advocates for rigorous data collection, measurement, and analysis, moving beyond anecdotal accounts. The "57-Centimeter Test" and triangulation methods are presented as practical tools for researchers. The issue also highlights the potential for UFOs to react to human-made stimuli, such as flares, and their capacity for rapid, silent movement and apparent electromagnetic interference. The case studies from the Bavarian Alps and Austrian regions underscore the recurring nature of these phenomena and the challenges in identifying them. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of treating UFO sightings as phenomena worthy of serious, scientific study, despite skepticism from the broader scientific community.

This issue of the magazine, dated 1975, focuses on UFO phenomena, particularly a series of sightings near the Riesenhütte in Germany during 1973 and 1974. The cover headline, "Sicht von der Riesenhütte (1355m)" (Sighting from the Riesenhütte), highlights the main topic. The publication is attributed to Adolf Schneider.

Riesenhütte Sightings (1973-1974)

The article details multiple UFO observations in the Hochries-Gipfel region. On a Saturday evening, despite overcast and rainy weather, Frau Ramsauer observed a bright, motionless object. She alerted her husband and several other witnesses, including family members and a friend. Herr Ramsauer studied the object through binoculars and described it as an ellipsoid in a horizontal position, clearly visible against the background despite the rain. The object hovered over the valley between the Hochries-Gipfel and the Klausenberg.

Another witness, Franz Gabriel, a farmer from Frasdorf-Ries, observed the UFO with the naked eye. He described it as a disc-like object, similar to a plate seen from the side. He estimated its relative size to be half the diameter of the moon, which, at an estimated distance of 3 kilometers, would equate to a true size of 13 meters. The object disappeared from view ten minutes after the sighting began.

The article also references an earlier sighting reported by the 56-year-old mother of Frau Ramsauer from the previous year. Although initially not taken seriously by her children, this report gained significance with the new sightings.

On the evening of October 27, 1973, while young Ramsauers were at a wedding, their mother, alone at the hut, saw a yellow-red, orange-shaped object descending the slope of the 1 km distant Spielberg. It illuminated the trees and seemed to head directly for the Riesenhütte before making a sharp right turn and disappearing within seconds.

By December 1, 1974, a total of 9 different sightings involving 10 objects and 2 lights had been reported in the area. Thirty-seven witnesses were interviewed, with 18 undergoing detailed investigation by MUFON (Mutual UFO Network) field teams. The article notes similarities between these sightings and UFO activities reported in Austria's Traunstein region in late 1973, including observations of supersonic speeds, right-angle turns, and glowing phenomena.

Investigation Challenges and Geological Context

Due to unfavorable snow conditions in December 1973, investigation teams were unable to examine a reported landing site on the Weitlahnerkopf. The region is characterized by geological features such as sinkholes, karst formations, rock formations, and block fields between the Hochries and Riesenberg, and the Zellerhorn, Predigtstuhl, and Klausenberg. The karst landscape southeast of the Hochries is also known for its extensive cave systems.

International Comparisons

The article briefly touches upon the difficulty of finding commonalities between the diverse UFO object shapes observed in Bavaria and Austria and reports from other parts of the world. However, it highlights a sighting from December 10, 1973, on the Hochries as potentially analogous to a Canadian sighting from January 1, 1970, in Vancouver Island, where a vertically standing egg-shaped object was observed. Details of the Canadian case were summarized in the Summer 1970 issue of the Canadian UFO Report.

Psychological and Parapsychological Aspects of UFO Phenomena (by Ernst Häusler)

This section, authored by Ernst Häusler, delves into the psychological and parapsychological aspects associated with UFO phenomena, with a particular focus on the German contactee case of E.A. Schuster.

Häusler posits that the explanation for UFO phenomena, according to current scientific understanding, is not possible. He notes that UFOs are often linked to phenomena typically found in parapsychology, spiritualism, mediumism, and occult traditions. He suggests that researchers should utilize these fields when scientific explanations fall short.

The article categorizes these associated phenomena into two main groups:

1. Phenomena linked to the location of the UFO sighting or its surroundings: This includes reports of para-phenomena occurring during or shortly after a sighting. Examples cited are 'phantom images' appearing on photographs taken at UFO landing sites or in the vicinity of UFO sightings, and reports of hauntings in areas previously associated with UFO activity.

2. Phenomena occurring in individuals who have had contact with UFOs or their occupants: These phenomena can manifest during or after the contact experience.

Phenomena During Contact:

These include unusual emotional experiences, altered states of perception, hypnotic effects, and other extraordinary states of consciousness.

Phenomena Shortly After Contact:

These can involve changes in the individual's psyche, personality structure, worldview, activation of psi abilities, and an increase in inexplicable or coincidental events.

Phenomena Persisting Long After Contact:

These are often negative aspects of the phenomena described above, with the overall experience shifting towards a negative direction over time. This can lead to pathological conditions such as depression, paranoia, and delusions.

