Flying Snake - No 10

Magazine Overview

Title: Flying Snake
Subtitle: A Journal of Cryptozoology, Folklore and Forteana
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 10
Date: March 2016
Price: £3.99

This issue of Flying Snake delves into a variety of intriguing subjects within the realms of cryptozoology, folklore, and forteana. The cover features a striking image of what is described as an unlikely mating between an Ailanthus silkmoth and a Great memnon butterfly, with thanks to Carl P. Marshall.

Contents Overview

The magazine includes a diverse range of articles and features:

• Dr Devo's Diary: A personal reflection, marking the 10th birthday of Flying Snake and the 50th birthday of Richard. Devo expresses surprise at the magazine's longevity and thanks contributors, mentioning past material and potential future topics, including a humorous reference to Donald Trump's election.
• Befuddled Butterflies by Carl P. Marshall: This article explores unusual butterfly couplings, including inter-familial pairings and hybrid speciation, referencing specific species like *Samia cynthia*, *Papilio memnon*, *Consul fabius*, and *Dryas julia*. It highlights the work of researchers and the Stratford Upon Avon Butterfly Farm's interest in such phenomena.
• Mystery Reptiles of the World: This section begins a series of articles drawing from newspaper archives, focusing on neglected cryptid lizard and snake stories, including unknown or rare flying lizards. The first part details a curious spot in Oregon, USA, known as "Linkville" or "Klamath Falls," where thousands of snakes reportedly congregate. These snakes are described as forming dark, boulder-like spheres that disperse when disturbed, with a report from the Emporia Gazette dated February 21st, 1899.
• A sign from Heaven or a fearfull and Terrible Noise... by Anon: A brief entry on page 16.
• Some Curious Folklore by Richard Muirhead: Pages 17-19.
• Kasai Rex and Sanderson's Sauropod - a Couple of Very Dubious 'Living Dinosaurs' by Karl Shuker: Pages 20-24.
• Drac - The Monster of Lake Banyoles Part One by Javier Resines: Pages 25-30.
• Mermaids in the Dutch Tradition Part One by Loes Modderman: Pages 31-37.
• A Most true and strange report of a Monstrous fish Carmarthen 1604: Page 38.
• Unexpected Ursidae: A Selection of Crypto Bears, hybrids and Behaviours by Carl P. Marshall: Pages 39-46.
• Wolf in Essex by Bob Skinner: Pages 47-53.
• Notes and Queries: Pages 54-65.
• Letters or E-mails: Pages 66-69.

Specific Reports and Features

• African Sea Serpent: A report from the Washington Bee (July 8th, 1905) details missionaries connected with the Livingstonian mission on Lake Nyassa, Central Africa, vouching for an attack on a boat by a sea serpent described as thick as a man's leg.
• Arizona Girl Bitten by Lizard (sic): An account from Tombstone Epitaph (August 4th, 1907) describes a peculiar-looking reptile, larger than an ordinary lizard with broad yellow markings, biting a child. The wound was cauterised, and tetanus was narrowly averted. Physicians advised treatment in Chicago.
• Buffalo Snake of Minnesota: This article, sent by Facebook friend Greg Brick, describes a cryptid known to the Naudowessee Indians as the "Tautongo Omlischo" or "Buffalo/Buffeloe Snake." It is characterized by a black head and tail, a buffalo-like round body, four feet with bear-like claws, and fins down its back. The report includes a reference to Journals of John Carver (pp 98-99) and a drawing.

About Flying Snake and Payment

Flying Snake is available from Richard Muirhead in Macclesfield, UK. Contact details, including a website and email address, are provided. Mike Hardcastle serves as Sub-Editor, with Ron Israel and Carl P. Marshall as correspondents. The magazine encourages reproduction of articles but notes that authors' opinions may not reflect the publisher's. Payment for subscriptions (£12 per annum) and back issues can be made via PayPal or by check/postal order within the UK. The publisher also mentions paying £3 for submissions from issue 11 onwards.

The cover description explicitly states it shows "unlikely mating between an Ailanthus silkmoth (above) and a Great memnon (below.)".

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are cryptozoology, folklore, and forteana, with a focus on unusual animal sightings, historical accounts, and unexplained phenomena. The editorial stance, as expressed in "Dr Devo's Diary," is one of appreciation for longevity and contribution, with a slightly irreverent and humorous tone. The magazine appears to be a platform for enthusiasts and researchers to share findings from archives, personal experiences, and anecdotal evidence, encouraging reader participation through letters and queries.

This issue of 'Flying Snake' (Volume 1, Issue 17) compiles a series of intriguing and often unverified reports spanning various dates and locations, focusing on cryptozoological accounts, historical anomalies, and curious folklore. The content draws from a range of publications, including the Philadelphia Inquirer, South China Morning Post, The Hong Kong Naturalist, The North-Western Courier, The Evening Star, and the Macclesfield Courier, among others.

A Feathered Snake

An article from the Philadelphia Inquirer dated October 28th, 1895, reports on a 'Feathered Snake' discovered near Wisteria, Wisconsin. William Andy, an enthusiast of ophidians, is credited with securing a specimen approximately three and a half feet long. This reptile is described as having a broad, blunt head, with its body covered in brilliant green feathers, except for the belly, which has pinkish, undeveloped scales. A ruff of crimson feathers encircles the neck, capable of becoming erect when the reptile is angered. Mr. Andy stated that the snake is venomous and intended to send it to the Smithsonian Institute.

A Flying Snake in India

From the South China Morning Post, July 21st, 1923, comes a report from a Secunderabad correspondent about a 'flying snake' that allegedly attacked villagers near Golconda. The incident is described as blinding one man and biting others viciously. The patients were reportedly treated by Hakeem Syed Kasim at the Hyderabad Pasteur Hall. The description of the reptile suggests it is a few inches in length and attacks by arching its body and expanding it suddenly, with a range of 'fire' described as a furlong. The informant promised to show one of these 'flying serpents' in the flesh.

