Serie A brev nr 17

Magazine Overview

Title: BREVCIRKELN
Issue: 17
Volume: A
Date: Undetermined, but context suggests around the 1970s.
Publisher: BREVCIRKELN
Country: Sweden
Language: Swedish

This issue of "Brevcirkeln" (Circular Letter) focuses on the persistent mystery of gravity, exploring various scientific theories and experimental observations. The main article, "Nytt om tyngdkraften" (News on Gravity), authored by Hans Lauritzen from Copenhagen, delves into the ongoing efforts to understand this fundamental force.

The Electromagnetic Wave Theory

The article begins by acknowledging that while science has illuminated many natural phenomena, gravity remains elusive. It presents the electromagnetic wave theory, which posits that gravity propagates at the speed of light. Albert Einstein linked gravity to the curvature of the universe. Some scientists hypothesize that gravity consists of electromagnetic waves with extremely high or low frequencies, though their existence and origin are debated. Key questions arise: where do these waves originate, what power source emits them, and what happens when they interact with matter? If gravity were electromagnetic waves, they would likely need to originate from outside the solar system, as waves originating from Earth would repel rather than attract objects. The immense penetrating power of gravity is also noted as a challenge for this theory.

Gravitons and Neutrinos

The theory of gravitons, hypothetical particles mediating gravity, is discussed, noting the lack of direct evidence for their existence. Similar to the electromagnetic wave theory, gravitons are thought to stream from space and exert pressure on matter. The neutrino theory offers a potential explanation because neutrinos are known to exist. They are produced during neutron decay. Neutrinos have no electric charge and no mass, and can penetrate immense amounts of matter. However, it's considered unlikely that neutrinos are the primary cause of gravity, as their unimpeded passage through matter suggests they would not significantly transfer energy to create gravitational effects. Nevertheless, some scientists are investigating a theory that the combination of two neutrinos might produce gravity. Experiments are being conducted to compare the intensity of cosmic neutrinos with fluctuations in gravity, Earth's magnetic field, and celestial body positions.

Universal Free Kinetic Energy

Another prevalent theory suggests that gravity is caused by a universal, non-particular energy or kinetic energy that streams through the universe at infinite speed in all directions. When this energy passes through matter, a portion is absorbed, imparting rotational and pulsational motion to the particles. An object near a celestial body receives more of this kinetic energy from the side facing away from the body, thus being pushed towards it. This theoretical kinetic energy's function is described as precisely matching that of gravitons and neutrinos. However, proving the existence of this free kinetic energy is challenging, as only its effects on matter can be observed.

Time and Gravity

The article touches upon Einstein's theory of time dilation, where time passes slower for moving objects, and stops at the speed of light. Satellite experiments have confirmed this, although with some complex results. While a satellite moving slower relative to a stationary point in the universe might be expected to register less time, sometimes it registers more. The experiments indicate that time passage is also dependent on the strength of the gravitational field: a stronger field means faster time. Time is thus influenced by two factors: a "kinetic" factor related to motion, and a "dynamic" factor related to gravitational field intensity.

Light and Gravity

It is well-known that light bends when passing near massive objects like the Sun. Since photons have no mass or electric charge, this bending is attributed to an asymmetry in the energy field that mediates light's propagation. Experiments with satellites have shown that the frequencies of electromagnetic waves vary slightly with the intensity of the gravitational field. Waves originating from a weaker field (like around a satellite) increase in frequency as they approach Earth, while waves from Earth's stronger field decrease in frequency as they travel towards the satellite. The Mössbauer effect, which refers to the gravitational redshift of gamma rays, is mentioned in this context.

The Universal Constant C

The constancy of the speed of light (c) is discussed. While often stated as constant, the article clarifies that it is the speed of light per unit of time that is constant. The passage of time itself varies depending on the kinetic and dynamic factors mentioned earlier. Therefore, from a static universal perspective, seconds are not of equal length everywhere. However, because the speed of light precisely follows the passage of time, the product of the speed of light and a second remains constant. The speed of light is slower in weaker gravitational fields and faster in stronger ones. A new formula, E = M x c² + G, is proposed to account for variations in gravity.

The Free Fall

The principle of free fall is explained: why a 1 kg lead weight falls at the same rate as a 3 kg lead weight. The falling speed is not relative to the mass of the falling object but is determined by the total mass of the object and the celestial body, in relation to the universal gravitational constant.

Mach's Principle and the Expanding Universe

Mach's principle suggests that gravity is determined by the total mass of the universe. This aligns with theories that gravity stems from energy emissions from celestial bodies, provided gravity does not propagate faster than the universe's expansion. The observed red shift of light from distant galaxies is questioned as solely a Doppler effect, with the possibility that it could be due to variations in gravitational intensity in those regions.

Experiment

A unique experiment is described where a magnet was cooled to near absolute zero (-273 degrees Celsius). At this extremely low temperature, a mere few volts of electric current generated magnetism as strong as that of a multi-ton magnet under normal conditions. The article speculates that such phenomena might already be in practical use, referencing Tesla coils and Dr. Marcel Page's instruments.

Summary

The article concludes by reiterating the significant finding that changes in gravitational intensity cause corresponding changes in the propagation speed of light, the passage of time, and the energy content of electromagnetic waves.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the ongoing scientific quest to understand gravity, presenting multiple competing and complementary theories. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, presenting various hypotheses (electromagnetic waves, gravitons, neutrinos, free kinetic energy) and experimental findings (time dilation, light bending, Mössbauer effect) without definitively endorsing one over the others. The article highlights the interconnectedness of gravity with fundamental concepts like time, light, and energy, and suggests that new experimental approaches, even those involving extreme conditions like superconductivity, may hold keys to unlocking gravity's secrets. The tone is informative and speculative, reflecting the state of research in the field.