Häusler emphasizes that these persistent phenomena may not be directly related to the original UFO contact but rather to other forces influencing the individual.

#### Case Study: E.A. Schuster

The article then presents a detailed case study of E.A. Schuster, a 30-year-old electromechanic who had an encounter in May 1963 near Lübeck.

Schuster's experience began with seeing a girl-like figure, which he later interpreted as a projection of the UFO. He followed her, noting her unusual, partly transparent clothing. He then heard a strange, intensifying hum and ascended a slope, where he saw a hovering object resembling an English steel helmet, estimated to be 10 to 25 meters in diameter. The object rotated, emitted sparks, and was surrounded by a peculiar glow. A bright light from a small dome on top of the object struck him, causing him to experience an overwhelming influx of colors, sounds, and sensations before losing consciousness.

Upon waking, Schuster experienced physical discomfort (headaches, nausea, dizziness) and altered perceptions. He described seeing the sun as intensely bright green, familiar trees as orange, and people with a deathly pallor. He also heard voices speaking in unknown languages and experienced a sense of overwhelming sensory input.

In the following days, Schuster experienced a 'waking dream' state where he felt transported into the essence of a tree or palm, experiencing profound peace and joy. He described encountering various beings and feeling connected to a vast consciousness.

Later, he felt he had accessed a 'gigantic mind' or 'giant brain' housed within the UFO (described as a flat steel helmet). This entity's purpose, he understood, was to receive, store, and telepathically transmit perceptions of other beings to its home world.

Schuster's experience led to a significant expansion of his consciousness and a new worldview. He reported that the telepathic contact continued, though with diminished intensity. However, he also experienced various negative phenomena, which he believes are deliberately induced 'interference maneuvers' by extraterrestrials.

Schuster's Negative Experiences and Theories:

Schuster recounts several instances of seemingly inexplicable events, such as causing a stadium's floodlights to go out with a thought, or a car's ignition failing after he mentioned it. He also describes a series of unfortunate events related to his attempts to open a restaurant, including a bizarre coincidence involving the name 'Ronnenberg'.

He interprets these events as attempts to discredit him and other contactees. He notes that reports of 'spook phenomena' are often used to make contactees appear unreliable, and if they also report seeing flying saucers, they risk being dismissed as psychopaths.

Schuster also describes experiencing electrical phenomena, such as lights turning on and off spontaneously, which he views as a positive sign compared to the 'light-out' events. He also faced persistent financial difficulties and social ostracism related to his restaurant ventures.

Häusler commends Schuster for his ability to differentiate between the original contact and its consequences, and for developing a plausible theory about the negative phenomena.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores UFO sightings, witness testimonies, and the potential psychological and parapsychological implications of these encounters. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious investigation into these phenomena, presenting detailed case studies and expert analysis, particularly from the parapsychological perspective. There is a clear interest in the subjective experiences of contactees and the potential for extraterrestrial intelligence to influence human perception and reality. The article emphasizes the need for a nuanced approach to interpreting UFO-related experiences, distinguishing between genuine contact phenomena and potential negative side effects or deliberate interference.

This issue of Nature magazine, dated Heft 4, 1975, with the title "CENTER FOR UFO STUDIES", focuses on the scientific investigation of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs). It highlights the establishment of the Center for UFO Studies by J. Allen Hynek and provides an extensive review of relevant literature and research.

Key Articles and Sections

Center for UFO Studies

The main feature introduces the Center for UFO Studies, established by J. Allen Hynek, a professor of astronomy and author. The Center aims to provide a scientifically-based approach to UFO research, seeking funding from the National Science Foundation and NASA. Hynek has gathered a network of scientists, referred to as the 'invisible college,' who believe the phenomenon warrants investigation. The Center operates a toll-free telephone switchboard to collect UFO reports across the United States, averaging about one per day. A report on the 1973 UFO wave, listing 1,500 cases, is in preparation.

Hynek notes that the nature of the UFO phenomenon has remained consistent over the years, but he is skeptical of the 'nuts-and-bolts spacecraft from other worlds' theory, finding it illogical. The Center's goal is to define the limits of the problem, setting the criteria for any future hypothesis.

Literature Review (A) Scientific UFO Literature

This section provides a detailed list and summary of various scientific and skeptical publications on UFOs:

• Ted Bloecher: "Report on the UFO Wave of 1947" analyzes 850 cases from June and July 1947.
• Edward U. Condon: "Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects" (the Condon Report) is described as a comprehensive but skeptical report concluding no substantial evidence supports the extraterrestrial origin of UFOs.
• Leon Davidson: "Flying Saucers: An Analysis of the Air Force Project Bluebook Special Report No. 14" suggests the Air Force withheld information, and that Report 14 revealed a significant percentage of cases classified as 'unknowns'.
• John G. Fuller: "Aliens in the Skies" presents testimony from scientists about UFOs.
• J. Allen Hynek: "The UFO Experience--A Scientific Inquiry" offers a critical review of past UFO research by the author, who was formerly a scientific consultant to the Air Force.