The Hong Kong Monitor Lizard

This section, referencing Jon Downes's blog on Cryptozoology Online (April 19th, 2009) and an article from The Hong Kong Naturalist (Vol 1, No 2, May 1930), details the discovery and examination of a large monitor lizard in Hong Kong. The author recounts his own childhood sightings and later research, which led him to believe he had seen a species distinct from the common water monitor. The captured specimen, found on Lugard Road on January 21st, 1930, was described as resembling a 'miniature crocodile' by a lady who first saw it. It was examined by Dr. Geoffrey Herklots. The lizard measured 22 feet 10 inches in length, with a 6-inch head and a 1-foot 6.5-inch tail. Its breadth at the neck was 2.5 inches, 6 inches at the middle of the body, and 2.5 inches in front of the hind limbs. Its depth at the base of the tail was 2 inches. The color was brown-grey or deep olive with yellow spots above, and dirty yellow below, with no distinctive neck bands. Its eyes opened and closed independently, with lower lids moving upwards, and the iris was marbled pale Vandyke brown. Herklots noted it was initially identified as Varanus bengalensis (not found in China) or an African species, Varanus albiguaris, but surviving photographs suggested otherwise. The originals of these photographs and the preserved body were lost during the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong in World War II. The author is convinced that the lizard he saw and the one photographed by Herklots were the same species, but its identity remains a mystery.

Freak Snake and Australian Monster

A report from The North-Western Courier, New South Wales, October 11th, 1937, details a 'Freak Snake' brought to the 'Daily Examiner' office in Grafton by Mr. Amos Chandler of Bellingen. This snake, about two feet long, was brownish-red and equipped with what appeared to be wings about an inch long, fixed halfway down its body. Mr. Chandler intended to send the specimen to the Sydney Museum for determination. Another report, from 'Cabinet of Curiosities 1824 p. 176', describes an 'Australian Monster' sighted near Liverpool, New South Wales. Two men made affidavits claiming to have seen a tremendous snake, forty-five feet in length and three times the circumference of a human body. One witness threw a stick at it, and the snake reared its body five feet off the ground. A third person offered to corroborate the depositions. A search party found tracks bearing the impression of immense scales and a mark in the earth fourteen inches long, suggesting a crocodile-like jaw.

Strange New Lizard at Zoo

'The Evening Star', Washington, November 10th, 1925, reports on a 'Strange New Lizard' that arrived at the National Zoological Park, recalling 'World's Early Days'. This creature, outside known classifications, has plates on its back like a crocodile and appears to love water, but is thought to live in trees in Central America. Dr. William M. Mann, superintendent of the park, purchased it from a Philadelphia animal dealer. Experts at the Smithsonian Institution could not classify it. Superficially, it resembles an Iguana, but its back is plated. The lizard is about two and a half feet long, with more than half its length being its narrow tail. Its color is speckled bronze, green, and yellow. Dr. Mann believes it lives both in water and trees. The zoo also received a giant Japanese salamander, the largest living amphibian. Dr. Mann planned to consult other experts to identify the lizard, suggesting it might be a rare species whose classification has been lost.

A Signe from Heaven, or a Fearfull and Terrible Noise

This historical account, dated August 12th, London, 1642, and printed by T. Fawcet, describes an event on August 4th, 1642, at 5 p.m. in Alborow, Suffolke. A loud noise, described as the beating of drums, discharging of muskets, and great ordnance, was heard for over an hour. Following this, a stone weighing about four pounds fell from the sky. The stone, described as strange in form and miraculous in its manner of falling, was found by Captaine Johnson and Master Thompson. It grazed along the heath for some 6 or 7 yards before coming to rest. The stone measured 8 inches long, 5 inches broad, and 2 inches thick.

Some Curious Folklore: Ghostly Bell Ringer

This piece, appearing in the Macclesfield Courier on January 15th, 1953, details a mystery at Pott Shrigley Church in Cheshire. On a Saturday morning, villagers were roused by the ringing of one of the church bells at 6 a.m. The bell rang for a full 25 minutes before ceasing. Investigations revealed the church was locked, and no one could have entered. The sexton, Mr. W.H. Bennett, confirmed he had not rung the bell. The explanation offered was that the clock's mechanism for ringing the hour bell had slipped, causing it to ring for an extended period. An email from Kath Matheson in January 2016 discusses the plausibility of this explanation and notes that the tower captain's widow could not recall the incident.

Tribe in Which Husbands Are Slaves

This short section describes a tribe discovered in Mongolia by Russian scientist M. Kasloff, where women practice polygamy and the harem consists of men who are slaves to the women. M. Kasloff also recounted braving 'demons' of Mongolian superstition by swimming across a sacred lake in the Gobi desert.

Marmite and Hair Growth

An article from the Daily Mail, March 27th, 1995, addresses a myth about Marmite promoting hair growth. Researcher Jonathan Langley discovered this practice, which is apparently favored in the North of England. Converts claim that liberal and regular application of Marmite to balding heads overnight results in 'appreciable and sometimes spectacular regrowth,' attributing this to Marmite's rich mixture of essential B-vitamins and thiamin. However, the article suggests this is a dubious urban myth, with Mr. Trueman, a former spokesman, dismissing it as 'balderdash.' It notes that over 18 million jars of Marmite are bought annually in Britain.

Kasai Rex and Sanderson's Sauropod - A Couple of Very Dubious 'Living Dinosaurs'

Emailed by Dr. Karl Shuker to the Editor of Flying Snake on January 2nd, 2016, this article discusses alleged 'living dinosaurs' reported from Africa. It mentions cryptids like the mokele-mbembe, mbielu-mbielu-mbielu, and emela-ntouka. The article then focuses on two more dubious reports. The first is the 'Kasai Rex' encountered by J.C. Johanson in the Kasai Valley in 1932, described as a monster about 16 yards long. The second is a photograph published in the Rhodesia Herald, which Dr. Bernard Heuvelmans identified as a crude fake, likely a Komodo dragon monitor lizard pasted onto another image.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the unexplained, the unusual, and the potentially mythical. There is a strong focus on cryptozoology, with reports of creatures that defy conventional classification, such as feathered snakes, flying serpents, and large, unknown lizards. Historical accounts of strange phenomena, like the falling stone and the ghostly bell ringing, are presented alongside modern-day myths and alleged sightings of cryptids. The editorial stance appears to be one of presenting these curious reports for the reader's consideration, often with an implicit or explicit acknowledgment of their dubious nature, as seen in the 'Kasai Rex' and 'Australian Monster' sections. The inclusion of the Marmite hair growth myth and the 'Tribe in Which Husbands Are Slaves' adds a further layer of unusual and folkloric content.

