inforespace hors serie - No 05 - 1981

Magazine Overview

Title: Inforespace
Issue: N° 5 hors série
Volume: 10th year
Date: December 1981
Publisher: SOBEPS (Société Belge d'Etude des Phénomènes Spatiaux)
Country: Belgium
Language: French
Cover Headline: OVNI: les dossiers du F.B.I. (UFO: The FBI Files)

This special issue of Inforespace, a quarterly review dedicated to ufology and spatial phenomena, delves into the historical involvement of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) with Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs).

The FBI's Official Involvement

The issue begins by addressing the question of the FBI's official mandate concerning UFO investigations. It confirms that the FBI had an official mandate from July 30 to October 1, 1947. However, the bureau's interest and involvement unofficially continued much longer, with some sources indicating activity until 1964 or even 1976. During the official period, under the direction of M. Hoover, FBI agents were primarily tasked with investigating the witnesses of UFO sightings.

Document Analysis and Categories

• The article details the acquisition of approximately 400 pages of FBI UFO files, considered to be the most significant portion. These documents are categorized as follows:
• 40% consist of minor reports and miscellaneous documents, some detailing known hoaxes.
• 40% are teletype dispatches and transcriptions of credible UFO sighting reports, some not previously published or examined by Project Blue Book.
• 20% comprise internal FBI notes and memos, revealing inter-agency activities and the U.S. Air Force's stance on UFOs.

Historical Context and Key Incidents

• The issue highlights the early days of modern ufology in 1947, emphasizing that understanding this period is crucial for current research. It references several key events and documents:
• The initial wave of "flying saucer" reports in July 1947, which prompted widespread media inquiries and FBI attention.
• A document from July 10, 1947, marking a significant early FBI record.
• A 1950 case in Alaska involving a visualized observation and radar contact, investigated by the Office of Naval Intelligence.
• The 1964 Socorro incident involving police officer Lonnie Zamora, which significantly boosted FBI interest.
• FBI documents referencing observations in Porto-Rico, Montana, and Savannah River, involving various state agencies.

FBI's Shifting Stance and Inter-Agency Relations

Initially, the FBI, under Hoover's direction, was tasked with investigating witnesses. However, after October 1947, the FBI was instructed to orient its investigations towards the Armed Forces, particularly the Air Force. While direct investigation of sightings decreased, the FBI continued to archive reports and verify claims at the request of other state agencies. Reports were often annotated as "for information."

The decision to reduce direct involvement is attributed to the belief that UFO phenomena might be linked to secret subversive actions aimed at creating public psychosis. This led the FBI to step back, while the Air Force continued its own meticulous research.

The Role of General Schulgen and Early Investigations

General Georges F. Schulgen of the Army Air Corps played a key role in initiating FBI involvement. He requested the FBI's cooperation in investigating UFO sightings to determine their legitimacy and origin. He indicated that the Air Force was examining the phenomena from both celestial and mechanical perspectives and sought the FBI's assistance in interviewing witnesses and accessing recovered objects.

Colonel L. R. Forney of Military Intelligence Division (MID) also suggested that the FBI should accept the request, especially since the phenomena were not attributed to the Navy or Army.

Internal FBI Deliberations

Internal FBI memos reveal debates about the necessity of pursuing UFO investigations. While some, like M. Tolson, advocated for engagement, others, like M. D. M. Ladd, initially recommended against opening new investigations due to the prevalence of hoaxes. However, Hoover insisted on full access to any recovered objects before committing.

Collaboration and Information Sharing

Despite the internal debates, the FBI agreed to cooperate with General Schulgen. The FBI was granted access to Air Force information, and in return, the Air Force would provide assistance to FBI agents. The FBI's interest was particularly piqued by the possibility of subversive elements using UFO sightings to create public fear.

The "Flying Saucer" Phenomenon Emerges

The issue traces the origin of the "flying saucer" term to July 1947, when FBI offices across the US began receiving inquiries from the press about these objects. Early reports often involved misidentified mundane objects or deliberate hoaxes.

Bruce Sargent Maccabee's Perspective

Physicist Bruce Sargent Maccabee, a contributor to the issue, expresses his conviction that UFOs represent something real and new. However, he acknowledges the current lack of sufficient information to identify the phenomenon's source. He urges the scientific community to recognize UFOs as a new phenomenon requiring serious study.

Subscription and Membership Information

The magazine also includes information on subscription renewals for 1982, detailing cotisation (membership) fees for ordinary members, students, and patrons in Belgium, France, and other countries. It also promotes the "SERVICE LIBRAIRIE DE LA SOBEPS" offering books on ufology, including "DES SOUCOUPES VOLANTES AUX OVNI" by Michel Bougard.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The editorial stance emphasizes a rational and objective approach to studying aerial phenomena, free from confessional, philosophical, or political biases. The magazine prioritizes information gathering and dissemination through its quarterly review and conferences. The editors acknowledge that the publication's schedule may be subject to delays due to its reliance on volunteer efforts. They encourage members to share information and actively participate in the organization's activities. The editorial also defends the focus on historical cases, arguing that understanding the early events of modern ufology is essential for addressing current impasses in the field. The upcoming special issue is announced to be dedicated to recent and unpublished Belgian UFO investigations.