UFO-Dokumentation (UFO Documentation)

This section details Claude Poher's four-year study of UFO reports from the French Space Research Center. His analysis of 1000 'serious' reports, processed by computer, yielded several findings:

• The phenomenon is worldwide.
• Observations correlate with cloud cover and population density.
• Most reports (70%) involved at least two witnesses.
• Adults reported sightings more frequently than children.
• Witnesses came from diverse professions, with scientists often reporting anonymously.
• About 70% of witnesses saw UFOs within a kilometer.
• 80% of observed objects were round, 20% oblong.
• Colors were red-orange at night and metallic by day.
• Diameters for round UFOs were estimated between 10 and 30 meters.
• UFOs were generally silent; noise was heard only when within 150 meters.
• Movement patterns included stationary (10%), slow (20%), fast (50%), and very high speed (remaining percentage).
• About 50% of reported objects were anomalous, not comparable to known objects.
• Approximately 20% of reports indicated landings.
• The reports showed consistency regardless of nationality or educational background.

Other Publications and Contributions

Several other authors and publications are mentioned, including:

• Luis Schönherr (Austria) lists his publications in "FLYING SAUCER REVIEW" from 1963 to 1975, discussing UFOs and the fourth dimension, Kugelblitz theory, and other phenomena.
• Ernst Berger (Austria) lists his works published in German and English journals between 1974 and 1975, covering topics like 'UFOs with "feelers"', 'nocturnal lights', 'luminous "snails"', and 'solid light' cases.
• Adolf Schneider (Germany) lists publications in "ESOTERA" and other journals, including a sighting at Hochries, a PSI-contact experience of William Shatner, the 'UFO effect' with magnetic phenomena, and animals warning of UFOs.

Literature References

Several books and articles are listed in a "Literaturverzeichnis" (Bibliography), including works by George Adamski, Kurt Glemser, Trevor James, John A. Keel, Dino Kraspedon, and Ted Owens.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the scientific study of UFO phenomena, the establishment of credible research organizations like the Center for UFO Studies, and the exploration of various theoretical explanations for UFO sightings, including concepts related to the fourth dimension and advanced propulsion systems. The editorial stance appears to be one of cautious scientific inquiry, aiming to move beyond anecdotal evidence towards a more rigorous, evidence-based understanding of the phenomenon, as exemplified by the work of J. Allen Hynek and the Condon Report's skeptical conclusions.

This document is a multi-page bibliography of UFO literature, presented as pages 91 through 100 of a publication. It lists a vast array of books, reports, and symposia related to unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and flying saucers. The entries are organized alphabetically by author or editor, providing details such as title, publisher, publication year, page count, and a brief synopsis of the content.

Detailed Content

The bibliography covers a wide spectrum of perspectives and approaches to the UFO phenomenon. It includes works that:

• Analyze UFO sightings: Many entries focus on detailed analysis of specific cases, patterns of sightings, and the scientific investigation of UFO reports. Examples include works by James M. McCampbell, Thomas M. Olsen, and Jacques Vallée.
• Present historical accounts: Several books delve into the history of UFO phenomena, from early sightings to more recent events. Robert Loftin's "Identified Flying Saucers" surveys sightings from 1860 to the present, while Gordon I.R. Lore, Jr. and Harold H. Deneault, Jr.'s "Mysteries of the Skies" covers reports from 1897.
• Explore extraterrestrial theories: Numerous authors propose that UFOs are of extraterrestrial origin, with some suggesting they are alien probes or vehicles visiting Earth for reconnaissance missions. Coral E. Lorenzen's "The Great Flying Saucer Hoax" and Brad Steiger's "Strangers From the Skies" are examples.
• Critique official investigations: Several entries critically examine official government studies, such as the Condon Committee's "Scientific Study on UFOs." David R. Saunders and R. Roger Harkins' "UFOs? YES!--Where the Condon Committee Went Wrong" is a notable example. Donald E. Keyhoe's works also attack alleged Air Force secrecy and censorship regarding UFO reports.
• Discuss psychological and folkloric aspects: Some literature explores the psychological interpretations of UFOs, viewing them as a "living myth" or relating them to folklore and ancient myths of strange creatures. C.G. Jung's "Flying Saucers--A Modern Myth of Things Seen in the Sky" and Jacques Vallée's "Passport to Magonia" fall into this category.
• Document specific incidents: Notable incidents like the Pascagoula abduction case, the Exeter flap, and the Warminster mystery are detailed in specific books.
• Present scientific debates: The symposium "UFOS-A Scientific Debate" edited by Carl Sagan and Thornton Page features papers from various scientists, presenting both pro and con arguments.
• Cover international perspectives: The bibliography includes works on UFOs from various countries, such as France (Aimé Michel, Jean-Claude Bourret) and Eastern European countries (Ion Hobana, Julien Weverbergh).