This issue of Flying Snake magazine, identified by its cover headline 'Kasai Rex' and issue number 21, delves into various cryptozoological mysteries and legends. The content spans alleged encounters with prehistoric creatures, lake monsters, and the critical examination of evidence, including photographic hoaxes.

The 'Kasai Rex' Hoax

The article begins by addressing the 'Kasai rex', a supposed reptilian monster encountered by someone named Johanson. While Johanson himself reportedly described it as a huge lizard, a comment accompanying his letter referred to it as a unique specimen from a dinosaur family. The text explicitly labels this as a hoax, particularly in light of a fake photo. Online sources claim Johanson later described the monster as reddish with blackish stripes, having a long snout, numerous teeth, and being 'built for speed,' deciding it was a Tyrannosaurus. However, the article notes the lack of original sources for these claims and their absence in Heuvelmans' coverage. A clearer, more professional-looking photograph of the 'Kasai rex' surfaced online in 2007, depicting a theropod dinosaur on a rhinoceros. This image is attributed to a photo-manipulator named Finbar, who admitted to creating a composite picture using an Allosaurus model superimposed on a rhino photo, without intent to deceive.

Ivan T. Sanderson and African Cryptids

The magazine then shifts focus to Ivan T. Sanderson, an American zoologist and cryptozoologist active in the 1950s and 1960s. He is described as being famous for documenting his travels and for his tendency to exaggerate and entertain unsubstantiated speculations. Sanderson claimed to have sighted numerous cryptids, including a giant Cameroon bat, a pink salamander, an invisible catfish, a bioluminescent lizard, miniature wild horses, and a living dinosaur in tropical Africa. Roy P. Mackal, a fellow cryptozoologist, commented that Sanderson, while initially brilliant, became more sensational and exploitative in his writings. Sanderson died in 1973, with speculation that a brain tumor may have contributed to his later sensationalism.

Sanderson's alleged sighting of a living sauropod purportedly occurred in 1932 during the Percy Sladen Expedition to Cameroon. Mackal's account describes Sanderson and naturalist Gerald Russell encountering a loud disturbance near caves by the Mainyu River. They saw the back of something larger than a hippopotamus emerge briefly. Upstream, they found large, hippo-like tracks. Sanderson was told that hippos were absent because of a creature called 'embulu-em'bembe'. He believed the tracks were not from a crocodile and that the emerging shape was the creature's head. However, the author notes that sauropods typically have small heads and long necks, and the term 'Mokele-mbembe' can be used generically for unidentified animals. The author suggests it was more likely the creature's back, not its head, that surfaced, given the described size.

The article concludes this section by suggesting that despite the 'Kasai rex' and Sanderson's sauropod claims, major zoological discoveries may still await in regions like the Congo's Likouala swamplands.

Drac - The Monster of Lake Banyoles

The second major section introduces 'Drac', the monster of Lake Banyoles in Spain, as detailed by Javier Resines. The author expresses envy for countries like the US, Canada, and the UK, which have numerous lake monsters, citing Nessie as a prime example. Spain is also highlighted as having its own lake monsters, with 'Drac' being the most famous.

Lake Banyoles is located in Gerona, Catalonia. The article notes the lake's depth, reaching up to 150 meters, and the prohibition of scuba diving. The area has been inhabited for over 50,000 years. A legend from the Middle Ages attributes the lake's creation to a farmer named Morgat or Murgat, who, while digging, caused the land to flood and drown him.

Geologically, Lake Banyoles is believed to have formed 80,000 to 250,000 years ago due to tectonic movements. Its historical water level was likely higher, suggesting the possibility of larger species.

The legend of 'Drac' dates back to the late eighth century, describing a beast with thick, scaly skin, sharp spikes, large wings (though unable to fly), and huge legs. It was said to spit fire, have a foul breath, and devour cattle and local residents. Neighbors sought refuge in city walls, leading to a request for help from Charlemagne's troops. According to chronicles, an attempt to kill the dragon by soldiers was largely unsuccessful, with some versions claiming a draw and others a defeat for the soldiers. Saint Mer of Narbonne was later invoked, who reportedly calmed the dragon and revealed that the disappearances of cattle and men were caused by the Carolingian army's actions. The dragon then returned to the lake and is believed to still reside there.

Sightings and Explanations

Between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, incidents rekindled interest in the monster. Sebastian d'Arbó mentioned encounters, including an attack on pilgrims. The author speculates if this could be a large water snake, but notes their limited size and herbivorous diet. Experts like Josep Guijarro suggest the Catalan monster might be a Tanystropheus, a Triassic reptile with a long neck. However, fossils of Tanystropheus have not been found in Spain.

Several violent events are attributed to the monster. On May 26, 1913, a recreational boat overturned on Lake Banyoles during a gathering, killing ten of the twelve passengers. Popular imagination blamed the 'Drac'. Later, on October 8, 1998, the recreation boat 'l'Oca' sank with 141 passengers, killing 20. While a leak was noted, specialists considered it unlikely to cause such a capsizing, and again, the 'Drac' was blamed.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue consistently explores the intersection of legend, alleged sightings, and scientific skepticism. The 'Kasai rex' is presented as a clear hoax, while the 'Drac' is treated as a persistent legend with historical and anecdotal evidence. The magazine seems to adopt a critical yet open-minded stance towards cryptozoology, presenting both sensational claims and attempts at rational explanation. The recurring theme is the enduring human fascination with the unknown and the potential for undiscovered species or the power of folklore to shape perceptions of reality. The editorial stance appears to favor evidence-based analysis while acknowledging the cultural significance of such legends.

This issue, titled "Mermaids in the Dutch Tradition Part One" by Loes Modderman, explores the historical and folkloric presence of mermaids within the Netherlands and its surrounding regions. It delves into literary depictions, regional beliefs, and related mythical creatures, drawing from a range of historical texts and collections.