This issue of "Inforespace" (Issue 58) delves into the early days of UFO investigations in the United States, focusing on the involvement of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Air Force (AAF) in 1947. The content is primarily in French, with some English terms and references.

FBI's Initial Involvement and Mandate

The article begins by outlining the directives given to FBI agents regarding UFO observations. The primary goal was to determine the veracity of sightings, distinguishing between genuine reports, misinterpretations, and hoaxes. Agents were instructed to consider various motives for false reports, such as seeking publicity or creating collective psychosis. The FBI was to immediately inform the Bureau via teletype of any observation and follow up with a detailed letter for serious cases. The AAF assured the FBI of its full cooperation.

The FBI-AAF Agreement and Its Shortcomings

An agreement was reached in July 1947 between the FBI and the AAF to investigate UFO reports. Initially, the arrangement appeared cordial and long-term. However, the FBI's official intervention lasted only two months. The article suggests that the FBI's reason for withdrawal was its focus on "recovered hardware" and suspected hoaxes, which were deemed "bogus cases."

Air Force's Interest and Internal Conflicts

Despite the FBI's withdrawal, the Air Force's intelligence services maintained a considerable interest in collecting UFO reports. They considered the possibility that these objects were "celestial phenomena" and even interviewed pilots who claimed to have seen flying discs. This contrasted with public statements made by the Air Force in July 1947, which downplayed the need for serious investigations. The article notes an internal "scandal" within the intelligence services that led to the FBI's decision to cease its official involvement.

Analysis of Early UFO Reports

The issue presents several early UFO reports, including:

• Two meteorologists in Virginia who observed a disk-like phenomenon near a weather balloon. They noted its metallic appearance and elliptical shape with a domed top.
• An observation from M... (name redacted) who saw a metallic gray disk multiple times, and a similar observation by Mademoiselle Baron, who described it as metallic gray and matte.
• An observation from April 1947 involving a weather balloon (No. 1100E) and a disk that followed it, described as chrome-like, elliptical with a domed top, and appearing larger than the instrument package.
• Two cases from Wisconsin on July 7, 1947, involving a disk that descended vertically, stopped, and moved horizontally. One witness was an Air Force captain.

These reports are highlighted as significant because they preceded the famous Kenneth Arnold sighting and were detailed accounts from trained observers.

The "Subversion" Angle

The FBI's primary objective was not to investigate UFOs per se, but to determine if there was a secret subversion attempt or the development of a secret weapon by a foreign power, particularly the Soviet Union. The article explores the possibility that a foreign nation might be using new aerial technology and attempting to discredit genuine sightings through manufactured hoaxes to conceal their activities.

FBI's Internal Memos and Decision to Withdraw

Several internal FBI documents are referenced, including a memo from Agent S.W. Reynolds to Lt. Col. Garrett of the Air Force Intelligence, suggesting that flying discs could be experimental Army or Navy craft. Col. Garrett agreed, adding that a scientist from the Air Force shared this view. The article also mentions discussions with Colonel L.R. Forney of the War Department, who stated that the Army and Navy were not experimenting with such craft. However, General Schulgen of the Army Air Force initially assured that no such experiments were underway.

Later, a letter from Colonel R.H. Smith to the AAF Commander suggested that the FBI should focus only on recovered disks, not those merely observed in flight, and referred to cases as "ash-can covers, toilet seats, and what-not." This phrasing, considered disrespectful by the FBI, contributed to the "internal scandal" and Hoover's decision to withdraw the FBI from UFO investigations.

Hoover's Directive and Continued FBI Interest

On October 1, 1947, the FBI issued a directive stating that all future reports on flying discs should be sent to the Air Force, and no further investigations would be conducted by FBI agents. Despite this official cessation, the article notes that the FBI continued to archive UFO-related information and interview Air Force officers for at least sixteen years afterward, indicating a continued, albeit unofficial, interest.

A Scientist's Hypothesis

An agent in New Haven, Connecticut, reported on a meeting with a scientist named M. X..., who worked at American Cyanamid Research Laboratories. M. X... proposed a theory that flying saucers were real, controlled by radio, and potentially carrying atomic or bacteriological bombs, capable of striking specific targets. He based this hypothesis on observations made in various cities worldwide, suggesting a potential orbital circuit around the Earth.

List of FBI-Registered Cases (up to October 1947)

The issue concludes with a table listing several UFO cases registered by the FBI up to October 1947, including:

• A German occupation forces member observing a flying object near the ground.
• A Royal Air Force Mosquito attempting to intercept a UFO.
• Meteorologists observing a disk multiple times.
• Three witnesses seeing a silver disk dive and disintegrate.
• Three railway workers observing a fast-moving silver disk.
• M. Brian Savage's report of a white disk observed for 15-20 seconds.
• M. Forest Wenyon's report of a "jar-shaped" UFO moving rapidly.
• M. Richard Rankin's report of numerous disks in formation.
• A round, silver UFO flying rapidly.
• Kenneth Arnold's famous sighting of 9 disks.
• A prospector, M. Johnson, reporting a UFO that affected his compass.
• Lt. Armstrong observing a UFO coming directly towards him.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the early, often secretive, investigations into UFO phenomena by U.S. government agencies, particularly the FBI and the Air Force. There's a clear emphasis on the tension between official public statements and private investigations, the potential for foreign subversion or advanced technology, and the challenge of distinguishing credible sightings from hoaxes. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, presenting documentary evidence and analysis to shed light on these historical events and the complexities of government involvement in UFO research. The article suggests that the official narrative often masked a deeper, more serious investigation, and that the FBI's withdrawal was influenced by inter-agency dynamics and a perceived lack of direct threat to national security in terms of subversion.

