Meyn Mamvro - No 023 - WinterSpring 1994

Magazine Overview

Meyn Mamvro, Issue 23, Winter/Spring 1994, is a magazine dedicated to exploring the ancient stones, sacred sites, and folklore of Cornwall. It features articles on earth energies, paganism, megalithic mysteries, and local legends.

Editorial

The editorial highlights the positive reception of editor Cheryl Straffon's book, "Pagan Cornwall: Land of the Goddess," which was launched at a special event in Penzance. Radio Cornwall featured a week of interviews with Straffon about the book, broadcast from various sites in Cornwall. The editor also recounts a talk given at the 1993 New Age Festival in Perranporth, describing it as a large gathering with diverse subjects and a worthy cause.

Cornish Earth Mysteries Group/News

This section details recent talks and events organized by the Cornish Earth Mysteries Group. Talks included Helena Patterson on Celtic Lunar Zodiacs, John Michell on "The Old Stones of Land End" and a stone-hunting excursion, and Craig Weatherhill on Cornish Legends. The annual Winter Solstice gathering at Chûn Quoit is also mentioned. A news item reports on the Cornish Gorseth's protest against a proposed wind farm near megalithic standing stones at St. Breock Downs, with Grand Bard George Ansell quoted on the site's spiritual significance.

John Michell in Cornwall

This article, by John Michell, discusses his research into the alignments of ancient stones in West Penwith. He emphasizes the importance of recording even small stones and theorizes that the stones and circles were part of an interlocking alignment system, possibly used for rituals and magic by a priestly system. Michell suggests that Christian sites often replaced pagan ones, but the underlying patterns of life and sacredness continued. He notes that alignments were likely for astronomical purposes, such as marking significant days, and for processions to empower leaders, rather than for scientific study. The landscape of West Penwith is described as special, with sites planned geographically to form a pattern.

Cornwall's Mysterious Places - Warleggan & Temple

This section explores two intriguing locations in Cornwall. Warleggan, a small hamlet on Bodmin Moor, is described as being uniquely trapped within an energy field due to its location surrounded by rivers. Its church steeple was struck by lightning in 1818. The article details the church's dedication to a fictional saint and the eccentric history of its vicar, Rev. F.W. Denisham, who built a barbed wire fence and preached to cardboard cut-outs. The rectory site previously housed Ralph de Tremur, accused of black mass, and the area is noted for hauntings.

Temple, a few miles away, is described as a "lonely church in the desolate moor." Founded by the Knight's Templars in 1120, it was dedicated to St. Catherine, who is linked to Gnostic and Hindu goddesses. The article suggests that the Templars adopted some Eastern Gnostic tenets. The church's later history includes being a Gretna Green for illicit marriages. Both Temple and Warleggan are presented as having curious histories, possibly linked to Gnostic heresy and the prehistoric landscape.

Readers Write

This new column features letters from readers. Trevor Allcott comments on the Mên-an-Tol site, suggesting lunar alignment investigation and defending the clearing of scrub around ritual sites. Aubrey Burl also discusses the Mên-an-Tol, noting its enigmatic nature and comparing it to a 'cist-in-circle' site in the Channel Islands. Richard Bass expresses his appreciation for Meyn Mamvro, sharing his positive experiences visiting Cornwall and mentioning Rocky Valley and Lundy as places of raw energy.

Circles of Mystery

By John Steadman, this article examines the stone circles of the Land's End area. Steadman finds these antiquities particularly intriguing and mysterious, noting that archaeological evidence is scant and dating is difficult. He discusses the precise circularity, flattened shapes, or primitive geometry of circles, attributing variations to the ravages of time and restoration. Some circles feature focal stones of different materials or shapes, like the quartz stone at Boscawen-un. Steadman explores the possibility that stone circles were temples of ritual observance, possibly linked to the moon's 19-year cycle, although he notes the number of stones varies across Britain. He suggests that Neolithic and Bronze Age peoples had astronomical knowledge, predicting solar festivals and eclipses, and that stone circles served as specially constructed sites for predetermined gatherings. The article posits that these sites, dating from 3500-1500 BCE, may have served multiple purposes over time.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores the intersection of ancient history, pagan traditions, and mystical beliefs, with a particular focus on Cornwall. The editorial stance appears to be one of promoting research and understanding of these subjects, encouraging reader participation, and highlighting the unique spiritual and historical landscape of Cornwall. There is an emphasis on the continuation of ancient practices and beliefs into modern times, and a critical view of modern developments that may threaten sacred sites.

This issue of MEYN MAMVRO, number 23, from Winter/Spring 1994, focuses on the archaeology and mythology of Cornwall, particularly the Lands End peninsula. The magazine features articles on ancient defensive structures, stone circles, and the legendary figure of Iseult.