Mermaids in Dutch Literature

The article begins by tracing the presence of mermaids in Dutch literature, starting with the Flemish medieval writer Jacob van Maerlant (c. 1230-1291) and his work 'Der Naturen Bloeme' (1270). Van Maerlant's writings were influenced by classical sources such as Pliny and the Greek Physiologus, which described mermaids as having the upper body of a woman and a fishtail. His work was a rhymed version of Thomas de Cantimpré's text. Van Maerlant's description of mermaids, translated from Old Dutch, portrays them as having tangled hair, breastfeeding their young, and possessing enchanting songs that could lure sailors to their doom. Adelinus of Malmesbury is also mentioned as a source for descriptions of mermaids with eagle claws and fish scales.

An anonymous text from 1253, the 'Nederrijns Moraalboek', describes four kinds of mermaids, including those that are half human and half fish, with voices like violins and harps. The 17th-century Dutch poet Joost van den Vondel (1587–1679) also referenced mermaid traditions in his 'Vermaeckelijcke Inleydinghe', describing the traditional Triton and mermaids combing their hair, though it is suggested he did not believe the folk stories.

Adriaen Coenen (1514-1587), a contemporary of Vondel, is noted for his work, and the article references 'Het Vischboek', which has been digitalised by the Koninklijke Library. This book, compiled and illustrated by Coenen, a fishmonger, includes mythical creatures like 'Sea Knights' and 'Sea Monks', alongside common sea life, also drawing inspiration from the Greek Physiologus.

Related Mythical Creatures

The article also touches upon related mythical beings. The 'Monachus Marinus' or Sea Monk is described as having the upper body of a human with a tonsure, a merged upper lip, nose, and teeth, and a fishtail. They are said to be found around England and are known to attack humans. The 'Zitiron' or Sea Knight is depicted as a remarkable monster with a knight-like front and hands capable of delivering powerful blows, making them dangerous prey. These creatures were popular in folklore in the 15th and 16th centuries and were sometimes impersonated at folk festivals.

Folk Superstition in the Netherlands

The focus then shifts to folk superstition, particularly in the northern provinces of the Netherlands, Groningen and Friesland, as documented by M.D. Teenstra in his 1843 book 'Volksverhalen en Legenden'. Teenstra aimed to show the silliness of superstitions but inadvertently provided a detailed insight into animistic beliefs. The landscape of Friesland, with its lakes and proximity to the Waddenzee, is described as having a rich folklore. The article mentions the devastating Cosmas and Damianus flood of 1509, which created a large body of water between Groningen and Germany.

Teenstra noted the local conviction in the existence of waterspirits and waterspooks, dangerous to labourers near lakes and rivers. These included 'nikkers', described as black creatures with big heads and red eyes, believed to be the Devil's minions who drowned bathing children. Other beings mentioned are Mermaids, Waternimphs, Waterfairies, Sirens, Tritons, Mermen, and Seamen, with varying descriptions of fishtails and some walking on feet. An old chronicle from the second century mentions two mermaids coming ashore from the Lauwersea and travelling through Friesland. Jacob van Lennep's 'Nederlandsche Legenden' (1890) recounts a 'mass of Mermen' invading the Friesian coasts around 130 AD.

Friesland also had 'Boezehapperts', dangerous waterspooks that children were warned about. The 'Sappemeer' area, once a lake called 'Devil's Lake', was believed to harbour monsters and waterspooks. Nixes and mermaid-like Ondines are also mentioned.

Stories and Legends

The article presents several stories and legends. One story describes mermaids seen on the beach, combing their long blond hair, with beautiful white breasts, who disappear into the sea when noticed but keep looking back. They have fishtails and beautiful voices, luring seamen with gestures. A sighting of a sea knight in full armour in 1305 is recounted, who died within weeks of being captured. Another story from 1558 tells of Onno Leeuwe and friends shooting a Merwife near Ameland, who then menacingly grabbed their ship's board.

Regional Importance and Prophecy

The importance of sea folk is highlighted by their presence on the Coat of Arms of Zierikzee, Zeeland. The village of Namen in Zeeuws Vlaanderen is featured in a legend where a Mermaid appeared in a well and prophesied that 'Namen, Namen shall be wiped away, only the tower will be left standing.' This prophecy is linked to the All Saints Flood of 1570, which obliterated Namen and a large part of the province, known as 'Het verdronken land van Saeftinghe'. The tower of Namen was eventually demolished.

A Most True and Strange Report

On page 38, a separate section presents "A MOST TRUE AND STRANGE REPORT OF A MONSTROUS FISH CARMARTHEN, 1604", accompanied by an image of a creature with a woman's upper body and a fishtail, described as a monstrous fish appearing in the form of a woman from the waist upwards. The source is cited as a digitalised report from the National Library of Wales.

Unexpected Ursidae

The latter part of the issue shifts focus to "Unexpected Ursidae: A Selection of Crypto Bears, hybrids and Behaviours" by Carl P. Marshall. This section provides a brief overview of known extant bear species, classifying them within the Ursidae family and noting their widespread distribution across continents. It details common characteristics such as robust bodies, stocky legs, long snouts, shaggy hair, and plantigrade paws. The article lists eight extant bear species: Malayan Sun Bear, Sloth Bear, Spectacled Bear, American Black Bear, Brown Bear or Grizzly Bear, Polar Bear, Asiatic Black Bear, and Giant Panda. It also describes their general behaviour, noting they are typically solitary, diurnal but can be nocturnal or crepuscular, possess a strong sense of smell, and are adept runners, climbers, and swimmers. Their social behaviour can be affected by consuming fermented fruits in autumn, and they use shelters like caves and burrows.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the diverse representations of mermaids and related water-dwelling mythical creatures across Dutch folklore, literature, and regional beliefs. The editorial stance appears to be one of scholarly exploration and documentation, presenting historical accounts, literary analyses, and folkloric traditions without necessarily endorsing their literal truth. The inclusion of the 'Unexpected Ursidae' section suggests a broader interest in cryptozoology and unusual animal phenomena within the publication.

This issue of The Countryman, dated Summer 1956, focuses on reports of unusual animals, primarily exploring various alleged bear species, subspecies, and hybrids, alongside a notable case of a wolf in Essex.

A Selected Sample of Abnormal Bear Reports

Atlas Bear The Atlas bear, *Ursus arctos crowtheri*, is presented as a likely extinct brown bear subspecies from Africa. It is described as smaller than the American black bear but more robust, with black or dark fur, 4-5 inch long hair, and a long muzzle. Its known distribution was the Atlas mountains and surrounding areas from Morocco to Libya. A specimen described by Edward Blyth was killed in Morocco in 1834 but not preserved. Fresh bones were discovered in Algeria in 1867 by Jules Rene Bourguignat, who also collected local stories.