This document is a compilation of UFO (OVNI) sightings and related incidents, primarily from July and August 1947, with some references to earlier and later periods. It functions as a chronological log of observations, detailing dates, locations, times, and descriptions of the phenomena, as well as the witnesses involved. The content appears to be translated from English sources into French, with translator's and author's notes providing context and clarification.

Chronological Log of Sightings

July 1947:

• 28-06-47, Alabama: AAF members, including Maxwell Air Force Base intelligence officers, observed a UFO making zig-zags for 5 minutes.
• 29-06-47, White Sands, New Mexico: Technicians observed a UFO following a V-2 rocket test.
• 30-06-47, Grand Canyon: Lt. McGinty, piloting his aircraft, saw two round, grey UFOs descending vertically.
• 03-07-47, Maine: Astronomer M. Cole observed several UFOs rapidly crossing the sky.
• 04-07-47, Emmet, Idaho: An United Air Lines crew saw a UFO during their flight.
• 04-07-47, Oregon: Portland police and other witnesses saw three UFOs to the east and two to the south, moving very rapidly.
• 06-07-47, Alabama: Sergeant-Chef Livingston and other witnesses saw fast-moving lights; photos were taken.
• 06-07-47, Hollywood, California: Several UFOs were observed (no further details).
• 06-07-47, Kansas City: Commander A.B. Browning, aboard a B.52 at 10,000 feet, observed a silver disc in clear weather.
• 06-07-47, Fairfield, California: Captain Burniston of the AAF and his wife saw a UFO moving rapidly and oscillating.
• 07-07-47, Arlington, Virginia: An official from the Air Inspection Bureau saw a UFO from his home.
• 07-07-47, Phoenix, Arizona: A former employee of the Marine Artillery Laboratories photographed a UFO making circles in the sky.
• 07-07-47, Koehkonong, Wisconsin: An instructor and trainee saw a UFO descend towards the ground and then fly horizontally at 9,600 km/h.
• 07-07-47, East Troy, Wisconsin: An AAF captain and a passenger saw a UFO flying at 7,000 km/h.
• 08-07-47, Hamilton AFB, USA: Sergeant-Chef Baker and other witnesses saw three round UFOs oscillating, moving faster than a P.80.
• 08-07-47, Muroc (AFB), California: Numerous military personnel saw two UFOs followed by a third.
• 08-07-47, Norfolk, Virginia: M. B. Turrentine saw and photographed a rugby ball-shaped UFO spinning and rocking.
• 08-07-47, Mt. Baldy, California: Lt. A.E. Mormant, piloting a fighter at 20,000 feet, saw a flat, wingless UFO moving at 35,000 feet.
• 09-07-47, Grand Falls, Newfoundland: Police observed discs (no further details).
• 09-07-47, Boise, Idaho: Journalist M. Johnson saw a UFO after three days of aerial searches.
• 10-07-47, St Jean de Terre-Neuve: Witnesses saw round, luminous UFOs and reported them to the police.
• 10-07-47, Harmon Air Force Base, Newfoundland: Civilian navigators saw a UFO resembling a truck wheel at 10,000 feet, with a smoke trail.
• 11-07-47, Codroy, Newfoundland: Several people reported a glowing UFO moving rapidly with a trail.
• 12-07-47, Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska: Officers saw a UFO following the terrain contour.
• 20-07-47, near Newfoundland: Flashes of reddish light emitted by a UFO changing direction rapidly.
• 20-07-47, Frostburg, Maryland: A whitish circular object was seen above clouds, emitting a noise.
• 23-07-47, Harmon Air Force Base, Newfoundland: A bright reddish light moved rapidly at high altitude for 3 minutes.
• 29-07-47, Canyon Ferry: A brilliant disc moved rapidly, then hovered, and after shaking, appeared to dissolve in the air.
• 29-07-47, Hamilton Air Force Base, California: AAF officers saw two UFOs moving at high speed, faster than a P.80, described as milky white; the second made zig-zags.
• ?-07-47, Ft. Richardson, Alaska: Two officers reported seeing a round, bright UFO moving very rapidly under the clouds for 20 seconds.
• ?-08-47, near Los Angeles: A witness saw a UFO on the ground which took off, causing dizziness.
• 03-08-47, Hakensack, New Jersey: Witnesses saw a round, black UFO moving too fast to be a balloon.
• 04-08-47, near Boston: A commercial airliner captain and navigator saw an orange, bright, cylindrical UFO.
• 04-08-47, Bethel, Alaska: A military pilot and co-pilot saw a "flying wing" shaped UFO without engines or smoke.
• 06-08-47, Philadelphia: Numerous witnesses saw a "giant firecracker" shaped UFO moving at several hundred miles per hour.
• 06-08-47, Myrtle-Oreek, Oregon: An ex-naval pilot and a student pilot saw a grey aluminum, round UFO on two occasions, 10 minutes apart.
• 07-08-47, Ocean Lake, Oregon: A brilliant disc was reported.
• 13-08-47, Redmond, Washington: MM. Brummett and Decker reported two bright UFOs moving rapidly for 8 seconds.
• 13-08-47, near Twin Falls, Idaho: A county commissioner and ex-sheriff saw two discs moving rapidly with a rumbling noise.
• 13-08-47, Snake-River Canyon, Idaho: M. A.C. Curie and his sons saw a disc-shaped UFO in the canyon.
• 14-08-47, Placerville, California: A UFO was seen moving rapidly and then disappearing into a smoke cloud.
• 14-08-47, Guam: Soldiers saw a crescent-shaped UFO moving rapidly in zig-zags on two occasions within an hour.
• 19-08-47, Twin-Falls, Idaho: Police and civilians saw a group of UFOs moving at high speed over the city.
• 03-09-47, Oswego, Oregon: A woman and her two children saw "two dozen round, disc-shaped UFOs".
• 06-09-47, Shouns, Tennessee: Two witnesses saw a UFO in the shape of a rugby ball spinning in a clear sky.
• 08-09-47, Logan, Utah: Three UFO formations were seen by several witnesses, described as white-yellow, rapidly circling the city under thick clouds.
• 11-09-47, Portland, Oregon: Police and other witnesses saw a silver UFO circling the city rapidly.