Key individuals mentioned as authors, editors, or participants in symposia include J. Allen Hynek, Carl Sagan, Donald H. Menzel, Jacques Vallée, Donald E. Keyhoe, Frank B. Salisbury, and Edward U. Condon.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes throughout this extensive bibliography are the persistent mystery of UFOs, the debate between scientific and non-scientific explanations, the potential for extraterrestrial visitation, and the alleged involvement of government secrecy and cover-ups. The editorial stance appears to be one of comprehensive cataloging and presentation of the existing literature on UFOs, providing researchers with a resource to explore the diverse viewpoints and findings within the field. The sheer volume of entries suggests a significant body of work dedicated to the UFO phenomenon over several decades.

This document, comprising pages 101-103 of what appears to be a UFO-related publication, likely titled "UFO Nachrichten" given the publisher's name, focuses on providing resources and contact information for UFO enthusiasts and researchers. The content is primarily in German, with some English titles and descriptions.

Section E: Bibliographies

The first section details bibliographical resources. It highlights:

• "UFOS AND RELATED SUBJECTS" by Lynn Catoe: An annotated bibliography from the Library of Congress (AFOSR 68-1656, 1969). This comprehensive bibliography spans 390 pages, is divided into 39 sections, and lists over 1000 titles published up to 1969.
• "UFO GUIDE 1947-1967": Available from Rainbow Press in Beverly Hills, California, for $2.95. This brochure offers an extensive list of titles and an excellent compilation of UFO articles that appeared in newspapers and magazines.

Section F: Handbooks for Witness Interrogation

This section focuses on guides for interviewing witnesses:

• "GUIDE DE L'ENQUETEUR" by Michel Bougard and Jean-Luc Vertongen: Published by SOBEPS in Brussels. This memoire provides 200 questions for witnesses of OVNI (UFO) sightings, covering all possible situations. It also includes astronomical data related to star and planet observation, the visibility of the Sun and Moon, and a perpetual calendar.
• "Field Investigators' Manual": Published by Mutual UFO Network in Quincy, Illinois, USA, in 1971.

Periodic UFO Journals

A list of periodic UFO journals is provided, including:

• The A.P.R.O. Bulletin: Published by Aerial Phenomena Research Organization, Inc., in Tucson, Arizona, USA.
• Flying Saucer Review: Published by FSR Publications LTD., in Barnet, England.
• Inforespace: Located in Bruxelles, Belgium.
• Lumières dans la nuit: Associated with M. R. Veillith in Le Chambon-Sur-Lignon, France.
• Skylook the UFO monthly: Published in Quincy, Illinois, USA.
• Stendek: Associated with Centro Estudios Interplanetarios (CEI) in Barcelona, Spain.

Literature Acquisition Sources

Sources for obtaining literature are listed:

• Susanne R. Stebbing, Herne Bay, Kent, England.
• Lionel Beer, London, England.
• Rasmussen publications, La Mesa, California, USA.

MUFON Contact Addresses

Contact information for MUFON (Mutual UFO Network) is provided for several countries:

• Germany: Dipl.-Phys. I. Brand, Feldkirchen-Westerham.
• Austria: E. Berger, Vienna.
• Switzerland: H. Landolt, Zurich.

Impressum

The publication's impressum identifies the publisher as MUTAL UFO NETWORK - CENTRAL EUROPEAN SECTION (MUFON-CES), located in Feldkirchen-Westerham, Germany.

Brochure Order Information: Orders for a brochure can be placed with Dipl.-Ing. Adolf Schneider in Munich, Germany, for DM 9.50.

Printing: The printing is handled by U. Novotny in Söcking/Starnberg.

Cover Image Description

Titelbild (Cover Image): The cover image depicts the observation of a UFO at the Institute for High Frequency Technology in Sainte-Assise, Seine-et-Marne, France, on May 9, 1968, between 22:30 and 23:15. The flight path of the unknown object was tracked visually with the naked eye and binoculars, and fully recorded by radar. The inscribed orientation points are identified as P = Polaris (North Star), J = Jupiter, and GB = Ursa Major (Big Dipper). The source for this image is cited as Inforespace 4/75.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are resource compilation and dissemination of information within the UFO community. The editorial stance appears to be one of facilitating research by providing access to bibliographies, guides, periodicals, and contact networks. The inclusion of a specific sighting from 1968 suggests an interest in documenting and analyzing UFO events. The publication acts as a central hub for MUFON-CES, connecting individuals and providing essential tools for UFO investigation and study.