Bergman's Bear Bergman's bear is described as an alleged and possibly extinct variety or subspecies of brown bear from the Kamchatka Peninsula in East Asia. It is said to be black with short fur and extremely large, weighing 1,100-2,500 pounds. Swedish zoologist Sten Bergman (1895-1975) believed it to be a distinct subspecies after examining a unique hide and large footprints. In 1960, Rodian Sivolobov reported local claims of an unusually large bear called the 'Irkuiem' or 'God bear'. The article notes that brown bears vary considerably and the pelt might have been a variant of the Siberian brown bear.

The Dremo The Dremo is a mysterious bear or primate reported from Eastern Tibet and Bhutan in Central Asia, often confused with the Yeti. The Sino-Tibetan word 'dremo' has multiple meanings. A significant sighting occurred in July 1986 when Reinhold Messner encountered a large, dark-furred animal in Tibet, which locals identified as a 'Chemo', a local name for their version of the Yeti.

Macarena Bear The Macarena bear is an alleged unknown bear from South America, described as large with red fur, reported from Serrania de la Macarena, Colombia. The spectacled bear (*Tremarctos ornatus*) exhibits variations that might account for some sightings, with colours ranging from black to dark reddish-brown, found in the Andes Mountains of Western Colombia.

MacFarlane's Bear MacFarlane's bear is a name given to an alleged variety of bear from northern Canada, with the proposed scientific name *Vetularctos inopinatus* by C. Hart Merriam in 1918. Its description includes whitish buff to pale yellowish buff fur, darkening to pale reddish brown on the underside, a broad head, dog-like ears, and a square muzzle. Its teeth are distinct from brown bears. The only known specimen was killed by Inuit hunters on June 24th, 1864, near Rendezvous Lake in the north-west territories, and its skin and skull were sent to the Smithsonian Institution for examination by C. Hart Merriam. In the late nineteenth century, Caspar Whitney heard of a bear resembling a polar bear and grizzly hybrid, and in 1943, Clara Helgason recalled a large, yellowish-white bear with hair on its paws being shot in Alaska. Researchers have proposed it might be a surviving short-faced bear (*Arctodus simus*). A more likely identity is suggested as polar bear/brown bear hybrids.

Nepalese tree bear In Nepal, a small species of bear distinct from the Asiatic black bear is said to exist, known locally as 'sano reech'. A living specimen was reportedly kept at Kathmandu Zoo.

Pygmy Brown Bear The pygmy brown bear is a very small brown bear reported from Peru, but not substantiated. It is sometimes considered by cryptozoologists as descended from short-faced bears or a pygmy brown bear variety. The article notes that tropical animals are generally smaller than their northern counterparts.

The Bear With a Blue Head from Silvermere Lake in Mission, BC. A strange blue-headed bear cub gained attention on social media. The author personally believes the blue colouration was likely paint or berry juice, and the animal may have been shot with a paintball gun.

Behaviour

The article discusses general bear behaviour, including their 'critical space' which they defend. It notes that black bears (*U. americanus*) are generally less aggressive and more tolerant of humans than grizzly bears (*U. arctos*), who can be extremely aggressive, especially sows with cubs. Black bears are noted as excellent climbers, often escaping threats by climbing trees, while grizzlies are less adept climbers but will climb trees if necessary, with sows defending cubs on the ground.

The Polar x Grizzly hybrid

A polar-grizzly (or pizzly/grolar bear) is a rare hybrid confirmed in the wild in 2006 through DNA testing of a bear shot in the Canadian Arctic. While suspected before, DNA tests verified its ancestry. The article discusses how such hybrids might occur naturally, noting that while polar bears (*U. maritimus*) and grizzlies (*Ursus arctos*) inhabit similar territories, they occupy different ecological niches, with grizzlies preferring land and polar bears preferring water and ice. The yellowish-white pelage of MacFarlane's bear is cited as evidence that hybrids have occurred historically. Another theory suggests polar bears are moving south due to melting ice caps, increasing contact with grizzlies.

Conclusion

The Dre Mo or Dremo is considered a strange bear by eastern Tibetans and is distinct from the 'Chemo' (potentially related to the Yeti). It is categorically considered a bear, with recent research by Professor Brian Sykes et al. of Oxford suggesting introgression of prehistoric polar bear DNA into brown bear populations. The appearance of these atypical bears is open to interpretation, with locals affirming them to be ape/human-like. The article also mentions a blue or horse variety of brown bear in Eastern Tibet and Sichuan Province, China, which may add to the confusion. The 'Chemo' might refer to the Yeti or Dzu-Teh, while the Dre Mo is considered a strange but true bear.

References and Suggested Further Reading

The issue lists numerous books and articles related to bears, cryptids, and exploration, including works by Edmund Hillary, Terry Domico, Reinhold Messner, Edward Blyth, Stan Bergman, Ralph Izzard, Ivan T. Sanderson, George M. Eberhart, Jim Halfpenny, Caspar Whitney, Charles Mair, Roderick MacFarlane, and C. Hart Merriam.

Illustration by Maureen Ashfield

A STRANGE ANIMAL

A correspondent from Kulu, reported in The Hong Kong Telegraph on July 30th, 1902, describes a mysterious wild beast haunting the neighbourhood. This animal was breaking into cowsheds, killing cattle, and dragging carcasses. Locals declared that it pelted attackers with pieces of beef. Woodcutters described it as a large bear with a black head, body, and hind-quarters, and a brown chest and forelegs, resembling a 'red-bear'. This is suggested to be a cross between a black and brown bear. One woodman reported seeing this 'half-caste' kill two black bears simultaneously.