Translator's and Author's Notes

The translator notes that the acronym OVNI (Objet Volant Non Identifié) covers various terms like "flying object," "unknown flying machine," "flying disc," "strange flying craft," etc. The author's note indicates that underlined dates signify FBI interrogations of witnesses. The author also mentions that other "good reports" obtained concern early 1948 and some gleanings from 1949.

Context and Comparison with Project Blue Book

The author states that many of the incidents listed are also found in the Project Blue Book list, available at the National Archives. However, several cases are specifically mentioned as *not* being in the Project Blue Book list, including incidents from Germany (1945), North Sea (1947), Virginia (1947), Washington State (1947), Colorado (1947), Oklahoma City (1947), Norfolk (Virginia, 1947), Mt. Baldy (California, 1947), St Jean de Terre-Neuve (1947), Myrtle Creek (Oregon, 1947), Ocean Lake (Oregon, 1947), Redmond (Washington, 1947), Guam (1947), Shouns (Tennessee, 1947), and Portland (Oregon, 1947). The author suggests these might be in the OSI section of microfilmed documents at the National Archives.

Most of the 59 cited cases were detailed enough and reported by credible witnesses to rule out trivial explanations. The author highlights the Muroc AFB case (July 8, 1947) where military personnel reported two formations of objects, one with two disc-shaped UFOs and another with a single round UFO. The Air Force investigation was brief and missed key details.

The author notes that only two incidents were recorded by the FBI in 1948, suggesting J. Edgar Hoover's efforts to distance the agency from UFO affairs were successful. However, the FBI still received information from the Air Force in 1949, some of which offered unusual insights into Air Force investigation capabilities.

Post-October 1947: "Unofficial" Missions

Following an order to halt all UFO investigations around October 1947, the FBI's involvement significantly decreased. Between October 1947 and September 1948, only four FBI documents are mentioned: a witness letter to a senator, and three internal FBI correspondences regarding cooperation with the Air Force on Flying Disc investigations. A directive from Air Defense Command (ADC) dated February 4, 1948, is mentioned, indicating that the ADC at Mitchel Air Force Base was unaware that the Bureau had not investigated for long.

In September 1948, the Air Material Command requested the FBI analyze soil samples from a depression caused by a "flying saucer." Microscopic analysis found nothing abnormal. No date or location for this incident is provided.

In late December 1948, the FBI received a teletype message about a "flying saucer" discovered near a small airfield in the Mojave Desert. Later investigation revealed it was merely an abandoned toy. This incident, however, suggested that despite orders, FBI agents were still investigating UFO cases.

Air Force Investigations and Project SIGN

While the FBI's activity waned, the Air Force maintained interest. General Nathan Twining was convinced something real was observed and recommended a special research group, leading to the creation of Project SIGN on December 30, 1947, based at Wright Field (now Wright Patterson AFB).

The Mantell case (January 7, 1948), where a pilot died pursuing a "saucer," gave new impetus to Project SIGN. The author refers to M. Jacobs' book "The Ufo Controversy in America" for further details on the Air Force's activities during this period.

Project SIGN's Findings and Shift in Hypothesis

Project SIGN investigators initially explored the possibility of Soviet origin for the flying discs but found no evidence. They later drafted an "Estimation of the Situation" report, which, according to the author, leaned towards the extraterrestrial hypothesis (H.E.T.). This report was sent directly to General Vandenburg, Chief of Staff of the AAF, but was returned for lack of proof. Subsequently, the focus shifted away from H.E.T. towards "something else." The investigators, and later those of Projects Grudge and Blue Book, began to favor explanations involving misinterpretations, hoaxes, and collective hallucinations, though the secret weapon hypothesis was not entirely dismissed.