The Proposed Function of Stone Circles

The first article explores the archaeological record of the British Isles, suggesting that around 2500 BCE, a civilizing influence led to a more constructive approach to resolving clan differences. The author proposes that stone circles evolved to fulfill a tribal parliamentary function, acting as gathering places where individual stones represented clan representatives. This theory is supported by the varying number of stones in circles and the possibility of rebuilding or reconstruction, as seen at Boleigh and Tregeseal. The article also touches upon the 'Beaker People' as a potential civilizing influence. It notes the scarcity of Bronze Age settlement evidence, contrasting it with well-preserved Iron Age villages and fortifications, suggesting a continuity of settlement on hilltop and clifftop locations.

Guide to Penwith Hill Forts and Cliff Castles

This section provides a detailed guide to various defensive structures in the Penwith area. It highlights 12-15 identified fortifications and several more likely locations, suggesting a correlation with the 'magic number of nineteen' for defensive positions. The author posits that stone circles were undoubtedly gathering places, serving various purposes from worship to trial. The article emphasizes that while their exact function may remain elusive, experiencing these sites is key to understanding them.

The guide then details specific hill forts, including:

• Chûn Castle: An impressive hilltop fort with thick granite walls, reoccupied in the Iron Age.
• Caer Brân: A well-preserved hillfort with concentric circles and overgrown hut foundations.
• Lesingey: A beautiful, wooded hill fort with an oval rampart, appearing more like a sacred enclosure.
• Carn Gulva: A distinctive hilltop identified as a hillfort.
• Faughan Round: An original hill fort with remains of two concentric ramparts and upright stones.
• Lescudjack: A largely destroyed hillfort in Penzance, formerly with three layers of entrance.
• Castle-an-Dinas: A large site with concentric stone walls, ramparts, and ditches, much of its stone plundered.
• Trencrom: A hillfort with fine views, irregular pear-shaped structure, and gateway stones.
• St. Michael's Mount: Recently discovered remains of a hill fort on this holy hilltop.

The guide also covers cliff castles:

• Treryn Dinas: A spectacular cliff castle encircling Logan Rock with multiple defence lines.
• Carn Les Boel: A rocky headland with earth and stone ramparts and some standing stones.
• Maen Castle: A small rocky headland defended by a stone wall, ditch, and bank, with a well-preserved gateway.
• Cape Cornwall: Ramparts and ditches destroyed in the late 19th century.
• Kenidjack Castle: Traces of triple fortification and hut circles, a source of axes and possibly tin.
• Gurnards Head: A grand site with two ramparts and three ditches, featuring at least 16 hut circles and remains of a chapel.
• Bosigran Castle: A spectacular site with a single line of well-constructed wall defense.
• St Ives Island: The final cliff castle in Penwith, now destroyed.

Cliff Castles or Sham Castles?

Authored by Paul Thomas, this article questions the defensive efficacy of cliff castles. While appearing impregnable, their exposed nature and limited provisions suggest they might have served a more comforting role, akin to modern nuclear shelters, rather than facing serious attack. The author contrasts them with hill forts, which were more strongly defended all around. The article concludes by pondering if these structures might have also been used for rituals.

In Search of Iseult

Authored by Caeia March, this article explores the mythological figure of Iseult in the context of fourth-century Dumnonia (Cornwall). The author is interested in migration and trading routes, particularly the interface between paganism and Christianity. The article discusses the historical King Cunomorus (King Mark) and the two waves of Irish immigration to Dumnonia. It suggests that Iseult herself is derived from a pagan 'Goddess in Cornwall' tradition, representing the land, possessing magical healing powers (linked to the goddess Brighid), and embodying a vegetation Goddess. The author proposes that Iseult became a folk heroine rather than a saint in Dumnonia. The article also touches upon the arrival of invaders in Britain from the fifth century onwards and the complex relationship between Christianity and native paganism.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the ancient history and archaeology of Cornwall, with a particular focus on defensive structures (hill forts and cliff castles) and the cultural and mythological landscape. The magazine also delves into the complexities of migration, cultural exchange, and the transition from paganism to Christianity in ancient Britain. The editorial stance appears to be one of scholarly inquiry, presenting archaeological evidence and speculative theories, while also encouraging readers to engage with these historical sites on a personal level. The exploration of mythology, particularly the figure of Iseult, highlights the enduring power of ancient stories and their connection to the land and its people.

Meyn Mamvro, issue 23, Winter/Spring 1994, is a publication focused on Cornish heritage, mythology, folklore, and Earth Mysteries. The magazine explores ancient legends, personal spiritual experiences, and reviews of relevant books.

The Iseult Legend and Cornish Heritage

The issue begins by discussing the significance of the Iseult story's origin and its place within Cornish heritage. It notes how Christian Norman French scribes in the Middle Ages filtered and misrepresented Cornish language and heritage, a process described as deculturalisation. Despite these filters, elements like the legend of Bride in Ireland and Iseult in Cornwall have endured, suggesting a phenomenal power to transcend such processes. The Iseult legend is presented as still relevant, inspiring operas, plays, and novels, and the heroine is portrayed as a powerful, passionate, and warm role model who faces exile, heals herself, and finds haven within the land. Her story, originating in the 600s, is considered alive today.