Wolf in Essex

This section, attributed to V. Payze Blair and published in The Countryman Summer 1956, details the story of a pet wolf named Charlie, owned by Richard Payze of Leytonstone, Essex. Charlie was bought from an animal store about seventy-five years prior. His father remembered feeding him raw sheep's paunches. Charlie would occasionally escape to raid hen roosts. On one occasion, he ventured near Epping Forest, causing a 'hue and cry' of 'Wolves in the forest!', despite wearing a collar. He was recaptured with the help of a dead fowl and the presence of Spot, the family's fox-terrier, who had become Charlie's inseparable companion. More surprisingly, Charlie and Spot mated, producing three male cubs that appeared to be complete wolves with no visible dog strain. One cub died, another went to a private zoo, and the third was sold by the author's father to Alderman Finnis. The surviving cubs did not breed. Charlie and Spot lived together harmoniously, and their howling was sometimes heard. Eventually, Charlie was presented to the London Zoo, where he and Spot lived happily for two or three years until Spot died, after which Charlie also died, reportedly of a broken heart.

Supposed "Wolf" from Ongar Woods

This section discusses a specimen in the Essex Field Club's Museum at Chingford, reputed to have been imported with young fox cubs. A notice by Mr. Joseph Clarke in the *Journ. Proc. Essex Field Club* is mentioned. It transpired that experts had made a mistake, and the so-called wolf was actually a North African Jackal (*Canis latrans*). The article notes that while it cannot be claimed as a legitimate member of the local fauna, other individuals of the same species might exist in the Forest.

Modern Legends of Supposed "Wolves" in Epping Forest

This piece, compiled for the Chelmsford Museum specimen, discusses the historical presence of wolves in Epping Forest, evidenced by bones and place names like 'Wolvesgrave'. It notes that in historic times, there are no direct records of wolves in the forest itself. However, rumours of strange fox-like behaviour and sightings of a large fox led to speculation when three cubs were found. The article references Mr. A. D. Bartlett, Superintendent of the Zoological Gardens, who wrote to 'Land and Water' in 1884 about a 'prairie wolf' (later identified as a North African Jackal) that had been presented to the society. The animal was initially mistaken for a fox cub. The editor of 'Land and Water' supplemented this, suggesting the animal was born in the forest and that others might exist, noting that the prairie wolf is similar in size to a large male fox and lacks a fox's scent, making it difficult to track by foxhounds.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around cryptozoology, the exploration of unidentified animals, and the scientific investigation of anecdotal evidence. The magazine presents various accounts of unusual bear sightings and hybrids, alongside a detailed historical account of a wolf in Essex that was initially misidentified. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, presenting evidence and theories while also acknowledging the possibility of misidentification and the need for scientific verification, as seen in the case of the 'Wolf in Essex' and the discussion of bear hybridization. The issue encourages readers to consider the possibility of unknown species and subspecies while grounding the discussion in zoological and genetic research.

This issue of 'The Essex Naturalist' (Volume 1, No. 4, October 1886) focuses on a collection of unusual animal sightings, cryptids, and unexplained phenomena, drawing from historical newspaper reports and contemporary accounts. The publication is from the Essex Field Club, based in the United Kingdom.

Epping Forest 'Wolf'/'Jackal'

The lead article details the story of an animal known as 'Charlie,' initially identified as a prairie wolf (Canis latrans) by the Zoological Gardens, but later reclassified as a North African Jackal. The animal was found in Epping Forest and brought up as a pet by Mr. Payze. It was noted for its unusual coloration and behavior, eventually becoming aggressive towards other animals. After being sent to the Zoological Gardens, 'Charlie' was found to have bred with a fox-terrier, producing cubs that were described as having the bad temper of both parents. The article also discusses other similar animals found in Epping Forest, suggesting they may have been imported for hunting purposes.

Black Widow Spider from Worcestershire Camper Van

This section reports on the discovery of a Black Widow Spider (Latrodectus mactans) near Worcester, UK. The spider was found living beneath a VW campervan that had been imported from Sacramento, California, USA, in late 2014. The venomous spider was collected and is being cared for by Carl P. Marshall, Curator of Insects and cryptozoologist at the Stratford upon Avon Butterfly Farm.

Macao Sea Monster

An article from the South China Morning Post (December 20th, 1963) details reports of a sea monster sighted in Macao. Described as looking somewhat like an alligator, the creature was reportedly seen by various individuals sunning itself on a rock outcropping. Despite many reports, the British Consul, Mr. Edward Howarth, had not personally seen the 'monster.' The article notes that local staff were seeking higher wages due to the sightings and suggests tourist agencies could exploit the phenomenon.

Southwold Monster Crab

This report from the Halesworth Times (September 1857) describes the capture of an enormous crab on the beach in Southwold. The crab had claws measuring five feet and was found with a rope attached. It was transported to the Town Hall for public viewing.

New Species of Crab in Brighton

A brief report from the Manchester Courier (February 19th, 1907) states that thousands of purple crabs, identified as a new species, were found between the two piers at Brighton.

Green Dog Craze

An article from the San Jose Mercury News (November 27th, 1910) discusses a new fad called the 'grass green dog.' This item is described as being made of wood with a long tail, painted emerald, and carried by fashionable women. It is noted as an importation from abroad.

Cryptids from a Web Site on Italian Lake Monsters

This section, with thanks to Kay Coggin, presents images and mentions cryptids from a website about Italian lake monsters. The images appear to be historical illustrations of serpentine creatures.

Another Falling Turtle

This piece references a story from the Repository (Ohio) dated August 25th, 1884, about a 'miraculous meteorological manifestation' where a two and a half pound snapping turtle fell from the sky during a rain shower in Canton. The turtle's shell was cracked, but it was reported to be still alive and bouncing.

Lizards from Hong Kong Transported to California

This section, sourced from a blog, discusses alligator lizards that were brought from Hong Kong and Mongolia by Chinese miners in California during the 1850s and 1860s. These lizards were used as 'watch dogs' or 'watch lizards' due to their hissing warning and vicious nature. The article notes that they were bred to be tame and sometimes carried by individuals, but advises against eating them due to their acrid, bitter flavor.

Chinese Porcelain Image in Ireland

An article from The News Palladium (September 24th, 1924) reports on the discovery of mysterious porcelain images of apes in Ireland. Over 50 such images have been found since 1780. Chinese scholars claim these images are of Chinese origin, featuring particular hieroglyphics and dating back to 500 B.C., raising questions about ancient Chinese exploration.

A Shower of Cats

This article, reprinted from the Bendigo Advertiser (August 19th, 1876), details a bizarre event in America where a 'shower of cats' occurred. Scores of cats reportedly fell from roofs and streets, with many impaled on fences or injured. The article discusses various theories, including a skeptical explanation involving a boy greasing a roof, and notes the event's sensational nature.