Project SIGN concluded on December 16, 1948, and was renamed Project Grudge. This change was noted in an FBI memorandum dated March 22, 1949. The author suggests this is the first indication in the FBI files of a change in approach, coinciding with the Air Force's continued investigations.

The "Flying Flapjack" Project and Nuclear Propulsion Theories

The author discusses the possibility of advanced propulsion systems, referencing the U.S. Navy's "Flying Flapjack" project. Engineer M. E. theorized that UFOs might be propelled by nuclear energy, suggesting this as the most viable means to overcome the challenges of supersonic speeds. He noted that while such devices were theoretically possible, practical realization had been limited. M. E. also pointed out that current chemical fuels were insufficient for the reported performance of UFOs, suggesting atomic energy as the likely power source. A marginal note in the document suggests "Missile à énergie atomique" (Atomic energy missile).

M. E.'s Analysis and Soviet Threat Hypothesis

Engineer M. E. provided a detailed analysis to the FBI, emphasizing the need for discretion. He believed that the Air Force intelligence services were convinced these "missiles" were of human, not natural, origin. He indicated that significant information had been collected by Air Force Intelligence, particularly at Wright Field, and likely transmitted to Washington D.C. M. E. speculated that the Russians were experimenting with similar advanced technology, possibly guided missiles capable of long-distance travel and return, citing reports from CIA agents in Europe and Asia. He noted that the US had always focused on missiles reaching a target, not returning.

M. E. also mentioned that the Russians had acquired considerable knowledge of nuclear energy from Germany and possessed limited fissionable materials. He considered the possibility of the Russians developing such missiles as pure conjecture but highlighted their access to top scientists, including German experts captured during the war.

He further noted that reports indicated these "missiles" often flew from north to south and returned in the same direction, with no known crashes or disintegrations over the USA.

"Green Fireballs" and Soviet Missiles

In late 1948 and early 1949, "green fireballs" were observed over several US military bases. The author states he will later discuss FBI information on these observations. He notes that the appearance of these phenomena, previously unobserved, provided further justification for the Air Force to continue its UFO research. Unlike the "flying discs," the existence of these "green fireballs" was not contested.

A meteorologist, Dr. Lincoln Lapaz, who studied early reports of green fireballs and was a witness himself, declared that they were not meteorological in origin and their characteristics could be attributed to Russian missiles. This led the Air Force to consider the "green fireballs" and discs as potentially related to Soviet activities.

FBI's Shifting Stance and Continued Investigations

By early 1950, the FBI believed that the Air Force had ceased its research into flying discs, having concluded that most sightings were misinterpretations of conventional aircraft, balloons, or other phenomena. However, an OSI report in August 1950 indicated that the continued appearance of "green fireballs," discs, and meteors was causing concern. An OSI notification on October 9, 1950, stated that investigations did not indicate the sightings were related to spacecraft or missiles from any country or planet.

Despite official pronouncements, the OSI continued its investigations into flying disc reports after Project Grudge ended, even when the Air Force had no official special commission.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The document consistently highlights the military's deep interest in UFO phenomena, despite official denials or attempts to downplay sightings. It emphasizes the secrecy surrounding investigations and the classification of information. The author frequently contrasts official statements with the detailed reports from credible witnesses, suggesting a deliberate effort to obscure the truth or manage public perception. The recurring theme is the persistent observation of unexplained aerial phenomena and the ongoing, albeit often covert, efforts by military and intelligence agencies to understand them, with a notable shift from considering Soviet technology to exploring other possibilities, including extraterrestrial origins, though often framed within the context of misinterpretation or natural phenomena by official channels.

This document, likely an issue of a magazine focused on UFOs and unexplained phenomena, delves into the early investigations and official stances of the U.S. Air Force and the FBI regarding unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP) during the late 1940s and early 1950s. The content is primarily based on declassified FBI documents and reports, offering a detailed look at the evolving understanding and handling of UFO sightings.

Air Force's Evolving Stance on UFOs

The text highlights how the Air Force's perspective on UFOs shifted over time. Initially, in the late 1940s, there was a sentiment among intelligence teams that flying saucers might represent a new, real phenomenon, even considering extraterrestrial hypotheses. However, this view was reportedly met with disapproval from higher authorities, such as General Vandenburg. Subsequently, the focus seemed to shift towards explaining away sightings, with a potential intentional replacement of early investigators with those tasked with 'debunking' the phenomena.

By late 1948, the idea of UFOs being a real phenomenon was losing favor among investigators, and investigations became more casual. However, the emergence of 'green fireballs' in late 1948, observed in strategically important areas of the southwestern United States, forced a renewed focus on these unexplained aerial events. This led to the creation of specific sub-committees like Project GRUDGE and Project TWINKLE.

