Serie E brev nr 8

Magazine Overview

This document is a scanned page from a publication titled "ELDFLUGORNA - UNIVERSUMS KRAFTKÄLLA?" (Fireflies - The Universe's Power Source?), published by BREVCIRKELN as part of Serie E, Issue 8, with an implied date around 1954 based on the ISSN-like number '978998' and the content's style. The language is Swedish.

The Sun's Energy Source: A Challenge to Conventional Science

The article begins by questioning the scientific establishment's reliance on assumptions and theories, particularly regarding the sun's energy. It posits that most people accept the scientific explanation of solar heat arising from atomic disintegration at high temperatures and pressures within the sun as fact, without realizing it's a theory. The author, Ivan Troeng, suggests that the probability of this theory accurately reflecting reality is very low.

C.F. Krafft's Alternative Theory

The core of the article presents the ideas of American researcher C.F. Krafft. Krafft's theory proposes that the sun is a sphere of seawater with a solid core. The high temperatures on the sun's surface, which cause its heat radiation, are attributed to the impact of 'material fragments' (later termed 'fireflies'). Krafft's model states that the sun's atmosphere is mainly water vapor, which is an effective insulator against heat transfer via radiation. Convection is also limited because hot gases naturally rise, and this effect is amplified by the sun's higher gravity. This water-based model is presented as consistent with observations and natural laws, unlike the theory of the sun being a gas sphere with extremely high internal temperatures, which Krafft argues would lead to immediate explosion according to known gas dynamics.

Evidence from Sunspots and Planetary Heating

Krafft's theory is supported, according to the article, by observations of sunspots. These are described not as phenomena of intense heat, but as holes in the sun's outer atmosphere. If the sun's interior were extremely hot, these holes would resemble openings into a furnace. However, observations indicate that sunspots are significantly colder than the surrounding solar surface, which aligns with Krafft's hypothesis.

The article extends this concept to planetary heating, noting that Earth also possesses a strongly heated outer layer. At an altitude of 300 kilometers above the Earth's surface, the temperature is approximately +1600°C. The article suggests that the heating of the ionospheres of solar system bodies is caused by incoming micrometeorites from space. The intensity of this heating should correlate with the quantity and speed of these particles, explaining why smaller planets have less luminosity (earthshine) and larger planets like Jupiter have more, with the sun itself having the greatest luminosity.

Jupiter and Earth as Self-Luminous

Many astronomers, in agreement with this theory, have reported signs of Jupiter being self-luminous. The article also states that Earth is, to some extent, self-luminous, with astronauts and others reporting a clear blue color in the outer part of the ionosphere. Furthermore, Earth emits an 'earthshine' that has been observed on the planet's night side.

Quantifying the Energy Input

The problem of the origin of solar energy is deemed mathematically solvable. The 'material fragments' are identified as micrometeorites, or 'fireflies,' a term popularized by Adamski in 1954. Adamski described them as numerous, flickering entities filling the dark space. Astronaut observations provide insights into the speeds of these fragments approaching the sun. Those visible at sunrise have speeds around 25,000 km/hour, while larger fractions can reach speeds up to 100,000 km/hour or more.

Earth's Daily Intake and Solar Energy Calculation

The article estimates that Earth receives about 3,000 tons of this material per day. Assuming this incoming material is uniformly distributed in all directions from the sun, it calculates the total amount the sun receives. Considering the sun as a sphere with a radius equal to Earth's distance from the sun (150 million km), and Earth's projected surface area as a tiny fraction of this sphere's surface, it's calculated that the sun receives 6 x 10^10 times more material than Earth. This amounts to 18 x 10^13 tons per day, or 2 x 10^9 tons per second.

The total energy radiated by the sun is estimated at 4 x 10^33 ergs per second. Converting this to kilopondmeters (kpm), the sun's energy production is approximately 4 x 10^25 kpm/second. If 100% of the incoming material were converted into measurable energy (heat and light), the calculation yields an energy conversion of 2 x 10^16 kpm per ton of material, or 2 x 10^7 kpm per kilogram.

The speed of this incoming material is calculated using the formula for kinetic energy (W = 1/2 * m * v^2). The value derived is 2.10^7 m/s, or 72 million km/hour. This speed is noted as being significantly lower than what might be expected from free fall towards the sun. The article attributes this to the braking effect of solar radiation pressure, particularly on smaller particles, preventing them from reaching their theoretical free-fall acceleration.

Conclusion and Questioning Atomic Fission

The article concludes by questioning the established theory of atomic fission within the sun's core, implying it is merely a guess and likely a poor one. The author, Ivan Troeng, signs off with a series of dashes.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the questioning of established scientific dogma, particularly concerning solar energy. The editorial stance, as presented by Ivan Troeng, is critical of conventional scientific explanations, advocating for alternative theories like C.F. Krafft's, which are presented as more consistent with observable phenomena. The article champions a more empirical and less assumption-based approach to understanding the universe, suggesting that phenomena like 'fireflies' (micrometeorites) play a significant, underappreciated role in cosmic energy processes.