Notes & Queries - Other Items

This section includes brief mentions of other curiosities: Frank Gardiner, a noted bushranger, is reported to be running a small drinking shop; George Dawson told a story about a peasant's heroic curse; and a marital dispute advertisement is noted. It also mentions that Solomon never laughed and was melancholy, possibly due to having nine hundred wives.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the reporting of unusual and often unexplained animal-related phenomena, cryptids, and historical curiosities. The editorial stance appears to be one of documenting and presenting these accounts, often drawing from newspaper clippings and anecdotal evidence, without necessarily offering definitive explanations. The inclusion of diverse reports from different time periods and locations suggests an interest in the breadth of unexplained occurrences. The 'Notes & Queries' format allows for the presentation of a variety of short, intriguing items.

Title: UFO REVIEW
Issue: 10
Volume: 1
Date: October 1967
Publisher: Flying Saucer Review
Country: United Kingdom
Price: 2s. 6d.
ISSN: 0042-052X

This issue of UFO Review presents a collection of intriguing and often bizarre reports from various sources, spanning historical accounts to contemporary sightings. The content ranges from archaeological finds and folklore to alleged encounters with strange creatures and atmospheric phenomena.

Articles and Reports

Ancient Chinese Coins in Cheshire and Wales (2013 and 2014)

The issue begins with a report from the UK and European Metal Detecting Forum about the discovery of ancient Chinese coins. A user named 'iexplore' found a coin in North Wales, questioning its age. 'lord lovell' suggested most such coins are from the 19th or 20th century. 'Stuart900' shared finding a Chinese cash coin in a field near Chester in March of the current year and another on the beach at Colwyn Bay the previous year.

A Flying Snake in India

An article from the South China Morning Post, dated July 21st, 1923, recounts a report from a Secunderabad correspondent about a 'curious flying snake' that attacked villagers near Golconda. The incident reportedly blinded one man and viciously bit others. The patients were treated by Hakeem Syed Kasim at the Hyderabad Pasteur Hall. The description of the reptile suggests it was a few inches long, arching its body and expanding it suddenly, with a range of fire being a furlong.

A Talking Cat

From the Oregonian, December 15th, 1912, comes the story of a 'talking cat' named Peter in Hamburg, Germany. Exhibited by a woman-dentist named Sutoris, Peter reportedly yelled "hurrah, hurrah, hurrah," repeated names like "Anna" and "Helene," screamed "nine, nine, nine," and even sang a few words from a popular song. Frau Sutoris claimed to have discovered the cat's talent when she accidentally trod on its tail.

Albino Robin Below: Heraldo de Brownsville (Brownsville, Texas) July 7th 1938

This section features photographs of an albino robin, described as a "Perfect Specimen," found and photographed in Brownsville, Texas.

New Wallaby in the Peak District

An account from November 2015 details a conversation with Kate Egan, a Cheshire taxidermist, who received a naturally deceased wallaby at the end of August 2015.

Strange Animals in National Park Near Santa Barbara, California 1943

An article from The Milwaukee Journal, February 20th, 1943, lists unusual animals captured or trapped in the Los Padres national forest. The list includes a wild boar with an elephant-like snout, white coyotes, snow-coloured deer, an all-red blackbird, and a tame monkey.

St Peter in Britain

This section references a rare book, 'Celt, Druid, Culdee' by Isabel Hill Elder (1944), discussing the "Peter Stone" found at Whithorn. The stone, a rude pillar, bears an inscription in debased Roman capitals: "LOC(VS) S(ANC)TI PETRI APOSTOLI" – “The Place of St. Peter the Apostle.” The text suggests St. Peter may have been a 'Culdich' or refugee from Rome who arrived in Britain during the reign of Claudius (AD 41-54), a few years after 'Judean refugees' arrived in AD 37. It also mentions a vision St. Peter had in Britain.

Book of Miracles 1550

A historical illustration is presented, depicting numerous flying, dragon-like creatures. The accompanying text is in Old German script, with a date of 1577 noted.

Flying Prehistoric Bird, Wyoming 1926

An article from the Kaycee Optimist, September 17th, 1926, reports on a strange pterosaur-like animal in the Casper Mountains area. A telephone call to Independent stated that tracks of a "Mammoth Beast-Bird" were seen in Sweetwater Country, and a Casper man claimed to have seen a large monster flying near the Casper Mountains.

Bates Hole Pre-Historic Monster is Seen in Sweetwater Country

This report details the discovery of tracks of a large creature, possibly a "Mammoth Beast-Bird," in the Bates Hole and Sweetwater country. A cowboy described seeing something soaring hundreds of feet in the air, with a wing span of at least thirty feet. He dismounted and found large footprints matching those previously discovered.

Strange Atmospheric Phenomenon

An account from The Times, October 11th, 1786, describes a strange fiery exhalation observed for eight months in the country about Harlech, Merionethshire, in 1694. This livid vapour, originating from the sea or Caernarvonshire, spread over land, setting fire to barns, hay, and corn, and causing mortality among cattle, sheep, and horses. The phenomenon occurred at night, with weak, blue flames that did not injure inhabitants. It was eventually extinguished by noise-making activities. A similar appearance was noted on the coast of France in 1734.

Letters or Emails

E-mail from Terry Hooper, December 3rd, 2015:

Terry Hooper discusses various topics, including Tuataras and Big Cats. He mentions Coru Marten's interest in reports of re-introduced beavers in Somerset, Devon, Wiltshire, and Gloucestershire. A police wildlife officer in 1998 reportedly knew about "chocolate brown, otter like" animals surviving for over 40 years but was told not to reveal it. Hooper also recounts being cornered by locals in a pub who wanted to know why he was tracking sightings of "Ellie," a local puma. He learned that "Ellie" was the offspring of "Maisy," who was the offspring of "Duke" and "Sally," and that "The Great Grey Cat" first appeared around 1900. Hooper also received radio contact about puma sightings in Pewsey, Wiltshire, and was advised to make noise to deter them from approaching homes. A local woman described a close encounter with a large grey puma, stating she carries a pitchfork for protection.