FBI's Role and Policy

The FBI's involvement is presented as primarily observational and data-gathering, rather than investigative. Following a 1947 directive, the FBI was instructed to forward all UFO-related reports to the Air Force and not to conduct their own inquiries. Despite this, FBI agents were to record information from voluntary witnesses, using a standardized questionnaire that covered details of the sighting, the object, and the observer. This policy was reiterated in a 1949 memorandum from SAC (Special Agent in Charge) to the FBI headquarters, emphasizing the importance of collecting information for the Air Force's needs, even if the FBI itself was not actively investigating.

Key Cases and Reports

The document details several significant cases and reports:

• The 1952 'Wave': The year 1952 was noted for a significant increase in UFO reports, with the Air Force receiving 1501 sightings. A Project Blue Book press release indicated that about 20% of these observations could not be explained by familiar phenomena.
• The Delbert Newhouse Film: In October 1952, a film by Delbert Newhouse reportedly had a profound impact on Air Force intelligence, who, after dismissing conventional explanations, admitted to having no hypothesis for the observation.
• Green Fireballs: Beginning in December 1948, 'green fireballs' were sighted in the southwestern US. Investigations into these phenomena were initiated, with early reports suggesting they might be related to secret US experiments.
• The Chiles-Whitted Sighting (July 24, 1948): A pilot and co-pilot of an Eastern Airlines DC-3 reported seeing an unconventional, rocket-like object with windows, moving at an estimated speed of 2,700 mph. The object was described as having no wings and a general shape similar to contemporary science fiction designs.
• Los Alamos Sightings (December 1948): Numerous unexplained aerial phenomena were reported near the Atomic Energy Commission facilities at Los Alamos, New Mexico. These included daytime and nighttime sightings, with descriptions ranging from bright green lights to objects resembling traffic lights or neon signs.
• Kodiak, Alaska Sightings (January 1950): A Navy report detailed multiple UFO observations near Kodiak, Alaska, including a case involving both visual and radar detection. The objects were described as fast-moving, green, and fireball-like, with some exhibiting characteristics of experimental aircraft.
• Merced, California Sighting (April 4, 1949): A witness reported hearing a distinct 'clicking' sound followed by the visual sighting of a solid, round object estimated to be 4-5 feet in diameter, moving slowly and then making a sharp turn. The object was described as having a curved, rounded shape and a matte, slightly colored surface reflecting ground lights.

Official Opinions and Theories

Throughout the period, official opinions varied. Some reports suggested that UFOs could be extraterrestrial spacecraft. Others leaned towards explanations involving secret US experiments or advanced technology, possibly of Soviet origin. The prevailing official stance, particularly after the Robertson Panel in 1953, was to downplay the significance of unidentified reports, often citing lack of intelligence or insufficient data, while maintaining a generally negative public posture towards UFO claims.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around government secrecy, the difficulty of obtaining official information, the evolution of official explanations for UAP sightings, and the persistent efforts of researchers to document and analyze these events. The editorial stance appears to be one of presenting documented evidence and official communications, allowing the reader to draw their own conclusions about the nature of the phenomena and the motivations behind the official responses. The detailed citation of reports and documents suggests a commitment to factual reporting within the context of UAP research.

This issue, titled "Apparitions continues de phénomènes inexpliqués" (Continuous Appearances of Unexplained Phenomena), published by SOBEPS in October 1950, delves into the ongoing reports and investigations surrounding Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) and other unexplained aerial phenomena. It highlights the U.S. Air Force's evolving stance, its research projects, and the persistent nature of these sightings despite official attempts to explain them away.

Detailed Analysis of Articles and Reports

Alaskan Sightings (January 1950)

The issue begins by detailing several sightings from January 1950. On January 22nd, a pilot, Lt Smith, encountered an object described as two orange lights rotating at extremely high speeds, maneuvering in a way that made interception impossible. The object eventually disappeared to the southeast.

On January 23rd, Lieutenants Causer and Barco, along with Captain Paulson, observed an unidentified aerial object near Kodiak. This object appeared to be ascending, moving westward, and was tracked visually for about ten minutes. It was described as a pulsating yellow-orange flame-like projectile, with pulsations occurring regularly every 3 to 5 seconds, later slowing to 7 to 8 seconds. Radar contact was not established, and the object's speed was estimated to be around 196 miles per hour.

Meteorological Balloons vs. UFOs

A check with the Navy's Meteorology Center in Kodiak revealed that weather balloons had been launched around the times of the observations (January 22nd and 23rd). However, the article notes that no meteorological balloons were launched at the exact times of the sightings, casting doubt on this explanation. Furthermore, wind data from January 23rd indicated winds at altitude were blowing from the northwest and west-southwest, while the object was reported to be moving on an ascending trajectory towards the west, seemingly against the wind. The commentary section explicitly dismisses the balloon explanation, suggesting that if they were not balloons, these objects must be considered phenomena within the category of meteorites, with their exact nature undetermined.

Official Reports and Opinions

The article references a report on the Alaska observations that was received by the FBI. It also mentions an analysis from the Navy, which, along with other independent groups, did not provide further clarification. The opinion of research group OP322F2 suggested that radar interference might be external to the aircraft, rather than internal. Group OP322V2C posited that the incidents might relate to jet aircraft, but lacked sufficient information for definitive identification. They also noted similar reports involving radar interference and suggested it could be from other radars in the sector.