Personal Experience: Pendeen Fogou

A significant portion of the magazine details a personal initiatory experience in a fogou at Pendeen, West Penwith, Cornwall, contributed by Lucia Borelli. The author visited ancient sites in Cornwall in March 1993, including the Pendeen fogou. Upon entering the slippery, cold, and damp underground structure, she experienced a sharp, stabbing pain in her head, feeling as if a band was tightening around her skull. As the pain subsided, she proceeded into a narrower creep, where the atmosphere was warmer and calmer. Lying on her back, she heard only her heartbeat and the dripping water, feeling a profound sense of peace and safety, as if melting into the earth. Her reflection in a pool of water led her to believe she was part of the earth and that the Goddess was all around her. The experience concluded with a feeling of needing to see the light and a sense of 'birth' upon exiting the fogou.

Book Reviews

The issue features several book reviews:

"Pagan Cornwall - Land of the Goddess" by Cheryl Straffon

This review, by Jo O'Cleirigh, highlights "Pagan Cornwall - Land of the Goddess" as a 120-page book destined to become a classic. Cheryl Straffon, the editor of Meyn Mamvro, is praised for her deep love of Cornwall and her extensive knowledge of its Archaeology, Folklore, and Mythology. The book places Cornwall within the context of Old European matrifocal cultures, predating patriarchal ones by 20,000 years. It discusses Neolithic sites in Cornwall, such as chambered tombs and portal dolmens, and the polished stone axe 'factory' on Carn Brea. The review notes that the book covers sacred sites, holy wells, legends, folklore, the Isles of Scilly, and modern pagan activities. It also features beautiful photos and art-work, with an introduction by Monica Sjöö.

"The Earth Mysteries Guide to Bodmin Moor & North Cornwall (Including Tintagel)" by Cheryl Straffon

Reviewed by George Bishop, this guide is described as handy, comprehensive, and concise, compiled by Cheryl Straffon with artwork by Andy Norfolk and others. It offers insights into the possible uses of ancient stones, crosses, and holy wells in Bodmin Moor and North Cornwall. The booklet details the locations and conditions of megalithic remains, providing map references and information on their archaeological background and potential roles in the Earth Mysteries landscape. It mentions sites like Tintagel, Cheesewring, and Plymouth Hoe, and discusses alignments with solstice lines. The guide also includes translations of inscriptions, histories of stones, and sections on Arthurian legends. The review commends its value at £2.95, noting the quality of its 48 pages, 58 photographs, and over thirty sketches and maps.

Spirit Paths and Mythic Routes

Another section, "The Pipers Tune," follows up on the theme of spirit paths featured in "The Ley Hunter" magazine. It discusses an article by Paul Devereux on a Cornish mythic route, church way, and death road. The text describes the mythic aspect related to St.Levan, who walked from Bodellan to his clifftop chapel overlooking Porth Chapel bay. A legendary incident between St.Levan and a woman named Johana at Rospletha is mentioned, after which the track aligns towards the old church at St Levans. A small Celtic cross marks the way, and it is said that 'the grass grows greener wherever, the good priest trod'. At the churchyard boundary, a coffin-shaped stone marks a 'coffin line or death road'. The churchyard contains a great split boulder, believed to be the omphalos of the site from before Christianity.

Advertising and Listings

The magazine includes advertisements for various services and products related to Earth Mysteries and Paganism. These include:

• Earth Works Ceramics: Offering handmade ceramics like Goddess figures, oil burners, chalices, and necklaces, with items ritually fired on the full moon and featuring Norse and Celtic runes.
• Exchange Magazines: A list of annual subscription prices for various magazines related to Earth Mysteries, Sacred Sites, and Paganism, both national and regional, from the UK and USA.
• Noticeboard: Announcements for Cornish Earth Mysteries meetings and talks in 1994, including topics like "Tintagel & the Arthurian mythos" and "The Goddess in Cornwall." It also lists events for Harmony Pottery, The Wellbeing Centre, and the Pan-Pagan School.
• Celtic Designs: Featuring original T-shirts by Jen Delyth, drawn from Celtic mythology and ancient art forms, as well as fine art prints and other items.
• Adventur-Ine: A shop in Penzance offering star-sign gifts, crystal jewellery, silk scarves, candles, healing crystals, aromatherapy, esoteric books, and workshops.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Meyn Mamvro are the preservation and exploration of Cornish heritage, mythology, and folklore, particularly concerning Goddess spirituality and ancient sites. The magazine strongly advocates for the recognition and understanding of these traditions, often in contrast to historical suppression or misrepresentation. The editorial stance appears to be one of celebrating and promoting Celtic and Pagan traditions, providing a platform for personal experiences, scholarly reviews, and community events related to Earth Mysteries and the 'Old Religion'. The emphasis on local artists and authors, as well as the detailed listings of related publications and events, indicates a commitment to fostering a community around these subjects.