Hooper notes that local communities are aware of "Aren't There Animals" and possess historical records, including watercolour paintings and pencil sketches. He emphasizes the hostility towards hunting these animals and debunks the myth that farming communities were never big supporters of fox-hunting. He also mentions a signed statement from a Lincolnshire farmer who helped capture and inject a panther, which was then killed by a DEFRA vet, leading to Hooper being removed from the national advisers list. He discusses the Tuatara reported at Anglesey and the survival of wallabies in the Peak District, noting that rangers initially believed they had died out.

Ulrich Magin E-mail of November 10th, 2015:

Ulrich Magin shares reports of sea-serpent and lake-monster sightings from old German newspapers.

#### A Monster in Pyramid Lake

From the New York Journal, this report details the legend of a monstrous serpent in Pyramid Lake, Humboldt County, Nevada. While Indians swore to its existence, no white man had seen it. A prospector discovered the water contained acidic borax salt. An analytical chemist named Spence was sent to analyze the lake water. While on the lake, Spence observed an object that appeared to be a monstrous serpent, approximately 300 feet long and 3 1/2 feet in circumference. However, upon closer inspection, it was found to be a tangle of millions of worms. Spence believes these worms aggregate in calm water and disperse when disturbed.

#### A Sea-Serpent off Dumfries (1853)

An account from the Dumfries Courier describes a 38-foot long, 2-foot thick tree trunk washed ashore at Torduff Point, covered in seaweed and shells. The movement of the trunk in the waves and the wind blowing through the weed made it appear like a mane, and the shells produced a hissing sound, leading spectators to believe they were observing a sea serpent. The article questions if similar optical illusions could explain other sea monster reports.

#### A Venice Sea-serpent (1860)

From Venice, June 30th, a correspondent reports the reappearance of a famous sea serpent. Several shots were fired at the monster, which was rumored to be a colossal snake measuring 7 to 10 feet. The sightings caused panic, with bathing in the sea being considered a dangerous adventure and fewer swimmers in the canals.

Here's a Mermaid Captured in Philippine Waters

This section features a newspaper clipping from the Plain Dealer, Ohio, dated September 13th, 1908. It describes a mummified mermaid named "Nana" displayed in a store on Woodland-av. in Cleveland. The mermaid was reportedly caught in Manila Bay in 1900 by a friend of the owner, G. W. Bassett. The article notes that Nana is a combination of fish and human but is not beautiful and lacks ears, possessing porous membranes that connect with her lungs like gills. It also mentions that Nana died, presumably of a broken heart, and was embalmed by Dr. Eschald.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently features reports of unexplained phenomena, strange creatures, and historical mysteries. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, presenting various accounts and historical records without necessarily endorsing them as factual, often suggesting potential explanations like optical illusions or misidentifications, while also acknowledging the enduring nature of these mysteries. The inclusion of diverse sources, from old newspapers to modern forum posts, highlights a broad interest in the unexplained across different eras and locations.

Title: The West Australian
Issue Date: Saturday 30 March 1946, page 5
Content Focus: Reports and historical accounts of mysterious creatures and 'monsters' in Australia and abroad.

Strange "MONSTERS." Australian Tigers, Bunyips, Sea-Serpents.

This article, written by J. Crockett, delves into the long history of 'monster' sightings and hunts in Australia, suggesting that many of these encounters have mundane explanations. The piece begins by referencing a report from Pennsylvania, USA, about a strange monster that cries like a child and leaps high, which the author speculates is likely a domestic animal gone wild.

Crockett then turns to Australia's own history with 'monsters,' noting that for 150 years, various creatures described as 'monsters,' 'lions,' and 'tigers' have been hunted, but none have ever been captured alive or dead. The article provides several examples of such hunts leading to anti-climactic discoveries:

• The Tantanoola tiger: This notorious creature was shot and later identified as a calf.
• The Coolac tiger: This animal mysteriously transformed into a wild pig after being shot.
• The Riverina tiger: This creature somehow underwent a 'sea-change' into a wild pig.

The author lists a variety of creatures that have been sought over time, including tigers, lions, hippopotami, strange hybrid animals, bunyips, and sea-serpents. It is mentioned that Dutch explorers contributed to the 'vogue for tigers' by claiming to have seen their tracks.

Hume's Hippo.

A specific historical account is detailed regarding Hamilton Hume, the explorer. In 1821, Hume reported seeing a large animal near Goulburn, New South Wales, which he described as "something like a hippopotamus or a manatee." The Philosophical Society of Australasia offered Hume a reward for its capture, or failing that, its head, skin, or bones. However, Hume was unable to find the creature again, and no one else could locate it either.

Crockett uses Hume's experience to illustrate a broader point: "Invariably someone sees one. Then a lot of other people see the strange creature." He concludes that these stories of mysterious 'monsters' often lack concrete evidence and are frequently explained by more common phenomena. Stimulated by the American report, the author confidently anticipates a new 'tiger' report emerging in Australia soon, suggesting that the last 'panther' sighting likely had a simple explanation.

Visuals and Related Content

The page includes a contemporary illustration depicting a ship encountering a large sea-serpent along the Atlantic coast in 1851, described as a "horrific monster." Another section, referencing a document from the Koninklijke Bibliotheek in The Hague, shows a series of 16 woodcuts from the second half of the 19th century, printed in Turnhout. These woodcuts, with Dutch and French subtitles, illustrate various animals such as lions, tigers, elephants, panthers, bears, wolves, and hyenas, though the accompanying text notes that "Pictures and texts are not very truthful."

A cartoon titled "THE OMEN THAT WENT WRONG" from the Omaha World Herald (Nebraska, March 23rd, 1902) is also present, featuring a man running from a dog, with the caption "And yet people say that when a strange dog follows you it's a sign of luck!"

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The primary theme of this issue is the debunking or questioning of sensational 'monster' sightings, particularly those reported in Australia. The editorial stance appears skeptical, emphasizing that historical accounts of extraordinary creatures often resolve into ordinary animals upon closer inspection or investigation. The article highlights the tendency for folklore and exaggerated reports to develop around unexplained phenomena, while also acknowledging the historical significance of exploration and the reporting of unusual wildlife. The inclusion of diverse visual materials, from historical illustrations to woodcuts and cartoons, supports the exploration of these themes across different contexts and time periods.