Air Force's Shifting Stance and Investigations

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to the U.S. Air Force's evolving position on UFOs. A memorandum from March 29, 1950, addressed to Mr. Hoover, indicates that the Air Force had stopped its research projects into UFOs at the end of the previous year. This decision was publicly announced in December 1949, with the Air Force stating that after two years of investigation into 3/4 of the incidents, it was demonstrated that they were merely misinterpretations of known aerial objects like weather balloons and aircraft.

The article highlights the Air Force's efforts to downplay the significance of UFO reports. It suggests a deliberate strategy of attracting attention to the possibility of misinterpretations while emphasizing the Air Force's lack of interest in further research, implying it was unnecessary and inopportune.

Project Blue Book and its Predecessors

The issue mentions Project SIGN, which concluded that while a percentage of observations could be explained, a sufficient number remained unexplained to warrant further investigation. This project was replaced by Project GRUDGE, which included Dr. A.J. Hynek. GRUDGE reportedly concluded that most reports could be explained, but some were too bizarre to be astronomically explained. The project was allegedly "killed" or "stifled" and its "death" announced in December 1949.

In March 1950, the Air Force informed the FBI that the project for studying flying saucers had concluded because two years of investigation into 34 incidents proved they were only misinterpretations. However, the article points out that the Air Force's own Project Blue Book files contained evidence that tended to highlight the real existence of these phenomena.

New Mexico Sightings and Dr. Lapaz's Analysis

The issue details investigations in New Mexico, particularly concerning "green fireballs" and "discs." The Air Force contracted with Land-Air Incorporated to study these phenomena. Dr. Lincoln Lapaz, a specialist in meteorites from the University of New Mexico, analyzed these observations. He concluded that while half of the phenomena were likely meteoric, the others, described as green fireballs or discs moving at high speeds, might be experimental U.S. guided missiles. He also noted that these phenomena were observed near strategic installations.

Dr. Lapaz presented a detailed analysis of green fireballs, arguing they did not fit the category of natural meteors due to their apparently horizontal trajectories, low altitudes, slower speeds, lack of associated noise, constant brilliance, and tendency to move from the north. He also noted the unusual green color, suggesting it might be related to copper salts. The duration of these observations was also significantly longer than typical meteoric phenomena.

Dr. Lapaz's arguments, presented in a letter to Lt/Colonel Doyle Rees, suggested that the green fireballs might be related to intense meteor activity. He also noted an interesting correlation: a decrease in green fireball sightings coincided with an increase in "flying saucer" observations. He speculated that the green fireballs might be Soviet missiles launched from the Ural region, taking advantage of morning hours before cloud cover obscured them.

Air Force's Continued Interest and Secrecy

Despite public statements suggesting a lack of interest, internal documents reveal the Air Force's continued preoccupation with UFOs. A memorandum from October 9, 1950, to the FBI, discusses the "Project Twinkle" and the ongoing investigations. It notes that the Air Force had not yet provided updates on this project. The memo also states that the Air Force had no current projects resembling "flying saucers" and was primarily experimenting with high-altitude rockets and jets. However, it acknowledged that these experiments might lead to reports of alleged flying saucers and that any significant information would be forwarded to the Bureau.

Another memorandum from October 16, 1950, reiterates that the Air Force was not working on "flying saucer" type aircraft. It also mentions that the Air Force's program for investigating UFOs and flying saucers had been reassigned to Wright Field. The issue implies a degree of internal division within the Air Force, with some departments attempting to persuade the public that UFOs did not exist, while others, like the OSI, continued to investigate.

Public Perception and Media Influence

The article touches upon the public's perception of UFOs, mentioning theories about spaceships, Soviet missiles, and new American weapons. It also notes the role of the press and public figures like Captain Eddie Richenbacker, whose statements about new weapons were potentially used by the Air Force to counter sensationalist reporting and the idea of "flying saucers."

Statistical Data and Trends

The issue presents some statistics, indicating that the number of reports decreased from March to May 1950, with a total of 306 reports for 1950 compared to 395 in 1949. However, it also highlights that the decrease in green fireball sightings was accompanied by an increase in disc sightings, suggesting that UFOs were not disappearing despite debunking attempts.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the persistent nature of unexplained aerial phenomena, the U.S. Air Force's complex and often contradictory response (simultaneously investigating and denying the significance of UFOs), the role of expert analysis, and the public's fascination with the unknown. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, presenting evidence that suggests the Air Force's official explanations may not fully account for all observed phenomena, and implying a degree of secrecy or obfuscation surrounding the topic.

This issue of 'UFO' (issue 49) delves into the detailed involvement of the FBI in UFO investigations during the year 1950. It meticulously chronicles various sightings, radar detections, and official responses, shedding light on the evolving attitudes of governmental agencies, particularly the US Air Force, towards the phenomenon. The content is primarily based on documents and reports from the period, offering a historical perspective on early UFO research.

The Shifting Stance of the Air Force

The magazine highlights the dichotomy between the Air Force's public statements and its private actions regarding UFOs. While publicly downplaying interest, the OSI (Office of Special Investigations) was actively requesting information from other government agencies about these 'unconventional aerial devices.' This internal division is noted as a potential weakness. The article points out that the Air Force's public attitude, following negative conclusions from Projects SIGN and GRUDGE, gave the impression that the 'brass' did not take the matter seriously, leading lower echelons to believe that UFO reports were best 'explained away.'

However, the persistent influx of credible UFO reports, particularly those from the Southwest concerning green fireballs and disks, along with reports from serious witnesses, forced the Air Force intelligence officers to reconsider their stance. This led to the re-establishment of a special investigation commission for flying saucers at Wright Field around October 1950. General Cabell, head of Air Force Intelligence, had also expressed the need for information on these 'unconventional aerial devices' in September.

By January 1951, when Captain Ruppelt arrived at ATIC (Air Technical Intelligence Center), a UFO investigation commission was in place, albeit with limited staff. The general attitude towards UFO reports was characterized by amused tolerance rather than scientific interest, attributed to a perceived 'allergy' to the subject by those in power.

Key UFO Incidents and FBI Reports in 1950

The issue meticulously documents several significant UFO incidents from 1950:

• June 1950, Washington D.C.: An object resembling an inclined cigar was sighted moving slowly over the capital.
• June 29, 1950, Phoenix, Arizona: Multiple witnesses, including FBI agents, observed a high-altitude object that was detected by radar and a passing aircraft. The object was estimated to be moving at 290 miles per hour.
• July 1, 1950, Chicago, Illinois: A cigar-shaped object was seen moving rapidly from northwest to southeast, leaving a blue trail. The witness stated it was not a shooting star or meteor.
• July 4, 1950, Chicago, Illinois: A meteorologist reported a large, bright silver object moving at high speed (estimated 700-800 miles per hour), described as not being an airplane or a firework.
• July 18, 1950, Toronto, Ontario: A farmer and his foreman witnessed a luminous object making circles and approaching their farm before disappearing.
• September 1950, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Two police officers observed an object descending slowly, resembling a parachute. It disintegrated, leaving a slight odor.
• October 12, 1950, Knoxville, Tennessee: Radar detected at least eleven objects moving at high altitudes (1,000 to 5,000 feet) near Oak Ridge, an area with atomic energy research facilities. The objects were moving at an apparent speed of 120-125 miles per hour.
• October 20, 1950, New Haven, Connecticut: A man, his wife, and daughter observed a persistent, bright orange-gold sphere-shaped object with uniform luminosity.
• December 1950, Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Radar contacts of unknown objects were made over Oak Ridge for approximately three hours. Interceptors were dispatched but found nothing.

These incidents, along with others, were documented in FBI reports, some of which are referenced with specific document dates.

Investigations and Analysis

The magazine details the process of investigation, including the use of radar and visual observations. It mentions the involvement of various agencies like the Air Force, OSI, and FBI, and the challenges in obtaining information. The article notes that the FBI's involvement in UFO affairs for 1950 concluded with these documented cases. The growing interest from the Air Force in 1950, despite attempts to downplay testimonies, is highlighted as a crucial factor that eventually led to the restart of Project Grudge in late 1951 under Captain Ruppelt.

The FBI's files provided fundamental insights into the reasons behind the Air Force's increasing interest in unidentified flying objects and the activities associated with them.

Book Reviews and Related Content

The latter part of the issue includes a section dedicated to book reviews related to UFOs and ufology. It lists numerous French-language books covering various aspects of the phenomenon, from historical accounts and specific cases like Adamski's to scientific analyses and theories about extraterrestrial origins. Titles include "La Chronique des OVNI," "Mystérieux Objets Célestes," "Le Nouveau Défi des OVNI," "OVNI, L'Armée Parle," "Mystérieuses Soucoupes Volantes," "Le Nœud Gordien ou La Fantastique Histoire des OVNI," "Et Si Les OVNI N'Existaient Pas?," "Les Soucoupes Volantes Viennent D'un Autre Monde et Black-Out Sur Les Soucoupes Volantes," "Soucoupes Volantes, 20 Ans D'Enquêtes," "Face Aux Extraterrestres," "Des Signes Dans Le Ciel," "Chronique Des Apparitions Extraterrestres," "Le Collège Invisible," "Les Objets Volants Non Identifiés: Mythe Ou Réalité?," "Aux Limites De La Réalité," "Les OVNI En U.R.S.S. Et Dans Les Pays De L'Est," "Alerte Générale OVNI," and "Le Livre Des Damnés." Prices in French Francs (FB) are provided for each book.

Additionally, there are advertisements for 'Kadath,' a review on civilizations and enigmas, and for optical instruments sold by Pierre Slotte in Brussels. A guide for investigators, offering nearly 200 questions for witnesses and techniques for analyzing UFO cases, is also promoted.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around government secrecy, the challenges of UFO investigation, the credibility of witnesses, and the evolving official response to the phenomenon. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious inquiry, presenting documented evidence and analysis, while acknowledging the complexities and the often-skeptical environment in which UFO research was conducted during the Cold War era. The detailed reporting on FBI and Air Force activities suggests a focus on official records and the bureaucratic aspects of UFO investigations.